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EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

II. Short Transmission Line

Short Transmission Line


– For short-transmission lines: Up to 50 miles in length (consider only resistance and
inductance, neglect capacitance effect).

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this unit, the learner will be able to:


 Analyze and evaluate power and the relationship between voltages and
currents for short transmission lines
 Calculate and evaluate voltage regulation and efficiency of short-
transmission line
 Apply power factor correction and design basic problem in short-
transmission line.

Pre-Test:
Instructions: Answer the each question/problem quietly and encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

1. At a lower temperature, transmission cables may be coated with ice. What will
happen to its resistance?
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) the same (d) increase slightly

2. A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of 1.8+j8 ohms per


phase. It supplies a 1500 kW @ 0.866 lagging power factor load at 13,200 volts.
Determine the efficiency of transmission.
(a) 97.98% (b) 96.18% (c) 98.56% (d) 91.31%

3. A 3-Phase, 60 km transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging power


factor load at 138 kV. The series impedance of the line is (0.02 + j0.15) Ohm per
kilometer. Determine the efficiency of line.
(a) 86.18% (b) 83.55% (c) 96.81% (d) 84.17%

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

4. A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of (2+j10) ohms per


phase. It supplies a 1600 kVA @ 0.80 lagging power factor load at 13,800 volts.
Determine the voltage regulation.
(a) 14..03% (b) 16.11% (c) 12.34% (d) 6.12%

5. A 3-Phase, 60 km transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging power


factor load at 69 kV. The series impedance of the line is (0.02 + j0.15) Ohm per
mile. Determine the voltage regulation.
(a) 9.13% (b) 3.40% (c) 5.46% (d) 13.91%

Content:

Short transmission line


– For short-transmission lines: Up to 50 miles in length (consider only resistance
and inductance, neglect capacitance effect).

IS Zφ IR

ES I S = IR = I ER

Where: Zφ  Rφ  j XL φ Ohms (Line Impedance)

Figure 2.1 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

ES

IX
α ER
θS θR
IR
I

Figure 2.2 Phasor diagram of short transmission with ER taken as reference


at lagging power factor load. IR and IX drops represent
resistance and reactance voltage drops of the line, while  is
the angle between the receiving end voltage and the sending
end voltage.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Related Equations Employed for Short Transmission Line

1. Sending-End True Power:


PS = PR + line losses = P R + PL Eq. 2.1
(See also Eq. 1.7c)

2. Line losses:
3 I2 Rφ
PL  - - - - - - - - kW (3-phase) Eq. 2.2a
1000
2 I2 Rφ
PL  - - - - - - - - kW (1-phase) Eq. 2.2b
1000
(See also Eq. 2.1)

3. Reactive power @ sending end:


QS = Q R + Reactive line losses = Q R + QL Eq. 2.3
(See also Eq. 1.7d)

4. Reactive line losses:


3 I2 XLφ
QL  - - - - - - - - kVARs (3-phase) Eq. 2.4a
1000
2 I2 XLφ
QL  - - - - - - - - kVARs (1-phase) Eq. 2.4b
1000
(See also Eq. 2.3)

5. Voltage Equation: Considering Figure 2.1 by applying KVL


ES  ER  I Zφ - - - - - (using Phasor addition) Eq. 2.5a

Where:
ER - is the effective vector/phasor (receiving end voltage).
ER = ER /0o Volts (Taken as reference).
I Zφ = Impedance voltage drop (line voltage drop)
I Rφ = Resistance voltage drop
I XL φ = Reactance voltage drop


ES  ER  I CosθR  jSin θR  Rφ  j XLφ  Volts Eq. 2.5b

ES  ER CosθR  IR2  ER Sin θR  I X2 Volts Eq. 2.5c

6. Efficiency of Transmission Line (  T ):


PR
ηT  x 100% Eq. 2.6
PS

7. Percent Voltage regulation (%V.R):


E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100% Eq. 2.7
ER

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

2.1 Application of Related Equations Employed in Short-Transmission Line


- Study and understand the following illustrative problems below.

