TRANSLATED and REVISED by the

ARGENTINE SHIRT FEDERATION

July 2011

one
HEINZ REINKEMEIER

GABY BUEHLMANN

Technique · Training · Tactics · Psychological Preparation · Weapons

OLYMPIC SHOT WITH PISTOL

A learning and practice book for sport shooting with Air Pistol, Pistol

Sports and Free Pistol and Rapid Pistol Shooting, as well as any similar specialty.

With contributions from: Dr. Alfred Konietzny, Peter Kraneis, Barbara Georgi, Alfons

Messerschmitt, Jan-Erik Aeply, Matthias Hahn, Uschi Seifert, Ulrich Eichstaedt, Michel

Ansermett, Ralf Schumann, Nino Salukvadze, Uwe Potteck, Dr Loke, Gretje Reinemer, Wolfram

War leather and Mike Hecker

1st edition, August 2006

MEC GMBH

High tech shooting equipment

Hannoever Street 22

44143 Dortmund

www.mec-shot.de

two
 MEC is a company dedicated to addressing all aspects of shooting

sports. Under the command of well-known marksman Maik Eckhardt and coach and author Heinz

Reinkemeier has carried out some initiatives for the elite of shooters and also for

help the average athlete to excel.

The MEC training group is made up of outstanding shooters and fencers, both

national and international. Six of those who train here regularly have

Participated in the Olympic Games in Athens, of which three qualified for the final,

obtaining a silver medal. In the MEC, in the Buelse Bundesliga teams

and Elsen in compressed air as well as the young promises of shooting and athletes already

consecrated.

This group is supported by renowned trainers trained in skills

sports, psychological and other training in special fields such as physics and technique

of weapons.

Several books have been written about the dialogue between shooters and their coaches, which are dedicated to

the basics and subtleties of shooting. What is new and interesting in this book is

find with photographs and their explanations. From here came the following works by

base: "The way of weapons", "Shooting with compressed air weapons", "The psyche of the shooter" Y

this book "Olympic shooting with pistol." These titles are widely publicized among

coaches and shooters, translated into various languages such as Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, and Spanish.

The central method of the MEC is the use of the SCATT (Target Track System) system.

3
This system was distributed from here to the whole world and in turn improved. Also since

the MEC made adaptations of practice weapons for students, as well as the option

from the target shooting to 50 meters.

For unusual results, weaponry, ammunition and equipment

In addition be prepared for extreme uses. This refers to shooting performance, such as

the function and ergonomics of each of the pieces. In this regard, the MEC company focused on

in the last 10 years. Some components of modern competition weapons

appeared first here or were also redesigned. Whether in nocks,

handtops, shot triggers, cases, visors, tunnels, diopters, ear protectors,

Protection articles in general, etc, etc. Effective innovations go where

shooters need it.

The whole is more than the sum of the parts. As MEC he is dedicated to several topics: development,

training, set-up, distribution, advice, information and editing, working under

a lot of pressure. But this diversity also has its benefits. The knowledge that is

They are derived from practice, processed quickly, and then reach the reader and client. So

like this book, in which we focus on a related subject, pistol shooting.

The edition of "Olympic Pistol Shooting" was born between the spring of 2005 and the winter of

2006. It would not have been possible, without the help of co-authors and co-authors, to whom it corresponds

our thanks. In total they have participated in planning, counseling, discussion and

Carrying out this project, approximately 100 people.

The photographic archive for this book currently includes nearly 20,000 photos. More of

1200 of them - mostly retouched - have been used in it. Also attached

numerous graphicos and tables, that have been elaborated especially for the illustrations.

Such a broad and specialized subject as pistol shooting cannot be

unilateral because it does not have a single interpretation. Many times, I read expert opinions

Regarding the fundamentals and details are controversial. This is true for interpretation in the

country and much more for the world interpretation regarding the “correct” use of a pistol.

4th
In spite of everything, we have tried to arrive at clear definitions. Not the same

necessarily pretend to be exact but they pretend to reconcile the different points of

view. For this we expressly recommend subjecting them to a critical and

discussions.

To all shooters, their coaches, collaborators and judges, as well as the

providers and sympathizers of pistol shooting, we hope you enjoy reading the

present book.

Drensteinfurt, Basel and Treviso in August 2006

Heinz Reinkemeier, born 1955, licensed psychiatrist,

coach, sports psychologist, designer and

author, among others of the following titles: "From training

to the shot " 1984, "Training plan for air rifle

compressed ”( 1994), "The ways of the rifle" ( 1997), "I shoot with

compressed air "( 2004), "The psychology of shooting" ( 2005), as well as some videos on the subject.

Publications in different specialized magazines in the country and abroad. Formation of

Coaches at national and international level since 1980. Bundesliga coach of Hubertus

Eating in the period from 2005 - 2006 and coach of some renowned shooters.

Gaby Buehlmann, Born in 1964, a licensed psychiatrist and

shooting coach. European champion LG 1997, carrier

of the Swiss air rifle record with 400 points. Other titles

LG, crossbow, 3 x 20 rifle, and 300 meter rifle. Participant of

5 Olympics (1988-2004).

5
(Co-) Author of different specialized books and teaching videos. Coach and

Trainer of coaches in different countries since 1988. Guardianship of shooters.

Psychological projects in athletes. National coach of the Italian shooting team.

We call this book "Olympic Shooting with Pistol "Because it basically refers to the four

specialties: 10 m. Air pistol, 25 m. Sports pistol, 50 m. Free pistol and 25 m. Gun

Rapid Fire, which have been part of the Summer Olympic Games Program since

year 1896. These specialties are found in the center of attention of the

sports performance nationally and internationally.

The photo illustrating the cover of the book belongs to Ralf Schumann, the most successful shooter of the

history of the Olympic Games to date.

6th
E.0. Content and Structure ………………………………………………………. 7th

E.1.0 Fascination, symbolism, security ……………………………………… .9.

E.2. The coordinates ………………………………………………………………… 1..3

E.3. Target area measurements ……………………………………… ..16

P.1.0. The basic position ……………………… .. ……………………………………… 20

P.1.1. Exterior view PA ……………………… .. …………………………………… .. 22 Mass comparison ……………………… .. ……………

………………… 25
P.1.2.

P.1.3. Opening angle ……………………… .. …………………………………… 2.8

P.1.3.1 Robert Loke: How open? ……………………… .. …………. ………… 31 Wrist and hand ……………… .. ……………………… ..

……………………… 3..5
P.1.4

P.1.5. Head, arm, hand and fingers ……………………… .. …………………… 38 Head position in detail

P.1.5.1 …………………………………………. 4.1 Hand and stock, details …………………………………………………………

P.1.6. .44 Different precision specialties ……… .. ……………………… .. 47 Internal position: 5 factors

P.1.7. ……………………… .. ……………………… 5

P.2.0. ..0

P.2.1. Example: Makhail Nestruev ……………………… .. ……………………… .5.3

P.2.2. Balance ……………………… .. ……………………… .. ……………………… ..56

P.2.2.1. Balance exercises ……………………… .. ……………………………… 5..9

P.2.3. Muscle tension ……………………… .. ………………………………… 6.2

P.2.4. Breathing ……………………… .. ……………………………………………… ... 65

P.2.5. Coordination: Simple breathing ……………………………………… .6. 8th

P.2.5.1. Double breathing ……………………… .. …………………………………… ..71

P.3.1. Zero point: height and side ……………………… .. ……………………… 74

P.3.2. Lines of space and orientation ……… .. ……………………………… 77

P.3.3. Side and position of the feet ……………………… .. …………………… 80

P.4.1. Aim: Object of the sight and precision ……………………………… 83

P.4.2. View of the Route ……………………… .. …………………………………. 87

P.4.3. Figure and reaction ……………………… .. ……………………………………… .. 90

P.4.4. Light and proportion ……………………… .. …………………………………… .. 93

P.4.5.0. Alfons Messerschmitt: Details about aiming with PA and PL ....... 96

P.4.5.1. Alfons Messerschmitt: Details about aiming with PA and PL ........... 99

P.5.1. Shoot: Position and trigger ……………………… .. ………………………. 102 Precision point and trigger …………………………………………. 105

P.5.2. Pressure and development ……………………… .. …………………………………… 1.08

P.5.3.

P.5.4. Coordinate pressure and distance ……………………………………………… 111

P.5.5. Uwe Potteck: Rules and training ……………………………… ..114 Monitoring and analysis …………………………………………………………

P.6. 1. 17 Rhythm of the shot

P.7.1. ………………………………………………………………… 1.20

P.7.2. The rhythm of the shot ………………………………………………………………

123

P.7.3. Air Pistol Protocol ………………………………………………… 1.26 Free Pistol Protocol

P.7.4. ………………………………………………….… 128

D.0. Nino Salukvaze: Basic PD and PTR phase rules ………….… ..130 Basic PD and PTR reflections …….

D.1.1. ………………………………………… 1.33 Basic position PD ……………… …………………………………………….…

D.1.2. 136

D.1.3. Schumann / Kraneis: Elevation and turning PTR …………………………… .1. 39 Raise Duel

………………………………………………………………………… 1.42
D.2.1.

D.2.2. Force and distribution …………………………………………………………… 1.45

D.3. Schumann / Kraneis: PTR lift and turn ..............................

D.4. Schumann / Kraneis: Alignment and correction ........................... 151

D.5. Schumann / Kraneis: Point ................................................. .154

D.5.2. Schumann / Kraneis: Aim horizontal ……………………………… 1… 57

D.6.1. Shoot speed ……………………………………………………………… 160

D.6.2. Schumann / Kraneis: Trigger PTR ........................................... 1..63

D.7.1. Schumann / Kraneis: PTR Rhythm ............................................... 1 ..66

D.8.1. Ralf Schumann: My 10 PTR rules ……………………………………… 1. 69

7th
D.9. Protocol for result and measurement …………………………………… 172

D.9.1. Sports Pistol Protocol and precision ………………………………… 1.76 Sports Pistol and PTR Protocol

D.9.2. ………………………………………… 1. 78 Bases, Means and Methods …… …………………………………………………

T.1.1. 180 The biological base: stimulation and adaptation ……………………………… 184 Skills and periodicity

T.1.2.

T.1.3. ……………………………………………………. 1.89

T.2. Holding Force Example ………………………………………………… 193 Performance Direction

T.3. ………………………………………………… .. 197

T.4.1. Annual planning and season ………………………………………… ..200 Monthly planning

T.4.2. ………………………………………………………… 204

T.4.3. The training unit ……………………………………………… ..207 Training and tournament protocol, p. 1

T.5.1. ……………………… .212 Training and tournament protocol, p. 2 ……………………… .2. 15 Training and tournament

T.5.2. protocol, PA ……………………………. 218 Free Gun Protocol

T.5.3.

T.5.4. ……………………………………………………… 2. 20 Protocol for Sport Pistol (precision)

T.5.5. …………………………… .222 Protocol for PD and PTR

T.5.6. ………………………………………………………… 224

T.6. Uschi Seifert: Youth training …………………………………… ..226 Methods: Dry training

T.7.1. …………………………………………… ..229

T.7.2. Barbara Georgi: 10 Training methods …………………… 233

T.7.3. Barbara Georgi: 10 Training methods, part 2… ..2.37 Analysis of the target path with the SCATT system ………………

T.7.4. 240

T.7.5. Jan-Erik Aeply: Target pathway (SCATT) in PA and P50 …………… 243 Training methods, equipment, literature

T.8. ………… .2.47

T.9. Gretje Reinemer: Condition for shooters with a Pistol ……… .. 250

T.9.1. Gretje Reinemer: Condition for shooters with a Pistol, 2nd… .255 About the psyche of pistol shooting

P.1. …………………………………… ..259 Psycho-regulation

P.2. ……………………………………………………………………… 263

P.2.1. Relaxation of muscles, 7 exercises ………………………………… 267 Mental training

P.3. ………………………………………………………… 271

P.3.1. Visualize the posture. …………………………………………………………… .275

P.4. The attitude towards the psyche ………………………………………………… 279

P.4.1. Peter Kraneis: Individual coaching ……………………………………… ..282 Theoretical principles

Ta.1. ……………………………………………………………… 2… 86

Ta.2. In the place of the Championship ………………………………………………… ..290 In the Championship

Ta.3. ………………………………………………… ………… ..294

Ta.4. The National League …………………………………………………………………… .2. 98

Ta.5.1. Dr. A. Konietzny: National League, development and training. 302

Ta.5.2. Dr. A. Konietzny: Attendance in the match ……………………………… .306

Ta.5.3. Dr. A. Konietzny: The plan for success …………………………………………… 311

W.1. The Air Gun ……………………………………………………………………… 315 AP: Match Statistics …………………………………

W.2. …………………… ..318 PA: Basic functions and quality criteria …………………………… 321 PA: Ammunition test ……………………………………

W.3. …… ……………… 3..24 Cleaning the spout ……………………………………………………………………

W.4.

W.4.1. . 3.27

W.5. Trigger and regulation ………………………………………………………………… Aim and variations 330

W.6. ………………………………………………… ………… 3… 33

W.7.1. Ulrich Eichstädt: How do I find my gun? ....................... 3..3..6

W.7.2. Ulrich Eichstädt: Sports pistol and free pistol ………………… .340 Grip and grip

W.8. ………………………………………………………… .343

W.9. Weight and balance ……………………………………………………………………… 3..46

W.10. Wolfaram war leather: PD selection criteria ………………. 349

W.11. Michael Ansermet: About the Standard pistol ………………… 3… 52 Epilogue

Notices, ………………………………………………………………………………… 356

8th
E.1.0 Fascination, symbolism, security

A compressed air pistol in the hand of Susanne Meyerhof, 2006 European

champion. Why this sport is chosen is not always easy to understand. It is

evident that the passion for the shooting pistol often lasts for decades. Laws, safety regulations, and sports rules are other limitations to discipline

Whoever submits to this challenge faces a difficult and long training path. shooters' behavior. These are transmitted by the trainer to the beginners.

From there, sticking to them is the responsibility of the athlete himself.

As well as the protection of the hearing aid itself, which must be protected at all

times against noise and pressure waves.

Fascination and ambivalence

Shooting with a pistol has fascinated many. It is one of the oldest Olympic disciplines,

and is regularly practiced by a few million as a sport and recreational activity.

Police, security forces and soldiers use the pistol as a defense and attack weapon,

Also villains of all kinds, or at least like that, we see it in the movies.

Holding a gun, aiming a target, and eventually hitting the mark is an original challenge, from the

which hardly anyone can escape. Trial elements, each person in the course of her life.

take a weapon in hand, whether as a toy, as a sporting item or even for

9
defense staff. Some will be so fascinated by this encounter that they will come to occupy the

center of interest temporarily or permanently.

Different motives are at stake here. On the one hand, it captures the strictly sporty character

of gun shooting, because it establishes a high level of skill and concentration. A combination

which can be considered meditation practice, and which acts as a stabilizing effect

on the body, mind and soul.

Others, pistols and revolvers are simply fascinated by their design and construction.

Precision, mechanics and materials are as perfected in pistols as only

they are in clocks or motors. So they are also works of art and collectibles.

Compact " blue steel ", cold, oily, sharp edges.

Firing a gun is an unmistakable act of aggressiveness. The projectile accelerates, with great

Speed and energy towards a target and generates a significant impact. When you shoot a

white success is more symbolic in nature; the historical roots and intentions to use

firearms are proof, however, of the existing parallelism, of the pistol as a

Tool serving a purpose.

Symbolism

While the potential risk from existing guns is well below the risk generated

For cargo vehicles, medications, or swimming pools, the weapon represents a symbol of the

threat and violence. This is mostly thanks to the filmmakers. Besides the kiss and the

fist bump, bullet shooting is probably the most frequent scene in the movie.

It is not just after the classic western, that the directors bet on the effect of the "show-

down ”. The plots of thrillers and action films of all levels often use the

same resources: special effects, fist bumps, tension and violence in images,

with the firing of firearms. Including in the hands of the "good guys" the gun shot so

It generally appears as a "deadly" object, even when it is used in favor of the law.

10
Introduction

Point of view own, external and care ...

A BundesLiga air pistol match, two teams of five fight for rings, points

individual and the triumph of the team. One of the oldest disciplines of the Olympic Games, shooting

with pistol, in its current modern appearance.

As in any sporting competition, a number of rules apply here, and equality of

opportunities to ensure equity.

In addition, the provisions of the arms law and the safety of shooters must be observed.

Due to the high potential for dangerousness involved in carrying weapons, these rules must be observed as

füron created for self-protection. So that nothing trap, not even in the fervor of an exciting final

of the Championship.

Security

Safety awareness views guns extremely critically. In

England short firearms are simply prohibited, and in the rest of Europe the

carrying and handling are severely regulated. While the misuse of

vehicles, drugs or violent crimes are punishable by law, punishable by

relatively arbitrary to gun owners. The full weight of the law falls on them,

even if the gun declaration procedures are being violated. Legislators and

eleven
The media are obsessed with guns in general and more with guns.

This is the only way to understand the extreme sensitivity of gun owners towards

violation of your rights.

As an observation to the margins, in other societies such as Switzerland or the United States this is

seen very differently. It is interesting to note that in some American states, the

Speeding is heavily punished, while carrying weapons in public,

it is anchored in fundamental rights.

The shooter should accept the fact that pistols and revolvers are considered in

Germany and the European Union as highly explosive objects. Only one

distinction between airguns (up to 7.5 Joule free possession from the age of 18

old) and more powerful calibers, which require permits for their acquisition.

Even if these conditions may seem excessive, sport shooters have their

advantage. They remind the individual of the potential for risk and recommend management

careful in storing weapons and ammunition. The pistol shooter is then the

only athlete where the acquisition and carrying of their equipment are subject to limitations

legal. Added to this are the rules on the shooting range, your own safety and that of all

other people.

Both the relevant legal and security provisions, besides keeping out

of any discussion from the first contact with weapons, and must be met by analogy, and

the verbatim. Especially young people and beginners should clearly realize

that the reality of sports has absolutely nothing to do with the scenes of the

night movie. Additionally, security should be incorporated into the shooting range. The

Field surveillance and the coach should ensure during training that all

rules (for example: weapon always unloaded, separate weapons and ammunition, orient the weapon

only towards the projectile sensor) are respected without exception and at all times.

This of course also applies to experienced shooters, who must preach with the

example and be careful because routine can lead them to make mistakes.

12
E.2.0 The coordinates

The shooter can only accurately see one of the

three levels.

Should to choose the look

lead. With this the

up notch and bullseye become blurry.
The default minimum height of white 140 cm (+/- 5)

From the shooter's perspective, only one square of the target You practically shoot an invisible object. As a beginner, the first

remains, barely the size of the nail of the little finger. The target shot, however, feels like the real

shrinks to the size of a freckle, the TEN is practically no longer

recognizable. happiness. For to be

champion, 50-90% of all shots must hit the center.

Air pistol dimensions

The target of 10 meters for Air Pistol corresponds to an annular disk of 155.5mm in diameter. This must be printed on a cardboard of at least 17 x 17cm and exhibit a TEN

of 11.5 millimeters in size, with an inner ring of 5 mm.

The ring is considered "hit on target" when the impact of the projectile is visibly evident (= 10.0). Because the projectile measures 4.5 mm, the 10 can actually be considered

larger. Towards the center point of any 10.0 there are 11.5 mm + 4.5 mm / 2 = 8 mm. Consequently, the true Ten extends to 16mm in diameter, which would be a slightly

smaller diameter than a dime. An interesting coincidence, because then you can visualize the dimension of your goal at any time.

13th
If the ten is analyzed as part of a circle, which rotates around the shooter's position, a margins of around

0.06 degrees or 6 arc seconds.

To hit the target the pistol can be moved to one side or the other, as well as up and down. From a bird's perspective it is a narrow margins, illustrating the difficulty of this

task.

Each additional zone from the ninth to the first reaches 8mm outward, where the circles are printed in black up to the

7, which highlights the target, which has a diameter of 59.5 millimeters. This black surface is used to fix the lens with the help of the dash and rear sight. A subject that

reveals a see more detailed.

The shooter is opposite the target. According to the rules, the shooter stands freely with the pistol in his hand and his arm extended.

Introduction.

Disc mass, height and distance, as well as a support curve ...

To hit the ten, the midpoint of the

According to the ability and training of the shooter, the pistol will oscillate pellet must hit at least 8mm next to
on the entire target or only in the center. the midpoint of the ten. Between

Nine and Ten

During training you should proceed systematically and apply modern

methods, which will reduce this arc in motion,

counts every tenth, which is why top quality materials should be used.

14th
A position that is not very stable and requires strength. Raising the arm with the weapon requires significant effort from the muscles. These stresses manifest

themselves in subtle variations, which increase with the duration of the operation.

As a consequence of these biological conditions, the weapon performs incessant movement. The weapon falls irregularly in all directions, because the forces in the

upper body, shoulders, arm, hand and finger on the trigger, play an unpredictable game.

The art of the shooters is to stay in control of this chaos. As you strengthen your muscles and improve your coordination, your movements will be smoother and more

even. With the help of training the process of aiming at the target will be possible to carry out these rotations in the center of the target and find a favorable moment for

the shot.

Again, this is a very delicate task, demanding a high degree of concentration and skill from shooters. This is why pistol shooting is so attractive.

If we analyze the best shooters, the yellow-blue-red-green SCATT lines can be seen as the picture shows. Olympic champion Uwe Potteck reaches the center vertically

from above, then directs the weapon after 4-5 seconds towards the 10 (green line). In the last second (yellow), it stays at ten, the shot (blue) occurs in this sector. With the

shot, the breakpoint is directed vertically upwards, a purely physical reaction. An almost perfect shot, by the way, only achievable by masters of the trade. We use the

example to be able to develop in that direction. In the next pages we can see how you can see in detail ...

15th
E.3. Ring measurements

French Olympic champion Frank Dumoulin at the 2004 Bundes Liga start

in Haltern. Electronic targeting systems are fast, attractive, and

spectator-friendly. But,

sadly expensive.

For example in the Bundes Liga, here

during a match in Haltern, 2004. Low

read strict

man-to-man fighting conditions

man (or

woman) in front of the public. Around

370 points are

reached in

average. This is much less

what in Come on

Championships, where a

Even though the pressure is higher, one can

ultimately shoot only for himself.

White

The white with the printed rings is a sophisticated object. It fulfills different functions, which are barely visible at first glance. This allows you to appreciate a good image,

along with the rear and the point, when aiming. The black rings (7-10), found in a black point, the remaining white surface provides the contrast between the boost and

dash.

The weapon itself is intended for shooting with compressed air pellets. The fired projectile forms a well-contoured, circular hole, the evaluation of which with the

naked eye is quite reliable. Even more reliable is the impact controller, also called a target reading machine, to which the lines provide the necessary references.

16
High-quality targets are relatively accurate, the ISSF standards allow a tolerance of one tenth of a millimeter. The consistency should allow 50-10 margins, without the

cardboard tearing off the white. Dry storage ensures neat tears to whites.

It's interesting to wonder how the album's design came to be. Why are the Ten exactly 11.5mm in diameter, while the remaining rings 8mm? Why does black reach

Seven, what is the inner ring for?

In fact, these provisions have been set in Conventions. They were

approved in the meetings of the commissions and of the organization's World Sponsor (ISSF), to cover as reasonably as possible the reality of the facts in the

shooting process.

Introduction.

Why is the Ten not bigger and how much the best get it right ...

Years of

training

Rings

Average

Annual

The performance curves of three pistol shooters of

different per 20 years.

Task: When did you start training and what are your values? Draw

them on the yield curve above

High-quality targets withstand close-range shots and allow for

reliable evaluation.

17th
As you will see in the second view, this is not so easy. A large ten, for example, 5 centimeters in diameter, would be good because everyone would "hit" much more. A

disadvantage of this magnification could be that good shooters can hardly be distinguished from very good shooters. The world record would rise immediately from 400

to 600 points, the medals would be awarded exclusively in the finals, since the tenths are valued here. If we consider the results at the top left of the Bundes Liga Match,

then the points should be distributed again. The shooter at stand 1, with 367 points, would have reached the maximum according to the current evaluation. For example,

his opponent, who has hit 10 more points, with 399 would be behind.

The point distribution therefore has the task of distinguishing with sufficient precision between good and less good shooters. Therefore the scale should be the rule that

should be applied to the circumstances and possibilities.

At present the world record of 10 m. Air Pistol for men is 593 points (reached by Sergei Pyzhianov, URS, at the World Cup in 1989 in Munich, who also reached at the

same opportunity with an additional 102.1 final points on the same occasion, the record existing for preliminaries + finals: 695.1). Among the ladies 393 rings were

achieved by Svetlana Smirnova at the World Cup in Munich in 1999.

If we verify for both sexes 7 Nines out of 40 - 60 shots respectively, we obtain a hit rate of 82.5% for women and a maximum 89% of possible compliance for men. With this

there is still enough room for increases in the tip. A situation that is naturally not taken for granted, not even in the Olympic shooting disciplines. In the lying position and with

the air rifle, the maximum values have been reached rideradaments.

18th
P.1 The basic position

A comparison of the impacts of various shooters shows many similarities but also differences. The beginner learns the basic rules and details by observing the experts. Imitation is a fundamental

learning technique that solves many problems. However, be careful as some experts do things out of the ordinary. Therefore, you should always compare between the different experts.

Basic position 10 m. Air gun

In a shooting sport competition, the shooter is in a certain area, directly facing his target. In general, you will find a neighbor to your left and to your right at a distance

of 80-100 centimeters, performing the same task.

Within this range of activities of about one square meter, one can choose the shooting position. One can stand in the middle of his "firing point" and therefore align himself

perpendicularly towards the target. This position is basically recommended, since from here the distance to the target is shorter and because it meets the lines in line space

directives.

19th
There should be enough space with the draft neighbors, to balance eventual annoyances from the sides.

The position of the shooter is at his discretion and discretion, as long as he respects sports and safety rules. These rules determine that you must stand, freely, without

assistance, within the shooting area that has been assigned to you. The pistol must be held with one hand, the wrist must be visible and unsupported. This leaves all

imaginable possibilities of positioning the legs, torso, arms and head to the athlete's discretion. You could change your position before each shot. In practice, however,

we generally observe that the pistol shooter always takes the same position.

Introduction

Where do we stand, how do we stand, and why many stand in a similar way.

In fact, the pistol shooter is absent at the time of the shot, as literally happens during
shoulder and head shotgun shooting. The pistol is held free, and this is more precisely
called: the position. But in general, the concept of shooting position is used.

Knowledge
Postures
of training
Bodily
scientific

- Comfort
Imitation of
The position
- Economy
examples
during the

Shooting
- Deadpoint

- Point
Manuals
- Stability
and videos Rules and

regulation of

security

20th
This position is discovered during training and is repeated identically during a Championship. A first comparison of the shooters shows that the positions are fundamentally

similar. Whether in France, Mongolia, or Argentina, the way you stand and hold a gun seems to follow a similar pattern. This depends on various causes. It is largely

determined by the human body. It will be positioned with the shoulders towards the target until the arm can support the weight of the weapon more easily. Furthermore, in

this way the head is positioned favorably on the firing line, which favors the aiming eye. The torso and legs follow the trend of the shoulders. They are also aimed at the

target or open slightly.

The free arm with the left hand is anchored in the trouser belt, where it remains relaxed and immobile. This is how the shooters of the pistol world line up. Even beginners

follow this trend.

With increased skill, the marksmen adjacent to it are unified. This is probably caused by competitors watching each other. What he does best is tested by his neighbor and

if this proves satisfactory, he is ruthlessly copied. The best determine the technical doing.

As a third control parameter, scientific training methods such as path-to-target analysis influence position. Systematically, in the "laboratories" of the international elite

teams, it is found out, in which position the pistol can be kept as still as possible and fire.

21st
P.1.1 Exterior View PA

OUTSIDE POSTURE, what is seen.

For example: The right arm is stretched and

raised, the shoulders are lowered.

INTERNAL POSTURE, what the shooter feels.

For example: The hand holds strongly; the

upper arm and shoulders are relaxed.

Exterior View

The external postures, that is, the visible surface, are differentiated according to how it is presented to the observer or the camera. From behind, from both sides, from the

front and from the perspective of a bird. These photos show the posture in its entirety, in order to get an impression of the constellation of all parts of the body and the

gun. These comprehensive views allow you to assess the position lines together at a glance.

Interesting things are for example static, balance at focus, standing, angle, and force and angle conditions. This can be seen with the naked "eye" and thus obtain a

purely intuitive impression of the stability of the posture.

22nd
Coordinates

On the right side we see the same postcards integrated into a grid. This allows a reliable comparison of the scale ratio. In addition, various surfaces and lines have been

incorporated, which more clearly demonstrate the proportions and orientation towards the target. We will not comment on the lines and surfaces, since they are mostly

understood by themselves. Also, as we read this book, they will be presented to us again in detail.

Training tips: A shooter should take the opportunity and compare his posture with the figures above. What is the same or similar, where are the most notable differences.

Whoever has time to make photos can compare them with the photos in the book and study all the details with ease. Next, it is worth tracing the lines of the photos and

drawing them on the copies of your photos.

Precision

Where do we stand, how do we stand, and why many stand similarly

The perpendicular to

thru axle

Aim height

Target height

The vertical on the foot

So interesting are the lines that show the foot position, the
weight distribution and the direction of gaze. At the center of
attention is the axis, an imaginary line through the firing
channel. This represents the direction of

projectile path, but also the He

reversal course.

That is why many explanations begin to

2. 3
from here.
Trainer should know the posture lines almost by heart. experienced "see" these proportions practically at first glance. Trainers

To access this special perception, a routine is necessary. For this, the coach must follow the same strategies. Photograph your shooters, look at the photos and

insert the lines. This is not time consuming but generates amazing revelations and motivates the group.

Study material

The simplest and most effective way to work on external posture is the mirror. It should be done at each shooting stand, so that the shooter can see himself (or his student)

and show him immediately what is currently being discussed.

The shooter should work systematically with the mirror at home during dry training, especially if there is an intention to make posture modifications.

Another classic study material is the book. In this book you will find a number of national and international figures. An almost inexhaustible source of information. You are

interested in the position of your hand, in the next 200 pages there will be more than 500 figures on the subject.

Educational posters are recommended for orientation, pointing out the external features of the posture at a glance. From these "Maps" it is possible to recognize

discrepancies and visualize alternatives.

