QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1.1 Define these terms: (a) matter, (b) mass, (c) weight, (d) substance, (e) mixture.
1.2 Which of these statements is scientifically correct? “The mass of the student is 56 kg.” “The
weight of the student is 56 kg.”
1.3 Give an example of a homogeneous mixture and an example of a heterogeneous mixture.
1.4 What is the difference between a physical property and a chemical property?
1.5 Give an example of an intensive property and an example of an extensive property.
1.6 Define these terms: (a) element, (b) compound
1.7 Do these statements describe chemical or physical properties? (a) Oxygen gas supports
combustion. (b) Fertilizers help to increase agricultural production. (c) Water boils below 100C
on top of a mountain. (d) Lead is denser than aluminum. (e) Uranium is a radioactive element.
1.8 Does each of these describe a physical change or a chemical change? (a) The helium gas
inside a balloon tends to leak out after a few hours. (b) A flashlight beam slowly gets dimmer
and finally goes out. (c) Frozen orange juice is reconstituted by adding water to it. (d) The
growth of plants depends on the sun’s energy in a process called photosynthesis. (e) A spoonful
of table salt dissolves in a bowl of soup.
1.9 Which of these properties are intensive and which are extensive? (a) length, (b) volume, (c)
temperature, (d) mass.
1.10 Which of these properties are intensive and which are extensive? (a) area, (b) color, (c)
density.
1.11 Classify each of these substances as an element or a compound: (a) hydrogen, (b) water, (c)
gold, (d) sugar.
1.12 Classify each of these as an element or a compound: (a) sodium chloride (table salt), (b)
helium, (c) alcohol, (d) platinum.
Units
Review Questions
1.13 Give the SI units for expressing these: (a) length, (b) area, (c) volume, (d) mass, (e) time, (f)
force, (g) energy, (h) temperature.
1.14 Write the numbers for these prefixes: (a) mega-, (b) kilo-, (c) deci-, (d) centi-, (e) milli-, (f)
micro-, (g) nano-, (h) pico-.
1.15 Define density. What units do chemists normally use for density? Is density an intensive or
extensive property?
1.16 Write the equations for converting degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit and degrees
Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius.
Problems 1.17 A lead sphere has a mass of 1.20 104 g, and its volume is 1.05 103 cm3 .
Calculate the density of lead.
1.18 Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature. Its density is 13.6 g/mL.
How many grams of mercury will occupy a volume of 95.8 mL?
1.19 (a) Normally the human body can endure a temperature of 105F for only short periods of
time without permanent damage to the brain and other vital organs. What is this temperature in
degrees Celsius? (b) Ethylene glycol is a liquid organic compound that is used as an antifreeze in
car radiators. It freezes at 11.5C. Calculate its freezing temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. (c)
The temperature on the surface of the sun is about 6300C. What is this temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit? (d) The ignition temperature of paper is. What is the temperature in degrees Celsius?
1.20 (a) Convert the following temperatures to kelvin: (i) 113C, the melting point of sulfur, (ii)
37C, the normal body temperature, (iii) 357C, the boiling point of mercury. (b) Convert the
following temperatures to degrees Celsius: (i) 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, (ii) 4.2
K, the boiling point of liquid helium, (iii) 601 K, the melting point of lead.
Scientific Notation Problems
1.21 Express these numbers in scientific notation: (a) 0.000000027, (b) 356, (c) 0.096.
1.22 Express these numbers in scientific notation: (a) 0.749, (b) 802.6, (c) 0.000000621.
1.23 Convert these to nonscientific notation: (a) 1.52 104, (b) 7.78 108.
1.24 Convert these to nonscientific notation: (a) 3.256 105, (b) 6.03 106.
1.25 Express the answers to these in scientific notation: (a) 145.75 (2.3101) (b) 79,500 (2.5 102)
(c) (7.0 103) (8.0 104) (d) (1.0 104) (9.9 106)
1.26 Express the answers to these in scientific notation: (a) 0.0095 (8.5 103) (b) 653 (5.75 108)
(c) 850,000 (9.0 105 ) (d) (3.6 104 ) (3.6 106 )

Significant Figures Problems

1.27 What is the number of significant figures in each of these measured quantities? (a) 4867
miles, (b) 56 mL, (c) 60,104 tons, (d) 2900 g.
1.28 What is the number of significant figures in each of these measured quantities? (a) 40.2
g/cm3, (b) 0.0000003 cm, (c) 70 min, (d) 4.6 1019 atoms.
1.29 Carry out these operations as if they were calculations of experimental results, and express
each answer in the correct units and with the correct number of significant figures: (a) 5.6792 m
0.6 m 4.33 m (b) 3.70 g 2.9133 g (c) 4.51 cm 3.6666 cm (d) (3 104 g 6.827 g) (0.043 cm3 0.021
cm3)
1.30 Carry out these operations as if they were calculations of experimental results, and express
each answer in the correct units and with the correct number of significant figures: (a) 7.310 km
5.70 km (b) (3.26 103 mg) (7.88 105 mg) (c) (4.02 106 dm) (7.74 107 dm) (d) (7.8 m 0.34 m)
(1.15 s 0.82 s)
1.36 A slow jogger runs a mile in 13 min. Calculate the speed in (a) in/s, (b) m/min, (c) km/h. (1
mi 1609 m; 1 in 2.54 cm.)
1.37 Carry out these conversions: (a) A 6.0-ft person weighs 168 lb. Express this person’s height
in meters and weight in kilograms. (1 lb 453.6 g; 1 m 3.28 ft.) (b) The current speed limit in
some states in the United States is 55 miles per hour. What is the speed limit in kilometers per
hour? (c) The speed of light is 3.0 1010 cm/s. How many miles does light travel in 1 hour? (d)
Lead is a toxic substance. The “normal” lead content in human blood is about 0.40 part per
million (that is, 0.40 g of lead per million grams of blood). A value of 0.80 part per million
(ppm) is considered to be dangerous. How many grams of lead are contained in 6.0 103 g of
blood (the amount in an average adult) if the lead content is 0.62 ppm?
1.38 Carry out these conversions: (a) 1.42 light-years to miles (a light-year is an astronomical
measure of distance—the distance traveled by light in a year, or 365 days), (b) 32.4 yd to
centimeters, (c) 3.0 1010 cm/s to ft/s, (d) 47.4°F to degrees Celsius, (e) 273.15°C (the lowest
temperature) to degrees Fahrenheit, (f) 71.2 cm3 to m3 , (g) 7.2 m3 to liters.
1.39 Aluminum is a lightweight metal (density 2.70 g/cm3) used in aircraft construction, high-
voltage transmission lines, and foils. What is its density in kg/m3?
1.40 The density of ammonia gas under certain conditions is 0.625 g/L. Calculate its density in
g/cm3.
ANSWER

Basic Question
Review Question
1.1= (a)In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and
takes up space by having volume.

(b)Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object. The basic SI unit
for mass is the kilogram (kg), but smaller masses may be measured in grams (g)
(c)Weight is the product of mass multiplied by acceleration acting on that mass
(d)Substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an
introductory general chemistry textbook

(e) Mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically
combined.

1.2= The mass of the student is 56 kg

1.3= Air is a homogeneous mixture. However, the Earth's atmosphere as a whole is a

heterogeneous mixture. See the clouds? That's evidence the composition is not uniform
Mixing together two solids, without melting them together, typically results in a heterogeneous
mixture. Examples include sand and sugar, salt and gravel, a basket of produce, and a toy box
filled with toys.
1.4= A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured
without changing the identity of the substance and A chemical property describes the ability of
a substance to undergo a specific chemical change,
1.5= Intensive property=The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure
Extensive property=Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed
surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape
occupies or contains.
1.6= (a) An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance (b)
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded
together.

PROBLEMS
1.7= (a)chemical properties(b) chemical properties (c) chemical properties (d) chemical
properties (e) chemical properties

1.8= (a) The helium gas inside a balloon tends to leak out after a few hours: It is a physical
change as there is no formation of any new compound.

(b) A flashlight beam slowly gets dimmer and finally goes out: It is a chemical change as a
chemical process leads to formation of flashlight that emerges out.

(c) Frozen orange juice is reconstituted by adding water to it: It is a physical change as physical
state of juice is changing.

(d) The growth of plants depends on the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis: It is a
chemical process.

(e) A spoonful of salt dissolves in a bowl of soup: It is a physical process as no new compound
forms when a salt is dissolved in a bowl of soup

1.9(a)extensive(b)extensive(c)intensive(d)intensive

1.10=(a)extensive(b)intensive(c)intensive
1.11=
(a)element(b)compound(c)element(d)compound
1.12=(a)compound(b)element(c)compound(d)element

UNITS
1.13=(a)
The meter, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value
of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the unit m s -1, where the
second is defined in terms of ΔνCs.

