Abstract :-

The objective of this experiment was determination of cations concentration (positive

ions which are Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium) and anions concentration
(negative ions which are Chloride, Sulphite, Nitrate and Bicarbonate) in water sample.
This experiment was made by two parts for two samples of water, the first part was
determination of cations in two water samples, cations which are
(𝐶𝑎+2 , 𝑀𝑔+2 , 𝑁𝑎+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 +1 ), Calcium and Magnesium ions concentration were
determined by determination of Calcium hardness and total hardness, and
concentrations of Sodium and Potassium ions were determined by using flame
photometer.
At first the conductivity of water was measured for each water sample to know how
much volume of water must be used in titration, total hardness was measured by titrated
a water sample using EDTA by 10 ml or 25 ml of water sample was put in Erlenmeyer
flask with 8.8 PH (NH4Cl-NH4OH) buffer solution and Eriochrome black T indicator
then was titrated with (0.01) M EDTA until the color changed from wine red to blue,
this titration was repeated three times for each type of water sample, and the second
part was for calcium hardness which was measured by titrated a water sample using
EDTA by 10 ml or 25 ml of water sample was put in Erlenmeyer flask with 1 M of
𝑁𝐴𝑂𝐻 solution and hydroxyl naphthol blue indicator then was titrated with (0.01) M
EDTA until the color changed from pink to blue, this titration was repeated three times
for each type of water sample. The difference between calcium hardness value and total
hardness value expresses magnesium hardness value.
Concentrations of Sodium and Potassium ions were determined by using flame
photometer. According to Palestinian standards institute:
Total hardness in sample 201 = 108 mg/L as CaCo3 less than the max (300 mg/l as
CaCo3) So the sample is acceptable. Total hardness in sample 259 = 270 mg/L as
CaCo3 less than the max (300 mg/l as CaCo3) So the sample is acceptable. Calcium
hardness in sample 201 = 60 mg/L as CaCo3 is within the range (30-200 mg/L as
CaCo3) so the sample is acceptable and Palatable. Calcium hardness in sample 259 =
170 mg/L as CaCo3 is within the range (30-200 mg/L as CaCo3) so the sample is
acceptable and Palatable. Sodium in sample 201 = 4.4 mg/L less than the max (200

1
mg/l) So the sample is acceptable. Sodium in sample 259 = 36.5 mg/L less than the max
(200 mg/l) So the sample is acceptable. Potassium in sample 201 = 0.9 mg/L and in
sample 259 = 3.2 mg/L So the samples are acceptable because the range is open.
Chloride in sample 201 = 124.6 mg/L as CaCo3 & sample 259 = 136.5 mg/L the
samples are less than the max (250 mg/l) so the samples are acceptable. Nitrite in
samples is less than 0.2 so the samples are acceptable. Sulfate in sample 201 = 0.1 mg/L
and in sample 259 = 46.88 mg/L less than the max (250 mg/L) so the samples is
acceptable. This water samples satisfy the Palestinian drinking water standards

2
Introduction:-
Many natural factors can affect ground-water quality; however, the primary factors
include the source and chemical composition of recharge water, the lithological and
hydrological properties of the geologic unit, the various chemical processes occurring
within the geologic unit, and the amount of time the water has remained in contact with
the geologic unit (residence time). All of these factors can affect the type and quantities
of dissolved constituents in ground water. The most abundant dissolved constituents
measured are the major ions, which can be both positively charged (cations) and
negatively charged (anions). Because of the requirements of electroneutrality, cations
and anions are present at equal concentrations in water and comprise most of the
dissolved solids in ground water. The most abundant cations present in water are
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K); the most abundant
anions are bicarbonate (HCO3), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4). By measuring the
concentrations of these ions in ground-water samples, the ionic composition of the
water is determined and the chemical quality of the water can be characterized and
described.
Water is the source of life on Earth for all living organisms, as Allah Almighty says in
the Munificent Quran "And, We made from water every living thing" (The Prophets:
30). Air and water are the most important of all natural resources on the Earth. Water
constitutes 75% of the human body weight and 80% of the total composition of most
vegetables. At the same time, water causes an estimated 80% of diseases throughout
the world. This is either due to water pollution, contamination or to water shortage. Safe
drinking water is essential to humans, animals, plants and other life forms even though
it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Over 1 billion people lack access to safe
drinking water, and an estimated 80% of child deaths from digestive tract diseases such
as diarrhea (approximately 2 million by the year) are caused by consumption of polluted
and contaminated drinking water. Underground water is the major source of drinking
water and also used as the alternative source for the agricultural and industrial sectors
in the whole world. In aquatic systems, elements are present as dissolved ions and
complexes, suspended, colloids ions and solid in sediments. Concentrations of these
ions strongly depend on biological processes, redox potential, ionic strength, pH,
activities of organic and inorganic chelators as well as scavenging processes. Bottled
mineral water has become a healthier choice than tap water for many people because