It is for this reason that at each shooting stand they should finder all the posters available. These are located at the Deutsche Schützenbund in Wiesbaden, contact

www.schuetzenbund.de.

24
P.1.2. Mass comparison

About heavy men and fragile women.

Pistol shooting is a sport for men, robust if possible. But no rule is without exception. From time to time and more and more also the weaker sex engages in this practice.

We chose Munkhbayar Dorjsuren as our representative, who performs this strength sport, despite his “flyweight” to perfection.

At the level of external posture, it is interesting to compare a middleweight gentleman around "one eighty" and a lady, who

with a height of approx. 170 weighs less than 50 kilos. What an effect such different weight ratios have on the external figure of the position.

Indeed, the figures above clearly show that the postures are very similar. A marked divergence can be seen in the backward tilt of the trunk. Here the assumption is offered,

that possibly the lower force is compensated by the displacement of the static. But still this assumption is just that. Because many times robust people are observed, which

lean much more.

25th
The basic rules for correct external posture appear to be independent of height and weight, as long as there is sufficient movement and force. Thus Munkh's incline line

exactly matches Uwe's posture, if we stretch it slightly. From the perspective of the bird we receive the confirmation of this assumption. Both poses show feet standing

parallel with a distance of approximately shoulder width apart.

Precision

How something heavy can stand and how light can stand and can stand comfortably

Eat on feet I know find

parallel on the line to the target.

Normal ducks the

opening is approx. 20 degrees.

He man I know opens The head is turned almost (10-15 degrees to go) in the direction of the shot.

approximately 10

degrees toward the target.

26th
Both are slightly reclined, both turn their heads only as necessary towards the target, probably to avoid problems with the neck.

We use this contraposition, to represent a Phantom figure, as an average of the poses of Uwe and Punk.

In them, the different external posture regulations are represented, free of particular characteristics. This drawing also serves us to illustrate variations, which will be

discussed below. So far we have seen that in both “steep” positions the following details can be observed:

one. The feet are located separately at a distance equal to “shoulder width” and parallel on an imaginary line towards the target.

two. The trunk is slightly inclined towards the direction opposite to the target. The shoulder girdle is slightly open towards the target

3. (Which some coaches don't like very much ...)

4th The head does not turn completely towards the target. The face and eyes look directly at the target.

5. The arm and wrist are straight.

6th

In general, these manifestations are unspectacular and are oriented to anatomical needs. The position of the elite shooters that we see above, is not characterized by

extreme contortions, but on the contrary, they seem relatively comfortable and natural, within what is possible according to the load on one side.

These conditions should be taken into account, if one is doomed to search for a position of individual precision. Good results are not found in complicated, twisted or

extreme positions, but rather in a comfortable and natural position. The body harmoniously accommodates the demands of pistol firing if it has been carefully prepared.

27
P.1.3. opening angle

From the inclined posture to the "half open". Uwe prefers the medium variant, which we see again below from three perspectives. In precision shooting, this middle

way

surely not to despise.

The angle to the target

The greatest differences in the choice of external posture are seen in the turn of the body towards the target. At one extreme is the completely linear alignment of the feet,

hips, and shoulders toward the target, that is, the leaning posture. The other is the so-called "open" posture, in which these parts of the body are arranged almost at right

angles. Most of the shooters move between these two poles, it is that the trend is towards the inclined variant. Static applies for alignment. When the muscle and bone

frame is focused directly on the target, the shot can be well muffled. Therefore, the resistance against the impulse of the fire development is optimal in this position, the

weapon will show a

28
minimal deviation. The higher the caliber, the higher this advantage. With the air pistol, it is only perceived by the shooter, with higher caliber the torsion of the trunk is

also clearly perceived by the observer.

Of course, greater stability comes at a price. The head should rotate almost 90 degrees toward the target, causing tension in the neck and shoulder muscles. This in turn

irritates the peripheral muscles and thereby disrupts the clamping process.

Also in the linear position, the surface of the stand is very narrow in its lateral extension. This reduces the basis for controlling the lateral oscillations of the body. This

leads - as mentioned - to greater lateral oscillations of the whole body.

In a fully open posture the head and neck are in an optimal position, but to do this the arm must rotate

towards the face. The greater the shoulder width,

the further is the road and the more inclined the arm is.

Precision

How inclined can stand, it is a question of the training and mobility of the shooter

Jump height during shooting. Idealized modification of the "leaning" posture towards the

"Open". With the increase in caliber, the trend intensifies.

Viesier line
more short,

Wrist

Broken.

Position Posture extremely

extremadaments Position Posture relatively "Open"

"Inclined" (profiled) "normal" "Open"

Side and height oscillations from extremely linear position to right angle. The horizontal and vertical movements are kept in
opposite directions.

29
The slanted arm has the additional drawback of reducing control of the weapon during firing. Since the blow during the recoil collides diagonally on the bones and the

supporting forces of the arm, especially to generate a visible tendency of the pistol towards the right open side. The target moves to the right and after slow braking it will

come to a stop. Add to that the "bending" of the wrist and a (considerable) decrease in the target line. Therefore, the open position is hardly observed in its pure form.

However, beginners adopt this stance when they first aim at the target.

In the practice of sports championships, inclined (profiled) positions dominate. In recent years, the trend is clearly pointing towards a profiled line orientation. Of course this

variant places higher demands on motor skills and especially on physical condition. However, these disadvantages will be offset by the acquisition of stability. In order to

withstand the profiled position for the duration of the championship, it is necessary to increase the training conditions and make a greater effort in training.

Beginners should start in a position that corresponds to the third picture in the line above. In this way the oscillations of the side of the body can be controlled and the head

can be positioned without contractures in this rotation. With increasing practice, the posture can be brought into more profiled regions. How far and how fast this happens will

depend on the shooter's condition and training. You notice how far you can go during the turn. The best indication lies in the condition of the neck and arm.

30th
P.1.4. Dr. Robert Loke: How open should the posture be?

Who is standing obliquely

white, offers greater
Recoil resistance, providing a longer line of sight.

For this, greater tensions in the arm and neck must be supported,
the lateral pendulum of the position is greater.

Whoever is standing openly, sways less and generates less stress

on the neck and arm. In turn, the weapon jumps more and many
times to the left. (Torsion)

Those who tend to have little mobility and have joint problems will
necessarily opt for this variant. Mobility training and moderate
strength training will allow you to position your posture more and
more outlined.

Execution and opening

Who does not execute his posture correctly towards the target, needs more strength, particularly in the upper shoulder muscles and especially in the area of the joints. As

the time to hold the weapon increases and the championship progresses, this musculature becomes tired, making it more difficult to hold the weapon firm. In addition, any

distraction tends to make the weapon go against the effort made.

Exercise: Stand at the firing range and place a target. Stand in front of the target in such a way as if you wanted to shoot. Take the gun in hand and go to position. When the

target is in the retention space, close your eyes for a few seconds. Reopen your eyes and observe the target, and where the crosshairs (dash) has moved. Now try to

reposition the target in the center of the retention space, you will notice that it will need force. You will also notice that there is a tendency of movement against the force

performed.

31
With this procedure you can check your ideal position, the most comfortable (and therefore the most stable) which is aligned with the target. If lateral deviations appear, they

will be corrected by changing the position of the foot behind the target. If the retention space is to the right of the middle axis of the target, the position will be corrected by

placing the foot back to front and vice versa.

It may happen that as a result of fatigue, warm-up or excitement, after a few shots, the retention space moves to one side. On the one hand, there is a checks and

corrections being carried out during the course of training and competitions. Important: A bad positioning of the aiming zone should never be corrected by modifying the

angle of the wrist or compensated by turning the trunk.

Head position

In shooting position the head is directed at the target and should be straight and upright. Leaning to the side or back "at the neck" should be avoided. On the one hand this

position would limit the sensation for balance, and on the other it would be relatively difficult to reproduce this position identically with each position. But above all, every

wrong positioning of the head has consequences on the aim.

Exercise: Place the weapon on a company base. Stand or sit behind the weapon so that it is pointed at a fixed object. Slowly shake your head and watch what is

happening. Although the position of the sights and the target are fixed, the target is moving. Also slight movements of the head continuously modify the optic axis.

An angle question.

The shoulder joint is very mobile. You can direct the arm and gun in almost any direction.

Precision

Finding the stress-free angle to the target ...

32
Robert Loke, A-Coach and “left out” in the BundesLiga record champion PSV Olimpia Berlin. Controller and co-author of this

book, he was a national trainer for the WSB, currently advising talented shooters in this region.

Here the graduated physicist explains how he stands at the angle of aperture towards the target.

The bra space free of

contractures. Shooters

experienced

they found that the right arm can go

further to the side. An effect of

training up

now ...

And so different forms of play are also found in practice, varying the position of the arm from the abdomen to the direction of the shoulder. Two interests collide here: On

the one hand, the posture should remain stable even in the event of external disturbances (eg recoil of the weapon), which is at most guaranteed by an inclined posture.

On the other hand, long loading times require an economic management of physical resources, and thus a relaxed position. Which in turn favors an open posture.

During a close look a relaxed stop position is observed, since many muscles remain close to their state of rest, since this way the force is in balance. How inclined then

should the posture be to remain relaxed? How open should it be without losing too much stability?

The angle of the target is determined by the relaxation of the front and rear muscles of the back strap (as long as this position is allowed) and at the same time the

necessary forces are even.

Here, however, two conditions must be considered:

1) As our arms are in front of our body during daily work (for example when reading a book or newspaper or while working on the computer), the front muscles

are more developed than the rear and therefore more or less.

two) Limitations in the movements of the cervical area or of the head can cause that a more inclined position of the posture can only be carried out with limitations.

33
 For this reason, many untrained people can only achieve an open (front) position of relative posture.

Obviously the angle existing at the beginning between the body axis and the firing axis is modifiable. Except in the case of physiological limitations of the mobility of

the joints, the muscles can be trained through specific training (strengthening and stretching exercises as well as the same training of shooting more inclined position

of the posture

Exercise:

Exercise 1. Standing raise both arms to the sides of the body. Move your arms stretched forward and then horizontally back. You will notice that this position is perceived

as relaxed only at a relatively small angle. By leaving the angle of this area, the position of the arm becomes more difficult.

Precisely this turning zone towards the "pleasant" side is the recommended angle at this time. From this opening the position must be constructed. If the outer flank of

the comfortable movement zone is worked, it will open itself to this side.

3. 4
P.1.4. Wrist and hand

Body swings are not that serious, since they practically arrive as parallel movements. Furthermore, a large and heavy

system reacts relatively slowly and therefore predictable.

In any case, every effort should be made to master the side roll.

More difficult are the movements of the forearm joint, because they surround the height and the side. According to
the shooter's training, they can cover the target, for example, from zone 8 to 10.

In any case, every effort should be made to master the side roll.

The tolerances on the wrist, which are driven with approx. 20 percent of the barrel movement is dangerous.

Since this axis is very movable and at the same time fulfills various functions, the appearance of movements is

programmed. For problems with orientation, an adjustable grip is ideal.

Lever Conditions

The swings with the pistol are considerable compared to those of a shotgun blast. The reason for these considerable deviations is the greater mobility of a handgun. This

can be tilted and rotated at least 3 axes, that is, around the stable surface ("lateral oscillations"), around the articulation of the upper arm and wrist. Movements of the upper

body or elbow are neglected in this assessment. The effects of these three main joints of pistol motion are different, as different lever conditions prevail. In this way the arc

of movement on the target will move by a single centimeter to the left, if the shooter also leans forward by a single centimeter (nose direction). The turn of a centimeter (in

the canon)

35
around the joint of the upper arm would represent approximately eight times the value on the target, the same movement from the wrist twenty times this value.

From these considerations, they are attributed to the stability of the three joints

<< Sunken front sight> <Hand (or arm?)

Low

The simplest and most perpetual exercise for hand and wrist coordination is the shot itself. It puts all the demands at

the same time and without commitment.

Who wants a special challenge, closes their eyes for 5 seconds as soon as the aim hits the target.

Where is the hand after these 5 seconds and where is the notch towards the rear sight?

different concepts. The main priority belongs to the wrist, since here mistakes are punished more harshly. In spite of the fact that precisely this double hinge is in several

ways particularly sensitive to discomfort. By nature it is intended for rapid and wide movements. Since freedom at our hands for all kinds of activities. Added to this is the

fact that all the tensions of the grip come together on the wrist. By holding the gun, you can see the movement of the tendons, which is happening under the skin. One of

these tendons is responsible for the execution, a dynamic function, from which there must not be a disturbance, which is transmitted to the other tendons. Neither the aim

happens independently from the wrist,

36
Precision

Errors in fixing the wrist are the most dangerous ...

After observing this sensitive multiple load, it is almost trivial to expect the shooter to take a position of the wrist "relaxed and stable at the same time", as has been stated

in other books on this subject. In reality, at least three functions of the hand and wrist are expected:

Let him hold the weapon each time with the same firmness and with the ideal force. Let him distribute this force of wielding each time in

an equal and ideal way.

Make the impulse to aim and fire the weapon as correct and smooth as possible.

As every shooter understands in his first practices, this sport is about a craft. Everything that can be done with precision and strength of the 5 fingers, the palm of the hand

and the corresponding wrist is required of the hand.

Only the fingers and the hand have more nerves and sensors than the rest of the body (without taking into account the head). Also the brain regions are proportionally large

to address in a valley way, that we should not worry about their function. Our hand can execute countless skills with maximum precision if we train it a lot and systematically.

For this, it is necessary to strengthen the hand and wrist, the training and graduation of the stock (it must be absolutely modifiable) But above all our concentration, our

maximum attention on one of the fundamental principles PUSH: push yawn and poop yawn Pressure during the shot and I gently release… ”Always repeat over and over

again, in training and competitions.

37
P.1.5. Head, arm, hand and fingers

Up the head is slightly Also for hand and fingers the

inclined, straight line is the first

surely for commandment. The first

bring the eye to the phalanx of the index finger and thumb follow the line of

left without having to twist your neck the canon. The phalanges of the fingers that hold the

further. Without weapon are brought back at a right angle. This is valid

However this is not what as an indication of a cylinder head

"Technically

correct ”, but it is more

comfortable. correct.

The gun is in the

prolongation of the forearm, the arm continues straight

back. The line of sight passes through the center of the

wrist and over the

arm.

Head, arms, hands and fingers

Upon hearing the word outer posture one thinks first of the position of the body in space, perhaps also of the position of the muscle mass. However the smaller units, such

as the hand, the fingers or the fingertips are equally important. Few millimeters wrong in trigger position can totally ruin a shot. Positioning a foot times around 30

centimeters would have much less consequences.

The observation of the external posture should be done with a zoom lens. In our illustrations we have done this in the true sense of the word. The coach should

38
Use a long-sight glasses if necessary for these cases. When observing the trigger finger from a few meters away with the telescope, it will be noticed that here in a minimum

space very important adjustments are registered. One makes contact once like this and again in a different way, another pays attention to strict meticulousness in each

movement. Before taking the real shot, that is, with the movement of the tip, when placing the finger, the correct direction is already determined.

When shooting, the shooter cannot observe himself. He controls the details of the shot through touch on the spot. This is more accurate than the best scope, because it

operates by touch, which shows fractions of a millimeter and at the same time offers three-dimensional information. In this way you can see how the finger was finderaba

on the trigger or how the head was buried on the shoulders. Responsible for this are sensors that deal with pressure, voltage and temperatures and do it exactly.