(b) The SI unit of area is the square of the SI unit of length, and so it is the square metre (m2)

(c) The SI unit of volume is the cube of the SI unit of length, and so it is the cubic metre (m3)
(d) The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical
value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10 -34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is
equal to kg m2 s-1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs.
(e) The SI unit of time is the second, a fundamental unit of the SI. Originally defined in terms of
the rotation of the earth, the second is now defined in terms of atomic transitions in Cesium-133
because these are subject to more precise measurement

(f) The SI unit of force is the kilogram-meter per second squared which is called the newton (1 N
= 1 kg-m/s2)

(g) The SI unit of energy is the kilogram-metre 2 per second squared which is called the joules (1
J = 1 kg-m2/s)
(h) The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin, a fundamental unit of the SI. Since 1967, the kelvin
has been by definition the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
water.
1.14=(a)10⁶(b)10³(c) 10¯1 (d)10-2 (e) 10-3 f)10-6 (g) 10-9 (h)10-12
1.15=Density = Mass/Volume

Because it is a ratio, the density of a material remains the same without regard to how much of
that material is present. Density is therefore called an intensive property of matter. Mass is the
amount of matter contained in an object and is commonly measured in units of grams (g)
1.16= °C to °F Divide by 5, then multiply by 9, then add 32
=°F to °C Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9
PROBLEMS

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Problems

1.21 =(a)2.7 x 10‐⁸ (b)3.56 x 10²(c)9.60 x 10‐²

1.22 =(a)7.49 x 10²(b)8.03 x 10²(c)6.21 x 10⁷
1.23 =(a)15200(b)0.0000000778
1.24 =(a)0.00003256(b)6030000
1.25= (a)168(b)3.2x10²(c)6.2x10‐³(d) 9.9x1010
1.26=(a) 0.0095 + 8.5 x 10⁻³
  = 9.5 x 10⁻³ + 8.5 x 10⁻³
  = (9.5 + 8.5) x 10⁻³ 
  = 18 x10⁻³
  = 1.8 x 10⁻²
Answer: 1.8 x 10⁻²
(b) 653 + 5.75 x 10⁻⁸
  = 6.53 x 10² + (5.75 x 10⁻¹⁰) x 10²
  = (6.53 + 5.75 x 10⁻¹⁰) x 10²
  = 6.53 x 10²
Answer: 6.53x 10²
(c) 850,000 - 9.0 x 10⁵
  = 8.5 x 10⁵ - 9.0 x 10⁵
  = - 0.5 x 10⁵
  = - 5.0 x 10⁴
Answer: -5.0 x 10⁴
(d) (3.6 x 10⁻⁴) x (3.6 x 10⁶)
  = (3.6x3.6)(x10⁻⁴)x(10⁶)
  = 12.96 x 10⁶⁻⁴
  = 12.96 x 10²
  = 1.296 x 10³
Answer: 1.296 x 10³
1.27=(a)4(b)2(c)5(d)5
1.28=(a)3(b)1(c)1(d)2
1.29=(a) 10.6 m(b).79(c)16.5(d) 1 x 106 g/cm3
1.30= (a)1.28(b)3.18x10⁻³(c)8.14x10⁻⁷(d) 3.79 m/s
1.31=(a) 226 dm.(b)254

1.32=(a) 1.10 108 mg(b)6.83 10-5

1.33=315: 31.03 = x: 1.00

x = 10.2
1.34=1 solar year = 365.24 days. 1 day = 24 hr. 1 hr. = 60 min. 1 min = 60 s.
1.35=The speed of light is approximately 1,079,000,000 kilometers/hour (670,600,000
miles/hour). On average, the Sun is 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) away from Earth.
This means that it takes a photon of light about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the Sun
to Earth
1.36=(a) in/seconds
velocity =  63346.45 in / 780 sec = 81.213 in / sec
(b) m/min
velocity = 1609 m / 13 min = 123.769 m/min

(c) km/hr.
velocity = 1.609 km / 0.2166 hr. = 7.428 km/hr.

1.37= 168 lbs. x 453.6 gm/lb. x1 kg/1000 gm = 168x453.6/1000 kg = 76.2048 kg

1.38
1.39
1.40