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The Ã
Ã


  is composed of   

in the human body
which Ã
  


à 


Ã
 

 


  Ã 
  . The word Ã
à is the adjective
of the   Ã
Ã
 

 
Ã
à Ã Ã 
 
 


 Ã
. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of

the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper
limbs).

The appendicular skeleton is divided into si x major regions:

1) 
 Ã 

(4 bones) - Left and right Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2).

2)  Ã  
à (6 bones) - Left and right Humerus (2) (Arm), Ulna (2)
and Radius (2) (Fore Arm).

3) Ã
(58 bones) - Left and right Carpal (16) (wrist), Metacarpal (10),
Proximal phalanges (10), Middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and
sesamoid (4).

4) 
!
(2 bones) - Left and right os coxae (2) (ilium).

5) " Ã 
 (8 bones) - Femur (2) (thigh), Tibia (2), patella (2) (knee),
and Fibula (2) (leg).

6) 

 (56) - Tarsals (14) (ankle), Metatarsals (10), Proximal phalanges

(10), middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and .

It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for

the skeleton to have many extra bones (su tural bones in the skull, cervical
ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae)

The appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones
together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike
the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a
much greater range of motion

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A   
à Ã



 



à 
  
. Joints are a
major part of the skeletal system because 
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#  Ã
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   #. There are many
joints, some of which allow no movement, some allow minor movement, and
some allow free movement

The immovable joints are called

#Ã


   
 
. They are
firm in their position to prevent gliding or sliding. There are three major
groups of this joint. First there are


, like the joints between the bones
of the skull. Next, there are
#




, like the membrane that sketches
in between tibia and fibula in human beings. Finally, there is   


which are the joints between the teeth and sockets that hold them.

The next group of joints is the ÃÃ 

 
  Ã Ã


,
which connect two bones with cartilage. Only slight movement occurs
between the bones that have this joint connecting them. Two cartilaginous
joints are synchondrosis, and fibrocartilaginous joints. The more common of
these two joints is the
# 

. This joint is a layer of cartilage
between two of part of two bones.  ÃÃ 
 
are bound
between the bones of the vertebral column. It is also between the sternum
and its inferior.

The final group of joints is

# !Ã  
  Ã


. These joints
allow various movements depending on the type of joint. Cartilage covers
bones near synovial joints so that ligament attachment can occur. Between
tow bones in these joints there is a membranous sac called 
Ã. Bursae
produce synovial fluid which covers the ends of bones allowing smooth
movement. Bursitis, a condition where the bursa undergo inflammation,
causes severe pain.

There are several typed of synovial joints. Ã
 

are joints between
two flat bones where one bone moves horizontally over the other bone in
various directions. An example is the bones in a hand. !   
occur
between two bones where one bone is cylindrical in shape and rotates inside
a ring shaped bone or ligament. An example is the movement that occurs
between the first two bones of the vertebrae where someone shakes his head
"no". The 
  is like the hinge on a door, and it moves back and
forth in one plane. The elbow and knee joints are examples. $ # 
 
 Ã
Ã


  
, occur between two bones where one is
football-shaped and fits in its concave complementary "partner." The
movements occur when someone shakes his head "yes" or when he tilts his
head side to side. The
Ã
  is two saddle shaped joints that can
move ninety degrees over each other like a jockey can tilt side to side on a
horse, but he cannot tilt too far without falling off. The final joint is the Ã
Ã

  , which is like an adult hand loosely wrapping one hand
around a baby's hand. Examples of this joint are the joints in the hips and
shoulders.

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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle.YY

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xY The Upper Limbs.

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The Upper Arm (Humerus)

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The Forearm (Radius and Ulna)

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The Wrist

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The Palm of the Hand

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The Fingers

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The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle.YY

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xY The Lower Limbs or Legs.YY


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the upper leg (thigh), the lower leg, the ankle, the arch of the foot
and the toesY

The Upper Leg or ThighY

YY 
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boneY Y
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YheadYY
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YacetubulumY

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kneecap (patella)Y Y
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The Lower LegY

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fibulaY
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The AnkleYY

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heel bone (calcaneum)Y

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The Arch of the FootY

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The ToesY

YYfourteen short phalangesY Y
YYY
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Yother toesY
Ythree in eachëYY