bond order 1 single C–C 2 double C=C 3 triple CC BOND LENGTH
distance between the nuclei of the
atoms joined in a covalent bond decreases as bond order increases
H H BOND LENGTH BOND AVERAGE BOND LENGTH (pm) C–O 143 C=O 120 C–C 154 C=C 134 C≡C 120 H–H 74 BOND STRENGTH related to the energy required to break a bond directly proportional to bond order inversely proportional to bond length Energy required to break the following bonds: Bond Energy (kJ/mol) order 1 single C–C 348 2 double C=C 614 3 triple C≡C 839 BOND POLARITY
a measure of how the electrons are shared between
two atoms of the bond determined by comparing the electronegativity of the atoms involved in bonding ELECTRONEGATIVITY EN = |EN of atom 1 – EN of atom 2|
As EN increases bond polarity increases:
EN Bond Polarity
< 0.5 non-polar covalent bond 0.5 – 1.9 polar covalent bond > 1.9 rather form ionic bond BOND POLARITY when the electron pair is shared unequally, the bond: is polar exhibits charged separation possesses a dipole moment indicated by crossed arrows ( ) Which bond is more polar?
a. N–O or C–O? C–O
b. S–F or O–F? S–F
c. O–H or C–H? O–H TYPES OF SUBSTANCES BASED ON CHEMICAL BONDS PRESENT IONIC SUBSTANCES
positive and negative ions
are held in the crystal arrangement by electrostatic attraction ionic bonds extend throughout the crystal - particles in fixed positions - + - in solid state - IONIC SUBSTANCES IONIC CRYSTAL
Cl- K+ Cl- K+
K+ Cl- K+ Cl-
Cl- K+ Cl- K+ IONIC SUBSTANCES PROPERTIES non-conductor in solid phase conductor when molten & in aqueous soln high melting point hard brittle IONIC SUBSTANCES EXAMPLES SUBSTANCE MP (OC) USES NaCl 801 flavoring, preservative CaO 2580 steel, pulp and paper manufacture PbCrO4 884 yellow pigment in paint IONIC SUBSTANCES Lattice Energy Whenever a new bond forms, energy is released. The stronger the bond, the more energy that is released.
For ionic bonds, this energy is called lattice energy.
IONIC SUBSTANCES Born-Haber Cycle Five-step method for finding the lattice energy of NaCl. 1. Sublime one mole of solid Na. 2. Dissociate 0.5 mole of Cl2(g) into one mole of Cl(g). 3. Ionize one mole of Na(g) to Na+(g) 4. Convert one mole of Cl(g) to Cl-(g) 5. Allow the Na+(g) and Cl-(g) to form one mole of NaCl(s). BORN-HABER PROCESS BORN-HABER PROCESS process Energy change • Since the sum of the (kJ)
five processes yields Na(s)→Na(g) 107.3
the desired overall ½ Cl2(g)→Cl(g) 122 reaction, the sum of the individual energy Na(g)→Na+(g)+e- 495.8 changes gives the overall energy change. Cl(g)+e-→Cl-(g) -348.6 Na+(g)+Cl-(g)→NaCl(s) -787 Na(s) + ½ Cl2(g) →NaCl(s) TOTAL -410.5 COVALENT MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES C O the structural units are neutral molecules or C O atoms weak forces of attraction between molecules COVALENT MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES
metallic bonding “sea” of moving valence electrons which collectively hold the nuclei of the metal metal cation + cations together delocalized valence e- METALLIC SUBSTANCES PROPERTIES high density high melting point thermal conductors electrical conductors lustrous