Illustrative Problem 2.1


A 3-phase, 3-wire, short transmission line with an impedance of 3+j9 ohms supplies
power to an 80 kVA, lagging power factor load at 13.2 kV between lines. If the load
power factor is 0.85, determine (a) efficiency of transmission; (b) voltage regulation.
Solution: In terms of sending end voltage and power

IS Zφ  3  j9Ω IR
Load: 80kVA
@ 0.85 p.f. lagging

ES E R =7,621.024 V
I S = IR = I

Figure 2.3 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

Given Data:
Refer to Figure 2.1 for the representation of 3-phase short-transmission line
Zφ  3  j 9 Ω  9.487 /71.565 Ω
0

ERL = 13,200 Volts


 13,200 
 ER   7,621.024/0 Volts 
0

 3 
Load:
SR = 80kVA
P.F.R = 0.85 Lagging (θR = -Cos-1 0.85 = -31.790)

Required:
(a) Efficiency of transmission
Transmission efficiency ( T ):
PR
From Eq. 2.6 ηT  x 100%
PS
Where: From Eq. 1.7c
PR  SR  Cos θR  80 0.85  68kW
From Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
3 ES IS CosθS kW
PS 
1000
Note: IS  IR  I since short T.L.
From Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
3 ER IR CosθR kW
PR 
1000
Hence,
3 7,621.024IR 0.85
68 
1000
Thus,

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

68  1000
IR  /  31.79
0

3  7,621.024  0.85
 3.50 /  31.79
0
Amp.

For sending end voltage (ES) using Eq. 2.5a (Phasor


addition with ER taken as reference)
E S  ER  I Z φ
 7621.924/0  3.50 /  31.79 9.487 /71.565
0 0
 0

 7,646.57 /0.159 Volts
0

E S=7646.57V

IX
 =0.1590 E R
θS  R =31.79
0

IR
I

Figure 2.4 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as


reference at lagging power factor load.

From Phasor -Diagram


θS  θR  α  31.79 0  0.159 0
 31.9490
Hence in Eq. 1.7c
3  7646.54  3.499  Cos 31.9490 kW
PS 
1000
 68.110 kW
Therefore, the efficiency of transmission in Eq. 2.6
68
ηT  x 100%
68.107
 99.84 %

Alternate solution of Problem 2.1a In terms of line losses


Where: Using Eq. 2.1 and Eq. 2.2a
PS  PR  Line Losses  PR  3I2R
Note: IS  IR  I since short T.L.
From Eq. 1.7c
PR  SR  Cos θR  80 0.85  68kW
Also, from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
3 ER IR CosθR
PR  kW
1000
Hence,

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

3 7,621.024IR 0.85
68 
1000
Thus,
68  1000
IR  /  31.79
0

3  7,621.024 0.85
 3.499 /  31.79 Amp.
0

Thence,
3 3.499 3 kW
2
PS  68 
1000
 68.110 kW
Therefore, the efficiency of transmission in Eq. 2.6
68
ηT  x 100%
68.107
 99.84 %

(b) Voltage Regulation

From Eq. 2.7


E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100%
ER
7,646.57  7,621.024
 x 100%
7,621.024
 0.335 %

Illustrative Problem 2.2


A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of (2+j10) ohms per phase. It
supplies a 1200 kW @ 0.866 lagging power factor load at 13,800 volts. Determine the
sending end voltage and power factor; also solve the efficiency of transmission.
Solution: E SL

30
o ES

o
3.04 ER
θS θR

I
Figure 2.5 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference.
o
Note: ESL leads ES by 30

Line Impedance:

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

o
Zφ  2  j10 = 10.2 /78.69 Ω
Receiving end voltage per phase:
13,800
ER   7967.43/0 Volts
o

Current: From Eq. 1.7c


1200 x 1000
I 
3 138000.866
 57.97/  30
o
Amps.

