REDES DE DATOS I

Class 1. Introducction to
Data Networks
Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA – CCNP – CCSP-JNCIA
 CLASS OBJETIVES

At the end of class the student will have the

ability to:
• Understand the concept of a data networks
• Understand the main components of a data
networks
• Classify the different types of data networks.
• Understand the main technologies used in
personal wireless data networks
• Explain the concepts about delay, packet loss and
Throughput
 WHAT IS A COMPUTERS
NETWORKS?

“Computer networks or data networks are chains of

nodes linked by communication channels. The nodes
receive, transmit and exchange data between
endpoints. The data transmitted is in the form of data,
voice or video traffic.”
 WHAT’S THE INTERNET?
PC • billions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
• hosts = end systems
wireless global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone

home
network
 communication links regional ISP

wireless
• fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth
 packet switches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
• routers and switches
GLOBAL&LOCAL INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDERS (ISP)
 ISP ARCHITECTURE
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company the provides
Internet access. The most common ISP is the provider who delivers
Internet to your home or business for a fee. However, there are 3
levels of ISPs. Tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 providers. All 3 play an
important role in providing Internet access.

6
 ISP ARCHITECTURE

A tier 1 is an carrier or Internet provider who exchanges traffic

with other tier 1 providers. These ISPs exchange traffic strictly
through peering agreements.

Without tier 1 Internet providers, Internet traffic could not

be exchanged between continents and countries.

• Hibernia Networks
• Cogent
Communications
• Level 3 Communications

7
 ISP ARCHITECTURE

A tier 2 ISP is a service provider who connects between tier 1 and

tier 3 Internet service providers. Tier 2 providers will exchange
Internet traffic through peering agreements, as well as
purchase Internet transit.

• Hurricane Electric
• Vodafone
• Comcast

8
 ISP ARCHITECTURE

A tier 3 ISP is a provider who strictly purchases Internet transit. A tier

3 provider is the last mile provider who delivers Internet access to
residential homes and businesses.

• Transnexa
• Telconet
• CNT

9
LOCAL CARRIERS - TRANSNEXA

10
LOCAL CARRIERS - TELCONET

11
LOCAL CARRIERS - CNT

12
 LOCAL CARRIERS - FEATURES

CARRIER FEATURE
TRANSNEXA • 49000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH & DWDM
• Optical Transport Network
TELCONET • 25000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH (E1, DS3, STM1,
STM16, STM64)
• DWDM
CNT • 10000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH & DWDM
• 10 Gbps Interface
13
INTERNET STATISTICS
INTERNET USERS
SOCIAL MEDIA STATISTICS
 WHAT IS A INTERNET OF THINGS - IOT?

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated

computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.”
TREND – SMART EVERYTHING
 WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the

Internet. These resources include tools and applications like data
storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.

• Applications through
Internet (Google Docs)
• Computing through
Internet (Amazon EC3)
• Storage and backup
through Internet (iCloud,
Google Drive)
CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS
CLOUD COMPUTING MARKET SHARE
 NETWORK COMPONENTS: END
DEVICES (USERS)

• Servers provide information and services to clients

• e-mail, web pages.
• Clients request information from the server.
 SERVER COMPUTERS

• Servers have software installed that enable them to provide

information (email, web pages, etc), to other hosts on the network.
• Each service requires separate server software.
• A single computer can run multiple types of server
software.
SERVER COMPUTERS SOFTWARE
CLIENT COMPUTERS
SOFTWARE
 END DEVICES
• End devices or hosts:
• The source or destination of a message.
INDUSTRIAL END DEVICES
 NETWORKING DEVICES
 Switches
 Routers
 Firewalls
 Access Point
 NETWORK MEDIA

Communication across a network is carried through a medium which

allows a message to travel from source to destination.
Media Types Description
Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

within cables (fiber-optic
cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of specific

frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.

• Maximum Distance
• Environment
• Speed
• Cost
 PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

Physical topology diagrams illustrate the physical

location of intermediary devices and cable installation.
 LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices, ports, and the

addressing scheme of the network, as shown in the figure. You can
see which end devices are connected to which intermediary
devices and what media is being used.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
 PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY – STAR
TOPOLOGY
 It’s called a star topology because all communication has to
go through the switch, it is the central component of our
network.

33
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects

computers and devices in a limited geographical area.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Main characteristics of LAN:

Area of coverage: LANs located within the

same building such as a home, school
computer laboratory, office building.
Distance: LANs span (cover) distance less than
a 10 km.
Ownership: LANs are owned and operated by
individual organizations.
Technologies: Ethernet, Token Ring*, FDDI*,
WLAN (*Legacy Technologies – 1970 - 1980)
 W-PAN NETWORKS
 Wireless Personal Area Network (W-PAN) is a
type of wireless network that works within a
very small area (10 meters).
 WIRELESS PAN – Z-WAVE
 Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol designed for
home automation, specifically for remote control applications
in residential and light commercial environments. Frequency
908.42 Mhz, Data rate (9.6 to 40 kpbs)
 WIRELESS PAN – BLUETOOTH

 Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data

over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in
the ISM band from 2402 - 2480 MHz. Data rate (1 mbps
Nominal – 720 Kbps user )
 WIRELESS PAN – BLUETOOTH

 Bluetooth was invented in 1994 by Ericsson.

 Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba, and Ericsson formed Bluetooth
SIG in May 1998
 Version 1.0A of the specification came out in late 1999.
 IEEE 802.15.1 approved in early 2002 is based on
Bluetooth Later versions handled by Bluetooth SIG
directly
 Key Features:
 Lower Power: 10 mA in standby, 50 mA while
transmitting
 Cheap: $5 per device
 Small: 9 mm2 single chips
 WPAN- BLUETOOTH VERSIONS

 Bluetooth 1.1: IEEE 802.15.1-2002

 Bluetooth 1.2: IEEE 802.15.1-2005. Completed Nov 2003. Higher variable
rate retransmission.
 Bluetooth 2.0 + Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) (Nov 2004): 3 Mbps using
DPSK. For video applications. Reduced power due to reduced duty cycle
 Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (July 2007): Secure Simple Pairing to speed up
pairing
 Bluetooth 3.0+ High Speed (HS) (April 2009): 24 Mbps using WiFi PHY +
Bluetooth PHY for lower rates
 Bluetooth 4.0 (June 2010): Low energy. Smaller devices requiring longer
battery life (several years). New incompatible PHY. Bluetooth Smart or
BLE
 Bluetooth 4.1: 4.0 + Core Specification
 Bluetooth 4.2 (Dec 2014): Larger packets, security/privacy, IPv6
Profile
 WIRELESS PAN – RFID

RFID - RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification”.

A system consisting a tag, antenna and a processor capable of
wirelessly communication data over radio waves. Data rate
(150 kbps)
 WIRELESS PAN – NFC
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication
protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually
a portable device such as a smartphone, to
establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of
each other. (Data Rate 424 kbit/s)
 WIRELESS PAN – ZIGBEE
 ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area
networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee
is based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard
ZIGBEE - DETAILS
 WIRELESS PAN –
BODY AREA NETWORK - BAN
 A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless
body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN), is
a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
 EJERCICIO

Una red VAN que implementa la tecnología 802.15.4, está compuesta por 40
automóviles cada uno de los cuales posee un sistema de adquisición de datos
(motas) mediantes sensores, cada uno de las motas está compuesto por 25 sensores:
7 de Temperatura, 6 tacómetro, 6 sensores de flujo de aire y 6 sensores de
proximidad, además de un módulo de comunicación en 2.4 Ghz., las características
de los sensores se muestran a continuación:
Sensor Rango de Medida Observaciones
Temperatura PT100 -50º C a 100º C Considere 1 bit para representar el signo del
valor
Tacómetro 0 – 10000 RPM
Flujo de Aire 0 – 220000 m/s

Sensor de Proximidad 0 – 50 m Este valor por precisión se mide en

centímetros
Determine:
• El % de uso de la red si todos las 40 automóviles están transmitiendo datos, y si se
considera un uso real del 80% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4.
• El tiempo de servicio de la red cuando 10, 20 y 40 autos transmiten datos,
considere un uso real del 50, 80 y 100% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4
para cada número de autos.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

 A metropolitan area
network (MAN) is a
high-speed network that
connects local area
networks (LANs) in a
metropolitan area.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
Main characteristics of MAN:
 Areas of coverage: MANs connect various
locations such as campuses, offices, and
government, that are frequently used as links
between buildings.
 Distance: MANs span (cover) distance up to 100
miles (161 km).
 Ownership: MANs are owned by a group of users
who jointly own and operate the network.
 Technologies: Metro Ethernet, SMDS, WIMAX
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

 A wide area network (WAN) is a network that

covers a large geographical area.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

Main characteristics of WAN:

 Areas of coverage: WANs located within a
countryside and worldwide networks, (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables and radio waves. The Internet
is the world’s largest WAN.
 Distance: WANs span (cover) distance greater than
160 Km.
 Ownership: Service Providers (AT&T, Telconet, CNT)
 Technologies: Frame Relay, ATM, MPLS, LTE
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHING

Circuit switching is when a dedicated channel or circuit

needs to be established before users can speak to each
other on a call. A channel used in circuit switching is kept
reserved at all times and is used once the two users
communicate. (PSTN)
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHING

Packet switching is different from circuit switching because

there is no requirement to establish a channel. The channel
is available to users throughout the data network. Long
messages are broken down into packets and sent
individually to the network. (Internet)
 DATA LOSS AND DELAY

 packets queue in router buffers, waiting for turn for transmission

 queue length grows when arrival rate to link (temporarily)
exceeds output link capacity
 packet loss occurs when memory to hold queued packets fills up
 SOURCES OF PACKET DELAY

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

 check bit errors  time waiting at output link for
transmission
 determine output link  depends on congestion level
 typically < msec of router
 SOURCES OF PACKET DELAY

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed (~2x108
 dtrans = L/R m/sec)
 dprop = d/s
“REAL” INTERNET DELAYS, ROUTES
 PACKET LOSS
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all

buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
 THROUGHPUT
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time

 average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server with bits
sends link capacity
pipe that can carry link capacity
pipe that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
 THROUGHPUT
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput