The Philippine in 19th Century as Rizal’s Context Fireworks Display

Tuba (Coconut Wine)

OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE
19TH CENTURY
 Spaniards wrought fundamental changes in the
lives of the Indio
 Introduced new customs, religion, practices, and
institutions
 Influx of Chinese due to presence of Spaniards
 New plants (cassava, sweet potato, cotton
maguey, indigo, ahuete, tobacco, cacao)
 Animals (horses, cows, sheep, goats, water
buffalos, geese, ducks, and swans from China
and Japan)
 Modifies eating habits and economic
development
 The Spanish colonial policy was virtually
designed not only to control but to exploit the
natural resources
 The onerous (difficult) system of taxation
 Unjust forced labor
 Monopolistic galleon trade
 Stringent trade and agricultural policy
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
 Manila became a trading hub where
China, India, Japan, and South Asian
countries sent their goods to be
consolidated for shipping.
 Chinese migrants doubled in numbers
bringing goods and workforce to ran the
hub.
 With the huge migration of Chinese, the
Spanish Citizens living in the
Philippines were outnumbered creating
fear for the Spanish authorities that
resulted to massacres in the 17th century
until the Spaniards and the Chinese
learned to live with each other in the
next few centuries.
 The Manila Galleon Trade allowed
modern political and liberal ideas to
enter the country that gradually inspiring
Filipinos to fight for Philippine
independence.
 On September 14, 1815, the Galleon
trade finally ended when Mexico gained
its independence from Spain.

A. END OF THE GALLEON TRADE B. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

 Galleon trade flourished through its  Artificial water wat that connects the
trans-pacific trade from 1565-1815 Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea that
through the Galleon ship going back and is found in the country of Egypt.
forth between Manila, Cebu, and  Started in 1859 and officially opened in
Acapulo November 17, 1869 with the leadership
 250-year-old trade of a French National Ferdinand De
 Became a central income generating Lesseps.
business for the Spanish government in  Made the Europe closer to Asia
the Philippines (Philippines and Spain) and decreased
 Created an intercultural exchange the travel time from 3 months to 32-40
between Asia, Spanish America, Africa, days.
and Europe  Furthered the importation of books,
magazines, and newspapers coming
GALLEON TRADE
from Europe and America that opened
Products from the Products from the minds of the Filipino reformist like
Philippines to Mexico to Jose Rizal.
Mexico: Philippines:  Stimulated more interaction between
Mango de Manila Guava liberal thinkers of Europe with local
Tamarind Avocado reformers.
Rice Papaya
 Encourage the illustrados to travel and
Carabao Pineapple
pursue their studies and learn scientific
Cockfighting Horses and Cattle
Chinese Tea and and liberal ideas in European academic
Textiles institutions.

C. RISE OF THE EXPORT OF CROP
ECONOMY AND MONOPOLIES
 The Philippines was well developing an
export crop economy years after the end
of the Galleon Trade, between 1820 and
1870.
 Products like Manila hemp and coffee
were exported to foreign markets while
European imported goods find their way
to the Philippine markets.
 Provided opportunities to Chinese
migrants to move in the hemp producing
areas of Western Visayas and tobacco
provinces of Northern Luzon
 Another main source of wealth during
the post-galleon era was monopoly
contracting.
 After 1850, government monopoly
contracts for the collection of different
revenues were opened to foreigners for
the first time.
 The Chinese instantly took advantage of
this commercial opportunity and thus,
for the rest of the 19th century, enjoyed a
pre-eminent position in monopoly
contracting in the Philippines.
THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND
A. EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY
 King Philip II mandated the government
in the Philippines to educate and teach
the natives how to read and write the
Spanish language.
 First formal schools established are
parochial schools by the Roman
Catholic (Jesuits, Franciscans,
Augustians, and Dominicans)
 Reading, writing, arithmetic, vocational,
and practical art subject including
religious doctrines were taught.
 Strict discipline, corporal punishments
were applied.
 Colleges (equivalent of our high schools
today) were then opened as boys’ and
girls’ study separately.
 Subjects were History, Latin,
Geography, Mathematics, and
Philosophy.
 During the 17th century, universities
were opened for Spanish citizens and
Spanish Mestizos.
 In the 19th century this school were then
opened for Filipino natives and the
center of the curriculum is on religion
not on Science and Mathematics.
 In1863, a Royal decree instituted the
establishment of a public-school system
in the Philippines to accommodate more
students from the different social
stratification like Spanish Citizens,
mestizos, and Filipino natives.
 This public schools only accommodated
the sons of wealthy Filipino natives.
 Growing numbers of educated Filipino
natives give birth to a new social class
called as ilustrados.
 Still they suffer from racial
discrimination coming from the Spanish
citizens.
 With the opening of the Suez Canal this
illustrados were attracted to seek for a
higher education in Europe.
 Nationalism bloomed in the liberal
atmosphere.
B. RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO
 The development of commercial
agriculture in the archipelago resulted
-in the presence of a new class.
 Landholdings of the church and the rice
estates of the pre-Spanish nobility
emerged haciendas of sugar, coffee, and
hemp were owned by enterprising
Chinese-Filipino mestizos.
 Non-existent in earlier centuries
(Spanish and Chinese mestizos)
ascended to a position of power in the
Philippine society and in due course
became leaders in education and finance.
C. THE RISE OF THE INQUILINOS
 Inquilino is the same as tenancy which
gives the right to the inquilino or the
tenant to use the land for farming or
production in exchange for rent.
 This system started in the Philippines
after the end of the Galleon trade and the
opening of the Suez Canal that requires
intensive cultivation of the land for mass
production of crops.