Sending end voltage per phase: Voltage Equation


ES  ER  I Zφ
= 7967.43 /0 o + (57.97 /-30o) (10.2 /78.69o)
= 8369.55 /3.04o Volts
Sending end voltage between lines:
ESL  3  ES  3 8369.55 Volts

Sending end power factor: From Phasor Diagram


o o
Cos θS = Cos (3.04 + 30 ) = 0.838 Lagging

Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS

= 3 7967.4357.970.866 = 98.38 %
x 100%
3 8369.5557.970.838

Illustrative Problem 2.3


A 3-phase short transmission line has a line impedance of (1+j3) ohms per phase. The
load supplied is 20 MW at 0.866 lagging power factor. If the efficiency of the line is 92%,
determine the sending end voltage and power factor.
Solution:

IS Z φ  1 j3 Ω IR
Load: 20MW
@ 0.866 p.f. lagging

ES ER
I S = IR = I Eff. =92%

Figure 2.6 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Given Data:

Refer to Figure 2.6 for the representation of 3-phase short-transmission line


Z φ  1  j 3 Ω  3.16 /71.57 Ω
0

Load:
PR = 20MW
P.F.R = 0.866 Lagging (θR = -Cos-1 0.866 = -300)
Required:
(a) Sending end voltage and power factor.

Sending end voltage per phase:


ES  ER  I Zφ - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
Efficiency of Transmission (NT):
PR
NT  x 100%
PR  Line Losses

20 x 1000 000
0.92 
20 x 1000000  Line Losses

so,
Line Losses = 1,739,130.43 W
= 3 I2 R = 3 I2(1)
thus,
I = 761.36 A
( θR = Cos-1 0.866 = 30o )
From Receiving end power:
PR  3 ER I CosθR
hence, the receiving end voltage (ER) is
P 20 x 1000000
E  R 
R 3 I Cos θ 3 761.36 0.866 
R
20 x 1000000
  1,011.15 Volts
3 761.36 0.866 

Sending end voltage in Eq. 1:


ES  ER  I Zφ

= 1011.15 /0 o + (761.36 /-30o)(3.16 /71.57o)


= 12046.35 /8.6o Volts

Sending end power factor:


P.F.S = Cos θS
= Cos (8.6o + 30o) = 0.78 Lagging

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Learning Activity 2.1 Self-Assessment:


Calculation of voltage regulation and efficiency of
Short-transmission Line

Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.

Practice Problem 2.1.1


A 50-km 3-phase transmission line has impedance per phase of (0.02+j0.06)
Ohms per km and supplies a load of 22.222MW at 0.90 lagging power factor.
What is the sending end voltage if the efficiency of transmission is 90%.

Practice Problem 2.1.2


A short 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line is supplying a load which takes 50
Amperes, 0.87 lagging power factor at 2,300 Volts per phase. At the sending
end, the voltage is 2,600 Volts per phase and the power factor is 0.80 lagging
current. Determine the resistance and reactance of the line.

Practice Problem 2.1.3


A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of (1.5+j10) ohms per
phase. It supplies a 1000 kW @ 0.92 lagging power factor load at 13,800 volts.
Determine the sending end voltage and power factor

Practice Problem 2.1.4


A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of (2 + j10) Ohms/phase.
The sending end voltage is 13.2 kV between lines, and the power taken by the
load is 1000 kW and 100 Amperes at a lagging power factor. Determine the
load voltage and the load power factor.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

2.2 Power Factor Correction for Short-Transmission Line to Increase


Efficiency and Improve Voltage Regulation

Direction. Study and understand the following illustrative problems below.

Illustrative Problem 2.4


A 3-phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance of (4+j7) ohms. The load voltage
between lines is 3988 volts. The load supplied are; a capacitor load taking a phase
current of 60 amperes, zero power factor and an inductive load taking a current of 120
amperes at 0.80 power factor. What is the voltage regulation and efficiency of the line?
Solution:
IS Zφ  4  j7Ω IR
x
IL IC
ES Ind. Cap. E R = 2,302.473 V
I S = IR = I
Load Load

Figure 2.7 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

Given Data:
3-phase short-transmission line
Zφ  4  j 7 Ω  8.062 /60.255 Ω
0

ERL = 3,988 Volts


 3,988 
 ER   2,302.473/0 Volts 
0

 3 
Load:
Capacitive Load :  IC  60 Amp.
P.F.C  0.0 θ C  900 
Inductive Load :  IL  120 Amp.
P.F.L  0.80 θ L   36.870 

I C = 60 A

 C = 900
E R = 2,302.47 V

 R =36.870

I L = 120 A

Figure 2.8 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Required:
Voltage regulation of the line (%V.R.)

