SPANISH JAPANESE PERIOD

a. Society
 Spanish urbanization was centered in the city of Manila, within a walled city called
Intramuros.
 Filipino Women During Spanish Times
-They have no freedom to studies in the Universities, to engage in the professions and
to mix freely with men.
-But they were permitted to engage in business.
-They were kept in seclusion at home or in school exclusively for girls.
 Colegios- exclusive school for girls operated by nuns
 They were trained the rigid rules of conduct, to cook well, to sew and embroider and to
know music.
 Beaterio- combined school and nunnery
 Little participation of Filipinos in their Spanish Government
 Human rights were denied to them

b. Politics

 UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

 The Colonial Administration shared the power of governance with Church
 The church meddled with governmental functions and this I d to the supremacy of the
Church over the Government.
 Central government in Manila retained a medieval cast until the 19th century, and the
governor-general was so powerful that he was often likened to an independent
monarch. He dominated the Audiencia, or high court, was captain-general of the armed
forces, and enjoyed the privilege of engaging in commerce for private profit.
c. Religion
 CHRISTIANITY is considered as Spain's greatest and lasting legacy in the country.
Christianization (Roman Catholic) of the Filipinos was really the most outstanding achievement
of the Spanish missionaries. And a result of the missionaries' apostolic labors, Filipino people
have become uniquely the only Christian nation in the entire Asian world
CHRISTIANITY
The Spaniards converted much of the Philippines to Christianity except for Mindanao and Sulu.
The striking resemblances between the pre-colonial religion and Catholicism have made the
latter acceptable to the local inhabitants.
 Prayer books Doctrinas
 Novenas biographies of saints other Religious matters.
 Awits (chivalric-heroic poems)
 Corridos (legendary-religious poems)
  The favorite reading matter of Filipino during lent season was the passion.-
-the story in verse of the life, suffering and crucifixion of Christ.

d. Economy

 Ferr caril de Manila: the only railway line in the archipelago, which was constructed using mainly
Filipino labor. By 1892, five street ar se vice lines connected the primate city with the suburbs
with horse-drawn cars.
 GALLEON TRADE
Through the galleon trade (derived from the name of the ships used to transport goods from
one country to another), American Asian commerce flourished, but only a very few privileged
Spaniards were benefited.
 Introduction of New Plants
 Establishment of new Industries
 The opening of Manila- Acapulco Trade
 The founding of Economic Society of Friends of the Country
 Tobacco Monopoly
 Creation of the Royal Company
 The opening of the Philippines to the wor Id trade
 Manila as Asia's Trade Emporium
 The 1st Spanish governor-general promoted Philippine trade with the neighboring Asian
countries and with Mexico.
 Trade was free, no restrictions on imports and exports, Manila experienced a Marvelous
commercial boom.
 Basco and Economic Progress

Jose Basco- the most economically-minded Spanish governador-general.

-was develop the natural resources of the Philippines.

-He adopted a general economic plan which aim to foster Philippine agriculture, commerce and
industries. He also gave prizes to all persons

—who could excel in the cultivation of cotton, mulberry trees, and spices to those who could
manufacture silk, porcelain, hemp, flax and cotton.

—To those who could develop mines of gold, iron, copper and tin

—To those who could make useful inventions

—To those who could distinguishe themselves in arts and sciences.

-He issued circulars on better methods of producing cotton, silk, sugar and other commodities

-He ordered 4,000,000 mulberry trees in order to foster the silk industries.
• March 24, 1784- he issued decree providing that the land, carabaos and farm implements of the
farmer could not be seized by creditors, and they could not be arrested or jailed during planting or
harvesting of crops

Outstanding events

1. Founding of Economic Society of Friends of the country in 1781

2. Establishment of tobacco monopoly in 1782

3. The creation of Royal company of the Philippines and Mexico.

e. Culture

 Food
- Wheat
-Beef
-corns
-Mutton

-patato

-cacao

-Longanizas

-coffee

-Jamon

- cabbages

-Sardines

- papayas

CANNED GOODS

 Dress

Male

-Bahag- Western coats and Trousers (Americana)

-Putong- hats
 -And used of Slippers and shoes for the foot wear. Female

-They discarded sarong and used saya for lower apparel and adopted the camisa with long and
wide sleeves in place of the old short sleeve

 Celebrations during Fiestas and Holidays\

 Santacruzan

JAPANESE PERIOD

a. Society
 A strict curfew was enforced
 Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese
 Throughout the Philippines more than a thousand women, some being under the age of
18, were imprisoned as "comfort women", kept in sexual slavery for Japanese military
personnel during the occupation. Each of the Japanese military installations in the
Philippines during the occupation had a location where the women were held, which
they called a "comfort station".One such place where these women were imprisoned is
Bahay na Pula.
 Filipino doesn’t have freedom of speech and expression

b. Politics
 Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
 Barangays (neighborhood government systems) were cut in half
 A military government was implemented (as it was during a time of war)
 The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government
structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the
islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they
directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an
independent republic.
 Puppet government

c. Religion

d. Economy
 Few studies have analyzed the Philippine economic experience during the Japanese
occupation. Although such studies are in the nature of history and commentaries, they
have not focused on the economic analysis of the war experience. The present study
 hopes to close this gap if only partially by recounting what was known about the course
of the economy. A recently discovered intelligence document written late in wartime by
American sources on economic changes during the occupation period provided the
initial impetus for the review. Relying on limited relevant work to make an assessment
of this intelligence report, the author carries the discussion to modern day
interpretation covering the various sectors of the economy. In the final part of the paper
(Part IV), the Philippine economy is compared before and after the end of the war,
investigating the extent of the fall in national output by the war’s end, quantifying the
extent of the hyper inflation that was experienced in the course of the war, and
approximating the relative value of the economic damage (mainly to capital stock)
caused by the war in terms of the level of national output. Using intuitive knowledge
based on the review of these sectors and employing conservative assumptions about
the Philippine economy, the author suggests that at the end of the war, national output
was at least 30 percent of the level of the prewar output. In effect, total output in 1945
was 70 percent lower than that of 1940. Going to the estimate of the war damage in
today’s current terms (2003), the economic loss (not including human, of course)
suffered during the war was equivalent to 13 percent of the current GDP of 2003.
Translating this to the output of 1940 on the very conservative assumption that there
was no growth of per capita output over the years, the economic loss from the war was
62 percent of the GDP of 1940. Since the economic damage to capital happened over
time and furthering the output loss as the war went on, these estimates conform to the
assessment that Philippine GDP in 1945 – at the end of the war – was close to 30
percent of the output of 1940.

e. Culture
 Japanese currency was introduced
 Warning for local residents to keep their premises sanitary or face punishmen
 *Popular fiction, non-fiction, and children's literature all flourished in urban Japan in the
1980s. Many popular works fell between "pure literature" and pulp novels, including all
sorts of historical serials, information-packed docudramas, science fiction, mysteries,
detective fiction business stories, war journals, and animal stories. Non-fiction covered
everything from crime to politics. Although factual journalism predominated, many of
these works were interpretive, reflecting a high degree of individualism. Children's
works re-emerged in the 1950s, and the newer entrants into this field, many of them
younger women, brought new vitality to it in the 1980s.
 Manga (comic books) have penetrated almost every sector of the popular market. They
include virtually every field of human interest, such as a multivolume high-school history
of Japan and, for the adult market, a manga introduction to economics, and
pornography. Manga represented between 20 and 30 percent of annual publications at
the end of the 1980s, in sales of some ¥400 billion per year.