1

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VI -Western Visayas
Division of Negros Occidental
LA CASTELLANA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
Sitio Villacana, Brgy. Robles, La Castellana, Negros Occidental

GRADE 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

QUARTER 1 – Module 3
LEARNING FROM OTHER
STUDIES AND REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE

QUARTER 1 | WEEK 3

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 2

Lesson 9

DEFINE TERMS IN THE STUDY

Tasks Analysis:
A. Code: (CS_RS12-If-j-7)
B. Learning Outcomes:
1. Differentiate conceptual operational definition.
2. Identify the kinds of definition in the research study.
3. Appreciate the use of the kinds of definition in giving meaning to the
terminologies used in the research study.

Guide Card

Sa eskwelahan . . .

Ay naka-abot na akon
nga best friend! Dali KRIIIIN
di bala anay kay ma
chika ta! GG!

Nag bell na mga classmates! Mapungko na ta kay

masugod na ang klase.

Teacher: Good day everyone! I am Ma’am Jastin and I will be your

teacher for today’s lesson. What was our lesson yesterday?

*raises hand

Buboy: Ma’am our lesson yesterday was all about the scopes and
delimitations of the study.

- This part of the research paper described the coverage and

boundaries of the study.
- Scope describes the coverage of the study.

- Delimitations are choices made by the researcher which

should be mentioned. They describe the boundaries that you
have set for the study.

Teacher: Very good Buboy! Our lesson for today is about how to define the
important terms that are included in your research study. Let us start
learning!

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 3

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Kinds of Definition of Terms:

Conceptual Definition
Operational Definition

Conceptual
definition

- refers to a constitutive definition

- It is called as the academic or universal meeting attributed to a word.

Teacher: Class, in research, conceptual definition is the

meaning of the word from other research studies.

Operational
definition

- refers to a functional definition

- It is done by stating the way on how the concept or terms is used or
measured in the investigation.

Teacher: Students, in research, ang operational definition

kay ang paghatag naton sang meaning sa tems base sa
kung paano naton ini gingamit sa aton research.

Pwede man nga ang operational definition ka yang paghatag

sang meaning sa terms kung paano ini sila naton gin takos
ukon gin measure.

In writing the definition of terms in your study:

1. Identify the words or terms that are important in your

research paper.
2. Give the conceptual definition of the terms first, followed
by the operational definition.
3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 4

Activity
Teacher: For our activity, let us identify which is the
conceptual and operational definition of the given terms by
matching column A to column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a. This term refers to the outcome of

1. Conceptual definition of
Academic Performance
2. Operational definition of
Academic Performance
3. Conceptual definition of
Facebook usage
4. Operational definition of
Facebook usage
education. The extent to which a student
or institution has achieved their
educational goals. (Annie, 1996)
b. In this study, Facebook usage refers to
the daily number of hours that the Grade
12 students spent in using Facebook.
c. This term encompasses both the simple
use of the platform and the extent of
cognitive immersion into the site. Its use
implies the presence of individual users
on the social website, time spent on this
platform, frequent visits, and the nature
of the activities performed (Limayem,
2011).
d. In this study, academic performance
refers to the Final average grade of the
Grade 12 students for school year 2018-
2019.

Ma’am ako
number 1

Ma’am ako
number 2

Very Good
class! Using
you answers,
let us
construct the
Definition of
Terms section

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 5

EXAMPLE
Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined in terms of their operational and conceptual

definition to establish a frame of references for both the researchers and the readers:

Academic Performance. This term refers to the outcome of education. The extent

to which a student or institution has achieved their educational goals (Annie, 1996).

In this study, academic performance refers to the Final average grade of the Grade

12 students for school year 2018-2019.

Facebook Usage. This term encompasses both the simple use of the platform and

the extent of cognitive immersion into the site. Its use implies the presence of individual

users on the social website, time spent on this platform, frequent visits, and the nature of

the activities performed (Limayem, 2011).

In this study, Facebook usage refers to the daily number of hours that the Grade 12

students spent in using Facebook.

Teacher: Class, this is an example of the Definition of Terms section in

a research paper. Can you tell me what are your observations?

Maria: Here are my observations Ma’am

1. Naka arrange alphabetically ang terms Ma’am kay una si
Academic Performance kag naga sunod si Facebook Usage.

2. Gin hatag ta anay ang conceptual definition sang mga terms kag
sunod ta nga ginhatag ka yang operational definition.

Buboy: Ma’am may pamangkot ko tani. Duwa lang gid ka terms

ang aton i-define? Kag ano ni ang (Annie, 1996) kag (Limayem,
2011)?

Teacher: No Buboy. Depende ina kung pila ka terms ang

importante sa inyo research paper. Example ko lang ina ang duwa
kabilog. (Annie, 1996) and (Limayem, 2011) are called CITATION.
Since the conceptual definition of the term should be from a
research study, kinanglan gid naton ibutang kung diin ta ini
nakuha. Si Annie kag Limayem kay mga apelyido sang mga nag
researchers ka gang 1996 kag 2011 naman ka yang mga tuig kung
san-o nila gin publish ang ini nga mga research paper. Amo lang na
anay kay we will discuss citation in another lesson.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 6

Buboy: Ah amo na siya gali Ma’am. Last na lang gid nga mga
pamangkot Ma’am, ngaa kinahangalan ta gid I define ang terms
sa aton research paper? Duwa lang gid ni ka terms ang aton i-
define Ma’am?