3
they believe that bottled drinking water contains fewer contaminants. For this reason,
the annual consumption of bottled drinking water in the world is substantial. Reverse
osmosis (RO) process is used to obtain the filter water. It is one of the membrane-based
desalination processes are a standard industry practice that has been refined in recent
decades. Many different methods have been reported in the literature for the analysis of
ions (anion and cation) in water. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been
traditionally used for cation determination either in water or in vegetable ashes.
Concerning anions, many methods have been developed, which are in most cases
specific for the separate analysis of every single anion. The A.O.A.C (2005) and the
A.P.H.A (1998) defined individual methods, which have been traditionally used, for
the determination of chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate and phosphorus in water. Ion
chromatography (IC) has become a powerful, widely used analytical method enabling
simple, selective and fast determination of different varieties of inorganic anions and
cations.

Apparatus:

* Conical flask.
* Pipet.
* Funnel.
* Graduated Cylinder.
* Burette.
* Flame Photometer.
*spectrophotometer.

4
Reagents:

1- Ethylene Diaminetetraacetic Acid Solution (EDTA) 0.01 M with

molecular weight (372.24 g/mol): it was prepared by adding 3.7224 g of
powder EDTA to 1 L of distilled water.
2- Buffer Solution (NH4Cl-NH4OH): PH 8.8
3- Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH) 1 M.
4- Eriochrome Black Indicator: it was prepared by adding 0.5 g of dye to 100
ml of distilled water.
5- Hydroxyl naphthol blue indicator: it was prepared by adding 0.5 g of dye to
100 ml of distilled water.
6- Silver nitrate (AgNO3) 0.0141 N: it was a titrant for measuring chlorine
concentration.
7- Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 0.01 M: it was a titrant for measuring bicarbonate
concentration.
8- Sulfuric reagent: it was used for sulfur concentration.
9- Hydrochloric acid: reagent was used to measure nitrite concentration.
10- Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7): indicator for chlorine titration.
11- Promozol P: indicator for bicarbonate titration.

Procedure:

1- Cations:

1. Total Hardness Titration with EDTA :

 The conductivity and temperature was measured for two samples of

water.
 The burette was set up in the burette clamp and was rinsed then filled
with 0.01 M 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 solution which was prepared; the initial burette
reading was recorded.
 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask was cleaned and rinsed by distilled water.

5
  Erlenmeyer flask was filled by 10 ml of water from sample (no.259),
and 25 ml of water from sample (no.201).
 1 ml of 8.8 PH (NH4Cl-NH4OH) buffer solutions was added to each
water sample in the Erlenmeyer flask.
 2 or 3 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator which was prepared were
added to each flask containing water sample and buffer solution.
 The flask was placed under the burette and 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 was added from the
burette to the flask with swirling until endpoint reached, the solution
arrived at the end point when its color changed from wine red to blue,
there should be a one-drop difference between when the solution is
wine red and when it is blue.
 When the proper end point reached, the final volume of 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 was
read and recorded.
 The titration procedure was repeated three times for each sample to
take the average, and then the molarity of water sample was calculated.

2. Calcium Hardness Titration with EDTA :

 The conductivity and temperature was measured for two samples of

water.
 The burette was set up in the burette clamp and was rinsed then filled
with 0.01 M 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 solution which was prepared; the initial burette
reading was recorded.
 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask was cleaned and rinsed by distilled water.
 Erlenmeyer flask was filled by 10 ml of water from sample (no.259),
and 25 ml of water from sample (no.201).
 1 ml of 1 M 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution was added to each water sample in the
Erlenmeyer flask.
 2 or 3 drops hydroxyl naphthol blue indicator which was prepared
were added to each flask containing water sample.
 The flask was placed under the burette and 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 was added from the
burette to the flask with swirling until endpoint reached, the solution
arrived at the end point when its color changed from pink to blue, and

6
 there should be a one-drop difference between when the solution is
pink and when it is blue.
 When the proper end point reached, the final volume of 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 was
read and recorded.
 The titration procedure was repeated three times for each sample to
take the average, and then the molarity of water sample was calculated.