HIERARCHY IN THE INQUIUNO SYTEM
1. Farm land in the Philippines are mostly owned by
friars and Secular Spanish
2. The estate management was granted to an
administrator who is a Spanish mestizo or Filipino lay
brother.
The administrator collects the rent of the inquilinos
and remit to the estate owners
3. Inquilinos paid a fired rent and the amount was
determined by the size and quality of the land being
worked on.
Some inquilinos would make innumerable and
irrational demands from fam workers
4. With the expansion of land owned by missionary
congregations the proportions of farmlands leased to
inquilinos also increased allowing many of them to sub-
lease parcels of their land to sharecroppers or kasamas.
THE RISE OF THE INQUILINOS
 The hacienda structure consisted of three strata:
the estate owner: the leaseholder or inquilino
and the tenant-sharecropper
 Between the owner and the inquilino, the
administrator who often demanded a share of
the produce, over and above the stipulated land
rent.
 The inquilino paid the land rent, separated the
seed, and divided the remaining crop equally
between the sharecropper and himself since the
sharecropper was at the bottom rung of the
hierarchy (Sobritchea, 1980).
THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
A. LIBERALISM
 Liberalism is a worldview founded on ideas of
freedom and equality.
 Liberals normally believe that government is
necessary to protect individuals from being
abused by others though they are also aware that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty
(Mañebog et al., 2018).
 The French revolution (1789-1799) started a
political revolution in Europe and in some parts
of the world.
 With the overthrow of monarchial rule,
democratic principles of Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity--the battle cry of the French
Revolution started to spread in Europe and
around the world. (Vallano, n.d.)
 The opening of the Philippines into world trade
and the opening of the Suez Canal created an
economic and political change
 The liberal ideas from Europe and America
penetrated the country affected the lives of the
Filipinos
 The political thoughts of known liberal thinkers
such as Jean Jacques Rousseau (Social
Contract), John Locke (Two Treatises of
Government), Thomas Paine (Common Sense),
Thomas Jefferson, Montesquieu, Voltaire, had
reach also the country.
 Philippines actual experience of liberalism came
when Queen Isabela II was ousted through a
mutiny in 1868.
 Gov. Gen Carlos Maria De la Torre instituted
changes.
 he recognized the freedom of speech and of
the press
 the abolition of censorship
 his tolerance policy to Filipino priest like
Jose Burgos was encourage to fight for the
secularization of Parishes
 his peaceful solution to the Cavite agrarian
problem was one of his best achievements
 when he solved the problem without any
bloodshed
B. IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORMS
 Bourbon Reforms were sets of economic and
political legislation promulgated by the Spanish
Crown under various kings. King Philip V
(1700-1746), Ferdinand VI (r. 1746-1759).
Charles III (r. 1759-1788), and Charles IV (r.
1788-180) in the 18th century.
 The crown pursued state supremacy over the
Catholic Church, resulting in the suppression of
the society of Jesus in 1767 as well as an attempt
to abolish ecclesiastical privilege (Ariola, 2018)
 The impact of the Bourbon reforms gave a deep
consequence of colonial policy innovations in
areas such as Mexico.
 The impact gave the natives in the Philippines
the idea that colonization could be done without
much intervention from the Catholic Church
(Manebog et al. 2018).

C. THE CADIZ CONSTITUTION

 On March 18-19, 1812 A group of 300
deputies from Spanish America and the
Philippines promulgated a liberal
constitution called as the Cadiz Constitution
in the Mediterranean port of Cadiz having
Pedro Perez De Tagle and Jose Manuel
Coretto as the first delegates from the
Philippines
 The Cadiz constitution declared that
"sovereignty resides the nation, which the
exclusive right to establish its fundamental
laws
 The establishment of the universal male
suffrage, national sovereignty constitutional
monarchy, freedom of the press land reform
free enterprise and granting all its colonies
representation as provinces in the Spanish
Cortes (Pedrosa, nd)
 The first election of deputies in the Spanish
Cortes resulted to the selection of Ventura
de los Reyes (Elizalde, 2013)
 The Cadiz constitution did not last when
king Fernado VII became a King of Spain
declaring the constitution invalid and
restored absolutism
 The constitution became breakthrough for
the Filipinos because they were exempted in
paying taxes or tributes, rendering public
services based on equality clause,
sovereignty in the people, equality of men,
liberty and right to suffrage.