Computer Organization & Architecture

Computer Organization & Architecture

Assignment

February 28, 2018

UNIVERSITY OF KOTLI

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 Computer Organization & Architecture

University of
Kotli Azad Kashmir

Assignment # :01
Subject : Computer Organization & Architecture
Topic : Architecture for computer & Mobile
Submitted To : M.s Afshan Ahmed
Roll No : 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26
Class : BS (SE) 4th
Date : 28-2-2018

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 Computer Organization & Architecture

Table of Contents
Transport-triggered Architecture for computer........................... 3
TTA structure ............................................................................. 3
Advantages of TTAs ................................................................ 3
Architecture for Mobile phone ................................................... 4
Advantages of GSM ................................................................... 4
Disadvantages of GSM ............................................................... 4

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 Computer Organization & Architecture

Transport-triggered Architecture for computer

In computer architecture a transport triggered architecture (TTA) is a kind of CPU design in
which programs directly control the internal transport buses of a processor. Computation
happens as a side effect of data transports: writing data into a triggering port of a functional
unit triggers the functional unit to start a computation. This is similar to what happens in
a systolic array. Due to its modular structure, TTA is an ideal processor template for application-
specific instruction-set processors (ASIP) with customized data path but without the inflexibility
and design cost of fixed function hardware accelerators.
TTA structure
Processors are built of independent function units and register files, which are connected
with transport buses and sockets.

Function Units: The function units or FUs are the components of a TTA that perform the
computations or communicate with the outside world. Tasks performed by the FUs are for
example: additions, multiplications, and load and stores to memory

Register Files: Register files contain general purpose registers, which are used to store variables
in programs. Like function units, also register files have input and output ports. The number of
read and write ports, that is, the capability of being able to read and write multiple registers in a
same clock cycle, can vary in each register file.

Control unit: Control unit is a special case of function units which controls execution of
programs. Control unit has access to the instruction memory in order to fetch the instructions to
be executed. In order to allow the executed programs to transfer the execution (jump) to an
arbitrary position in the executed program, control unit provides control flow operations. A
control unit usually has an instruction pipeline, which consists of stages for fetching, decoding
and executing program instructions.

Move Buses and Sockets: The communication between FUs and RFs is done over the
interconnection network. This network consists of a set of sockets and buses. A bus, also denoted
as move bus, is controlled by a slot of the TTA instruction. The implementation of a move bus
not only provides the necessary data transport capability, but it also performs the distribution of
the control signals. Sockets provide means for programming TTA processors by allowing to
select which bus-to-port connections of the socket are enabled at any time instant

Conditional execution: Some TTA implementations support conditional execution.

Conditional execution is implemented with the aid of guards. Each data transport can be
conditional zed by a guard, which is connected to a register (often a 1-bit conditional register)
and to a bus.
Advantages of TTAs: can be split into implementation advantages and new software
compilation optimization possibilities. The most important implementation advantages are:
 Ideal for the design of application specific processors (ASPs). FU parameters (like
number of FUs, supported operations, latencies, throughput and pipelining degree) and

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 Computer Organization & Architecture

interconnection network parameters (like topology, number of busses and pipelining

degree) can be set according to the needs of an application domain.
 More scheduling freedom. TTAs divide operations into smaller data transport
components. This makes parallelism more fine-grained, and the resulting code schedules
are more efficient and achieve higher CPU execution performance.
 Reduced GPR demand. TTAs need fewer GPRs since (1) results are directly bypassed
from FU to FU, and (2) operations can stay longer in a pipeline than is needed to do the
operations, this makes GPR lifetimes shorter.
Architecture for Mobile phone
The GSM network architecture consists of different elements that all interact together to form the
overall GSM system. These include elements like the base-station, controller, MSC, AUC, HLR,
VLR, etc.
The GSM technical specifications define the different elements within the GSM network
architecture. It defines the different elements and the ways in which they interact to enable the
overall system operation to be maintained.
The GSM network architecture is now well established and with the other later cellular systems
now established and other new ones being deployed, the basic GSM network architecture has
been updated to interface to the network elements required by these systems.
Despite the developments of the newer systems, the basic GSM system architecture has been
maintained, and the network elements described below perform the same functions as they did
when the original GSM system was launched in the early 1990s.GSM network architecture
elements.
Advantages of GSM
 GSM technology has been matured since long and hence GSM mobile mobile phones and
modems are widely available across the world.
 It provides very cost effective products and solutions.
 The GSM based networks (i.e. base stations) are deployed across the world and hence
same mobile phone works across the globe. This leverages cost benefits as well as
provides seamless wireless connectivity. This will help users avail data and voice
services without any disruption. Hence international roaming is not a concern.
 Advanced versions of GSM with higher number of antennas will provide high speed
download and upload of data.
 It is easy to maintain GSM networks due to availability of large number of network
engineers at affordable cost. This will help in revenue increase by the telecom operators.
Disadvantages of GSM
 Many of the GSM technologies are patented by Qualcomm and hence licenses need to be
obtained from them.
 In order to increase the coverage repeaters are required to be installed.
 GSM provides limited data rate capability, for higher data rate GSM advanced version
devices are used.
 GSM uses FTDMA access scheme. Here multiple users share same bandwidth and hence
will lead to interference when more number of users are using the GSM service. In order
 GSM uses pulse based burst transmission technology and hence it interferes with certain
electronics. Due to this fact airplanes, petrol bunks and hospitals prevent use of GSM
based mobile or other gadgets.