3. Concentration of Sodium and Potassium ions:

 Flame Photometer was calibrated and was reset on blank sample.

 First it was calibrated to measure Potassium in two water samples.
 Then it was calibrated to measure Sodium in two water samples.
 Results were recorded.

2- Anions:

4. Concentration of chlorine with Silver Nitrate :

 The conductivity and temperature was measured for two samples of

water.
 The burette was set up in the burette clamp and was rinsed then filled
with 0.0141 N 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 solution; the initial burette reading was
recorded.
 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask was cleaned and rinsed by distilled water.
 Erlenmeyer flask was filled by 10 ml of water from sample (no.259),
and 25 ml of water from sample (no.201).
 2 or 3 drops of Potassium Dichromate 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 indicator to each flask
containing water sample and buffer solution.
 The flask was placed under the burette and 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 was added from the
burette to the flask with swirling until endpoint reached, the solution

arrived at the end point when its color changed from wine red to

7
 blue, there should be a one-drop difference between when the
solution is wine red and when it is blue.
 When the proper end point reached, the final volume of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 was
read and recorded.
 The titration procedure was repeated three times for each sample to
take the average, and then the molarity of water sample was calculated.

5. Concentration of BiCarbonate with Sulfuric Acid:

 The conductivity and temperature was measured for two samples of

water.
 The burette was set up in the burette clamp and was rinsed then filled
with 0.01 M 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution; the initial burette reading was recorded.
 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask was cleaned and rinsed by distilled water.
 Erlenmeyer flask was filled by 10 ml of water from sample (no.259),
and 25 ml of water from sample (no.201).
 2 or 3 drops of Bromozol P indicator to each flask containing water
sample and buffer solution.
 The flask was placed under the burette and 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 was added from the
burette to the flask with swirling until endpoint reached, the solution

arrived at the end point when its color changed from wine red to
blue, there should be a one-drop difference between when the
solution is wine red and when it is blue.
 When the proper end point reached, the final volume of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 was
read and recorded.
 The titration procedure was repeated three times for each sample to
take the average, and then the molarity of water sample was calculated.

8
 6- Concentration of Sulfate ions:

 Sulfuric reagent was put in 50 ml volumetric flask with deionized

water to prepare blank sample.
 Sulfuric reagent was added to another 3 of 50 ml volumetric flasks.
 50 ml was taken from sample (no.201) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with sulfuric reagent and was swirling until reagent disappeared.
 50 ml was taken from sample (no.259) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with sulfuric reagent and was swirling until reagent disappeared.
 50 ml was taken from sample (no.376) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with sulfuric reagent and was swirling until reagent disappeared.
 After three minutes samples were put in cuvettes and put in
spectrophotometer, the results were recorded.

7- Concentration of nitrate ions:

 1 ml of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 reagent was put in 50 ml volumetric flask with deionized

water to prepare blank sample.
 𝐻𝐶𝑙 reagent was added to another 3 of 50 ml volumetric flasks.
 49 ml was taken from sample (no.201) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with 𝐻𝐶𝑙 reagent and was swirling to mix reagent with sample.
 49 ml was taken from sample (no.259) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with 𝐻𝐶𝑙 reagent and was swirling to mix reagent with sample.
 49 ml was taken from sample (no.376) and was put in 50 ml volumetric
flask with 𝐻𝐶𝑙 reagent and was swirling to mix reagent with sample.
 After three minutes samples were put in cuvettes and put in
spectrophotometer, the results were recorded.

9
Theoretical Background

𝑛1 = 𝑛2 …………… (1)
𝑛1 : Number of moles EDTA.
𝑛2 : Number of moles sample.

