International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)

May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13

ISSN: 2320-6144

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE NAVIGATION

Mr. R. Manikandan1, B. Asrafyasmin2, Dr. R. Latha3
1
Ph.D Research Scholar, Computer Applications, St. Peter’s University, Chennai.
2
Ph.D Research Scholar, Computer Applications, St. Peter’s University, Chennai.
3
Prof & Head., Dept of Computer Applications, St. Peter’s University, Chennai.

ABSTRACT
The Global Position System used to determine the position of the object in terms of an
application or a vehicle which monitor by at least four satellites from various orbits. Global
positioning system is a satellite navigation system that furnishes location and time
information in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for navigation in planes, ships,
cars and truck. GPS provides continuous real time three dimensional positioning, navigation
and timing worldwide. GPS system consists of three segments a) The Space Segment: Consist
of satellites and transmitted signals, b) The Control Segment: Consists of ground stations, c)
The user segment: Consist of receivers. This GPS will provide the accuracy of the movable
vehicle or an application and appropriate information will pass to a third-party database. All
Details of a particular vehicle or movable object stored in the databases.
Keywords: GPS, Vehicle Navigation.

I. INTRODUCTION
Global Positioning System was developed
by the United States' Department of
Defense. It uses between 24 and 32
Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit
precise microwave signals. This enables
GPS receivers to determine their current
location, time and velocity. GPS is often
used by civilians as a navigation system.
On the ground, any GPS receiver contains
a computer that "triangulates" its own
position by getting bearings from at least
three satellites. The result is provided in
the form of a geographic position -
longitude and latitude - to, for most
receivers, within an accuracy of 10 to 100
meters. Software applications can then use
those coordinates to provide driving or
walking instructions.
Getting a lock on by the GPS receivers on
the ground usually takes some time
especially where the receiver is in a
moving vehicle or in dense urban areas.
The initial time needed for a GPS lock is
usually dependent on how the GPS
receiver starts. There are three types of
start - hot, warm and cold (Wada.M et al.,
2001).
The hot start is when the GPS device
remembers its last calculated position and
the satellites in view, the almanac used
(information about all the satellites in the
constellation), the Universal Time Code
Time and makes an attempt to lock onto
the same satellites and calculate a new
position based upon the previous
information. This is the quickest GPS lock
but it only works if you are generally in the
same location as you were when the GPS
was last turned off.

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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144
The warm start is when the GPS device
remembers its last calculated position used,
and Universal Time Code, but not which
satellites were in view. It then performs a
reset and attempts to obtain the satellite
signals and calculates a new position. The
receiver has a general idea of which
satellites to look for because it knows its
last position and the almanac data helps
identify which satellites are visible in the
sky. This takes longer than a hot start but
not as long as a cold start.
The cold start is when the GPS device
dumps all the information, attempts to
locate satellites and then calculates a GPS
lock. This takes the longest because there
is no known information. The GPS
receiver has to attempt to lock onto a
Fig. 1 Calculating a Position
There are four components required to
calculating a position. Three of them are
geometric, usually symbolized as X, Y and
Z, Cartesian coordinates. And there is a
fourth - time - symbolized T. This is
satellite signal from any available
satellites, basically like polling, which
takes a lot longer than knowing which
satellites to look for. This GPS lock takes
the longest.
II. GPS – CALCULATING A
POSITION
A GPS receiver calculates its position
by a technique called satellite ranging,
which involves measuring the distance
between the GPS receiver and the GPS
satellites it is tracking. The range (the
range a receiver calculates is actually a
pseudo-range, or an estimate of
range rather than a true range) or distance,
is measured as elapsed transit time.
important to know because the time it
takes the GPS signals to leave the satellite
and reach you provides the distance
between you and the satellite, the key to
the whole thing in a way.
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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144

P1 u =

P2 u =

P3 u =

P4 u =

III. GPS STRUCTURE/SEGMENTS segment based on Satellite Constellation,

Ground Control Segment based on
The Global positioning system is
monitoring network, User Segment based
comprised of three segments: Space
on user receiver equipment.

Fig. 2 Segments of GPS

Space Segment / Satellite Constellation sent by the control segment. These
transmissions are controlled by highly
The space segment is the number of
stable atomic clocks on the satellites. The
satellites in the constellation. It comprises
GPS Space Segment is formed by a
of 29 satellites circling the earth every 12
satellite constellation with enough
hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. The
satellites to ensure that the users will have,
function of the space segment is utilized to
at least, 4 simultaneous satellites in view
route/navigation signals and to store and
from any point at the Earth surface at any
retransmit the route/navigation message
time.