Precision

Arm, wrist and fingers in the same line….

The first commandment

is the right direction of the pressure in

Axis direction

Canyon. This generally

It seems weird, as the finger only hits the trigger

guard awkwardly.

But
shooter feels exactly if the pressure actually
circulates straight back.

39
Recommendations for head position are made relatively quickly. Your head should rest straight, upright, and comfortable on your shoulders. But every rule has an

exception: whoever wants to place the eye on the target line in the steep blow, can eventually place the neck slightly crooked. Your head may need to be tilted a little to do

this, as shown in the figure above left, because this slightly reduces the amount of turning required. In this way, greater stability is acquired at the expense of a relaxed

position. The shooter quickly figures out whether it suits him or not. Also for the arm, hand and fingers, the rule of a straight line, relaxed and thus a comfortable position

governs. Especially the wrist should Finder in the natural continuation of the forearm. Since the muscles of the fingers, Especially the trigger finger are located in the

forearm, the force impulses must be directed through this narrow passage. Any inclination would impair travel and lead to slow or distorted commands.

What "just" happens sometimes manifests itself differently to the observer, than the shooter actually feels. For this we observe the arm of the shooter in the upper

left.

It is a mistake, that just by thinking: "right", "comfortable" and "natural" one reaches the perfect individual solution of the ideal setback. Many times it is necessary to accept

small inclinations, discomfort and unnatural postures, because that way you get better shots. The human anatomy has secrets, among others in pistol shooting.

40
P.1.5.1. Head position in detail

The position of the head from above:

Big setbacks (left) Generally require a slight tilt of the face toward the target. This reduces the necessary torsion of the neck. The

more the position is "opened", the less is the turn towards the absolutely angular position of the eyes towards the target. A slight tilt of the face brings the focusing eye closer to the target. This reduces the

necessary twisting of the neck.

The eyes are not only responsible for the aiming process, but also direct the weapon towards the target and
The more natural the turns and tilts, the smoother the head can be set. This is decisive to bring the eyes closer to
regulate the position of the body in space before the recoil itself and the direction towards the target.
the same position for each shot and to keep them still for the duration of the targeting process.

Face position is the measurement base from which all soundings are made. The more upright
A valuable orientation, to keep the head tilt constant, is the frame of the telescope glass.
the head can be kept, the more reliable the results of all the soundings of the target are. In long
Anyone looking exactly through the middle automatically guarantees a constant head
series, the comfort of the head position is precisely of great importance.
position.

Stabilize the measurement base

"The championships are defined with the head", is a phrase that is heard frequently, and that wants to remember the physical and tactical demands in the first place.

Before entering the field of the art of mental shooting, we should first discuss the head as a totally normal part of the body, because it plays a very important factor in the

balance of posture and as the "seat" of the eyes.

With approximately 5 kilos of tournament weight, the brain capsule is located in the highest part of the body. A narrow cylinder made up of bones, muscles, tendons,

and some feeding functions is attached to the torso through the neck. The function

41
More surprising about the neck is its mobility. You can move your head sideways as well as up and down. These movements can be combined with each other without

problems, so that we can direct our head in any direction at approximately 90 °. This freedom surely serves the purpose of orientation, the more mobile the head, the better

the eyes, ears and nose can be directed towards near and far novelties.

The pistol shooter uses the movement of his head to direct his face towards the target. In the case of opposite positions this is 30 - 45 degrees, in profiled positions a

quarter turn of almost 90 ° is made. This is almost the biggest twist possible.

For physiological and ideal reasons, turn the head until it is exactly parallel in the same plane of the target. Both eyes should be at the same height simultaneously. In this

way the conditions for the view of the environment and with it the regulation of the balance will not be disturbed.

Precision

Head and eyes are the basis for posture on target.

When lifting the pistol into the firing position, the head is
generally positioned slightly back as the torso is shifted to
level the weight.

In this case this it implies

approximately the length of the nose and occurs during each shot
with great symmetry. The trainer can monitor these changes by
using a spyglass mounted on a tripod and recording the positions
during the course of a program. To accurately demonstrate these

The glasses as an orientation frame and the arm as a support help considerably to
For observations, a grid is installed in the background, with which stabilize the position of the head. The rest is a matter of sensitivity, concentration and
you can see the movement during the shot and with which you can training.
measure the development during the course of the series.

The oscillations of the whole body are not so serious, since in the bank they arrive as a parallel deviation. Whoever leans 5

millimeters back, moves the attachment point 5 mm. But if the head alone moves 5mm, this turn around the axis of the
A video equipment later allows to demonstrate the development to the shooter.
front sight means 10 times more.

42
This ideal position for the eyes is unfortunately related to high demands on the muscles and tendons of the neck. In this way, they must turn (always the same) in a fairly

wide direction. This causes contractures and can cause fine vibrations. Over time they threaten contractures, which are unpleasant and can also increase the vibrations of

the head.

For these considerations, on the one hand, it is recommended to turn the head only to the limits of personal comfort. On the other hand, regular training creates free

spaces, especially if correction and stretching exercises are performed.

For optimal body balance and accurate aiming, the head and eyes should remain as steady as possible during the shot.

The oscillations of the whole body are less problematic, since they affect the arm and the weapon in equal measure and cause simply a parallel deviation on the target.

Isolated movements of the head occur more deeply because they also lead to wrong target positions. Therefore, the shooter will instinctively stabilize the posture of his

head, increasing the tension of the neck and shoulders or lightly resting the chin on the arm.

In the construction of the shot it is decisive, to find a stable position for the head as much as possible, since from this base it manages the position of the body, the

elevation of the arm and the aiming process. This balance is conducted through the sense of the muscles and can be monitored for example with the help of a mirror and -

for training purposes - by means of a video.

43
P.1.6. Hand and butt, details

The shooter feels the grip

with high

sensibility.
Concentration and

sensibility are aces, and you want to

keep them

during a program

full.

The sport pistol se

holds with greater

force, since recoil

and the resistance of

trigger are older.

The grip and position are correct, if the front sight meets, as if by itself, the rear sight (with
eyes closed).
The middle finger should support the main weight and be fully supported on the first and
second segments. The middle phalanges of the middle, ring, and little fingers are at right
angles to the axis of the barrel (top) and form almost a line (bottom).
The index finger should only make contact at the beginning of the first joint and then only touch
the trigger. Ideally it is an impulse oriented absolutely parallel (horizontal and vertical!) Towards
the axis of the barrel. For this, the finger must necessarily take a curved path since the triggers
of all pistols are located below the beginning of the hand. Important is first and foremost the
exact right-angle location of the fingertip on the trigger.

The thumb looks straight at the target, without putting pressure on the stock.

Grip and grip

The position of the hand on the pistol grip is a critical part of shooting. But surely it also covers the theme of weapon programming.

How the hand is held and how the grip should be grasped are central to pistol shooting. The more natural the wrist, palm and fingers are positioned, the easier it will be to

hold, aim and execute the shot. But adjusting the stock clamping is a never-ending story. Here perfection or lasting conformity is never achieved. Despite this, with each

measure or provision something improves. There is no pistol shooter, who does not find doubt in the pistol grip. Many specialists spend hours and days with lime, pasta

and spatula.

44
For the position and pressure of the hand the butt of the pistol is of vital importance. A grip can make a lot easier, while a formed specimen times can create a lot of

inconvenience. In any case, the coincidence between the existing shape and the hand of each one influences above all.

To arrive at a "proper" grip, various strategies are offered. First of all, one should look for a pistol, the grip of which attracts you immediately, when you grasp it you feel it for

yourself. In the case of existing various sizes, it is recommended to buy the most pleasant one. Many air pistols also offer handles that facilitate lateral and height

corrections, which allow individual adaptations. This option should be taken into account without fail in case of purchase. Also on the adjustment of the cylinder head should

be noted, that daily improvements can occur.

Precision

Adjust, test, improve ...

The hand from above, the pistol is inserted with the

left hand and carried with a slight inclination from the Straight line

left> against the V between thumb and forefinger.

The "strength" for the support, starts first of all from
the second phalanx of the middle finger. From the V
between the thumb and the annular. The most
important criterion for an accomplished position is the
position of the index finger. This finger must be able
to move freely and reach the trigger from the front, so
that the impulse to shoot in a direction parallel to the
axis of the barrel takes effect and does not produce
lateral deviations.

The pressure when holding is a question of

dosage. Here the art of activating the index
finger is highlighted, without the four remaining
fingers registering a tension or vibration.

The position of the index finger is delicate. Here the grip, position and trigger guard position must be compatible, until the
momentum when firing is correct. Quite comfortable is the free pistol grip because there the hand can embrace elements in an
“orthopedic” way. This generally allows a more "gentle" grip on the stock, since the trigger can be set to the desired low setting. But
beware, a soft bra leads to problems, when nerves are strained in the "hot" phases of a Championship.

Unleashing

perfect,

all in order.

Four. Five
In recent years the manufacture of Standard stocks has improved considerably and offer the shooter very good quality in shape and surface. The second strategy for

adjusting the stock are modifications with “spatula and file”. Here annoying corners and volumes are filed and missing fillings are completed. This task requires manual skills,

which are acquired over time.

The tailoring of a stock is the ideal way. For this there are specialists who offer their services and have a lot of experience in the details. Precisely for the stock it is worth

contacting a specialist (trainer, specialist), because here our effort of many hours of training will be put into play.

The hand-cylinder head relationship is dynamic. Only with the clamping and distribution of the holding force on the surface of the wood is true contact established. Here

goes first, Finder always immediately inside the grip (or keep your hand “in”). Then the pressure of the fingers and the palm of the hand must be identical with each shot.

How strong the pressure is depends on the caliber and resistance of the trigger. Mainly the free pistol is taken more smoothly than the sport pistol. How strong the

individual subjection is, each one determines for himself, setting the limits of resistance, his own strength. It only works for the championship, which can be "resisted"

throughout the program. The hand and fingers are available for 1000 - 230,000 square centimeter pressure sensors.

46
P.1.7. Various precision specialties

Shooting in different specialties.

The first specialty in precision is the shooting with air pistols, as long as the number of competitors is taken as a reference. That is why we have concentrated our

representation on this weapon. Following the spread of the sports pistol, this would be ranked second. The free pistol shooting remains, which corresponds to the oldest

championships of the Olympic games. Basics there are few reasons why the shot differs in these three areas of precision. The objective itself is very similar: If possible

the pistol should be fired keeping it stable and without great discomfort. Differences are found once at distances of 10, 25 and 50 meters, which are noticeable when

aiming. More obvious are the differences in the pistols used. These differ based on your weight, balance, and

47
grip as its caliber and its recoil. But above all they differ in the regulation weight of the trigger, which must be at least 1000 grams in the sports pistol, 500 grams in the air

pistol. The free pistol allows a trigger resistance at will of the shooter, and in practice it is graduated between only 10 to 50 grams.

These differences are generally insignificant in the outer position. The trigger arm, hand, and finger should exert more force because of the increased recoil

momentum and the greater resistance of the trigger. These changes take place primarily on the inside and are hardly noticeable from the outside.

Precision

Similar delineation of position and details.

48
The observation of some details with the Sports Pistol and with the Free Pistol hardly shows any deviations with the photos on the previous page. The Free, Air and Sport

pistols are generally fired from the same position. Arms, hands, and fingers are in mostly similar positions.

But what from the outside looks almost the same, from the active feels quite different. A precision shooter could fill pages with details, which must be taken into account

when transferring from one weapon to another. They will appear later in relation to the development of the movements, the aim and the execution of the shot.

For the outer position, the recommendation to treat to perform the actions as equally as possible. In order not to make major modifications when switching from one

specialty to another, the combo shooter should be limited to uniform proportions.

To achieve this uniformity, it is worth studying the shot. Especially the position of the foot. The position of the feet can be drawn on a free pistol target and carried from

one place to another. As soon as the positions are incorporated identically, the legs, torso, and arms will end up in the same position on their own.

Who wants to be more exact, should make photos, which should be taken with the same distance, angle and objective. Here the eventual variations will be noted, which will

then be studied and classified as "necessary" or "unnecessary".

49
P.2. Internal position: 5 factors

All three SCATT drawings show internal

shots of diminishing quality. They could
describe a good marksman (380 points), a
medium (365), and a beginning marksman
(<340).

In the same way, these three quality levels could

describe the same shooter during

he training,
during a championship and during the last shot
of a championship.
In he arm

extended, small weaknesses are already noted in

coordination and very clearly in tension.

The "internal position" is invisible, but by the shooter remarkably noticeable. It involves elements such as breathing,
balance and muscular strength, but also posture and especially all of these elements.

Breathing

Sometimes the "inside position" fits as if on other days, and under pressure must be evaluated by the shooter
himself.
Stability Tensions
Position

Internals

Lateral oscillations

of the body in general

Balance Coordination
(Balance)

Eye movement and

quality of vision.

Trigger control

Position of the
Stability of head

subjection

Breathing
Strength of

wrist

Arm strength and arm rest

Frequency of

pulse

Internal relations

The "internal" position is called the force, the stresses and the equilibrium relations that prevail during the shot. If all these conditions are developed, controlled and

synchronized, then the pistol "rests" calmly and reacts in an even and calculable way at the moment of the shot. It is practically possible to appreciate the internal position, if

you compare a good shot during a training with an “excited” one during a championship. Whereas during training conditions one stands in a calm, loose and controlled way,

acts with precision and feels confident, during a match this can turn into the opposite: arm and hand are cramped, the body oscillates, the

fifty
head moves and finger on shutter seems locked. Pulse and blood pressure rise, shortness of breath. Finally the resistance disappears, read you look they take

a crazy unknown direction

Some performance parameters and body functions of internal posture are hinted at in the photo above. These can be expanded but we will take care of the most important

ones. If you wanted to put in a range, first mention would be the control of the shot and appreciation. If the eye or perhaps the index finger is wrong, this can have

devastating consequences on the target.

The internal position is marked by the factors statics, balance, tensions, breathing and coordination. These elements can be consciously influenced and directed. For this,

special exercises can be performed, which influence these abilities. Through specific training, for example, adequate breathing can be acquired, which should be smooth,

even and circulate through the belly.

Precision

What happens inside and why it manifests like this in the championship.

In the Championship, mastering the internal position is an art in itself. Carmen Seeger has to constantly relax, concentrate and bring her breathing at the correct rate.

Only then will you be able to keep your pistol calm and shoot neatly.

What happens around is equally exciting as the results of the direct adversary's targets or the announcements of the commentator. Each psychic movement affects the

body, and involves muscles, breathing and concentration.

This is the true moment of truth for coordination: Only the one who has learned without compassion during training, resists the demands of the Championship.

51
 BREATHING

STABILITY

BALANCE

TENSIONS

CAPACITY OF

COORDINATION

Development of

movement
Terms

Rhythm of psychic

shot and Level of

Shooting stress
POSITION

INTERNAL
Position
Physical state
External

A special place among the factors of internal position occupies coordination. It practically covers the entire addressing of the entire development at the time of shooting and

is therefore very complex. It takes a lot of training and the delineation of training demands, to develop this "process".

As a framework of conditions for the internal position, the external position, the physical state, the development of the movements, the rhythm and the mental state

should be mentioned. Each of these influences is inevitably reflected in the general internal climate.