Teacher: Class, kinahanglan gid naton i-define ang mga

important terms nga gingamit naton sa research para ma
klaru-han ang aton mga manugbasa sang aton nga research
paper.
Buboy, important terms should be defined ti usually, sobra gid
na ya sa 2 ka terms ang gina define. Nag hatg lang ko 2
example para hapos ma inchendihan.

Buboy: Ay ok Ma’am, na inchindihan ko na. Salamat gid Ma’am.

Teacher: You are welcome Buboy! Ok class, let us now start our
assessment for today. Good luck!

IN ANSWERING THE ASSESSMENT AND ENRICHMENT, USE ONE WHOLE SHEET

OF PAPER.
Assessment
TEST 1
Directions: Define the following:
1. Conceptual Definition
2. Operational Definition

TEST II
Directions: Identify the conceptual and operational definition of the given terms by
matching column A to column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a. In this study, anxiety is measured by the

1. Conceptual definition
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
of weight

b. Weight is the gravitational pull on an

2. Operational definition object’s mass (Bielmor, 2011)
of weight
c. Anxiety is the mind and body's reaction
3. Conceptual definition to stressful, dangerous, or unfamiliar
of Anxiety situations (Jenovich, 2019).

4. Operational definition
of Anxiety d. In this study, weight refers to the mass of
the respondent in terms of kilograms.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 7

TEST III
Directions: Using your answers in Test II, Construct the Definition of Terms section.

Enrichment
Directions: Based on your research topic and research problem construct the
Definition of Terms section of your research study by identifying the important terms
in your research study and by defining these terms conceptually and operationally
(Follow the format of the example in the activity).

References
PHOTOS
Teacher https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/163677767691421350/ Retrieved: July 11, 2020
School https://tinycards.duolingo.com/decks/MRAzHt6T/que-pasa-1-unidad-siete Retrieved: July 11,
2020
Bell https://www.shutterstock.com/search/school+bell+ringing Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Sitting Students https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/four-students-sitting-in-classroom-gm682544080-
125243213 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Baste https://favpng.com/png_view/child-furniture-cartoon-learning-furniture-child-png/ms036LgS
Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Juan https://clipartart.com/wallpaper/getimg.html Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Buboy https://clipartart.com/wallpaper/getimg.html Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Maria https://www.dreamstime.com/confused-girl-school-uniform-shrugging-shoulders-isolated-vector-
illustration-confused-cute-young-girl-school-uniform-image114942190 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Raising hands Students https://app.emaze.com/@AOLCLZWQR#1 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Classroom https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/vector-illustration-of-kids-classroom-gm929692770-
254927961 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
ONLINE
https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=5&article=1016&context=books&type=ad
ditional Retrieved: July 23, 2020
https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-
worldwide/#:~:text=With%20over%202.6%20billion%20monthly,network%20ever%20to%20do%20so.
Retrived: July 29, 2020
http://investigacion-psicopedagogica.org/revista/articulos/25/english/Art_25_620.pdf Retrieved: July
29, 2020

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 8

Lesson 10

ILLUSTRATES AND EXPLAINS CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
Tasks Analysis:
A. Code: (CS_RS12-If-j-6)
B. Learning Outcomes:

1. Define theoretical and conceptual framework

2. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework
3. Appreciate the essence of the theoretical and conceptual framework in the
research paper

Guide Card

Sa eskwelahan . . .

Haaay katugnaw bala

subong nga aga. KRIIIIN
Maayo lang kay
kadala ko jacket ba. GG!

Nag bell na mga classmates! Mapungko na ta kay

masugod na ang klase.

Teacher: Good day everyone! I am Ma’am Jastin and I will be your

teacher for today. Are you ready to learn something new today? Before
we start our lesson, what did you learned yesterday?

Buboy: Good morning Ma’am. We learned about Definition of Terms

yesterday Ma’am! This part of the research paper defines the terms used in
the study. This must be done conceptually and operationally.

Teacher: Very good Buboy! Ok class, please describe this image.

Good job class! The

image shows the
structure, foundation,
and the framework of
the house. Amo man ini
aton nga lesson subong.
Let us now discuss the
Huo Ma’am daw
Ma’am daw theoretical and
structure ni siya kag conceptual framework
framework
gina pakita ya kung of the research.
ma na siya. ano ang framework
sang balay.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 9

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework

- Is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
- Introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem
under study exists.

Purpose of the Theoretical

Framework
 The development of the theoretical framework helps to clarify your implicit
theory in a manner that is more clearly defined.

 The theoretical framework makes people understand evidence-based truths,

concepts, speculations, and assumptions underlying each aspect of the
research and the relationships of these research features with one another.