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 × 𝑉𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 … … … … … . (2)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑀 × 100 × 1000 … … … … … . (3)

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑀 × 1000 × 40 … … … (4)

𝑀𝑔+2 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 … … … . . (5)

10
Results & Calculations:
(Table No.1 conductivity and temperature)

Sample 1 (201) Sample 2 (259)

Initial conductivity (S/m) 227 565

Initial temperature C 17.4 16.7
Final conductivity (S/m) 248 599
Final temperature C 19.4 17.9
PH 6.8 7.85

(Table No.2 Total Hardness mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )

Sample 1 (201) Sample 2 (259)

T
Particulars T1 T2 T1 T2 T3
3
Volume of sample (ml) 25 25 25 10 10 10
Volume of 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 used
.42 2.7 3 2.8 2.8 2.6
(ml)
Average V of 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 (ml) 2.7 2.7
Total Hardness( mg/l
108 270
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 )

11
 (Table No.3 Carbonate Hardness mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )

Sample 1 (201) Sample 2 (259)

T T
Particulars T1 T2 T1 T3
3 2
Volume of sample (ml) 25 25 25 10 10 10
Volume of 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 used (ml) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 2 1.7
Average V of 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 (ml) 1.5 1.7
Ca+2 Hardness (mg/l 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 ) 60 170
Mg+2 Hardness (mg/L
48 100
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 )

(Table No.4 Flam photometer readings)

# of sample Potassium Sodium

259 3.2 M 36.5 M

201 0.9 M 4.4 M

. Spectrophotometer readings)5(Table No
Nitrate Sulfate
# of sample NO2 SO4
concentration concentration
259 7.11 46.88 M

201 1.13 0.10 M

12
 Cl- concentration as mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )6(Table No.

Sample 1 (201) Sample 2 (259)

Particulars T1 T2 T1 T2

Volume of sample (ml) 25 25 10 10

Volume of
4.6 4.3 1.5 2.4
AgNO3 used (ml)
Average V of AgNO3
4.45 1.95
(ml)
-
Cl concentration as 192.25 mg/l as
175.5 mg/l as CaCO3
(mg/L CaCO3) CaCO3

(Table No.7 HCO3- concentration as mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )

Sample 1 (201) Sample 2 (259)

Particulars T1 T2 T1 T2

Volume of sample (ml) 25 25 10 10

Volume of H2SO4 used 0.65 1 2 2

(ml)
Average V of H2SO4 0.825 2
(ml)
HCO3- concentration as 27.05 mg/l as CaCO3 164 mg/l as CaCO3
CaCO3

13
 (Cations and Anions concentrations as mg/L CaCO3)
Concentrations as CaCO3
(mg/l)
Ions
Sample 259 Sample201

K+ 4.103 1.154

Na+ 79.35 9.57

Total hardness 270 108

Ca-hardness 170 60

Mg-hardness 100 48

Cl- 192.25 175.5

HCO3- 164 27.05

NO2- 0.0643 0.01

SO4-2 48.8 0.104

 Cations
 Total Hardness as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 × 𝑉𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴

25 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.01 × 2.7
2.7 × 0.01 0.027
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.00108 𝑀
25 25
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.00108 × 100 × 1000 = 108 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
- For sample (2) 259

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 × 𝑉𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴

10 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.01 × 2.7
2.7 × 0.01 0.027
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.0027 𝑀
10 10
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.0027 × 100 × 1000 = 270 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

14
  Calcium Hardness as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

Vsample × Msample = MEDTA × VEDTA

25 × Msample = 0.01 × 1.5
1.5 × 0.01 0.015
Msample = ⇒ = 0.0006 M
25 25
Calcium Hardness = 0.0006 × 1000 × 40 = 24 mg⁄L
24 × 50
Calcium Hardness as mg/L CaCO3 = = 60 mg⁄L as CaCO3
20
- For sample (2) 259

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 × 𝑉𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴

10 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.01 × 1.7
1.7 × 0.01 0.017
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.0017 𝑀
10 10
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.0017 × 1000 × 40 = 68 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
68 × 50
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 =
20
= 170 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

 Magnesium Hardness as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

𝑀𝑔+2 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑀𝑔+2 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 108 − 60 = 48 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

- For sample (2) 259

𝑀𝑔+2 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑀𝑔+2 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 270 − 170 = 100 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

 Sodium as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201
4.4 × 50
𝑆𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 9.57 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
23
- For sample (2) 259
36.5 × 50
𝑆𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 79.35 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
23

15
  Potassium as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :
- For sample (1) 201
0.9 × 50
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 1.154 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
39
- For sample (2) 259
3.2 × 50
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 4.103 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
39
 Anions
 Bicarbonate as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 × 𝑉𝐻2𝑆𝑂4

25 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.01 × 0.825
0.825 × 0.01 0.00825
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.00033 𝑀
25 25
𝐵𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.00033 × 100 × 1000 = 33 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
33 × 50
𝐵𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 as mg/L CaCO3 = = 27.05 mg⁄L as CaCO3
61