The overall performance of the internal position can be almost equated with the result of a program. Differentiated statements are obtained from SCATT systems, which

accurately transmit the oscillations, the arc of movement, the aim and the development of the shot as well as the continuation of the shot.

At the same time, this method has been named one of the most important elements of training. If someone stands in front of a SCATT system and observes its oscillations

after each shot, they immediately realize what limits it and what benefits it. This is very effective in home dry training and sometimes gets you to the goal faster than very

severe training.

The internal position is the "soul" of the shot. Whoever masters the subtleties of balance and muscular tensions, is right, even if the external characteristics have flaws.

This is worth much more during a Championship, because here it is important to maintain sensitivity during the “storm”. Here nothing is better than paying attention to

detail.

52
P.2.1. Example: Makhail Nestruev

The rest position between shots, a dry shot with eyes closed, the position during the shot.

The system manufacturer and computer specialist perfectly shows what distinguishes the successful Russian
school of pistols for dozens of years.

Straight up, one middle breath on target. Then

go down and a 10-12 second long targeting process.

What does not work; is left. After the shot is analyzed.

Just nothing special

Makail Nestruev's stance is not very flashy.

It is slightly open towards the target, the position is a little more hunched. For the common is the left hand position. It is upright neither "hooked" nor "inserted", the arm

hangs completely free. Believing to have discovered a signal, he inserts his left hand into his diver's pants for the duration of a few shots.

53
Precision.

Of inner balance ...

Silver with Air Pistol (591 + 98.8) and Gold with Free Pistol (565 +

98.3) in Athens. European record with Standard Pistol and Center Fire (590). In 4 of 5 specialties ISSF Makhal

Nestruev is

absolute master.

The position is slightly open towards the target, the feet are relatively close together. The curvature of the general

position is somewhat greater than average.

The left arm hangs freely downward or slides into the trouser pocket. Nothing special.

All the actions in the course of his work, show measure and harmony, everything happens in a calm and even way. Longer than usual are the aims. Ten to 12 seconds

elapse on average on the target. After this time either the shot occurs or it is suspended. Several times, if the situation requires it.

The pursuit of the unusual is also a disappointment in hardware. The Muscovite's equipment is directly Spartan: a wristwatch, a round can of projectiles, a

screwdriver. With a narrow adhesive strip on the frame of the glasses (without glasses) the left eye is covered, an invisible hearing protection provides silence.

54
The preparation and the Championship happen without major alterations. Take position, correct it here and there. A few dry shots, and development begins. Everything

remains calm, nothing happens out of the ordinary. The count at the end shows 384 points, with a 12-point advantage over his rival.

Neither in their posture or their equipment are there recognized major deviations from the guild's basic rules.

All his movements seem reduced to a minimum, nothing happens without function. Each movement shows total concentration, it develops in an internal meditation.

55
P.2.2. Balance

A well-balanced position allows curves like this: The

gun
well right, read

lateral oscillations are few. By persisting (red line)

the weapon remains on target.

If the body swings to the side (blue and green lines)

the arm performs counter-movements The feet are in the middle of the line to the target, the gun is above perpendicular

(plumb). These are the most favorable conditions for an optimal balance.

unintentional to correct the target location. This

causes barely calculable oscillations,

that irritate and unsafe the shooter at the moment of The shooter practices this at home in front of the mirror and there develops a

the shot. "sense" for the correct distribution of weight on the soles of the feet.

Balance and oscillations

In a standing position, the human body is in constant motion. Unlike a statue, the living organism constantly causes irritations, which lead to oscillations around the point

where it is standing. At the height of the head, this movement is greater, since we move like a television tower around the “foundation”, which in our case is the soles of the

feet. According to the position of the feet, the direction of the oscillations is different. Munkh (the Russian shooter) swings in the up position primarily from left to right,

because here only the length of the feet provides the effective basis of the movement.

To avoid a greater sway or perhaps fall, our senses of balance provide us with the necessary counter-impulses. If we lean forward, this is reported to our nervous system

(above the eyes) and the muscles quickly produce a counter impulse. We do this daily thousands of times and that is why

56
we barely perceive it. Physiologists speak of an "automatic regulation", because it works automatically.

For shooting, these sideways oscillations are quite unpleasant. It is to be expected that they are reflected on the target in such a way, as can be seen in the body itself.

One to two centimeters in the position to both sides it is normal. To this is added that the shooter who is aiming, hardly leaves such a pronounced oscillation without

reacting. If your front sight swings left and right, you will actively try to counter this range. This usually happens with the arm, which then works in the opposite direction.

Observing the shooter in position over the shoulder, you see both the movement of the body and the arm working in the opposite direction. In beginners this is

quite noticeable, while conspicuously less in champions.

Precision

What should happen on the inside, but slightly crashes during the championship ...

Shooters should stand exactly vertically behind their target, because in

this way their eyes are better used to the lines of the space to orient
themselves to landmarks, such as walls, pillars, ceilings and floors.

In the example, the shooter has two brands at its disposal: the boxes inclined 10

meters away and the upper frame of the monitor.

57
 Correction generally works best with close support lines: when aiming,
the cue ball covers the left eye only with a narrow transparent band.

In this way
mostly keep perceptions of space and control of oscillations intact.

Although the bar is on the edge of the face field, it is sufficiently

recognized
by he system of

“peripheral” recognition.
When shooting with sport pistols, a wider binder comes into play,
because here the lateral oscillation is
less important than fast image capture.

The oscillations of the body do not appear regularly, they can be clearly differentiated from shot to shot.

Tiredness, excitement and lack of concentration increase these

oscillations. By means of special exercises these oscillations can be reduced remarkably. A fixed point close to the eye, for example a tripod, shows the oscillations and

can therefore be reduced considerably.

The shooter should stand in a balanced manner. This is considerably easier if the center of gravity of the body and the gun is above the center line of the station. The

shooter feels this as an even load on the bunion and the forefoot, in this balanced position the tendency to oscillations is less.

The eyes perform the greatest task in perceiving the oscillations. For this reason, it should be considered to cover the vision of the non-pointing eye with a minimum blinder

or (an iris screen) so as not to restrict the work of balance. For this reason, during the point of aiming, the face should be free as much as possible so that both eyes can

recognize the lines in space. This way the "autopilot" works without any hassle. The orientation of the space is favored, if one stands directly in front of the target.

Experiment: Observe a shooter during the shot and observe only his crown there. Remember, how much the head moves to the left and to the right. Ask him to do the

same with his eyes closed and compare.

58
P.2.2.1. Exercises for Balance

More difficult it is, when one eye is covered or closed.

With both eyes open, here the optical orientation

The most difficult exercise is: with the eyes closed,
regulates the balance
balance is regulated from the sense of position.

The easiest:
This exercise
balance

From easy to complicated: The exercise series from left to right shows 5 different positions Beginners perform the exercises with their eyes open, advanced ones close one eye or both.

with increasing difficulty. Concentrate to stay still in each position for about 20 seconds. During training, sport shoes or shooting shoes can be used, being barefoot especially benefits

Breathe through the abdomen and hold the air for 10-15 seconds, just as we are sensitivity.

Five minutes a day is enough to improve or

used during shooting position. Keep in shape the principles of a standing swing. Test these exercises also before a training session

or a match.

Balance and training

Balance during immobility, an unusual requirement, which is really only needed during shooting. In no other sports discipline, except perhaps in acrobatics, this ability

brings a special advantage, therefore it is impossible to Finder in sports science, any training method to deepen this art.

The best way to measure your ability to balance is based on the latest vibrations. This can be observed through the representation with the SCATT electronic system that

shows us the movement during the aim and prior to the exit of the shot. The orange line shows us the movement during the aim, the green line

59
the movement during the last second before the execution of the shot, and the yellow line the movements during the continuation of the shot. These movements are

expressed in millimeters. (Colors can be varied)

But the athlete learns of his oscillations immediately and based on his perceptions. He sees himself oscillating as long as he points to a frame of reference. He feels

balancing as soon as he feels the pressure on the soles of his feet, or the tensions that his muscles create to effect the correction.

The above exercises work directly with the athlete's perceptions and therefore can be performed independently at any place or time.

Special elements such as balls have not been considered here, because they are too far from practice.

As objectives of the balance exercises mentioned above, we appeal to four effects, which are deepened according to the continuity and intensity of the training:

Precision

The sense of position is trainable, but still keep your eyes open.

This can be simulated, as long as (with or without a gun) in that it is taken as a

Who has approved the basic exercises, passes to the special exercises of the posture. These should be done target in space or outside, for example the window in a neighboring building.

first without and then with the weapon.

Try first, standing on the middle of the sole of the foot, that is, in perfect balance. Then lean It can be done with greater difficulty, as it involves aligning two

forward as far as possible and try to stay still in this position. Now the inclination is divided levels. To do this, a strip is placed on the sale and it is pointed to the

and it is verified, how the balance is maintained here. Then the same order in recline. target outside. To achieve balance of the hand, strip, and target, the
position point must be carefully sought.

Work with the eyes open and closed and finally cover the left eye.
Maxima difficulty,
Many more ideas on the subject will come of their own accord, when pleasure
train sensitivity and

Record how fragile the balance becomes, as soon as the left eye is covered. has been achieved in balance training.
muscles. The legs

change by staying

standing with eyes This experience shows, because during the shot only one strip Ideal for this is also to achieve a system for home training, with
which lateral oscillations can be perfectly demonstrated.
F. EC OR rr t to OR d s you. How much m to ace ngosta should serve as a blinker, so that the left eye participates
deep breath
actively in regulating balance!
(abdominal), all the more

stable it position.
The balance required by the shot is made in relation to the target.

60
 one. The training of the musculature, the sensitivity and the coordination of all the systems committed to the work of balance.

two. The basic experience, how the body oscillates and what is the way by which these movements can be reduced.

3. Special knowledge about the position and its stability with the sense of the face.

4th Bases and training of the balance apparatus.

It is very important to recognize that balance is not learned once and then mastered forever. Rather, this skill can be perfected the higher the level of training.

Furthermore, pauses in balance training lead to a decrease in balance, which can practically increase oscillations.

Those who have not fired in a long time, are tired or under nervous pressure, oscillate more. The exercises above,

also applied as short practices during a

Championship, they improve the control of the situation again. Sometimes only a little extra course is necessary during a match, to re-stabilize the position.

The sense of position should be trained daily. For sharpening training and for dry training, or as an element of fitness exercises. Approximately 50 to 70% of all movements

of the weapon on the target are produced by oscillations of the body. A potential that should be worked on because some capabilities are hidden in it.

61
P.2.3. Muscle tension

The hand holds the pistol with sufficient force, the index finger helps for stability, while
the pressure remains below the resistance of the trigger.

Tensions in the hand and fingers

With enough weight on the trigger, to remain still, the
they represent only 5% of the body's mass. Controversial is
shoulders, arm, hand, and fingers must
the "critical mass" of the pistol shot, here each muscle fiber

must be handled with perfection.

to be low Pressure,

different force distributed and always equally dosed.

In precision sport pistol shooting, the hand grabs with greater force, to better
handle the resistance of the trigger and to control recoil.

These interior position modifications are a matter of experience, but must be

optimized
constantly.

Force and tensions:

What makes pistol shooting difficult has been sufficiently demonstrated by the photos above. The weapon should be carried up with the arm outstretched and remain there

for 20 - 30 seconds. And this is not enough, the shooter with its weight must be kept in a motionless position. In the firing phase of this act of force, a highly sensitive action

is required from the middle finger: With a subtle additional impulse, the last 500 grams must be circumvented. of the trigger resistance. Then hold another second, so that

the shot can develop smoothly and so that the shooter can control the fixation of his wrist, and the appreciation of the result on the target.

62
This is totally a strength endurance performance that even a weightlifter demands the most of. You can surely affect the necessary lift, but with a large swing. What

perplexes us in holding the slingshot is the reality that its very thin arm can simultaneously combine holding strength, calmness and sensitivity during shooting. And this

50-60 times during a Championship, with at least 20 additional shots under the stressful conditions of a final.

We now observe this performance only at the level of muscle tension. This can be done right now, holding this book between your thumb and middle finger for 30

seconds and keeping your arm straight. We take a position as shown in the photo above and record, which muscle groups are stressed. Surely they will be those, which

on the back are marked with the red surface.

The longer the book (or gun) is held, the more tension is felt. Simply because the vibrations increase at the same time, because the stressed muscle is not fed enough and

therefore progressively fatigued.

Precision

Carefully dose the forces and "hold" always the same ...

The barrel always moves because the arm is under pressure. How large the oscillations are depends on the utilization of the force. The more relaxed the arm can be

kept, the more even the results of the curves are.

Clamping curves, as we see them in the photo above on the right, are the result of a training process of more than 10 years. They are obviously only

achievable by the most gifted (or the most careful).

training of position

includes strength and coordination. Shoulder, arm

and hand should be An effective exercise of muscle tensions can be

strong enough to perform the requested performed

movements in A training

to "lift" without homelike. To do this, hold a laser pointer under the gun

fatigue. They should also be well dosed and direct it to a circle (2 cm, at the height of the target) to

tensioned, so that pure tranquility. Finally it must a wall at 3 5 meters. away. Hold the gun for 20 - 30

be developed seconds and try to hold the light spot still. After 10

from this balance an imperceptible firing impulse.

Reps increase the difficulty, stepping at the same time,

This demands before all staying in the center.

training, best
dailyments.
As a third exercise, the trigger is incorporated. Pay

attention that the laser beam returns to the center.

With a practice of 10-15 minutes a day,

I know they observe rapid

Progress in the fixation.

63
Repeating this experiment using more pressure with the hand or using a greater weight, the fatigue and vibrations will accelerate. The greater the effort, the faster the

consequences begin. This is why a heavier pistol requires more force. To sustain this load, the shooter needs as a first step to build a resistance of special strength. This

happens through continuous training, in which the holding times increase until the necessary duration increases. Strength does not need "muscle bundles" as seen by the

cross arm of the cue ball on the previous page. A light arm is an advantage when holding the pistol, because its own weight is less.

The true art in holding a pistol is the dosage of the necessary forces. The less force required, the more fatigue and vibrations are avoided. Whoever holds the grip too

tightly enters the red zone earlier. On the contrary, if it is held with little force this leads to a rocking wrist and a lack of stability in the shot. Between these two cliffs is a very

narrow path, which must be traveled with great care.

The dosage of forces requires above all sensitivity. Tension the arm only where it is necessary and leave the other areas relaxed. Between shots the muscles should

consciously relax and stimulate circulation. Pause when the force drops.

64
 P.2.4 Breathing

Go down

Keep
TRIP representation. To hold
Lift up HEIGHT

OF THE HEIGHT OF
HEIGHT OF THE ARM HEIGHT
ARM ARM
Lift up Low alrtuSraosdteelnBerrazAoLTURA OF THE

OF THE
Lift up Lift up
Keep ARM
Go down Go down
Representation TO. n L. d T and OR l R. to TO. RC AES L P . .IIRBD.EOR R. N TO. . ZO
Lift up
ARM Raise Raise SostReensepri double To hold
Go down

HEIGHT OF BBaRjaArZO SostLeenvearB n / taAjarr

Keep ApunStaors-yourseprarar Keep

Lower Hold Re paa

ne s M r n irMtcaióen r
nnatbinerdeormina Keep
Keep CHEST breathing
r
Arm movement and breathing are similar. Small modulations of the filling of the lungs
have an effect on the height of the line of sight.