Strategies in developing the theoretical

framework
1. Examine your research title and research problem.
The research problem anchors your entire study and forms the basis from which
you construct your theoretical framework.

2. Brainstorm about what you consider to be the key variables in your research.

3. Conduct a thorough literature review

By conducting a thorough literature review, you can determine how other
researchers have defined and drawn connections between these key concepts.
As you write the theoretical framework, aim to compare and critically evaluate
the approaches that different authors have proposed. After discussing different
models and theories, you establish the definitions that best fit your research and
justify why this is the case.

4. The present tense is used when writing about theory.

Although the past tense can be used to describe the history of a theory or the
role of key theorists, the construction of your theoretical framework is happening
now.

NOTE: Your problem statement, research questions and literature review will
serve as the basis for preparing your theoretical framework.

EXAMPLE
Company X is struggling with the problem that many online customers do not return to make
purchases. Management wants to increase customer loyalty and believes that improved
customer satisfaction will play a major role in achieving this goal.

To investigate this problem, you have identified the following problem statement, objective,
and research questions:
Problem: Many online customers do not return to make purchases.
Objective: To increase customer loyalty and thereby generate more revenue.
Research Questions:
1. Is there a relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction?
2. What is the level of satisfaction of the company X’s online customers?
3. What factors affect the satisfaction and loyalty of company X’s online customers?

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 10

NOTE: As the concepts of “loyalty” and “customer satisfaction” play a major role in the
investigation and will later be measured, they are essential concepts to define within
the theoretical framework.

Below is a (simplified) example of how you can describe and compare definitions and
theories. In this example, we focus on the concept of ‘customer satisfaction.’

SAMPLE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Thomassen (2003, p. 69) defines customer satisfaction as “the perception of the

customer as a result of consciously or unconsciously comparing his experiences with his

expectations.” Kotler & Keller (2008, p. 80) build on this definition, stating that customer

satisfaction is determined by “the degree to which someone is happy or disappointed with the

observed performance of a product in relation to his or her expectations.” Performance that

is below expectations leads to a dissatisfied customer, while performance that satisfies

expectations produces satisfied customers. Expectations being exceeded leads to a “very

satisfied or even pleasantly surprised customer” (Kotler & Keller, 2003, p. 80). The definition of

Zeithaml and Bitner (2003, p. 86) is slightly different from that of Thomassen: “Satisfaction is the

consumer fulfillment response. It is a judgement that a product or service feature, or the

product of service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment.”

Zeithaml and Bitner’s emphasis is thus on obtaining a certain satisfaction in relation to

purchasing. Thomassen’s definition will be used in the current study, given the importance of

perception. This meshes well with the offerings of company X, which fall into the luxury

category. Although Zeithaml and Bitner, like Thomassen, say that customer satisfaction is a

reaction to the experience gained, there is no distinction between conscious and unconscious

comparisons in their definition. Company X claims in its mission statement that it wants to sell

not only a product, but also a feeling; as a result, unconscious comparison will play an

important role. Thomassen’s definition is therefore more relevant to the current study.

According to Thomassen, both the so-called value proposition and other influences have an

impact on final customer satisfaction. In his satisfaction model, Thomassen shows that word-of-

mouth, personal needs, past experiences, and marketing and public relations determine

customers’ needs and expectations. These factors are compared to their experiences, and

this comparison between expectations and experiences determines a customer’s satisfaction

level. Thomassen’s model is important in this study, as it can reveal both to what extent

company X’s customers are satisfied and where improvements are necessary.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 11

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework illustrates what you expect to find through your research. It
represents how the variables you are studying might relate to each other.

Purpose of the Conceptual

Framework
 Conceptual Framework shows the organization, order, and direction of your
research study.

 Conceptual framework serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their

relationships with one another in a research study.

When to Create a Conceptual

Framework
Conceptual frameworks are particularly helpful when the research
involves hypothesis testing. In this situation, a conceptual framework can be used to
develop your hypotheses. This is often the case when you want to investigate a
cause-effect relationship.

Example of a cause-effect relationship

Ben, a student, gets a perfect 100% on the big exam, which surprises his
classmates. However, Ben has a very good explanation: he studied for many
hours (the cause) and therefore scored well (the effect).

Pointers in developing the Conceptual

framework
1. Identify your Variables

A cause-effect relationship always involves at least two variables: the

independent variable and the dependent variable. In our example, “hours of
study” is the independent variable (the expected cause), while “exam score” is
the dependent variable (the expected effect). In other words, “exam score”
depends on “hours of study.”

2. Design a Conceptual Framework by using concept map

A concept map is made up of lines, boxes, and other marks or symbols.

 Create a box for each variable.

 Use arrows to indicate cause-effect relationships.
 Each arrow should start from the variable that has causal influence and
point to the variable that is being affected.
 Use a line when you expect a correlation between two variables, but no
cause-effect relationship.