From Eq. 2.7


E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100%
ER
For sending end voltage (ES) using Eq. 2.5a
(Phasor addition with ER taken as reference)
ES  ER  I Zφ Volts
Where: In Figure 2.5 @ junction x by KCL
IS  IR  I  IC  IL
(Referring to Phasor diagram in Figure 2.6,
by Phasor addition) KCL
I  60 /90  120 /  36.87
0 0

= 96.75 /-7.13 o Amp.


Hence,
ES  ER  I Zφ
= 2,302.47 /0 o + (96.75 /-7.13 o )(8.062 /60.255o)
= 2,837 /12.17o Volts

Therefore, in Eq. 2.7


E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100%
ER
2,387  2,302
 x 100%
2302
 23.35 %

Sending end power factor: From Phasor Diagram


Cos θS = Cos (12.17o + 7.13o) = 0.944 Lagging

Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS

= 3 2,302.4731200.80 = 85.307 %
x 100%
3 2,83796.750.944

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Illustrative Problem 2.5


If the capacitor bank is removed in Illustrative Problem 2.4, what will be the voltage
regulation and efficiency of the line?
Solution:
IS Zφ  4  j7Ω IR
x
IL
ES Ind. E R = 2,302.473 V
I S = IR = IL = I
Load

Figure 2.9 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

Given Data:
Load:
Capacitive Load :  IC  0 Amp.

Inductive Load :  IL  120 Amp.


P.F.L  0.80 θ
L   36.870 

IC = 0 A

 C = 900
E R = 2,302.47 V

 R =36.870

I L = 120 A

Figure 2.10 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference.

Required:
Voltage regulation of the line (%V.R.)

From Eq. 2.7


E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100%
ER
For sending end voltage (ES) using Eq. 2.5a
(Phasor addition with ER taken as reference)
ES  ER  I Zφ Volts
Where: In Figure 2.5 @ junction x by KCL
IS  IR  I  IL
(Referring to Phasor diagram in Figure 2.10,
by Phasor addition) KCL
I  0  120 /  36.87
0

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

= 120 /-36.87o Amp.


Hence,
ES  ER  I Zφ
o o o
= 2,302.47 /0 + (120 /-36.87 )(8.062 /60.255 )
= 3,213.47 /6.86o Volts
Therefore, in Eq. 2.7
E S  ER
% V.R.  x 100%
ER
3,213.47  2,302
 x 100%
2302
 39.57 %

Sending end power factor: From Phasor Diagram


o o
Cos θS = Cos (36.87 + 6.86 ) = 0.723 Lagging

Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS

= 3 2,302.4731200.80
x 100% = 79.272 %
3 3,213.471200.723
Note: Without the capacitor bank, voltage regulation increases to 39.57%.from 23.35%
with the capacitor bank.

Desirable value of %VR should be less

Without the capacitor bank, efficiency decreases to 79.272% from 85.307%with


the capacitor bank.
Desirable value of efficiency should be high.

Hence: Capacitor bank plays significant role in increasing the efficiency (lower
line losses) and decreasing voltage regulation (voltage drop) of the system.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Illustrative Problem 2.6


Referring to the diagram below, a short three-phase three wire transmission line has an
impedance of (2 + j5) ohms per wire. At the receiving end, a balanced 3-phase load and
capacitor bank drawing 3000 kVA, 0.71 power factor lagging and 600 kVARs
respectively @ 8,000 volts phase to neutral. Determine: (a) the voltage and power
factor at the sending end; (b) power loss of the transmission line; (c) the apparent power
in kVA delivered by the transformer bank; (d) determine the apparent power in kVA
delivered by each transformer.

V-V
INDUCTIVE LOAD
3,000 kVA, 0.71 p.f.

CAPACITOR BANK
600 kVARS

Solution:
Given Data:
Supply: Open-Delta Transformer bank
3-phase short-transmission line
Z φ  2  j 5 Ω  5.39 /68.20 Ω
0

ER = 8,000 Volts
Load:
Capacitive Load :  600 kVARs
P.F.C  0.0 θ C  900 
Inductive Load :  3,000 kVA
P.F.L  0.71 θ
L   44.7650 
IS Zφ  2  j 5 Ω IR
x
IC IL
ES I S = IR = I Cap. Ind. E R = 8,000 V
Load Load

Figure 2.11 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis

Required:
(a) the voltage and power factor at the sending end
Currents: From Eq. 1.7c

Inductive Load:
kVA x 1000
IL  /  Cos 1
P.F . R 
3 ER


3000 x1000
/  Cos 1
0.71  125 /  44.765
0
Amp.
3  8,000 

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Capacitive Load:
kVA x 1000
IC  / Cos 1
P.F . R 
3 ER


600 x1000
/ Cos 1
0.0  25 / 90
0
Amp.
3  8,000 

I C = 25 A

 C = 900
E R = 8,000 V

 R =44.7650

I L = 125 A

Figure 2.12 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference,


showing IC and IL.

At junction x by KCL:
IS  IR  I  IL  IC
(Referring to Phasor diagram in Figure 2.10, by Phasor addition)

I  125 / - 44.765  25 /90


0 0

 108.85 /  35.38 Amp.


0

For sending end voltage (ES) using Eq. 2.5a (Phasor addition with ER taken as
reference)
ES  ER  I Zφ
= 8,000 /0 o + (108.85 /-35.38o)(5.39 /68.20o)
= 8,499.0 /2.144o Volts

I C = 25 A

ES
 C = 900 0
2.144
35.38 0 E R = 8,000 V

I = IS

I L = 125 A

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Figure 2.13 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference,


showing ES and IS.

For sending end power factor


P.F.S  Cos θS

 Cos 2.1440  35.38   0.793 Lagging

(b) power loss of the transmission line;

Line losses from Eq. 2.2a,

3  I2  R
PL  kW
1,000
3 108.852 2
  71.09 kW
1,000

(c) Efficiency of transmission:

NT = PR Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase


x 100%
PS

= S R  Cos θ R
x 100%
S R  Cos θ R  Line Losses PL 

= 3,000  0.71 = 96.77 %


x 100%
3,000  0.71  71.09

(d) the apparent power in kVA delivered (kVAS = kVAL) by the transformer bank;
From Eq. 1.7b for 3-phase
3  ES  IS
kVA S  kVA L  kVA
1,000
3 8,499.0108.85
  2,775.348 kVA
1,000

(e) the apparent power in kVA delivered by each transformer.


Recall: For Open-Delta Bank: kVA load of each is 57.7% of the total kVA load
kVA EACH  57.7%  kVAL
 0.577 2,775.348  1,601.376 kVA

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Illustrative Problem 2.7

A 3-phase transmission line 20 mi long has a resistance of 0.06 ohm per mile and a
reactance of 0.27 ohm per mile. The line delivers 1000 kW, 0.80 power factor lagging at
11000 volts. Determine the total rating in kVARs of a capacitor bank to be placed at the
receiving end which will make (increase) the power factor at that end to 0.90 lagging.
Solution:
Given Data:
Refer to Figure 2.14 for the representation of 3-phase short-transmission line
Length = 20 mi.
Z φ  20 * (0.06  j 0.27 Ω)  1.2  j5.4   5.58 /77.47 Ω
0

ERL = 11,000 Volts


 11,000 
 E R   6,350.853/0 Volts 
0

 3 
Load:
PR = 1,000kW
-1 0
P.F.R = 0.80 Lagging (θR = -Cos 0.80 = -36.87 )

IS Zφ  1.2  j 5.4 Ω IR
Load: 1,000kW
@ 0.80 p.f. lagging

ES E R =6,350.853 V
I S = IR = I

Figure 2.14 Representation of Short-Transmission Line Per-Phase Basis


Required:
(a) Total rating in kVARs of a capacitor bank (kVARCap. = QCap.) to be placed at the
receiving end which will make (increase) the power factor at that end to 0.90 lagging.
Without capacitor bank
PR = 1,000 kW
P.F.R = 0.80 Lagging
θR = Cos-1 0.80 = 36.870
kVAR = kVALoad = (1,000/0.80) = 1,250 kVA
QR = 750 kVARs (Inductive)

With capacitor bank


PR’ = PR = 1,000kW (Since only kVARs-capacitive is added, no real power
affected at the receiving end)
P.F.R’ = 0.90 Lagging
θR’ = Cos-1 0.90 = 25.8420

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Power Triangle:

(a) Without capacitor bank (b) With the capacitor bank (c) Resultant Power Triangle

kVARCap. = QCap. kVARCap.


PR = 1,000kW PR PR

 New QNew
 R  36.87 0 R R kVANew
QR
QCap.
QR QR QR
kVALoad kVALoad kVALoad

 New  25.840
QR = 750kVARs

From Figure (c) the resultant power triangle


kVARCap.  QCap.  QR  QNew  Eq. 1

Where:
QNew  PR  tan θ New
 1,000  tan 25.8420  484.324 kVAR Ind.
Substituting QR and QNew in Equation 1,
kVAR Cap.  Q Cap.
 750  484.324  265 .676 kVAR Capacitive 

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Learning Activity 2.2 Self-Assessment:


Power factor correction and calculation of voltage
regulation and efficiency of short-transmission line

Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.

Problem 2.2.1
Referring to the diagram below, an 80-kilometers long three-phase three wire
transmission line has an impedance of (0.025 + j0.0625) ohms per km per wire. At the
receiving end, a balanced 3-phase load and capacitor bank drawing 2,250 kW, 0.75
power factor lagging and 640 kVARs respectively @ 14,200 Volts. Determine: (a) the
voltage and power factor at the sending end; (b) power loss of the transmission line; (c)
the apparent power in kVA delivered by the transformer bank; (d) determine the
apparent power in kVA delivered by each transformer.
V-V
INDUCTIVE LOAD
2,250 kW, 0.75 p.f.

CAPACITOR BANK
640 kVARS

Problem 2.2.2
A 3-phase transmission line 30 mi long has a resistance of 0.06 ohm per mile and a
reactance of 0.27 ohm per mile. The line delivers 1200 kW, 0.80 power factor lagging at
11000 volts. Determine the total rating in kVARs of a capacitor bank to be placed at the
receiving end which will make (increase) the power factor at that end to 0.90 lagging.

Problem 2.2.3
In Problem 2.2.2, determine and compare: (a) voltage regulation of the line with and
without capacitor bank; (b) efficiency of the line with and without capacitor bank.

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Learning Activity 2.3 Self-Assessment:


Design and Miscellaneous Problems for Short-
Transmission Line taking into Account the Efficiency
and Voltage Regulation as Constraints

Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.
(See attached Wire Table)

Design Problem 2.3.1


A short transmission line supplies a load which takes 4000 kW at 0.90
lagging power factor. Up to what distance can the load be transmitted by
an 11 kV line at a power loss of 10%. The resistance of each line is 0.40
ohm per kilometer per phase, and the load voltage is 11 kV?

Design Problem 2.3.2


It is desired to transmit 50,000 kW a distance of 140 miles at 132,000 volts
at the load, 3-phase, and 60-cycles. The line loss shall not exceed 10
percent of the transmitted power when the load power factor is 0.85,
lagging power factor. ACSR conductors are to be used. The equivalent
spacing is 15 ft. between centers. Neglecting charging current, determine
(a) load current at 0.85 power factor, lagging power factor; (b) smallest
permissible size of ACSR conductor (Appendix I, p. 613); (c) resistance per
conductor; (d) loss at 0.85 power factor; (e) reactance per conductor; (f)
sending-end voltage; (g) regulation; (h) efficiency. (i) Draw vector diagram.

Design Problem 2.3.3


3-phase three-wire transmission line 60 km long supplies a load of 5000
kW, 0.80 lagging power factor at 33 kV. The efficiency of the line is 85%.
Calculate the weight of copper required. Resistivity and density of copper
are 1.73 x 10 - 6 ohm-cm and 8.9 gram per cubic cm, respectively.
Ans.: 2.253 x 104 kg

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT


EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Assessment

 Just comply Learning Activities 2.1 through 2.3. Enjoy Learning guys……

Answer Key

Pre-Test

1. b
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. b

Learning Activity 2.1

Practice Problem 2.1.1 10,685.8 Volts per phase (18.5 kV line to line)
Practice Problem 2.1.2 1.58 + j 8.52 Ω ( Z  8.67 / 79.5 )
0

Practice Problem 2.1.3 14233.56Volts; PFS = 0.90 lagging


Practice Problem 2.1.3 11.52 kV line to line; PFR = 0.501 lagging

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

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