A delicate detail:

The expiration of the air is regulated, how much the gun

is lowered. Here the
finger sensitivity in training.

The shooter breathes through the abdomen, or through the diaphragm, to passive the
hug and shoulder muscles.
The movements of the arms are performed in synchronization with the airing of the lungs. When lifting it inhales, when

lowering it expires. In the target the lungs are relaxed. The diaphragm is pulled forcefully downward as you inhale and arches the abdomen outward. On expiration,

it only relaxes, the abdomen is flat again.

Here the air should circulate through the nose when inhaling and exhaling, because it slows down the

process.

Energy, peace of mind and precision

Breathing has three functions in targeting precision shot:

- Guarantees the supply of oxygen Regulates the mental

- condition

- Accompanies and supports the movement of the arm.

In order for the muscles, brain, eyes, and other body functions to be able to maneuver at a high level, they are subject to an even supply of oxygen. The organism itself

takes care of this, automatically adjusts the frequency of respiration to the needs. The pause

65
in respiration during the firing of approximately 10 seconds, the rest of the volume in the lungs and the oxygen particles found in the cells are easily exceeded. The shooter

should only pay attention to calm and even breathing between shots and avoid aiming times greater than 20 seconds.

Much more sensitive is the combination between respiration and the psychic state (see: "The psychology of the shot", Psyquisregulation). Intensive breathing increases

the pulse rate and thus general arousal. Taking air calmly and evenly reduces activity. These rules must be observed, if the breathing during the shot and in the pauses

are established. Between breathing and the sensation of stress, there is a narrow relationship, which can be used to reduce the phases of high nervousness. And

conversely to take fresh energy during mental fatigue.

In relation to the technique, the importance of taking a breath for the execution of the movement and for the internal position is of interest here in the first place.

Precision

Air drives the arm, nerves, and energy.

Air runs through the nose to calm the flow and purify at the same time. The amount and rhythm should always be the same, in order to

position the arm at the correct height and bring the oxygen concentration to the ideal level.

The diaphragm, one of the

strongest muscles in the body,
this

Diaphragm constantly active.

Since breathing moves the heart, it can

- upon expiration

also work to calm down.

- when inspiring

Exhale gently to
Breathing has an important function, because it simultaneously influences technique,
through the abdomen reduces the pulse
psyche and energy.
rate. This

Item justaments
Therefore, good breathing is the essential point in the shooter's experimentation. Who
wonderful for a
controls the breath, owns the situation.
Championship.

Inhale Exhale

(to stress) (relax)

Before the shot breathe gently, evenly and deeply through the abdomen. This calms, adds
concentration, and fills the lungs, arteries, and cells with oxygen.

Then rise with a deep breath through the chest.

66
This is visible, since practically all the thick and thin directions of the arm are "accompanied" by the lungs. This works partially mechanically, since when the arm is raised,

the chest expands and thus allows the automatic entry of air. On the other hand, the thorax loses its volume when lowering the arm: the breath is exhaled.

If the shooter adapts to this normal flow and increases it as necessary. You are on the right track. You will now need to Finish the exact time and exact amounts to

inhale and exhale. They must also be finding the correct paths and musculature.

The nose is the ideal path for breathing, because it only allows slow ventilation and at the same time provides cleanliness and the ideal temperature of the air to breathe. In

addition, abdominal breathing should be preferred during pauses, since it places the center of gravity lower and does not touch tangentially, and calms the trunk, arm and

shoulder muscles. The real challenge in precision "breathing" is to synchronization of the depth of breath and the elevation of the arm. This is done with chest breathing.

When raising the arm a certain amount of air should be taken in and when lowering to the target almost the same amount is exhaled.

In the targeting phase, the lungs are (almost) "expired" but still contain about 1.5 liters of air. This is enough, to have enough reserves for the duration of aiming, shooting

and permanent during the continuation of the shot.

67
P.2.5 Coordination: Simple breath

Coordination and development of the shot

Simple breathing

Movement Breathing Perceive and aim Shoot

Arm + gun

Relaxed eyes, then Cylinder head pressure and

Starting position Breathing
back of hand, look forward at exact contact
normal
towards the trigger

rear sight

Elevation by Breathing
Address Address
above the white deep
Aim movement, Aim movement,
(Breathing through
Front sight -look Front sight -look
abdomen and chest)
rear (aligned) rear (aligned)

Down to the Expiration

Back of hand, then look Increase in
(Deep breathing
lower edge of
back- contact, until
normal,
the Diana.
- chest + abdomen) front sight reach the point of

"To receive" Pressure

Reach the space Serene breathing

Set front sight
clamping and (Via breaths
with target and rear sight Increase pressure
keep "Open")
"center" (75-90%)

Serene breathing
Following the canon, Pressure increases
To persist Up to 1 sec.
register point of continually
After the
arrival Until i know
Shooting.
produces the shot.

Relax look,
Go down Inhalation more
just then The finger remains
deep
towards the "target" passive

Raise and lower coordination

Pistol shooting is a sport of movement. Even though the actors appear to be immobile, they are not moving because they are slow. On the contrary, they are just

immersed in the very fine graduation of the movements.

The entire shooting process is a continuity of movements. These are visibly appreciated when raising the weapon and when firing they are practically imperceptible. But

it is not only the volume of a movement, which makes the importance. The path leads from thick to thin and closes with a barely perceptible trigger sag.

68
The cycle from elevation to continuation of the shot involves a series of elements, which occur at different levels. In order to accurately describe the complex development,

we first list the fields of action:

1. Arm movement and muscle tension

2. Breathing

3. Appreciation and aim

4. Shoot

5. Continuation

In each of these fields, the shooter is continuously active during the shot. Obligations change repeatedly and are contingent on a common "goal" (hitting the target). The

different actions follow one another systematically and are influenced in their development (rhythm). They are partially directed by the central nervous system (conscious),

and at the same time managed by an autonomous conditioned reflex (balance, tiredness, reflexes, ...). a complex coordination procedure and thereby hint that all this is

quite difficult.

Precision

With a sigh to the white and what happens around.

Before lifting, the shooter concentrates and controls his breathing.

Here the arm and the hand are positioned on the base. Contact is

made towards the trigger.

Lifting is done in a vertical upward direction

and above white. Here you inhale normally, generally deeper, until you reach

the desired height.

During lifting, the gun should move in a right direction, vertical up (and

down again). This prevents side drilling. The vertical is achieved by a starting

point set in a plumb line

below white.

During common breathing the weapon is raised above the target and then gently lowered to the aiming zone. During this process exactly one breath is taken. Determinant is the descent to white. It should drop

exactly vertically below the target and “land” smoothly. There the real shooting process begins. During the lowering of the pistol, the pressure on the trigger should be increased in such a way, so that at the

beginning of the zone it only remains to exceed a few percentages.

Simple breathing is recommended for the beginner. Some expert shooters also prefer it. Simple is often useful.

69
In practice, two methods are used to reach the area. The breathing simple, during which the weapon is jerked and breathing double, with which air is taken back to the

upper edge of the target.

We will start with driving the simplest distance.

In order to demonstrate the complete development in all its complexity, we use the graphics above. We will try to show all the important processes at the different levels in

the course of time and in parallel. Thus, how the shooter should handle and perform them. Unfortunately, a degree of difficulty cannot be avoided in its representation. But

this also applies to the practical realization itself: The score is as complicated as precision shooting requires.

For the learning and improvement of the development of the shot should take the necessary time. The first time, no one is going to pull off the entire choreography perfectly.

Whoever tries it with violence, abandons as soon as possible.

As with all difficult beginnings, you should start with small steps and take setbacks into account. The simplest thing is, to concentrate first on the development of the external

movements as a frame. Then the breathing is perfected, then the aiming and shooting.

This process is repeated at each stage of development. Here the movement is carried out as a whole, only the center of gravity of the concentration is transported from one

area to another.

70
P.2.5.1. Double breathing

Coordination and development of the shot

Double breathing

Movement Breathing Perceive and aim Shoot

Arm + gun

Relaxed eyes, then Cylinder head pressure and

Starting position Breathing
back of the hand, exact contact
normal
Script on the rise towards the trigger

Elevation by Breathing
Address Increase in
above the white deep
Aim movement, contact, until
(Breathing through
Script - hike reach the point of
abdomen and chest)
(centered) Pressure

Down to the Expiration

Back of the hand,
(Deep breathing
lower edge of
Then hike - Increase pressure
normal, through
the Diana.
abdomen) Dash, align (75-90%)

Hold and wait Short breath

Hold the pressure and when
then continue (chest + abdomen)
Short control of lowering continue
going down then expire
script in focus increasing it

Reach the space Serene breathing

Pressure increases
clamping and (Via breaths
Fix script, center continually
keep "Open")
with target and the hike Until i know

produces the shot.

Serene breathing
Following the canon,
To persist Up to 1 sec.
register point of The finger remains
After the shot.
arrival passive

Relax look, Keep for

Go down Inhalation more
just then the continuation of
deep
towards the "target" Shooting

Alternative: Double Breathing

What a beginner and a teacher achieve in one step can naturally also be accomplished in two steps. The majority of elite shooters prefer two-movement breathing for

precision. To do this, the sight is first brought to approximately the upper frame of the target. Here the shooter stops and takes a short inhalation. Then continue, as

previously described.

The advantages of this intermediate step consist in the reduction of the critical phase of lowering, which can thus be carried out better. The increased need for time is

offset by flat breathing, which brings fresh oxygen and at the same time produces relative relaxation of the arm and chest.

71
The shooter had better decide on single or double breathing. Whoever wishes, can test an intermediate stage, investing two to three days of exercises. Then it becomes

clear if it is worth the change. It is not about the question, as so often, which development of the movement is preferred. Much more important is the perseverance, with

which the shooter dedicates himself to training "his" technique. Good shooters get their results by keeping their lifts relatively even throughout the Match. The worst ones

show big differences between shot and shot. Despite striving for uniformity, they have to recognize that the cycle develops either very fast or very slow or uneven.

Precision

With an intermediate stop down.

To maintain uniformity throughout the competition, the will to concentrate counts

first and foremost.

Double breathing on the way to the target, often one point above the target, that is, outside the range of appreciation. It lasts just over a

second and stays in place for practically moments. Lower the weapon always expiring through the thorax.

DOUBLE breathing

In double breathing (above) the development of movement is opened by a small intermediate step. The shooter holds the target for a

moment and then takes a short breath. This relaxes the muscles and fills the oxygen stores. Then the last stage can be cooler and

more concentrated. Most top shooters prefer this method.

SIMPLE breathing

72
After these failures, the Championships shooter critically wonders, where are the origins of the failure of his coordination: “Why can't I do this simple route, despite the fact

that during training always and exit result?

To understand the disturbances in the movement program during the Championship there are several answers. The most common is surely psychic fatigue, which can

appear due to fatigue, heaviness or overexcitement. Since the nervous system is saturated with these stimuli, it does not want to carry out its true task, that is, to always

carry out the same route correctly. For these discomfort help pauses. The overstretched "mental processor" moves on to other tasks, then returns with renewed strength to

its old obligations.

Another strategy for the establishment of the realization of movements is the clear structuring. The shooter should always choose the same unambiguous construction,

because in the case of stress and fatigue, the clear is better outlined. Valley structuring is obtained, for example, by drawing and noting the development. Valley as we have

entered the do above Already in the preparation of a development plan it is observed, where there are still weak points or inconsistencies. Many times these appraisals lead

to review and harmonize development. Ultimately, what matters most is to strictly adhere to the chosen plan. In dry training, during training night, during the Championship

and in the final.

73
P.3.1. Zero point: Height and side

The ideal case: the “zona” de

clamping lies A lateral problem: if the shooter stops, as here to the right of the A height problem: If the attachment point drops too low,

exactly in the right place, the oscillations are center, he must push the weapon with force. This disturbs the the gun must be pushed back

serene, even and predictable: This situation is tension of the clamping and causes an increase in the

perceptible, when the approach, as indicated below, upwards. This also increases oscillations and pulls the

finds clamping line down. In practice the shot is generally directed in

lateral oscillations. the direction of the point of

exactly your goal.

subjection.

Movement finds its zone when it is horizontally and Who reaches the base of the target in an Who does not take enough momentum, surely under the

vertically correct. This is logical but inclined way, usually has errors target. Here an elevation will not

sadly rare. side. The gun is not left the gun will like it.

easily correct.

Horizontal and vertical deviations

The precision shooter really only knows two problems. One, lateral errors, and the other, height errors. These two banal errors are faced with an unusual case: that is,

hitting the center. But the center does not conform to the knower. Usually he is still lying next to the exact point in the middle, and also, how can he get the next shot

centered?

It is in the nature of the purpose, that the shooters dedicate themselves almost fanatically to combat the height and lateral deviations. What origins exist for horizontal

deviations, what for vertical ones?

74
Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine which are the reasons that determine the two coordinates. On the contrary, for each error the entire spectrum of errors can be

entered as a possible origin. Thus, a high shot can have its origin in a misfire, a misfire or a failure in the position of the holding point. Combinations of these factors can

also be added, which add up, but can also be suppressed between them.

Thus, the practitioner has no other way to proceed than to carry out the different steps as perfectly as possible. And then pray that the next test is successful.

Now we will deal with the aiming zone towards the center. For this we start from the basis that the clamping movement is serene, so it can be directed to the

chosen point, that is, the center. If it is next to the required range, the oscillations increase because corrections will have to be made.

Precision

Get to just the right height ...

Here the attachment point was

Low shots sometimes occur when the
very
height above the target was not
low from the start. Even though it
is possible
high enough.
return to
Most of the time they are caused by
raise the pistol to the correct height,
holding too long.
the shot falls down when firing.

Then either lower the arm or the wrist

relaxes. Here too abortion rules as the
A typical failure that the shooter
means of choice, because raising the
generalments
gun again
recognize in he

development.
requires too much
force Y

generalments provokes

incalculable oscillations.

A reason for "slanted" approaches is a crooked path during gun lift. The inclined

curve is very difficult to handle and automatically contains "transverse stresses".

Therefore the shooter should endeavor to act strictly

towards the target on the vertical line.

Only in this way the force of gravity can serve

as the only form of impulse to lower the weapon straight. Important in this

sense is the starting point from the shooting table. This should inevitably be

below the target.

Wise shooters interrupt shots when you hit a crooked track.

75
These, in turn, require additional force and increase the basic oscillations of the musculature.

Basically the wrong handling of the clamping point cannot be avoided. Each approach will be insignificant next to the target. In the principle of more and more freedom, on

the other hand, more than anything else. For this, each shooter must define the “tolerance aiming zone” that he accepts, to continue shooting. Approaches, which are made

outside of that area, must be aborted.

Important to achieve the desired holding area (Aim Zone) is the phase of lowering the pistol. Here is what drive in the best sense of the word to achieve side and height. Here

the muscles should react unconsciously and correct small faults by themselves.

Who has to consciously lift or shoot, increases the tension of the arm or wrist in such a way that it is almost impossible to think of a correct grasp and shoot.

Zero point - Control

Who regularly stops in the same place next to the target, should consider other factors. For example the position towards the target, magically runs the arm, while it is

not directed exactly to the target.

To find out where the arm really wants to go, the pistol should be aimed at the target with the eyes closed and only the ideal tension achieved.

Then they open their eyes and control themselves, towards where the look marks. The trend persists in 3 - 5 tests, it is time to change the position of the feet, to direct

the alignment of the body towards the target.