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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144

Fig.3 Space Segment

The basic functions of the satellites are to:
 Receive and store data transmitted
by the control segment.
 Maintain accurate time by means
of several onboard atomic clocks.
 Transmit information and signals
to users.
Control Segment / Monitoring Network
The control segment comprises of a master
control station and five monitor stations
outfitted with atomic clocks that are spread
around the globe. The five monitor stations
monitor the GPS satellite signals and then
send that qualified information to the
master control station where abnormalities
are revised and sent back to the GPS
satellites through ground antennas. Control
segment also referred as monitor station.

Fig.4 Control Segment

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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144

User Segment / Receiver Equipment missile guidance systems, civilian

applications for GPS in almost every field.
The user segment comprises of the GPS
Most of the civilian uses this from survey
receiver, which receives the signals from
to transportation to natural resources and
the GPS satellites and determine how far
from there to agriculture purpose and
away it is from each satellite. Mainly this
mapping too.
segment is used for the U.S military,

Fig. 5 User Segment

IV. GPS DETERMINES A POSITION by the fourth satellite. And three satellites
are used to trace the location place. A
The working/operation of Global
fourth satellite is used to confirm the target
positioning system is based on the
location of each of those space vehicles.
mathematical principle. The position is
Global positioning system consists of
determined from the distance
satellite, control station and monitor
measurements to satellites. From the
station and receiver. The GPS receiver
figure, the four satellites are used to
takes the information from the satellite and
determine the position of the receiver on
uses the method of triangulation to
the earth. The target location is confirmed
determine a user’s exact position.

Fig. 6 GPS Determines a Position

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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144
GPS is used on some incidents in several
ways, such as:
 To determine the position
locations.
 To navigate from one location to
another.
 To create digitized maps.
 To determine distance between two
different points.
V. GPS ERRORS
There are many sources of possible errors
that will degrade the accuracy of positions
computed by a GPS receiver. The travel
time taken by the GPS satellite signals can
be changed by atmospheric effects; when
a GPS signal passes through the
ionosphere and troposphere it is refracted,
causing the speed of the signal to be
different from the speed of a GPS signal in
space.
Table 1: Source of GPS Error
Error Source
Correctable with Differential
Clock (Space Segment)
Ephemeris(Control Segment)
Other Delay
Non-Correctable with Differential
Receiver Noise
Multipath (Environmental)
VI. FEATURES OF GPS SATELLITE
Some of the important features of the GPS
satellites are as follows:
Another source of error is noise, or
distortion of the signal which causes
electrical interference or errors inherent in
the GPS receiver itself. The information
about satellite orbits will also cause errors
in determining the positions, because the
satellites are not really where the GPS
receiver “thought” based on the
information it received when it determine
the positions. Small variations in the
atomic clocks on board the satellites can
translate to large position errors; a clock
error of 1 nanosecond translates to 1 foot
or .3 meters user error on the ground. A
multipath effect occurs when signals
transmitted from the satellites bounce off a
reflective surface before getting to the
receiver antenna. During this process, the
receiver gets the signal in straight line path
as well as delayed path (multiple paths).
Appx. Equivalent Range in Meters
3.0
2.7
1.8
9.1
3.0
 Design Life: 5 years (with
expendables stored for 7 years).
 On orbit weight: 430 kg.
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International Journal of Advances in Arts, Sciences and Engineering (IJOAASE)
May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144
 End-of-life power: 400 W. REFERENCES
 Power Source: 5m2 solar arrays [1]
tracking the sun and 3 Ni-cd
batteries for eclipse.
 3 axis established, earth pointing
satellites.
 Navigation Pay Load: Pseudo
Random Noise (PRN) signal [2]
assembly, atomic frequency.
 Standard - Cesium beam atomic
Clocks accurate to 10-14 sec,
processor and L band antenna.
Codes:
Precision (P) Code: Generated at GPS [3]
clock frequency of 10.23 MHz (equivalent
to 30 m in range) interpolated to sub-meter
level. Repeats itself after 267 days,
resolution = 100 nanoseconds. [4]
Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code: Code
sequence frequency of 1.023 MHz (range
300 m) interpolated to few m. Repeats
itself every 1 millisecond, resolution = 1 [5]
microseconds.
PRN navigation signals on two
frequencies:
[6]
 1575.42 Mhz - L1 Band - Wave
length 19 cm.
 1227.6 MHz - L2 Band - Wave
length 24 cm.
VII. CONCLUSION
It concludes that GPS is an essential [7]
element of the global information
infrastructure and revolutionary
technology that changing and operate in
the various fields of development and
vehicle navigation. The free, open, and
dependable nature of GPS has led to the
development of hundreds of applications
affecting every aspect of modern life.
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May, 2018 Volume 6 Issue 13
ISSN: 2320-6144

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