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CAPABLE TO SELF-START
N.C. Batista*, R. Melício*†, J.C.O. Matias*, J.P.S. Catalão*†
* University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal, and Centre for Aerospace Science and Technologies
† Center for Innovation in Electrical and Energy Engineering, IST, Lisbon, Portugal;
email of corresponding author: catalao@ubi.pt
Keywords: blade profile; Darrieus wind turbine; self-start As the penetration level of wind power increases into the
capabilities; performance; simulation. power systems, the overall performance of the electric grid
will increasingly be affected by the characteristics of wind
Abstract turbines. One of the major concerns related to the high
penetration level of the wind turbines is the impact on power
The wind power generation is experiencing a rapid growth, system stability and power quality [15].
achieving the highest number of European installations in
2010 comparing to other renewable sources. The need for a The decentralized energy generation is an important solution
smarter grid capable of integrating several decentralized in a smarter grid with a growing acceptance for the urban
sources of energy and the increasing need for energy in urban areas. Also, the increasing need for more environmentally
areas, has led to an increase interest in wind turbines for the sustainable housing and the new European norms regulating
urban areas. In these environments, vertical axis wind this, have contributed for the promotion of wind energy
turbines (VAWT) have several advantages over horizontal systems in buildings.
axis wind turbines (HAWT), namely: their ability to operate
closer to the ground; their insensitivity to yaw wind If a network connection is available, the energy can be fed in,
directions; the smaller number of components; the operation thereby contributing to a reduction in electricity costs. In
at low sound emissions; the ability to generate energy from order to maximize the security of the energy supply, different
wind in skew flow. One problem with the lift-type VAWT types of wind turbines can be supplemented by a photovoltaic
(Darrieus wind turbines) is their natural inability to self-start system or a diesel generator in a quick fashion [16], [12].
at low wind speeds without extra components. Hence, a new
blade profile for Darrieus type VAWT is presented in this In urban areas the wind is very turbulent and unstable with
paper, capable to self-start at low wind speeds. A fast changes in direction and velocity, in these environments
methodology is developed to compare the new blade profile the vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) have several
with other known airfoils. Finally, conclusions are duly advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) [5].
drawn.
These advantages are: their insensitivity to yaw wind
1 Introduction direction changes (so the turbine does not need the extra
components to turn the rotor against the wind); smaller
The wind energy systems have been considered as one of the number of components (the reduced number of components
most cost effective of all the currently exploited renewable lead to a more reliable product and a reduced cost in
sources, so the demand and investment in wind energy production and maintenance); it’s very low sound emissions
systems has increased in the last decade [18]. (ideal for urban areas); the ability to generate energy from
wind in skewed flows (the skewed flow are very usual in
Several studies have been conducted to model, simulate [14] urban areas specially on the roofs) [16]; a three dimensional
and characterize [7] the wind behaviour to stimulate the structural design easier to integrate in urban architecture; the
acceptance of the wind energy in the market, by offering tools ability to operate closer to the ground level.
to help and ease the enterprise I&D.
The Darrieus type VAWT has a natural inability to self-start,
The investment in wind energy for the 27 EU Member States but several solutions have been presented to overcome this
is expected to grow in the next 20 years, reaching almost €20 drawback: use of a guide-vane [19], using a hybrid
billion in 2030 towards 400 GW of installed capacity configuration of a Savonius VAWT (drag type wind turbine)
(250 GW onshore and 150 GW offshore), aiming to produce and a Darrieus VAWT (lift type wind turbine) [10], use of
between 26% and 35% of the electricity needs [6]. This mechanical system to optimize the blade pitch [17], use of
represents the avoidance of 600 million tonnes of CO2 per blades that change their form during operation [2], or a
year and a save for Europe of €56 billion a year in avoided specific blade profile capable of offering self-start capabilities
fuel costs and €15 billion a year in avoided CO2 costs. to the wind turbine without extra components [13].
The use of extra components, although it speeds the These forces (drag and lift) usually balance each other leading
development phase, it also increases the complexity of the to a lack of starting torque at low wind speeds [4].
wind turbine due to the increase of components, that in turn
decrease final product sustainability and lifetime, and increase The study and development of an airfoil capable to self-start
production and maintenance costs. is a very complex task. The new airfoil presented in this paper
is called EN0005. Before its design was developed, several
The development of a blade profile for the VAWT capable to other blade solutions with better known profiles were used,
self-start and with a reasonable performance at high TSR is a such as, trapping vortex cell systems [11], [20], thick blades
very complex and time consuming task, leading to an increase [3], and modified profiles [13]. The need to get a more
of time and cost for the wind turbine development. suitable blade profile to the VAWT in development and the
need to contribute to the scientific community with another
The recent developments regarding VAWT, and the innovative solution was felt.
associated technological innovation, motivate the work
carried out in this paper. Hence, this paper is based on a The new profile developments started with a base profile that
straight bladed Darrieus VAWT and it has the goal to present is continually modified by moving each segment of the
a new blade profile capable to self-start. profile surface. For each modification the effects of those
modifications to the wind turbine performance are tested by
By considering the time used to develop a new airfoil for the applying the methodology that will be explained in the next
VAWT capable to self-start, a methodology for fast analysis section. The new blade profile (EN0005) is shown in Fig. 1.
was developed and will be presented in this paper. With this
methodology a substantial reduction of time consumed in the 0.3
first phases of new blade development is achieved.
0,2
Accordingly, simulation studies are carried out in order to
adequately assess the behaviour of the blade profiles. The aim 0.1
This paper is organized as follows. Section II shows the new In the lower surface of the blade profile the first 20% of the
airfoil profile design for Darrieus VAWT blade. Section III length has high lift properties that are essential when the wind
presents the methodology used for the first stages of the turbine is working at high TSR. The last 80% of the surface
development of the airfoil design and self-start capabilities. finishes in a cup form, which is essential to increase the drag
Section IV provides the performance of the new blade profile. forces of the profile when the wind turbine is stopped and the
Finally, Section V outlines conclusions. blade is in the downstream zone of the rotor.
−1
pr
The equations (7) and (8) show the relation between the C pr , −2
−4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Angle
−2
0.3
−3
↓ EN0005 −4
0,2
−5
pr
0.1 −6
↓ NACA4418
y/c
−7
0
−8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Angle
−0.1 ↑ NACA0018
Fig. 6. T pr at any blade azimuth angle.
−0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/c The airfoil EN0005 has a higher C pr exerted in the blade
Fig. 4. Airfoil profiles for EN0005, NACA0018 and profile surface contributing to the tangential force, but it
NACA4418. presents a higher contribution to the axial force, which must
be taken in consideration when designing the wind turbine
The NACA0018 is more commonly used in Darrieus type arms structure. In Fig. 5 the profile NACA0018 show a
VAWT for its proved high performance at high TSR in high symmetrical axial forced exerted in the blades, that can be
wind speeds. The NACA4418 is a cambered version of the compared to the NACA4418 forces, although in this last
NACA0018, with a maximum camber of 4% of the chord airfoil the forces are slightly higher to the outside of the wind
located 40% from the leading edge, and was chosen as a turbine but lower to the inside of the rotor. In Fig. 6 the best
comparison to NACA0018 performance, since the cambered profile is the EN0005 that shows an airfoil with the highest
airfoils are more likely to present better self-start capabilities. contribution to the tangential force T pr .
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EN0005 NACA0018 NACA4418
0
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−0.05
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pr
−0.1
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−0.15
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−0.2
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−0.25
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Angle
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