Component Meaning
Box Variable
Arrow Causal influence (cause-effect relationship)
Line Connection (correlation or relationship only)

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 12

EXAMPLE 1:

Here is a sample conceptual framework that represents the relationship between the
independent variable of “hours of study” and the dependent variable of “exam score”
from our example with Ben:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Hours of Study Exam Score

Figure 1. Hypothesized Cause-Effect Relationship between Hours of Study and Academic

Performance

Figure 1 provide a visual framework demonstrating the hypothesized

cause-effect relationship between the hours of studying and the exam score of the

students.

EXAMPLE 2:

Maria’s research study is about finding the relationship between the

weight and the height of the kindergarten students of Mabuhay Kindergarten
School. Here is the sample conceptual framework

Weight Height

Figure 1. Hypothesized Relationship between the weight and height

Figure 1 provide a visual framework demonstrating the hypothesized

relationship between the weight and the height of the kindergarten students of

Mabuhay Kindergarten School

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 13

1. Ma’am ano ang 2. Ma’am ngaa sa

kinalain sang cause- example 1 kay arrow
effect relationship ang gingamit dasun
kag correlation ukon ang sa example 2 kay
relationship lang gid? line lang haw?

Good questions class.

1. Ang cause-effect relationship kay gina lantaw naton kung ang
independent variable maka apekto sa aton nga dependent variable. Sa
aton example, Gusto naton mabal-an kung ang maka apekto bala ang
kalaba-on sang oras sang aton pagtuon (independent variable) sa aton
nga makuha nga score sa exam (dependent variable). May sanhi gid ini
siya kag bunga permi.

Ang correlation ukon relationship lang gid ya, wala ni sanhi kag bunga.
Gusto ta lang mahibal-an nga kung nagataas bala ang isa ka variable,
mataas man ang isa ka variable ukon manubo? Sa aton naman example
2 kay indi man maka apekto ang imo kabug-aton sa imo nga kata-ason.
Gusto lang mabal-an ni Maria nga kung the more bal anga mabug-at
ang mga studyante, mataas man sila bala ukon manubo? So wala kita
independent kag dependent variable kung correlation ukon relationship
lang gid ang aton nga gusto mabal-an. Amo ina class ang kinalain.

2. Ang arrow naman class, gina gamit ini kung cause-effect relationship
samtang ang line naman ang ginagamit kung correlation ukon
relationship lang gid ang aton ginapangita.

Very good class. Ready na gid kamo sa aton nga

Assessment
assessment.

IN ANSWERING THE ASSESSMENT AND ENRICHMENT, USE ONE WHOLE SHEET

OF PAPER.
Assessment
TEST I
Directions: Define the following words.
1. Theoretical Framework
2. Conceptual Framework

TEST 2
Directions: Draw and describe the conceptual framework based on the given
situations below. (Note: Follow the format of the lesson’s example)

1. Anna wants to find out if there is a relationship between the allowance and the
amount spent during recess of the Grade 11 students of Mayumi National High
School. Help Anna draw and explain her study’s conceptual framework.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 14

2. Joey wants to investigate which of the two fertilizers (Fertilizer X and Fertilizer
Y) is more effective in growing the malunggay plant for a month. To measure the
effect of the fertilizers, the malunggay plant will be measured in terms of inches.
Help Joey draw and explain her study’s conceptual framework.

Enrichment
Directions: Based on your research topic, draw and explain your research’s
conceptual framework.

References
BOOK REFERENCE
Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Quezon City: REX Printing Company Inc.

ONLINE
https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/theoretical-framework/ Retrieved: July 25, 2020
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework Retrieved: July 29, 2020
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/theoretical-framework-example/ Retrieved: July 29, 2020
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/conceptual-framework/ Retrieved: July 25, 2020
https://www.statisticssolutions.com/theoretical-
framework/#:~:text=The%20development%20of%20the%20theoretical,that%20is%20more%20clearly%
20defined.&text=This%20framework%20determines%20how%20you,understand%20your%20perspecti
ve%20and%20context. Retrieved: July 29, 2020

PHOTOS
Teacher https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/163677767691421350/ Retrieved: July 11, 2020
School https://tinycards.duolingo.com/decks/MRAzHt6T/que-pasa-1-unidad-siete Retrieved: July 11,
2020
Bell https://www.shutterstock.com/search/school+bell+ringing Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Sitting Students https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/four-students-sitting-in-classroom-gm682544080-
125243213 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Baste https://favpng.com/png_view/child-furniture-cartoon-learning-furniture-child-png/ms036LgS
Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Juan https://clipartart.com/wallpaper/getimg.html Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Buboy https://clipartart.com/wallpaper/getimg.html Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Maria https://www.dreamstime.com/confused-girl-school-uniform-shrugging-shoulders-isolated-vector-
illustration-confused-cute-young-girl-school-uniform-image114942190 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Raising hands Students https://app.emaze.com/@AOLCLZWQR#1 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
Classroom https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/vector-illustration-of-kids-classroom-gm929692770-
254927961 Retrieved: July 11, 2020
https://pdfconnect.weebly.com/tool-kit.html Retrieved: July 29, 2020

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 15

Lesson 11

PRESENTS WRITTEN REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
Tasks Analysis:

A. Code: CS_RS12-If-j-9
B. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to be able to;
a. Understand the concept of review of related literature
b. Discuss the purposes of the review of related literature and Studies
c. Enumerate and discuss the types of literature reviews
d. Cite related literature using standard style;
e. Synthesize information from relevant literature;
f. Appreciate the importance of review of related literature in a research
study
Guide Card

Good day everyone! It’s ANOTHER DAY of learning. I am sir

Anchor and I will be your guide as you take your journey of writing
your review of related literature.
In this module, you will learn how to write and present
your review of related literature for your research project.