- For sample (2) 259

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 × 𝑉𝐻2𝑆𝑂4

10 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.01 × 0.825
2 × 0.01 0.02
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.002 𝑀
10 10
𝐵𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.002 × 100 × 1000 = 200 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
200 × 50
𝐵𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 164 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
61

 Cl- as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

𝑁 0.0141
𝑀AgNO3 = = = 0.007 𝑀
𝑛 2
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀AgNO3 × 𝑉AgNO3
25 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.007 × 4.45
4.45 × 0.007 0.03115
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.001246 M
25 25

16
Cl− = 0.001246 × 1000 × 100 = 124.6 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
124.6 × 50
Cl− 𝑎𝑠 mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 175.5 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
35.5
- For sample (2) 259
𝑁 0.0141
𝑀AgNO3 = = = 0.007 𝑀
𝑛 2
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀AgNO3 × 𝑉AgNO3
10 × 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.007 × 1.95
1.95 × 0.007 0.01365
𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = ⇒ = 0.001365 M
10 10
Cl− = 0.001365 × 1000 × 100 = 136.5 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
136.5 × 50
Cl− 𝑎𝑠 mg/L 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 192.25 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
35.5

- NO2- as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201

𝑚𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑁𝑂2 × 4.43 × 1000
𝑁𝑂2− 𝑎𝑠𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 =
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 10000
𝑚𝑔 1.13 × 4.43 × 1000
𝑁𝑂2− 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.01 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝐿 49 × 10000

- For sample (2) 259

𝑚𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑁𝑂2 × 4.43 × 1000
𝑁𝑂2− 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 =
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 10000
𝑚𝑔 7.11 × 4.43 × 1000
𝑁𝑂3− 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.0643 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝐿 49 × 10000

 SO4-2 as mg/L 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 :

- For sample (1) 201
0.1 × 50
𝑆𝑂4−2 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.104 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
48
- For sample (2) 259
46.88 × 50
𝑆𝑂4−2 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 48.8 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
48
 For the balance between cations and anions

∑ 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = ∑ 𝐴𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

17
∑(𝐶𝑎+2 + 𝑀𝑔+2 + 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐾 + ) = ∑(𝐻𝐶𝑂3− + 𝑁𝑂3− + 𝑆𝑂4−2 + 𝐶𝑙 − )

- For sample (1) 201

∑(60 + 48 + 9.57 + 1.154) = ∑(27.05 + 0.01 + 0.104 + 175.5)

118.824 ≠ 202.664
- For sample (2) 259

∑(170 + 100 + 79.35 + 4.103)

= ∑(164 + 0.0643 + 48.8 + 192.25)

353.453 ≠ 405.1143

Summary

Ions Concentrations as CaCO3

(mg/l)
Sample 259 Sample201

K+ 4.1 1.15
Na+ 79.3 9.56
Total hardness 270 108
Ca-hardness 170 60
Cl- 191.55 170
HCO3 164 27.01
NO2 0.06 0.01
SO4 48.4 0.104

18
Discussion: -

Titration dependent on accuracy and indicator’s color, in this experiment it was used
10 ml from water sample (no.259) because conductivity was 227 Siemens per meter
(S/m) less than 350 Siemens per meter (S/m), and 25 ml from water sample (no.201)
because conductivity was 565 Siemens per meter (S/m) more than 350 Siemens per
meter (S/m), that for more accuracy.
The total hardness of water is measured from the amount of calcium and magnesium
present in the water sample. In this experiment, the total hardness and calcium hardness
were measured using the complexometric EDTA titration, and the difference between
calcium hardness value and total hardness value expresses magnesium hardness value.

In the first part of this experiment was for determination of cations concentration, total
hardness was measured to determine Calcium and Magnesium cations concentration,
by titrated a water sample using EDTA by 10 ml of water sample (no.259) and 25 ml
of water sample (no.201) was put in two Erlenmeyer flask with 1 ml of 8.8 PH (NH4Cl-
NH4OH) buffer solution for each and 2 drops Eriochrome black T indicator (which was
prepared by adding 0.5 g of dye to 100 ml of distilled water) for each then were titrated
with (0.01) M EDTA (which was prepared by adding 3.723 g of powder EDTA to 1 L
of distilled water) until the color changed from wine red to blue, this titration was
repeated with three times for each water sample, calcium hardness was measured by
titrated a water sample using EDTA by 10 ml of water sample (no.259) and 25 ml of
water sample (no.201) was put in two Erlenmeyer flask with 1 M of 𝑁𝐴𝑂𝐻 solution
and 2 drops of hydroxyl naphthol blue indicator (which was prepared by adding 0.5 g
of dye to 100 ml of distilled water) then was titrated with (0.01) M EDTA until the
color changed from pink to blue, this titration was repeated with three times for each
water sample. The difference between calcium hardness value and total hardness value
expresses magnesium hardness value.
Concentrations of Sodium and Potassium ions were determined by using flame
photometer.

