PS 1 - Unit 3 - PDF

EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1
UNIT 3
Medium Length Transmission Line
Medium length transmission line is a transmission line having a length of more than
50 miles up to 150 miles. The parameters considered are resistance, inductance and
capacitance of line. Resistance and inductance of line is the equivalent series line
impedance, while capacitance is assumed to be shunt which causes the shunt
admittance to result capacitive effect. The three parameters affect the voltage regulation
of the line and also cause power losses (true and reactive line losses).
Medium length transmission line can be represented to two equivalent circuits as

nominal Pi (π) –circuit or nominal Tee (T)-circuit. It can be analyzed using two methods:
(a) by classical method; (b) by generalized circuit constant (GCC).
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, the learner will be able to:

● Analyze and evaluate power and the relationship between voltages and
currents for medium length transmission lines
Pre-Test:
Instructions: Answer the each question/problem quietly and encircle the letter of
the correct answer.
1. At a lower temperature, transmission cables may be coated with ice, what will
happen to its resistance?
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) the same (d) increase slightly
2. For medium length transmission line where length is up to 150 miles, the
parameters considered are usually _____________.
(a) capacitance and inductance, the resistance is neglected.
(b) resistance and capacitance, inductance is neglected.
(c) resistance, inductance and capacitance
(d) Resistance and inductance, capacitance is neglected.
Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

3. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging

power factor load at 66 kV. The series impedance of the line is (0.2 + j0.75)
Ohm per mile and the shunt admittance is j6.0x10exp.-6 mho per mile.
Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of line.
(a) 18.832%; 88.126%
(b) 38.832%; 98.106%
(c) 38.832%; 88.116%
(d) 8.832%; 94.143%

(a) 18.832%; 88.126%
(b) 38.311%; 88.312%
(c) 38.832%; 98.106%
(d) 8.832%; 94.143%

(a) 18.832%; 88.126%
(b) 8.832%; 94.143%
(c) 38.832%; 98.106%
(d) 38.832%; 88.116%

(a) 18.832%; 88.126%
(b) 38.311%; 88.312%
(c) 38.832%; 98.106%
(d) 8.832%; 94.143%

Content:
Medium Length Transmission Line

- A line having a length of more than 50 miles up to 150 miles.
Line Parameters Considered

- Three parameters affecting the voltage regulation and also cause power losses
(true and reactive line losses) of the line.
 Resistance – series connected
 Inductance – series connected
 Capacitance – connected shunt
Representation of Medium Length Transmission Line

- It can be represented to two equivalent circuits as
 Nominal Pi (π) –circuit, or,
 Nominal Tee (T)-circuit
Methods Used to Analyze Medium Length Transmission Line

- It can be analyzed using two methods
 by Classical Method
 by Generalized Circuit Constant (GCC)
3.1 Representation of Medium Length Transmission Line

3.1.1 Nominal Pi (  ) – Circuit: Per – Phase Basis, or Per Conductor to Neutral
Basis
y Zφ x IR
IS I C2 IL I C1
V C2 YC V C1 YC LOAD ER
ES
2 2
3.1.2 Nominal Tee (T) – Circuit: Per – Phase Basis, or Per Conductor to Neutral
Basis
Zφ Zφ
IS 2 x 2 IR
IC
ES VC YC LOAD ER

3.2 Solutions Using Classical Method:

3.2.1 Solutions Using Classical Method - Nominal Pi (  ) – Circuit
Representation of Transmission Line: Phase Basis

y Zφ x IR
IS I C2 IL I C1
ES
2 2
V C1 = ER
VC2 = ES
Solution:
Given Data:
3-phase medium length transmission line
PR or SR, P.F.R & ERL or ER
Required:
, ES, IS, P.F.S, PS, η T & %VR
Step 1: Calculate IR
PR x 1000
IR  /  Cos1P.F.R 
3  ER
Step 2: Calculate IC1

YC
IC1  ER 
2
Step 3: Calculate IL
IL  IR  IC1
Step 4: Calculate VC2 = ES

VC2  ES  ER  IL  Zφ

YC
IC2  ES 
2
Step 6: Calculate IS
IS  IL  IC2
Step 7: Calculate P.F.S

E
P.F.S  Cos  S Where : θ S  θ I S
S
Step 8: Calculate PS

3  E S  IS  Cos  S
PS  kW
1000
Step 9: Calculate ηT
PR
ηT  x 100%
PS
Step 10: Calculate %VR

ESNL  ER ES
%VR  x 100% Where : ESNL 
ER A
Yc Z φ
A  1  unitless
2
Illustrative Problem 3.1

Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problem and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data using
Classical Method – Pi (π)-Circuit
A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80
lagging power factor load at 66 kV. The series impedance of the line is
(0.2 + j0.75) Ohm per mile and the shunt admittance is j6.0x10exp.-6
mho per mile. Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of line.
Solution: Using Classical Method - Nominal Pi (  ) – Circuit
y Zφ x IR
IS I C2 IL I C1
ES V C2 YC V C1 YC LOAD ER
2 2
Given Data:
Length: 100 miles
Load: 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lag. ( θ R  36.87o )
ERL = 66 kV
Receiving end voltage per phase:
E 66,000
ER  RL   38,105.12 /0 V
o
3 3
Impedance of line per phase:
Zφ = (0.2 + j0.75) Ω/mi. x 100 mi.
= 20 + j 75 Ω = 77.621 /75.069o 

Shunt Admittance (phase to neutral):

YC = j 6.0 x 10 -6 mho/mi. x 100 mi. .
= j 0.0006 = 0.0006 /90o Mho
PR x 1000
IR  /  Cos1P.F.R 
3  ER
25,000 x 1000 0.80 
/  Cos 0.80 
1

3  38,105.12
0
 218.693 /  36.87 Amp

YC
IC1  ER 
2
 0.0006 /900 
 38,105.12/0     11.432 /900 Amp.

 2 
Step 3: Calculate IL
IL  IR  IC1
 218.693 / - 36.87  11.432 /90
0 0
 212.032/  34.398 Amp

0
Step 4: Calculate VC2 = ES

VC2  ES  ER  IL  Zφ
 
38,105.12/0  212.032/ - 34.398 77.621/75.069
0 0
 0


0
51,712.597/11.97 V

YC
IC2  ES 
2
 0.0006 /90 0 
 51,712.597/11.97   
0
 2 
 
 15.514 /101.971 Amp.
0
IS  IL  IC2
 212.032/ - 34.398 0  15.514/101.971 0
 201.088 / - 31.346
0
Amp.

P.F.S  Cos  S E
Where : θS  θ I S  43.3170
 
S
 Cos 11.97 0  31.346 0

 0.728 Lagging
3  ES  IS  Cos θS
PS  kW
1000
3  51,712.597  201.088  0.728
 kW
1000
 22,697.393 kW
PR
ηT  x 100%
PS
20,000
 x 100%  88.116 %
22,697.393

ESNL  ER ES
ER A
A  1
YC Zφ
 1
0.0006 /90 77.621/75.069 
o o
2 2
 0.9775 /0.352
o
51,712.597
 38,105.12
%VR  0.9775 x 100%
38,105.12
 38.832 %

3.2.2 Solutions Using Classical Method - Nominal Tee (T) – Circuit

Zφ Zφ
IS 2 x IR
2
IC
ES VC YC LOAD ER
Solution:
Given Data:
Required:
, IS, ES, P.F.S, PS, η T & %VR
PR x 1000
IR  /  Cos1P.F.R 
3  ER
Step 2: Calculate VC
Zφ
VC  ER  IR 
2
Step 3: Calculate IC
IC  VC  YC
IS  IR  IC
Step 5: Calculate ES
Zφ
ES  VC  IS 
2

E
P.F.S  Cos θS Where : θ S  θ I S
S
PS  kW
1000

PR
ηT  x 100%
PS
ESNL  ER ES
ER A
Yc Z φ
2
Classical Method – Tee (T)-Circuit

Solution:

Zφ Zφ
IS 2 x 2 IR
IC
ES VC YC LOAD ER
Given Data:
Length: 100 miles
Load: 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lag. ( θ R  36.87o )
ERL = 66 kV
E 66,000 o
ER  RL   38,105.12 /0 V
3 3

Z = (0.2 + j0.75)  / mi. x 100 mi.
= 20 + j 75  = 77.621 /75.069o 


YC = j 6.0 x 10 -6 mho/mi. x 100 mi. .
= j 0.0006 = 0.0006 /90o Mho
Required:
, IS, ES, P.F.S, PS, η T & %VR
PR x 1000
IR  /  Cos1P.F.R 
3  ER
25,000 x 1000 0.80 
/  Cos 0.80 
1

3  38,105.12
0
 218.693 /  36.87 Amp
Step 2: Calculate VC
Zφ
VC  ER  IR 
2
 0  77.621/75.069
 
0
 38,105.12/0  218.693 / - 36.87  
0
 2 

0
45,081.825 /6.686 V
Step 3: Calculate IC
IC  VC  YC
 45,081.825/6.686  0.0006 /90
0
 0

 27.049/96.686
0
Amp.
IS  IR  IC
 218.693/ - 36.87 0  27.049 /96.686
0
 201.013 / - 31.274
0
Amp.
Step 5: Calculate ES
Zφ
ES  VC  IS 
2
 77.62 /75.069 0 

 45,081.825 /6.686  201.01 / - 31.27 0 
0
 
 2 

0
51,518.80 /11.93 V

P.F.S  Cos θS E
Where : θS  θ I S  43.2040
 
S
 Cos 11.93  31.274

0 0
 0.728 Lagging
PS  kW
1000
3  51,518.80  201.013  0.728
 kW
1000
 22,646.937 kW
P
η T  R x 100%
PS
20,000
 x 100%  88.312 %
22,646.937
ESNL  ER ES
ER A
Yc Z φ
2
Y Z
A  1 C φ  1

0.0006 /90 o  77.621/75.069o 
2 2
 0.9775 /0.352
o
51,518.80
 38,105.12
%VR  0.9775 x 100%
38,105.12
 38.311 %

Learning Activity 3.1: Self-Assessment: Analysis of medium length

transmission line using classical method
Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data for
each problem. (See Answer-Key to verify your answers)
Practice Problem 3.1

A 3-Phase transmission line has the following constants: impedance per
line is (10 + j20) Ohm; shunt admittance of the line is j0.0025 mho from
line to neutral. The receiving kVA is 20,000 kVA at 80% power factor
lagging @ 69 kV. Determine voltage regulation and efficiency of the line.
Use classical method – nominal Pi-circuit.

. A 3-Phase 100-mile long transmission line has the following constants:
impedance per line is (0.10 + j0.20) Ohm per mile; shunt admittance of the
line is 25x10exp.-6 mhos per mile from line to neutral. The receiving end
power is 16,000 kW, 80% power factor lagging @ 69 kV. Determine
voltage regulation and efficiency of the line. Use classical method –
nominal Tee-circuit.

3.3 Solutions Using Generalized Circuit Constants

3.3.1 Solutions Using Generalized Circuit Constants (GCC) - Nominal Pi (  ) –
Circuit
y Zφ x IR
IS I C2 IL I C1
ES V C2 YC V C1 YC LOAD ER
2 2
Solution:
Given Data:
Required:
IS, ES, P.F.S , %V.R. & ηT
GCC for Nominal Pi (  ) – Circuit

Yc Z φ
A  D  1  unitless
2
B  Zφ  
 YC Z φ 
C  YC  1  
  mhos or Siemens
 4 
Sending end voltage per phase:

ES  A ER  B I R
Sending end current:

IS  C ER  D I R
Voltage regulation
E RNL  E R
% V.R.  x 100 %
ER
E
ERNL  S
A
Efficiency of line:
PR
ηT  x 100 %
PS

Generalized Circuit Constants (GCC) – Pi (π)-Circuit

Solution:
y Zφ x IR
IS I C2 IL I C1
ES
2 2
Length: 100 miles

Load: 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lag. (  R  36.87 o )
ERL = 66 kV
E 66,000
ER  RL   38,105.12 /0 V
o
3 3
Z = (0.2 + j0.75) Ω/mi. x 100 mi.
= 20 + j 75 Ω = 77.621 /75.069o 

YC = j 6.0 x 10 -6 mho/mi. x 100 mi. .
= j 0.0006 = 0.0006 /90o Mho
Receiving end current:
25,000
IR   218.693 /  36.87 A
o
3 66
Using generalized circuit constants:
A  1
YC Zφ
 1
0.0006 /90 77.621/75.069 
o o
2 2
 0.9775 /0.352
o
B   77.621 /75.069 Ω
o
Zφ
 YC Z φ 
C  YC 1  
 4 

0.0006/90 1  0.0006/90 77.621/75.069 

o o

o

4 
 
 0.00059/90.174
o
Mho
D  A  0.9775 /0.352
o
ES  A ER  B IR
 0.9775/0.352 38,105.12/0   77.62/75.069 218.69/  36.87 
o o o o
 51,712.60/11.97 Volts
o
[ E SL  3 (51,712.60)  89,568.84 Volts ]