How are you going to learn?

It tells you to carefully study the concepts, principles, or processes discussed

in the text. This section provides a brief discussion to help you discover and
understand new concepts.

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

understanding of the topic. You will find this icon at the end of every lesson.
It signals a self-test to determine how well you have achieved the objectives
set in the unit. Study the lesson well and you will perform quite well in the
self-test. This will be submitted to your teacher after you answering the self-
test. Write legibly and always follow instructions properly.

This icon tells you of an assignment you have to perform. The quality of your
output from this assignment will show the extent to which you can apply
what have you learned from the lesson. Submit this also to your teacher at
the date specified.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. If you encounter any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone in accomplishing this module.
Have a happy journey.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 16

Unlocking of Difficulties

Good Day Class. Who among you can define the word
Literature?

What are the printed materials can you consider?

1. Literature may be defined as any

written/printed materials published that provide
information about something.

Books, journal, Poetry,

and magazines encyclopedia, and
other published
articles

Excellent, Class! Literature is defined as “written works

collectively, especially those enduring importance, exhibiting
creative imagination and artistic skill which are written in a
particular period, language and subject. In other words, any
written materials published in book, journal, magazine, novel,
poetry, yearbook, encyclopedia, and other published articles are
considered literature.

Sir, is it necessary to review literatures related to our study?

Yes, Paul. Review of related literature and studies is Chapter

II of your research paper. It is necessary for you to review
information, facts, data available, that have some relationship with
your hypothesis which you posed in your stated problem or
research question. In fact, even before you were conceptualizing
your study, you should have already read some volumes of
literature on your topic or subject matter.
Let us now deepen your understanding on REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE and STUDIES. . .

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 17

What is Literature Review?

 A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources that provides
an overview of a particular topic. It generally follows a
discussion of the paper’s thesis statement or the study’s goals or
purpose other research studies.
 The review of literature and studies involves the critiquing and evaluating
of what other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied
whether these studies affirmed or negate the subject under study. These can be
from books, conference proceedings, referred journal (printed or online) and
other published articles.
 The review of related studies is equally important to the review of related
literature. Published and unpublished research studies such as thesis,
dissertation, and research proceedings are sources of materials that are
included in this section. The research studies which have direct bearing to the
present study are segregated into foreign and local studies.

Uhmm. I can now define what is literature review. So, how can I
write a literature review for my research project sir?

In writing your literature review and studies, try to consider these

10 simple rules:

KEEP THIS IN MIND

10 Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to do multiple tasks,
from finding and evaluating relevant material to synthesizing information from
various sources, from critical thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills
(Budgen & Bereton, 2006).
Pautasso (2013) enumerate ten simple rules for writing a literature review.
1. Define the topic and audience
2. Search and re-search the literature
3. Take notes while reading
4. Choose the type of review you wish to write
5. Keep the review focused, but make if of broad interest
6. Be critical and consistent
7. Find a logical structure.
8. Make use of feedback
9. Include your own relevant research
10. Be up-to-date in your review of related literature and studies

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 18

10 Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

1. Define the topic and audience.

In choosing a topic for your research study, it must be

interesting, important and current.

2. Search and re-search the literature.

After having chosen the topic and the audience, start reading
and downloading articles related to your topic. Be sure to properly
acknowledge your sources.

3. Take notes while reading.

If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing
the review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote
what, and what your impressions and associations were while reading
each single paper.

4. Choose the type of review you wish to write.

After taking some notes, choose the type of review you wish to
write. The choice between the type of reviews will have to be made in a
case-to-case basis, depending not just on the nature of the material
found and the preferences of the target journal(s), but also on the time
available to write the review and the number of co-authors (Dijkers,
2009)

5. Keep the review focused, but make it of

broad interest.

Keep your literatures focused by arranging it by themes or main

ideas. Keep in mind that having literature review can make your
readers understand your paper and bridge the gap between fields.

6. Be critical and consistent.

Reviewing the literature is not like arranging hollow blocks. It is

very important to have consistency on your review.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 19

7. Find a logical structure.

In writing your literature review, it must be arranged logically

so as not destroy its implications. It also needs a good structure. Keep
in mind that your RRL is worth the reader’s time, timely, systematic,
well-written, focused and critical.

8. Make use of feedback.

As a rule, incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly helps

improve a review draft. Having read the review with a fresh mind,
reviewers may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities that
had not been noticed by writers due to rereading the typescript too
many times.

9. Include your own relevant research.

In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published

studies relevant to the review you are writing. A literature review can
be just simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis.