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After calculations, According to Palestinian standards institute:
- Total hardness in sample 201 = 108 mg/L as CaCo3 less than the max (300 mg/l
as CaCo3) So the sample is acceptable.
- Total hardness in sample 259 = 270 mg/L as CaCo3 less than the max (300 mg/l
as CaCo3) So the sample is acceptable.
- Calcium hardness in sample 201 = 60 mg/L as CaCo3 is within the range (30-
200 mg/L as CaCo3) so the sample is acceptable and Palatable.
- Calcium hardness in sample 259 = 170 mg/L as CaCo3 is within the range (30-
200 mg/L as CaCo3) so the sample is acceptable and Palatable.
- Sodium in sample 201 = 4.4 mg/L less than the max (200 mg/l) So the sample
is acceptable.
- Sodium in sample 259 = 36.5 mg/L less than the max (200 mg/l) So the sample
is acceptable.
- Potassium in sample 201 = 0.9 mg/L and in sample 259 = 3.2 mg/L So the
samples are acceptable because the range is open.
- Chloride in sample 201 = 124.6 mg/L as CaCo3 & sample 259 = 136.5 mg/L
the samples are less than the max (250 mg/l) so the samples are acceptable.
- Nitrite in samples is less than 0.2 so the samples are acceptable.
- Sulfate in sample 201 = 0.1 mg/L and in sample 259 = 46.88 mg/L less than the
max (250 mg/L) so the samples is acceptable.
This water samples satisfy the Palestinian drinking water standards

Conclusion and Recommendations: -

Many natural factors can affect ground-water quality; however, the primary factors
include the source and chemical composition of recharge water, the lithological and
hydrological properties of the geologic unit, the various chemical processes occurring
within the geologic unit, and the amount of time the water has remained in contact with
the geologic unit (residence time). All of these factors can affect the type and quantities
of dissolved constituents in ground water. The most abundant dissolved constituents
measured are the major ions, which can be both positively charged (cations) and
negatively charged (anions). Because of the requirements of electro neutrality, cations
and anions are present at equal concentrations in water and comprise most of the
dissolved solids in ground water. The most abundant cations present in water are

20
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K); the most abundant
anions are bicarbonate (HCO3), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4). By measuring the
concentrations of these ions in ground-water samples, the ionic composition of the
water is determined and the chemical quality of the water can be characterized and
described
Some errors may be done as personal error in withdrawn samples from water, or by
weighing solids when indicators and EDTA solutions were prepared, or by observation
of color which appeared from titration, Error also may be from the accuracy of weighing
device.

Recommendations must be made in Lab:

1. Every person entering the lab areas should wear laboratory coat, safety goggles,
respirator, Neoprene or PVC gloves, shoes covers. Addition to adequate
ventilation in laboratory, because of used materials is flammable.
2. Everyone should be carefully when withdrawing samples from water and be
attention to non-contact water to prevent him from any Infectious disease or
germs which are possible to be in the water.
3. Everyone should be carefully when weighing samples of solid materials.

21
References:

[1] Sengupta, Pallav. Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water. International Journal of
Preventive Medicine. [Online] 2013, 4, 866-875.

[2] Prepas EE, Pinel-Alloul B, Chambers PA, Murphy TP, Reedyk S, Sandland G, et
al. Lime treatment and its effects on the chemistry and biota of hardwater eutrophic
lakes. Freshw Biol. 2001;46:1049–60.

[3] Analytical Chemistry - Lecture notes - Lecture 1Analyticalchemlab 5 - Lab report.

[4] Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American
Public Health Association, (1997).

[5] Determination of ions (anion and cation) by ion chromatography in drinking water
from talkha territory and some its villages, Dakahlia, Egypt Dawood, D.H. and M. I.
Sanad Agric. Chem. Dept. Fac. of Agric., Mans. Univ., Mansoura Egypt.

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