76
P.3.2. Lines of space and orientation

Who stands a long standing behind the

Standing behind the target,

for the observer of the target and

objective, provokes
the line of marksmanship
oscillations towards
remain
left.
hidden

Right on the line Right next to the line.

From a bird's eye perspective, the correct

position is on the line to the target. Just in the

"right" angle

towards the target.

On the line an aid for the orientation towards the objective is obtained with a

strip, which points vertically towards the objective and then

one half the width of the foot is placed

ahead.

Horizontal and vertical deviations

Normally, in the desert one walks it is very difficult to achieve the in a circle. As the orientation is missing, desired or to follow it

orientation of a straight line. For the orientation necessary "marks" that even if it is in any space, they are the way.

you indicate the Not only desert foxes need us

orientation. Also in daily life landmarks. This is done

we guide constantly in unconsciously

Come on eyes, for the person Are registered

constantly the distance and the relation to the main and more next lines of

77
reference. Our position in space and even more so every movement is tied to these gradients. It is enough to briefly close your eyes to get an idea of what happens when

they turn off

reference marks: Immediately begins to oscillate, a

movement is almost unthinkable.

The shooter is particularly subject to the serenity and stability of his position. When you position your arm, you need additional orientations in which to orient the direction

and height of your movement. The closer and clearer this radius can be seen, the more calm you are and the more precisely you can handle your arm (and gun).

That is why it is important that the shooter positions himself in accordance with his orientation radius and keep his eyes free towards the help lines. If it is leaning towards

the target, it will be thrown to one side. If the horizontal and vertical lines of the firing range are not displayed, it begins to oscillate.

Precision

How space can and should stabilize position.

"Invisible" lines in space: The line to the target

The way to the goal

The post

Orientation lines (textures

gradients)

A central function corresponds to the space and the open air to the basic architectural lines, the
so-called gradient textures. These are especially the edges between the walls, towards the ceiling and
the floor. In the example above, the leading edge of the shooting table as well as the target boxes will
serve as reference points.

Above all they are suitable for fixing the place, vertical and horizontal lines. The closer they are to the
eye and the further they are from the center of the visual field, the more

78
reliable is its effect.

When using screens, covering the face area should be limited to only what is necessary to avoid the introduction of light sources.

In open spaces the walls, pillars, screens and surfaces are generally more “messy”, to this is added the changing lighting situation. Orientation here requires a lot of experience. Especially with the screens on the head and with the visor

of the cap it is varied, to obtain a clear shooting field.

The one-on-one orientation begins with the choice of position. This should be exactly right vertical towards the target, because positioning towards the reference lines is

ideal. The floor, the walls and the ceiling lighting are in harmony, the sense of orientation is easier. Asymmetric bodies such as pillars or walls should be avoided in the

firing line. If the space draw awards such a Handicap, one must be aware of the effect. Or try to change the space.

In practice, there are two reasons why shooters are standing next to their track. Or they have just stopped there by chance, paying no attention to the right line. These

people can be helped as long as they are informed about the relationship and shown a better direction.

Others purposely and consciously position themselves to the side of the track. If they stop 30 cm. to the right of their target, because that way they better reach the

target's pin. Or because they always hit the target from the left of the target. Or because your neighbor on the left is very restless. These reasons are verifiable but they

are not enough. To stand serenely it would be better to solve these problems on the other hand. By example, assuming the inconvenience in the change or correcting the

position.

With restless neighbors it is better to talk personally about it during the test shots, because during the Championship the situation can get worse. Especially if they are

standing next to your post.

79
P.3.3. Side and foot position

If when holding the weapon it tends to one side, it may be that the
zero point is out of place. If this trend repeats on successive shots, a
position correction is necessary.

This is done intuitively with the hand or the arm. But this is risky. Experienced shooters

work with their feet. Many times it is enough to change the position of the left foot. (for

right-handed shooters)

The barrel is aimed from the shooter's sight

toward:
Up

Left

The left foot is the ideal

limb
for correction Right

The correction Item

with the recommendable

shoulder or the the correction of

arm it the position

risky

Correction on the wrist or

restraint is very
risky

Horizontal orientation of the zero point

Standing comfortably and with the external and internal position optimally balanced, the pistol signals a place, in which it "remains" serenely. This place is called "Zero point".

This is the place, where we assume that the oscillations are smaller. If one were to move to the side, the gun would "swing" more intensely and irregularly. The further one

moves from the calm pole, the more the oscillations increase.

Whoever fires the pistol next to the zero point risks a "bounce" towards this center. This is reflected in the reaction in the shot. Precisely in "slow" weapons, such as the

air pistol, the

80
effect of this reaction is amazing. I steered the projectile toward that trend before leaving the canon.

Zero point - Control: The shooter controls his zero point, closing his eyes in position and placing his arm and hand in optimal tension. You can then reopen your eyes,

to control the position in the scope. Any recorded reaction of the weapon during firing (line up, aim and hold) is a Zero Point check. If the gun is fired in one direction,

the pole of rest could wind at this angle off the center.

Zero Point - Correction: As soon as a zero point deviation is registered, it should be corrected immediately. This applies to sighting shots as a ritual, as well as

throughout the entire competition. Because the body and its tensions are modified, the Zero Point is constantly “oscillating” and must be permanently adjusted.

Precision

Lateral corrections with the left foot ...

So it should be. Total ducks

If the gun tends
on top and relaxed.
steadily to the side, it's time

to change feet.

Grips, what

allow modifying the

weapon alignment negligibly, are

the alternative, if the

deviations to live
from the wrist.

The testing is carried out

according to the control

accomplished. If position and

arm they aim

relaxed towards the target, but the

front sight constantly reclines

to the side, then change the angle of

the grip
Lateral tendencies during aiming are confirmed many times in
of to
the shooting figure. But then it is
small steps.

too late. If the midpoint of the shot figure above (yellow cross)

were moved to the center, this would give Higher

A small step with the left foot is enough to bring the resting pole to
the center. In directing the toes or heel for lateral corrections, or
just 4 more hoops (see
outwards or inwards, to correct height.
yellow transparencies). read

Zero point corrections are ideal

when performed at
To level the balance, the position of the right foot will eventually
weather.
have to be changed. The
Beginners pay attention. Here perception indicates, when the zero point is necessary

it generally oscillates to do so.

a lot and frequently. Therefore, whoever moves his feet a little after each
you have to have a lot of patience in shooting, it keeps them cool and stays in

the correction ...

the trace of your Zero Point.

81
Deviations from the height of the zero point depend in pistol shooting first of all on the height of movement and breathing and are discussed there. Only limits are corrected

with the width of the foot position. Lateral deviations are determined primarily by the position of the body in front of the target. Like other origins, erroneous positions of parts

of the body, such as the torso, shoulders, arm and wrist can be named, as well as errors in the grip.

To correct horizontal deviations, there are initially 6 objects mentioned above. Correction of the base, that is, the position, is the preferred method. The feet can be easily

corrected, a constant work of the legs also increases the blood circulation. Whoever takes small steps, practically moves the entire structure and leaves the harmony of the

upper part uninfluenced. All variations within the top should be considered with care. They first change the position themselves and thereby lead to unwanted side effects.

On the other hand, they must be dosed carefully, so that oversized changes do not reach the target level. Who moves the grip in the hand and only achieves an angle of 1

degree, will achieve a distortion of 17.5 cm on the target. Conversely the grip should only be rotated 0.057 degrees, to deviate one centimeter on the target. In the wrist and

in the arm the conditions are similar, but they do not feel as sensitive because larger masses are displaced here.

82
P.4.1. Marksmanship: Object of the sight and accuracy

The perfect image of the airgun target in the simulation. As a rule of thumb, two sight ratios are valid for the distance

between the front sight and the target and for the width of the lights.

The sight of a pistol is solved with the simplest elements. A rectangular slot and a
rectangular post are everything. This set (the aiming devices) is what reveals to the eye
the position of the pistol with respect to the target.
As a means of assistance, a spectacle is offered, usually with a
The width of the front sight corresponds to the diameter of the target.
With such precision it will only be seen in the montage on the computer. In reality the nebulae that
originate from the different distances from the eye to the target dominate (rear sight - front sight -
target). The pistol shooter should see the front sight clearly and allow the target and sight to cloud

screen in front of the eye not pointing, sometimes with a diaphragm in front of the back (upward). of the pointing eye.

Hearing protection always. Glasses, be it necessary. Screen according to need. Diaphragm carefully.

Good eyesight sometimes demands creative solutions.

Diversity of obligations and final precision

The eye is our most trusted sense organ. It is active from waking to sleep. Also when we are bored inside a cafe, the eye looks for an interesting stimulus.

But this endeavor also comes at a cost. Have 40% of our energy the eye needs the visual center, to enable a tireless orientation.

Everything we do

it is practically managed from the sense of the face or at least completed. This applies

83
for a walk on foot, as for a car ride, for empty or for work in front of the screen, but also for conversation or manual work.

A special job for our eyes is pointing a pistol. Here the arm and hand will need to have precision performance on the verge of possible. And who could level this better than

just the senses of the face. Required is of course the exact orientation of the rear and front sight towards the target. This is what we call "targeting." Here accuracy and

concentration are paramount. To achieve this work for a longer time, the eyes must develop a special perseverance.

Although before reaching the final act of the targeting process, the eye has already made a significant series of preparations. He has directed during the load, handled

the arm in the air and has directed the group in tiny stages towards the target. It has contributed to the balance being correct, for which it permanently relieved the space.

It takes great care in the exact distribution of sharpness over the front sight, rear sight and target. In other words, it is permanently in operation. Nothing works without the

eyes having their share in it.

84
Precision

Most importantly, the sharp front sight (dash).

The eye cannot see clearly the three distances at which the elements are found Whoever takes these pictures with them to the shooting range and makes a subjective

simultaneously; rear sight, front sight and target. Under these circumstances, the most comparison of their vision, will surely get worse impressions.

important rule of thumb is to focus the front sight sharply. (The Script) This is achieved by
the shooters individually according to the state of their eyes and the different quality of their But this is not a reason to doubt. We have had shooters in the test who swore, see much

training. The three drawings below show how this is distinguished in practice worse and still have achieved a high accuracy in aiming (less than 3 mm deviation).

Good eye, favorable conditions Normal eye "Weakest" eye

(the target is represented with magnification)

THIS SHOULD BE:

Front sight is sharp, bullseye and rear sight are blurry.

CARDINAL ERRORS:
This is not an error of the eyes, but the natural limit of
the "depth of field" or "depth of sharpness" of the Sharpness is on the bullseye. Poor accuracy in the sight itself,

human eye. distraction during shooting.

This variation in sharpness is the most common error, because

TIMES: the shooter wants to see as quickly as possible where the shot

To achieve this image, you must Sharp rear sight, blurry front sight, the target is totally blurred. It rarely happens, was hit.

consciously move Y
since the most common mistake is to pay the most attention to the target.

with our utmost attention the sharpness point

(FOCUS) to the front sight (SCRIPT). This requires
training and effort, and produces fatigue.

85
The efficiency test is "centering" before firing. Now is the time to see as safely as possible, where the sight is at the moment.

Unfortunately, the vision center cannot take images, as the computer can. The actual impression is not sharp as the three lens levels are at different distances.

Therefore, the eye can only focus on one of the three elements of the sight, the remaining two remain blurred.

The front sight should be viewed as the central element. In this way the two remaining levels will receive a less even sharpness, as to obtain a fairly complete impression of

the whole. Choosing the front sight as the point of sharpness has the advantage that it helps us control the position of the hand. Errors here are more noticeable than

between the rear sight and the bullseye.

Whoever fires a pistol for the first time, wonders, how can one shoot in a more or less controlled way with such a blurred sight. But already after some tests it is clear that

the eye can obtain all the necessary information even from blurry contrasts. The average aiming error experienced by experienced pistol shooters over a distance of 10

meters is approx. 3.0 mm, and approx. from 1.0 to 1.5 cm and 50 meters.

Much more difficult it is, to stay focused for a longer period of time when aiming. This is valid for the 4 - 6 seconds of the development of aiming and more for the 50 - 90

shots of a Championship. As we will still read this is, even for the most industrious eyes, it is hard work.

86
P.4.2. View on the tour

Preparation phase: Elevation: Point of inflection: Go down:

The arm is placed in Arm moves from support The weapon reaches the highest point, stops and The scope is lowered towards the target. It

firing position, short sighting position check even above white. The eyes is lowered from there. The sight image is quickly should go as vertically as possible exactly in line

controlled, towards the target. Time is shortened and directed

lead. Then the eyes relax looking into free remain "blurry" and by the breath. The eye controls the rear sight

space. You acknowledge they observe the intended main point of front sight should

elevation. The scope is raised to the central rise above the horizon of the rear sight. Who does

the back of the hand and the blurry white for field of view and appears not cover the left eye in shape

later and briefly looks at her

direct elevation. more clearly. semitransparent, lead.

see the target as a double

image.

Semitransparent
Two eyes allow us to appreciate distances and spaces. With precisely this

function oscillations (balance) of the body are regulated and

movements are managed.

Therefore, the shooter should leave the visual field of the face towards the

target as free as possible

White.

For the aiming process you should use

only the image of a single eye. A good solution for these conflicting

tasks is to use a narrow, semi-transparent screen over the eye.

left. (the eye that does not shoot)

The narrower it is, the smaller the

loss of perception of space.

Perception and aiming during the course of the shot

The precision shot lasts, according to the rhythm, between 3 and 20 seconds. During this period, the shooter performs various tasks, which are observed and guided by the

eye. The eyes not only change their function but at the same time they must change their point of view and their sharpness several times, to focus on objects and

significant movements. Here is the danger

87
that parts of development can only be insufficiently recorded. This produces insecurity in the shooter and can lead to erroneous actions.

The burden on the eyes is very high. The eyes change their focus point and distance regulation several times during development. Different luminosities on the target, the

space and on the aiming elements, require adjustments of the iris opening (light-dark adaptation). The vision of the space with both eyes (to regulate the balance) must be

done simultaneously with the look of "one eye" (to appreciate the image of the objective). And this up to a hundred times in the course of a 60-shot program, and in

addition to the psychic demands of the Championship.

Beginners react under these circumstances with considerable fluctuations in the performance of their eyes. For a while they do a good and concentrated job, and suddenly

errors occur in the handling of the direction of the gaze, the focus and especially in the reaction towards the image of the target. Despite all efforts, the eyes offer resistance

to return to their task again. Through pauses it can more or less return to normal.

Precision

See accurately despite blurry images.

Intermediate pause: Arrival: Aim + shoot: Continuation of the shot:

Who practices the To the last Reaching the aim zone the gaze of the In the shot the jump of the gun is focused, then the

Double breath, pause briefly between the upper centimeter to the bullseye counts the right eye concentrates landing point of the sight. The eye enlarges its range

edge of the target and the target to take a direction and lag. The perception goes to the of perception and loses

breath. fully in position

position and movement of the sight in space. front sight

Here is inspected For this, the focus is broadened, the vision (dash), in the rear sight and the target - due to fatigue -

briefly alignment of the sight can be more will be perceived with less some sharpness.

between rear sight and

front, then turns clarity. Is

to relax the sharpness of the blurred. concentration lasts until

look. the shot (4-6 "),

88
 Protect and relax

A special problem for vision performance is the lighting conditions at a shooting range. The eyes themselves and
the open sight are exposed to glare and screens, which differ considerably in different fields.

To conveniently manage these variables, the cue ball uses rotating side screens and a viewer if necessary. A
diaphragm screen in front of the pointing eye is used in cases of extreme difficulty.

But the most important methods for maintaining vision performance are pause and concentration. The eyes
always close again, to calm the muscles and accelerate the physiological process of rest. Attention is directed
towards the breath and thereby assists in psychic regeneration.

Whoever studies the description of the development on these lines can appreciate how busy the eyes are. At the same time, a number of highly precise muscle

movements occur, during which the eyeballs partially perform horizontal, vertical and rotational movements simultaneously. Added to this are permanent changes in the

aperture of both pupils, which are used to regulate sharpness and light entry.

In total this result is a "dance in a minimum space", which must be performed constantly and with absolute precision. To learn everything to perfection, years of intensive

training are necessary. While we start from the base in which strength and perseverance require a high "training", from the eyes we actually expect less. Nothing worse,

because the coordination of the movement of the eyes in the process of aiming, it is absolutely a training element.

With the word visual capacity we think first of the sharpness of sight that is, the physical accuracy of reading the image of our eyes. Naturally this should be good

and if necessary optimized by shooting glasses.

The exact work of the eyes must be technically optimal and put into shape by exercising them systematically. Similar to the strength of the arms or the sensitivity of the

index finger, the accuracy of the aiming of the eyes is a laborious training process that spans years.

Those who "do not see anything" or "simply cannot predict" the shots, generally make mistakes in directing the movements of the gaze or in over-demanding the eyes.

Therefore, the exact structure of the development of targeting is a central component of training.

89
P.4.3. Figure and reaction

Aiming can become an act of force, when external conditions are difficult. This happens for example in League matches at

10 m. Air gun. Here the shooting ranges are only installed for two days and offer partly problematic contrasts and light

conditions. It is very hard, when a very bright target is installed in front of a dark wall. Also light surfaces in front of the

lens, as well as a sunlit lawn can hurt the eyes. Professionals do not complain about these circumstances, but rather try to

adapt to extremes: "let's see what we're going to do, if we don't see anything."

We like this. A good space

evenly lit. The slightly lighter white in front of the wall in the

same tone offers a

soft contrast.

Information and trust position

At its best quality, our eyes are outmatched by any cheap camera. The sharpness of the lens is relative, the dissolution in the retina quite thick. We do not have a zoom

that allows us to enlarge. With greater luminosity, differentiating contrasts Intense or at twilight, it becomes physically narrow.

Those who are also nearsighted or have presbyopia (approx. 50% of the population) or a deviation of the cornea (40%) or are affected by difficulties to see closely due to

age (80%), have to settle for "bad" images. To this is added that when pointing the pistol it is actually a movie, because the front and rear sight meet

90
 in motion, sometimes to the very head. This clearly leads to a further expansion of the information. In practice it is sometimes believed to recognize only fleeting

shadows. An assumption that is not so wrong.

Faced with this objectively negative perspective, it is astonishing how well aiming is. Even those who doubt the most cannot help but recognize the good work of the

eyes. Despite not being able to recall reliable impressions, the shots are right there, where they were supposed to. These strong stages should be remembered,

because they demonstrate the positive limits of the eyes.

Apartments, a relatively imprecise optical apparatus, shows us the positive limits of the eyes. A paradox that is only understood when the performance of the brain in the

development of aiming is taken into account. Because there, in the center of the view, all the senses of impressions come together and are transformed into images. Only

there the human being "sees" in the true sense.

Precision

The brain transforms weak images into useful information.

The last four seconds of an LP shot.

Despite the fact that the shooter remains almost constantly at ten, it is only in the last second (yellow
curve) that he shoots well. 19 times the direction changes, almost 100 measurement points registers
the SCATT system within this time. This is information every one hundredth of a second, the
computer itself reaches the limit of its calculation capacity here.

As the eye achieves, to rescue from this flow of data the factors necessary for the decision, is a
small miracle. Apartments distinguish between relevant and less relevant impressions. For this, an
abstraction must be carried out at a higher level, which must be considered first of all as intellectual
performance. The eye sees, but is aimed with the brain. And this is first and foremost a learning
experience.

As in the photo to the right, the information acquired in the shooter's brain could be
represented. To give the decision to fire, the oscillation curve must present several quality
criteria:

It must be serene.

Must Finder near the center. It should tend towards the middle of the

center.

How the brain's computing center filters these criteria out of this tangle of data is a mystery even
to researchers. We should know that this process works well and through regular training and can
still be improved.

91
As we experienced in the dream example, this can also happen without any eye activity. Therefore, it is not surprising that from little information useful records can

still be projected.

In fact our experiences are included while

we aim. Just as our mouths water when we empty the LIMON symbol, the experienced shooter has a reaction capacity when he recognizes a dark target on a black brace

in a light rectangle. Since he has concentrated his movements thousands of times on this display of excitement, the necessary reactions are almost automatic: The front

sight oscillates somewhat below the black, the finger is at exactly the right moment towards disillusionment.

This story must be told here, to reinforce the confidence in the eyes. Do not try to get a sharp or exact image, this cannot be achieved by nature in this special condition.

Shoot with the offer of images, that is available and let yourself be surprised by the practical usefulness of these fragments.

Those who think they cannot see well should try glasses, iris and filter and experiment with different widths of the rear sight (rear sight) and different widths of the front

sight. This brings small progress and improves the physical base. If a definitive clarification of the target image is expected from these helpers, it will lead to

disappointment. This remains so until one is satisfied with this defect accepting that it is a normal state. At the same moment the true genius of the eyes is understood.

92
P.4.4. Light and proportion

Aiming is actually a three-dimensional spatial fact. With the rear sight, the front sight and the bullseye
are reduced to two extensions.

It comes to the brain as “a shape”, that it is analyzed for its symmetry.

Light conditions and front sight widths.

By pointing the matter critical is light. The eye cannot register anything else. Only what shines reaches the retina and is sent from there as a stimulus to the nervous system.

The most important source of light is the white cardboard. It reflects the beams of illumination from the target and scatters them over the total distance to the shooter. There

they meet "rectangle with hole", the black rings printed in the center are nothing more than a cavity of the light rectangle. In the incoming rays the elements of the sight are

kept, which dig out another part of the light.

As we talk about aiming at the bullseye of the target, the front sight and the rear sight, it is really just the space between these three silhouettes that sends the information

to the eye. If we consider this intermediate surface as a shape, it resembles an "A". This way does not

93
it is common and does not have a natural symmetry in relation to the light ring of shotgun shooters. By aiming with the front sight rim, everyone will intuitively try to get the

bullseye to the center of the circle. Valley Harmony is featured on the front sight post, if not within the rear sight. Here it is offered, placing the upper frames in the same

line and keeping the light halos to the right and left of the rectangle the same.

The location of the aiming devices with respect to the target, there are two variants, one aiming at the center of the target, as is preferred in the rapid fire phase of the Sport

Pistol and Rapid Fire and the other aiming at the foot of the target to place on the surface white under the bullseye, this method is preferred in all precision specialties,

where there is enough time to calmly observe the proportions before shooting.

When asking the question, which distance should be chosen between the front sight and the target, again symmetry is offered as advice.

Precision

How light reaches the eye and how it is distributed.

Carton del Blanco

Diana

Rise Script Lights

Look Width

rear of

script

Reduction of widths of the front sight, the lights are not modified.

The width of the front sight is not modified, the lights decrease.

Diminishing of the lights, and position with respect to the target.

94
It seems reasonable to choose here the width of the lights as a reference, and thereby offer the eye "similar" separations.

If these proposals are applied, we will see a harmonic figure of white, as seen on this page at the top left. It could be termed as a reference standard for precision sighting.

Whoever regulates the width of the front sight and the lights and leaves the target seated at this height, achieves an ideal image set.

In spite of everything, there are a number of theories and variations among experts on this starting point. Those who want to see more “accurately”, choose the narrowest

lights to better recognize lateral deviations. Larger gaps up to the bullseye are recommended for beginners, so that the whole image looks more stable.

Which proportions each one chooses, he solves with himself within the framework of systematic experimentation. For this, the adjustable rear sights and interchangeable

dashes are a find, as they are currently offered from the factory in most competition pistols. In training they will be varied as many times as necessary, until we achieve the

set that seems ideal to us. This formula is then put to the test and checked during competitions, if this set also works under stress and when the hand is somewhat

nervous or if more time is needed to aim.

Also the different brightness of the white requires a regulation of the light lines. As a main rule it is worth narrowing the lights when increasing the intensity of the lighting.

Again, it is recommended to make your own experiences and write them down. Aiming is a permanent experiment.

95
P.4.5.0. Alfons Messerschmitt: Details about aiming with air pistol and free

Geometry of the LP aiming image, “Basic rules”: Front sight (dash) equal to width of the target image. Lines of light equal
Front sight width and sight length and especially the width and depth of the rear sight can
to the separation of the dash to the target. Individual (small) variations are common. Who for better the weapon, who
be systematically varied on modern air pistols. This is necessary on the one hand, to arrive
keeps more serene, generally chooses narrower light lines. Expert shooters recommend less depth of the light lines, and
with identical proportions to the image of pointing with different lengths of arms and different
correspond for example with the distance between the dash and the target.
graduation of glasses. But individual variants such as narrower, shallower beam lines etc.
are also allowed to be regulated. In light whites, narrower light lines are preferred to reach
the script with the same conditions.

Recommended

Rear sight slot depth = front sight distance-

Diana

Details for the image of aim

Thousands of years ago, man began to look for or build instruments to get food. The first projectiles must have been stones the size of a hand, which the hunter

fired at his target. It will surely have been measured above the other arm, which indicated the direction to the target.

From stone he went to a sling, then to a spear. Arrow and bow, crossbow and firearms were the next evolutions. Finally, sporting weapons appeared, such as today's air

pistols, equipped with more sophisticated aiming devices. The targeting problem remained, as even self-devised helpers require a well-thought-out, individual application.

96
The aiming image of the air pistol passes through the rear and front sight into the aiming zone below the bullseye.

The width of the slots (lights) of the rear sight, left and right, must correspond to the distance to the target, this is the rule. But who abides by these rules. Each one must

look for himself, what is best for him. Naturally with limits.

This is how a young man, who had been a two-time European individual champion, with a free pistol has been advised. His problem was that his results oscillated too much.

Sometimes he hit 567 points, with the gun free, again only 526. From the outside, the origin of that seesaw could not have been understood, this situation lasted more than

a year. Finally during a Championship at the ISAS he complained that "he could not see anything else", the target simply did not provide any support.

Precision

How light reaches the eye and how it is distributed.

Alfons Messerschmitt, born in 1943, participated in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, 12 times
German Champion with Air Pistol, free and sports. For many years he was national
coach in Baden-Würtemberg and coach of the team of the Hildesheim National League.
Messerschmidt has matured many talents and is still in training.

For reasons of symmetry of the image with the target, the pistol should be kept "horizontal" the upper edge of the
rear sight is thus exactly horizontal. In this way, the jump of the weapon will be ideal, because the mass is vertically
under the barrel. Under "bank" is understood as a "crooked" position of the weapon. If this tilt occurs evenly, the
center point will return to Finder after a few shots again on the center-of-target correction.

Problematic are the irregular inclinations, because for this reason the meeting place is displaced (with the same
point of attachment). The lower the staff is below the target, the greater the deviations can be. See the example on
the left: the point of attachment and tilting in the free pistol: the same angle of 12 ° gives as a result 10.1, when one
stops in the zone of 6. Whoever aimed at the lower edge of the target, at 1, directed your shot with the same
inclination within 8.5.

97
When answering, he explained that there, where he normally stops, the black of the electronic equipment rubber passed and that there was no contrast. In short,

the young man aimed for years at the lower edge of the target.

A custom, which presents two difficulties. On the one hand, the contrast conditions are extremely complicated, because it is often dark under white. Added to this is the

greater "tipping" effect with the increased tilt of the support space. Whoever leans at the sixth ring can still hit even a 9. From the lower edge of the target the same angle

quickly comes out towards a 7.

As a coach he has learned from this history to draw conclusions: since then he has let each young man draw the image of the target. It is drawn on a sheet of paper by the

sheet of the rear sight, the front sight and the target. From this drawing we can discuss all the proportions and compare them. These exercises prevent individual, totally

absurd solutions from being found, which can then only be corrected with great effort. During training with beginners it is important to pay attention to building the sustaining

strength first. This can be done at home, during dry training, for which the student does not even need a gun. A plastic bottle (with a handle) works for the case, you can

even gain weight by filling it with water. It begins, According to the starting force with 500 - 1000 grams, the limit is roughly 1750 grams. To uniformly train both arms, the

eyes and "the brain", both hold and aim and dry shooting exercises are recommended from the beginning.

98
P.4.5.1. Alfons Messerschmitt: Details about aiming with air pistol and free

Roberto Di Donna, Italy, won the 1996 Atlanta gold medal with the free pistol and the
bronze with the air pistol. Since he sees more clearly with his left eye, aiming is a very
Open spaces once again complicate the vision towards the objective, because here there are continually different
tiring job for him. Just in front of a dark background the clear perception of the sight
proportions.
always requires concentration and the intention to shoot only when everything is in
On partially cloudy days the target can shift incalculably from sun to shade and require constant adjustments from the
order.
shooter.

Coordination and timing

The magic word for shooting is called "coordination." Holding, aiming, and shooting are closely intertwined.

What happens in an area has repercussions

immediately in the others. If, for example, the front sight slips below the clamping space, the pressure on the trigger automatically retracts.

The size of the guide in this triangular ratio is the image of the target. What I see determines

my action. If I acknowledge wrong, I become insecure. As a result of the estimated subjectivity of the quality of aiming, a great “psychic” importance is added.

Self-confidence can be a quality of birth or acquired through training. During shooting, it is based primarily on coincidence with what I think I see and what actually happens.

If I get to the center and the shot is correct, this gives me confidence.

99
This brings us to the heart of the matter, the question of the correct composition of the white image. And this has a clear answer: the front sight must be exact at the

moment of the shot.

Since the human eye cannot simultaneously record three different distance levels, it must decide on one. Either choose the rear sight or the front sight or the bullseye.

We always decide on the front sight, (script)

If the shooter is doing well, it is usually already noticeable in the shooting image. Who looks towards the front sight, hits 10, who focuses badly, complains of getting too

many 9. The main point lies in the coordination of holding, aiming and shooting. As it is difficult, it fixes the rear sight indeterminately, we must test three factors at the

same rate. This should not be extended too much because otherwise one of the three zones will surely fail.

To learn these coordinates, I have made a simple device, which eases the distribution of time. Raising the arm triggers a Relay, which emits a sound after 7 seconds and a

second after 9 seconds. The shot must occur between these two sounds, otherwise the process must be aborted. In this way I have trained hard, until I have perfectly

mastered this portion of time. Holding, aiming and shooting have been subordinated to this process, rhythm directs coordination.

Precision

Change the sharpness to the left (or right) middle of the front sight.

To assist the eye during concentration, the left side of the front sight is focused. It is an
interesting alternative, which is well worth trying. The example animation to the right above
hints at how this may look in practice.

At the bottom right an image of normal white with the target perfectly centered
on the script. So it should be.

100