10. Be up-to-date in your review of related

literature and studies.

In writing your RRL, you have to look as possible for the latest
literatures and studies so as not to become out-of-date before they
have been published.

Wow! These could be of great help as I start writing my review of

related literature (RRL) and studies.

You’re welcome, Paul! Make sure that as you start writing your
literature review, you will keep in mind these ten simple rules so
you can’t be out of the track.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 20

Purposes of Review of Related Literature or

Literature Review

Your reasons for reviewing related literature are true for both qualitative and
quantitative research. You re-examine written works related to your research for
the following purposes:

1. To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions or

situations of the world
2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to learn
from them with respect to your own research study
3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies
4. To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research questions
5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research
6. To have basis that will be used to support findings of the study

Take note of this class! Reviewing the literature of your study

must be done logically and consistently to demonstrate to your
readers how your research fits within a large field of study. The
information contain on your RRL will later be used to support the
findings of your study.
Now, these are the different types of Literature Review . . .

KEEP THIS IN MIND

Types of Literature Review

Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources
the researcher has explored while researching a particular topic and
to show the readers how the research fits within a large field of study (University of
Southern California). The following are the basic types of literature review:

1. Argumentative Review
2. Integrative Review
3. Historical Review
4. Methodological review
5. Systematic Review
6. Theoretical Review

How do these types of literature reviews differ from one

another, sir?

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 21

Types of Literature Review

1. Argumentative Review

This form examines literature selectively in order to support or

reject an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical
problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop
a body of literature that establishes opposite perspective.

2. Integrative Review

This is considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and

synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way
such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated.
The body of literature includes all studies that address related or
identical hypotheses or research problems. This is the most common
form of review in the social sciences.

3. Historical Review

The purpose of this review is to systematically examine past

events to give account of what has happened in the past. Historical
review is a flowing, dynamic account of past events which involves an
interpretation of these events in an attempt to recapture the nuances,
personalities, and ideas that influenced these events.

4. Methodological Review

A review does not focus on what someone said but how they
came about (method of analysis). This approach helps highlight ethical
issues which you should be aware of and consider as you go through
your own study.

5. Systematic Review

The purpose of a systematic review is to attain conclusion

regarding the chosen topic. This form consists of an overview of existing
evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question.

6. Theoretical Review

The purpose of this review is to examine the body of theory that

accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. This
review helps to establish what theories already exist, the relationship
between them, to what degree the existing theories have been
investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 22

KEEP THIS IN MIND

Review of Related Literature (RRL) in

Quantitative Research

You have learned that there are two basic methods of reviewing related
literature: Traditional and Systematic review. Traditional is for qualitative
research; Systematic, for quantitative research.
Systematic review, ‘a question-driven methodology’ is used by quantitative
researchers who begin their research work by asking questions – one big question
that states the main problem of the research and a set of sub-questions that deal
with specific aspects of the research.

Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review

1. Clarify your research questions.
2. Plan your research based on your understanding of the research questions.
3. Search for the literatures related to your study.
4. List the criteria for considering the values of written works.
5. Evaluate the quality of the previous studies obtained.
6. Summarize the various forms of knowledge collected.

Now, as you look for the literatures, take note of the following
characteristics that you should consider. . .

Characteristics of the Materials Cited

Sarno (2010) enumerated the different characteristics of the literature
and studies to be cited in the present study;

1. The materials must be as recent as possible, may be 10 years back.

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Coherence principle must be observed in writing literature review.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 23

KEEP THIS IN MIND

Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and

Synthesizing Related Literature

Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
1. What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
2. What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on the topic?
What do you want to know more about your topic?
3. Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
4. What does your research have that other researches do not?
5. Who are these authors who have works which has more or less same ideas as
yours?

Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe

during the conduct of study, it is necessary that you have a guided approach in
reading or reviewing various literature works that are related to your research
topic.

Here are some points to consider in an effective literature review:

Step 1: Search for the Literature

There are many sources of information available such as the Internet, books,
peer-reviewed articles in journals, publications, unpublished works like theses and
dissertations (detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research work submitted for a
higher degree at a university), conference proceedings (brief summaries of research work
presented at conferences), books, leaflets, posters, blogs, and other library materials
offline and online. Some websites might give valuable information such as Wikipedia,
Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but they are not as dependable as other sources of
knowledge since it can be edited and considered not a scholarly article (Baraceros,
2016). Therefore, there is a need to carefully evaluate online sources as to accuracy and
veracity of information. Furthermore, the following are key points in searching
literature:
1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose of the
review.
2. Isolate and center your research on key themes or issues related to your own
research interests.
3. Choose articles which are closely related to your research interest.
4. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field of
knowledge with your study.
5. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of ideas.

Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone
else; therefore, it is but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 24

people’s intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The following are three terms to
express recognition of author’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).

1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making of

the manuscript, written at the start of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all books,
journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned above.
References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of sequence as
it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of
your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list involves the
following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition

Example of References

Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom. August 15, 2014.

http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Benton,J.J.2004.Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soiless grower.2nd

Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.

Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments Growing Plants

without Soil. Cornell University. http://csip.cornell.edu.

Divina, J. C. 2015. Lettuce Production Guide.Department of Agriculture. Bureau

of Plant Industry-National Crop Research and Development Center.
Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/Lettuce.p
df. Accessed 12/7/2018

3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the text.
Citations can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations. It
can be written in the beginning of a text, between the text, or at the last part of
the paragraph. Examples are shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable,
resilient and responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain
such components as polysaccharides

This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces dependence on

water and fertilizer and requires less space (Alshrouf, 2017), making it ideal in urban
places.

Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of more

than a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition
(Briones, et al, 2017).

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 25

There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your paper.
These are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language
Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will be focusing on the
two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA is the
most frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. The following
table shows examples of MLA and APA styles of referencing:

Features in APA System MLA System

writing
Author’s name Carreon, J.B. Carreon, Janice B.
Title of the Phenombased learning: Phenombased Learning: The
reading material the new approach New Approach; or
Phenombased Learning: The
New Approach
Copyright date Carreon, J.B. 2019. Carreon, Janice B.
Phenombased learning: Phenombased Learning: The
the new approach. New Approach. EduTech
EduTech Journal. Journal. Wordstar Press.2016.
Wordstar Press Inc. Manila, Philippines
Manila, Philippines

Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other
researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting, and
summarizing it. In doing so, you may either change the arrangement of ideas, structures
of language by using synonyms, changing format of words by comparison- contrast,
chronological order, passive-active sentences, inductive-deductive order, or by fusing
opinions with the author’s ideas. In quoting, a part of an author’s words are repeated
in writing but the page number of copied text should be written, ideas must be essential
and quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding. Summarizing is a shortened
version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking only the most
important details of the text. Paraphrasing on the other hand permits you to explain the
idea in your own words.

Activity 1. COMPLETE ME!

Directions: Fill in the blanks wit correct answers to complete the text. Write your answer
on the answer sheet provided.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources that provides an (1) ________of
a particular topic. The review of literature and studies involves the (2) __________ and (3)
__________ of what other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied
whether these studies affirmed or negate the subject under study. In writing your
review, a researcher should define the (4) __________ and (5) __________ as well as to (6)
__________
while reading.
Review of related literature happens in two ways: (7) __________ and systematic
review. Systematic review is for (8) _________ while traditional review is for qualitative
research. In citing literatures, materials must be as (9) __________ as possible. (10)
__________ principle must be observed in writing literature review.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 26

Activity 2. SAMPLE! SAMPLE! Directions: Read the given literature review below
and answer the questions that follow.
Write your answer on the activity sheet provided.
Excerpt from the research paper of Pogoy and Montalbo)

AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON POVERTY

Angeline M. Pogoy and Imelda C. Montalbo
Cebu Normal University

Sample RRL

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Higher education takes an important role to expand career opportunities and

eventually grow and flourish economy. It is regarded to be one of the important tools for
poverty alleviation. Several efforts have been made to broaden such access, particularly in
developing countries.
In Pakistan, Kiani (2011) examined the effects of some of the key macroeconomic
variables on the country’s economic growth during 1980-2007 by taking four different
education levels as a ratio to total employed labor force. It concluded that there is a strong
evidence that the cognitive skills of the population are powerfully related to individual
learnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth.
Meulemeester and Rochat (1993) investigated the impact of higher education on
economic growth of six developed countries Japan, France, Sweden, Australia. Italy, and
United Kingdom. That study revealed that four out of the six countries confirmed that higher
education had a strong causal impact on economic growth. It concluded that higher
education is necessary for lessening poverty and played a vital role for the development of the
economy. Such result was confirmed by the study of Bloom and Rosovsky (2006) in United
States. They concluded that the country which had more educated individuals had higher
earnings, thus less poverty.
To prove that male educated persons, have significant positive effect on economic
growth, Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) took data and analyzed gender discrimination. They
found that male secondary schooling as well as tertiary education raised the country’s annual
GDP growth by 1.1 and 0.5 percentages respectively. They suggested that for a country to go
faster economically, high levels of investment in human capital is required.
The study of Lin (2004) observed that higher education played a vital role in the
country’s growth by taking into account its effect in agricultural and industrial sectors. The
study shows that those who have completed junior college, college, university or graduate
school led to an increase in industrial output as well as agricultural output. It further
concluded that specialization in different disciplines in education had impact on economic
growth.

1. What observations can you make on the given literature review?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: ARRANGE ME!

