1.

The verb to be

The verb to be is one of the most important in the English language. Its meaning is
equivalent to the verbs to be and be of Spanish, so depending on the context of the
sentence it will be interpreted with one meaning or another.

TO BE (ser) TO BE (estar)

She is tall. She is sad.
Ella es alta.
Ella está triste.

2 .Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are those particles that are used to replace a subject formed by a
noun.

Mary is a teacher. / She is a teacher.

Mary es maestra. / Ella es maestra.

In these examples, the subjects Mary is noun phrase and have been replaced by the
personal pronouns she respectively.

PERSONAL
NUMBER EXAMPLES
PRONOUNS

1ª persona I am from Italy

I   Yo
del singular Yo soy de Italia

2ª persona You are my best friend.

You   Tú
del singular Tú eres mi mejor amigo.

He is my husband.
He   Él
Él es mi marido.

3ª persona She is my grandma.

She   Ella
del singular Ella es mi abuela.

Ello  It is my book.

It   (animales y
cosas)
ello Es mi libro.

We are going to the cinema.

We   Nosotros/as 1ª persona del plural
Nosotros vamos a ir al cine.

You are my guests.
You   Ustedes/as 2ª persona del plural
Ustedes sois mis invitados.
 PERSONAL
NUMBER EXAMPLES
PRONOUNS

The They are my friends.Ellos son mis

  Ellos/as 3ª persona del plural
y amigos.

3. Estructure to be verb

Affirmative form
Affirmative sentences are those that declare or enunciate something true.

SUBJEC
TO BE EXAMPLES
T

am 
I I'm in the kitchen.(yo) Estoy en la cocina.
'm

are 
You You're very intelligent.(tú) Eres muy inteligente.
're

He He's at work.(él) Está en el trabajo.

is 
She She's my wife.(ella) Es mi mujer.
's

It It's for kids.(ello) Es para niños.

We We're strong.(nosotros/as) Somos fuertes.

You are  You're students.(ustedes) Son estudiantes.

're

They're on holiday.(ellos/as) Están de
They
vacaciones.

Negative form
Negative sentences are those that deny something. Thus, the not particle is added
after the verb.

SUBJEC
TO BE + NOT EXAMPLES
T

am not
I I'm not in the kitchen.(yo) No estoy en la cocina.
'm not

are not
You're not very intelligent.(tú) No eres muy
You 're not
inteligente.
aren't

He He's not at work.(él) No está en el trabajo.

is not
She 's not She's not my wife.(ella) No es mi mujer.
isn't

It It's not for kids.(ello) No es para niños.

We We're not strong.(nosotros/as) No somos fuertes.

are not 
You You're not students.(ustedes) No son estudiantes.
're not 
aren't

They're not on holiday.(ellos/as) No están de

They
vacaciones.

Interrogative form

Interrogative sentences or questions are those that are used to request certain
information.

TO BE SUBJECT EXAMPLES

Am I...? Am I in the kitchen?(yo) ¿Estoy en la cocina?

Are you...? Are you very intelligent?(tú) ¿Eres muy inteligente?

TO BE SUBJECT EXAMPLES

he...? Is he at work?(él) ¿Está en el trabajo?

Is she...? Is she my wife?(ella) ¿Es mi mujer?

it...? Is it for kids?(ello) ¿Es para niños?

we...? Are we strong?(nosotros/as) ¿Somos fuertes?

you...? Are you students?(ustedes) ¿Son estudiantes?

Are

Are they on holiday?(ellos/as) ¿Están de

they...?
vacaciones?

4. Indefinite articles

The Indefinite articles (a / an) are those determinants that specify the identity of the
name they accompany, that is, they tell us if the element being talked about is
something specific or inconcrete.

Do you have a dress for me?

(tú) ¿Tienes un vestido para mí?

When do we use the indefinite articles?

We use the indefinite article a or an (one, one, one) when we want to refer to an
indeterminate or unknown element by the speaker.

Do you have an umbrella?
(tú) ¿Tienes un paraguas?

There is a frog in the garden.

Hay una rana en el jardín.
 INDEFINI
TE PRONUNCIAT
USE EXAMPLES
ARTICLE ION
S

When the word begins with

[É™] A cakeUn pastel
consonant

When the H at the beginning of the

A [É™] A hospitalUn hospital
word is audible

When the word begins with E or U A universityUna

[É™]
with consonant sound universidad

An ice-creamUn
When the word begins with a vowel [ən]
helado

AN

When the H at the beginning of the

[ən] An hourUna hora
word is deaf

USES EXAMPLES SENTENCES

My mum is a nurse at the hospital.Mi madre

In front of professions. A nurse, an accountant...
es  enfermera en el hospital.

Can I have an (one) apple, please?¿Me das una

To replace the numeral one. An apple, a hundred...
manzana por favor?

In front of a singular
accounting name that serves as
A lion, a book A baby lion is born blind.Un bebé león  nace ciego.
an example of a class of
things.

The oranges cost 2 euros a kilo.Las naranjas cuestan 2

Expressions of price, speed ... A kilo, an hour...
euros  el kilo.
5. The Weather
In English, we usually use it is when we talk about the weather.
This is normally: It is + adjective OR It is + verb-ing

It is + adjective = A description of the weather

 It is sunny today.
 It's hot and humid today.
 It's a nice day today.

We can also say:

It is a + adjective + day (or morning/afternoon/night)

 It's a fine day.

 It's a windy afternoon.

It is + verb-ing = This type of weather is happening now.

 It's drizzling outside.

 It's snowing.
 Take an umbrella, it's raining.

You can also use it is in different tenses

 It was cold yesterday.
 It will be cloudy tomorrow.

When you are learning vocabulary about the weather, it is important to remember that
some of the words have a noun form, a verb form and/or an adjective form. For
example:

 Rain: (noun) The game was cancelled because of the rain.

 Rain: (verb) I think it is going to rain later.
 Rainy: (adjective) It's a rainy day.

It pays to learn the different forms of each word and when they are used.

Nouns and Adjectives

Many times when we are talking about the weather, we can add the letter Y to the end
of a noun to make it an adjective.

 rain (noun) - rainy (adjective)

 sun (noun) - sunny (adjective)
 wind (noun) - windy (adjective)
  cloud (noun) - cloudy (adjective)
 fog (noun) - foggy (adjective)

6. Singular and plural nouns

Names or nouns can be flexed in number (singular or plural).In most cases, an -s is

added at the end of the word. However, this termination may vary depending on a
number of features.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

 bottle – bottles
 cup – cups
 pencil – pencils
 desk – desks
 sticker – stickers
 window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

 box – boxes
 watch – watches
 moss – mosses
 bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

 wolf – wolves
 wife – wives
 leaf – leaves
 life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

 child – children
 woman – women
 man – men
 mouse – mice
 goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

 baby – babies
 toy – toys
 kidney – kidneys
 potato – potatoes
 memo – memos
 stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

  sheep – sheep
 deer – deer
 series – series
 species – species

7. Possessive adjectives
The possessives my, mine, you, yours, his, his, etc., are used to indicate that
something belongs or is part of something. They vary according to the holder and not
according to the amount possessed.

I have a pet, so this pet is mine.

Tengo una mascota así que esta mascota es mía.

This is your problem, not my problem.

Este es tu problema, no mi problema.

PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
PRONOUN

I My Mi, mis Mine Mío/a/os/as

You Your Tu, tus Yours Tuyo/a/os/as

He His His

She Her Su, sus Hers Suyo/a/os/as

It Its Its1

Nuestro/a/os/a Nuestro/a/os/a
We Our Ours
s s

You Your De ustedes Yours De ustedes

They Their Su, sus Theirs Suyo/a/os/as

8. Demonstrative adjectives (This / that / these / those)
Demonstrative determiners are mostly used to specify or designate people, animals or
things based on their proximity or remoteness taking into account the speaker's
position:

THIS Esto/e/a

It is used when we talk about a single element that is a short distance from the
speaker.

THAT Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a

It is used when we talk about a single element that is at a certain distance from the
speaker.

THESE Estos/as

It is used when we talk about more than one element that is a short distance from the
speaker.

THOSE Esos/as, aquellos/as

It is used when we talk about more than one element that is at a certain distance from
the speaker.

Examples:

Hi Mary. This is my boyfriend, Ron.

Hola Mary. Este es mi novio, Ron.

Hello Miss, these are my parents.

Hola señorita, estos son mis padres.

This apple is mine.
Esta manzana es mía.

I like that hat.
Me gusta ese sombrero.