IS  C ER  D IR
 0.00059/90.174 38,105.12/0   0.9775/0.352 218.69/  36.87 
o o o o
 201.088/  31.346 A
o
Voltage regulation
ERNL  ER
% V.R.  x 100 %
ER
E 51,712.60
ERNL  S   52,901.92 Volts
A 0.9775
52,901.92  38,105.12
% V.R.  x 100 %  38.832 %
38,105.12
Efficiency of line:
PR
ηT  x 100 %
PS
PR  SR  Cos θR  25,000 0.80  20,000 kW

3 ESL IS Cos θS or
PS 
1000
3 ES IS CosθS
PS 
1000

3 51,712.60201.088Cos 11.97o  31.346o  
1000
 22,697.393 kW
20,000
ηT  x 100 %  88.116 %
22,697.393

3.3.2 Solutions Using Generalized Circuit Constants - Nominal Tee (T) – Circuit

Zφ Zφ
IS 2 x IR
2
IC
ES VC YC LOAD ER
Solution:
Given Data:
Required:
IS, ES, P.F.S , %V.R. & ηT
GCC for Nominal Tee (T) – Circuit

Yc Z φ
A  D  1  unitless
2
 Yc  Zφ 
B  Zφ  1    Ω
 4 
C  YC  mhos or Siemens

ES  A ER  B I R

IS  C ER  D I R
Voltage regulation
E RNL  E R
% V.R.  x 100 %
ER
E
ERNL  S
A
Efficiency of line:
PR
ηT  x 100 %
PS


Generalized Circuit Constants (GCC) – Tee (T)-Circuit
Solution:

Zφ Zφ
IS 2 x 2 IR
IC
ES VC YC LOAD ER
Length: 100 miles

Load: 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lag. ( θ R  36.87o )
ERL = 66 kV

ERL 66,000
ER    38,105.12 /0 V
o
3 3

Z = (0.2 + j0.75)  / mi. x 100 mi.
= 20 + j 75  = 77.621 /75.069o 

YC = j 6.0 x 10 -6 mho/mi. x 100 mi. .
= j 0.0006 = 0.0006 /90o Mho
Receiving end current:

25,000
IR   218.693 /  36.87 A
o
3 66
Using generalized circuit constants:
A  1
YC Zφ
 1
0.0006 /90 77.621/75.069 
o o
2 2
 0.9775/0.352
o

 Y Z 
B  Z φ 1  C φ 
 4 
77.621/75.069 1  0.0006/90 77.621/75.069 

o o

o

4 
 
 76.748/75.243 Ω
o
C   0.0006 /90 Mho

o
YC
D  A  0.9775 /0.352
o

ES  A ER  B IR
 0.9775/0.352 38,105.12/0   76.748/75.243 218.693/  36.87 

o o o o
 51,518.80/11.93 Volts
o
[ ESL  3 (51,518.80)  89,233.17 Volts ]

IS  C ER  D IR
 0.0006/90 38,105.12/0   0.9775/0.352 218.693/  36.87 
o o o o
 201.01/  31.27 A
o
Voltage regulation
ERNL  ER
% V.R.  x 100 %
ER
E 51,518.80
ERNL  S   52,703.66 Volts
A 0.9775
52,703.66  38,105.12
% V.R.  x 100 %  38.311 %
38,105.12
Efficiency of line:
PR
ηT  x 100 %
PS
PR  SR  Cos θR  25,000 0.80  20,000 kW
3 ESL IS Cos θS or
PS 
1000
3 ES IS CosθS
PS 
1000

3 51.518.80201.01Cos 11.93o  31.27o  
1000
 22,646.937 kW
20,000
ηT  x 100 %  88.312 %
22,646.937

3.3.3 Summary of Generalized Circuit Constants (GCC)
Circuit Constants
A=D B C
 
 - Circuit
YC Zφ
Zφ YC  1  
 4 
Yc Zφ
1
2  Yc  Z φ 
T- Circuit Z φ  1  
 YC
 4 
UNITS --- Ohms Mhos
Learning Activity 3.2: Self-Assessment: Analysis using Generalized Circuit

Constants (GCC) for medium length transmission line
Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data for
each problem. (See Answer-Key to verify your answers)

A 3-Phase transmission line has the following constants: impedance per
line is (10 + j20) Ohm; shunt admittance of the line is j0.0025 mho from
line to neutral. The receiving kVA is 20,000 kVA at 80% power factor
lagging @ 69 kV. Determine voltage regulation and efficiency of the line.
Use generalized circuit constants – nominal Pi-circuit.

A 3-Phase 100-mile long transmission line has the following constants:
impedance per line is (0.10 + j0.20) Ohm per mile; shunt admittance of the
line is 25x10exp.-6 mhos per mile from line to neutral. The receiving end
power is 16,000 kW, 80% power factor lagging @ 69 kV. Determine
voltage regulation and efficiency of the line. Use generalized circuit
constants – nominal Tee-circuit.

Assessment
Instructions: Answer the each question/problem quietly and encircle the letter of
the correct answer.
1. A 3-Phase 60 Hz, 150 km transmission line has an impedance of (15 + j75)

ohm per line and a shunt admittance of 450x10exp.-6 mhos. If the line delivers
50 MW, 0.80 lagging power factor load at 110 kV, determine the voltage
regulation and efficiency of the line. Use generalized circuit constants –
nominal Pi-circuit.
2. A 3-Phase 60 Hz, 150 km transmission line has an impedance of (15 + j75)

ohm per line and a shunt admittance of 450x10exp.-6 mhos. If the line delivers
50 MW, 0.80 lagging power factor load at 110 kV, determine the voltage
regulation and efficiency of the line. Use classical method – nominal Pi-circuit.
3. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line has sending end voltage of 88.5142 kV,
sending end current of 192.14 amperes and power factor of 0.734 lagging. The
series impedance of the line is (0.2 + j0.75) Ohm per mile and the shunt
admittance is j6.0x10exp.-6 mho per mile. Use classical method – nominal Pi-
circuit determine: voltage, current and power at the receiving end; efficiency of
the line.
4. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line has sending end voltage of 88.5142 kV,
sending end current of 192.14 amperes and power factor of 0.734 lagging. The
series impedance of the line is (0.2 + j0.75) Ohm per mile and the shunt
admittance is j6.0x10exp.-6 mho per mile. Use classical method – nominal
Tee-circuit determine: voltage, current and power at the receiving end;
efficiency of the line.
Answer Key
Pre-Test
1. b 6. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. d

PS 1 - Unit 3 - PDF

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PS 1 - Unit 3 - PDF

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EE 51 POWER SYSTEM 1

Medium length transmission line can be represented to two equivalent circuits as

At the end of this unit, the learner will be able to:

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

3. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging

4. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging

5. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging

6. A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80 lagging

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Medium Length Transmission Line

Line Parameters Considered

Representation of Medium Length Transmission Line

Methods Used to Analyze Medium Length Transmission Line

3.1 Representation of Medium Length Transmission Line

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

3.2 Solutions Using Classical Method:

Representation of Transmission Line: Phase Basis

Step 2: Calculate IC1

Step 4: Calculate VC2 = ES

Step 5: Calculate IC2

Step 7: Calculate P.F.S

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Step 10: Calculate %VR

Illustrative Problem 3.1

Representation of Transmission Line: Phase Basis

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Shunt Admittance (phase to neutral):

Step 2: Calculate IC1

 212.032/  34.398 Amp

Step 4: Calculate VC2 = ES

Step 5: Calculate IC2

Step 7: Calculate P.F.S

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

 Cos 11.97 0  31.346 0

Step 10: Calculate %VR

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

3.2.2 Solutions Using Classical Method - Nominal Tee (T) – Circuit

Representation of Transmission Line: Phase Basis

Step 6: Calculate P.F.S

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Step 9: Calculate %VR

Illustrative Problem 3.2

A 3-Phase, 100 mi transmission line supplies a 25,000 kVA, 0.80

Representation of Transmission Line: Phase Basis

Impedance of line per phase:

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Shunt Admittance (phase to neutral):

Step 6: Calculate P.F.S

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

 Cos 11.93  31.274

Step 9: Calculate %VR

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Learning Activity 3.1: Self-Assessment: Analysis of medium length

Practice Problem 3.1

Practice Problem 3.2

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

3.3 Solutions Using Generalized Circuit Constants

GCC for Nominal Pi (  ) – Circuit

Sending end voltage per phase:

Sending end current:

Compiled and Adapted by: JOY C. IMPERIAL, M.Eng’g, REE, LPT

Illustrative Problem 3.3