I. Directions: Arrange the entries in proper order. Use appropriate format using APA
writing style
1. Gorrez, B. M.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 27

The Philippine Educational System

2017
Adarna Publishing House
Manila

2. Sabando, J. M.
2017
Reyladoo, M.R.
Manila
National Bookstore
The Rescuers of super typhoon Yolanda

II. Directions: Arrange the entries in proper order. Use appropriate format using MLA
writing style.

MLA STYLE
1. Decena
Quezon City
2016
Fely G.
Globalization
GB Press
2. Dino A.
Academic Competitions
2016
National Bookstore
Manila
Perez

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Write your answer on a one whole sheet of paper.
I. MATCHING TYPE. Read each statement very carefully. Match Column A to its
corresponding answers in Column B. Write the letter only.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that A. Literature
establishes opposite perspective. B. Literature review
2. This approach helps highlight ethical issues which C. Keep the review focused
you should be aware of and consider as you go through but make it of broad
your own study. interest
3. This is the most common form of review in the D. Theoretical Review
social sciences. E. Argumentative Review
4. Topics must be interesting, important and current. F. Methodological Review
5. A question-driven type of review. G. Integrative Review
6. The main focus of this review is to communicate H. Define the topic and
an understanding of past events. audience
7. The purpose of this form is to examine the body I. Systematic Review
of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, J. Historical Review

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 28

concept, theory, or phenomena. K. Traditional Review

8. Arrange readings according to themes. L. Make use of feedback
9. Is a survey of scholarly sources that provides M. APA
an overview of a particular topic. N. Acknowledgment
10. It is defined as any written materials published in O. References
book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, P. Find a logical structure
encyclopedia, and other published articles. Q. Peer-reviewed materials
11. most frequently used within the social sciences in
citing various sources.
12. It identifies individuals who have contributed to
the making of the manuscript, written at the start
of the paper.
13. This holds the summary of the information of all
of your sources.
14. In writing your literature review, it must be arranged
logically so as not destroy its implications.
15. Are much preferable than general sources of ideas.

II. NON-STOP WRITING. On your own words, write your concise learning about the topic by
answering the questions below. (5 points each)
1. What is literature review?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How important is literature review in a research study?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

ENRICHMENT
Directions: Write your answer on a one whole sheet of paper.
Based on your research problem and questions, look for relevant literatures
that you need for your study. Write a draft of your Chapter II – Review of related
literature.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 29

REFERENCES
Online References;
https://www.netclipart.com/ Retrieved on July 21, 2020
https://www.slideshare.net/ Retrieved on July 22, 2020
https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P506_RM_3736-
Demo/unit1/page_25.htm Retrieved on July 27, 2020
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/sites/default/files/inline-
files/Sample%20Literature%20Review_0.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-Literature-
Review-worksheet.pdf Retrieved on July 29, 2020
Book References;
Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc.: Quezon City.

Faltado III, R., Bombita, M., Boholano, H., Pogoy, A. (2016). Practical Research 2
(Quantitative Research for SHS). Lorimar Publishing, Inc.: Metro Manila.

Prieto, N., Naval, V., Carey, T. (2017) Practical Research 1 for Senior High School.
LORIMAR Publishing Inc.: Quezon City.

SCORING RUBRIC for ESSAY

LEVEL DESCRIPTION
 Well written and very organized. Excellent
grammar mechanics.
 Clear and concise statements.
Outstanding ( 5 )
 Excellent effort and presentation with detail.
Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the
topic.
 Writes fairly clear. Good grammar mechanics.
Good ( 4 )  Good presentation and organization.
 Sufficient effort and detail.
 Minimal effort. Minimal grammar mechanics.
Fair ( 3 )  Fair presentation.
 Few supporting details.
 Somewhat unclear. Shows little effort. Poor
grammar mechanics.
Poor ( 2 )
 Confusing and choppy, incomplete sentences.
 No organization of thoughts.
 Lacking effort. Very poor grammar mechanics.
 Very unclear.
Very Poor ( 1 )
 Does not address topic.
 Limited attempt.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

 30

ACTIVITY SHEETS
Instruction: Follow this format in answering all the activities, assessments, and
enrichments. Write your answers in ONE WHOLE SHEET of paper. Make sure to label
the lesson number, activity number, assessment, and enrichment on your answer
sheets. Use another sheet if needed.

Subject Teacher: _________________________________________________

Subject: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Name of Student: ____________________________________________
Grade level: 12 Section: ________________ Specialization: __________________
Module Week: 3 Quarter: ONE Semester: FIRST
Contact Number: _________________________________

Lesson 9. Define terms used in the study

Assessment – Please refer to pages 6 – 7
(Test I, II, and III)
Enrichment – Please refer to page 7
Lesson 10. Illustrates and explains conceptual framework
Assessment – Please refer to pages 13 – 14
(Test I and Test II)
Enrichment – Please refer to page 14
Lesson 11. Presents written review of literature
Activity 1 – Please refer to page 25
Activity 2 – Please refer to page 26
Activity 3 – Please refer to pages 26 – 27
Assessment – Please refer to pages 27 – 28
(Test I, and Test II)
Enrichment – Please refer to page 28
Sample Activity Sheet

Subject Teacher: _________________________________________________

Subject: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Name of Student: ____________________________________________
Grade level: 12 Section: ________________ Specialization: ______________
Module Week: 3 Quarter: ONE Semester: FIRST
Contact Number: _________________________________

Lesson 9: Define terms used in the study

Assessment
Test I

Test II

Enrichment

The same format should be followed in answering lessons 10, and 11.

UNIT 3: LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE