Chap02 - Transportation Systems and Organization

Chapter 2
Traffic & Highway

Engineering
Fourth Edition, SI
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
2010
Chapter 2
Transportation Systems
and Organizations
Chapter 2
 Transportation System & Organization

 Developing a Transportation System
 Modes of Transportation
 Transportation Organization
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
SUMMARY
 The transportation system in a developed nation
consists of a network of modes that have evolved
over many years.
 The system consists of vehicles, guide ways,
terminal facilities, and control systems;
 these operate according to established
procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and
on water.
 The system also requires interaction with the user,
the operator, and the environment.
SUMMARY
 The passenger or shipper thinks of each mode in
terms of the level of service provided.
 Each mode offers a unique set of service
characteristics at a given price: travel time,
frequency, comfort, convenience, reliability, and
safety.
 The traveler or shipper selects the mode based on
how these attributes are valued.
2.1.1 Comparative Advantages of
Transportation Modes
Students are requested to read this topic

and to discuss it in the next lecture
2.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
2.2.1 Freight and Passenger Traffic
Intercity freight transportation
Principal mode:
 Highways (truck)
 Railroads
 Water
 pipelines
2.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Intercity passenger transportation
Principal mode:
 Highways (automobile)
 Air
 Transit (bus)
 Railroads
SUMMARY
 The evolved transportation system has produced
a variety of modes that complement each other.
 Intercity passenger travel often involves auto and
air modes;
 intercity freight travel involves pipeline, water, rail,
and trucking.
 Urban passenger travel involves auto or public
transit;
 urban freight is primarily by truck.
 The principal carriers of freight are rail,
truck, pipeline, and water.
 Passenger transportation is by auto, air,
rail, and bus.
 Highway transportation is the dominant
mode in passenger travel.
 The United States highway system
comprises 6.3 million km of roadway.
Chapter 2
Transportation Systems and Organizations
2.2.2 Public Transportation

Transit services available to
urban and rural residents
Transit modes:
Mass transit (buses, light rail, rapid transit)
Paratransit (taxi, car rental, dial-a-ride ..)
Ridesharing (carpool, vanpool, share-ride taxi)
Do people prefer to use public transportation?
 distance from bus stops

 long waits at bus stops
 changing buses
 long journey time
 inconvenience on bus
2.2.3 Highway Transportation
 Highway transportation is the dominant
mode in passenger travel and one of
the principal freight modes.
Solved Example
Mode Selection
Example: Mode Selection
 Example 2.1 Selecting a Transportation

Mode (p29)
An individual is planning to take a trip
between the downtown area of two
cities, A and B, which are 400 km apart.
There are three options available:
Example: Mode Selection
Travel by air. This trip will involve driving to

the airport near city A, parking, waiting at the
terminal, flying to airport B, walking to a taxi
stand, and taking a taxi to the final destination.
 Example 2.1 Selecting a Transportation Mode (continued)
Travel by auto. This trip will involve driving
400 km through several congested areas,
parking in the downtown area, and walking to
the final destination.
Travel by rail. This trip will involve taking a
cab to the railroad station in city A, a direct rail
connection to the downtown area in city B, and
a short walk to the final destination.
 Example 2.1 Selecting a Transportation Mode (continued)
Itis a business trip
The traveler is willing to pay $25 for each hour of
travel time reduced
Mode cost $ time (hours)
Air 250 5
Auto 200 8
Rail 150 12
Which mode is selected based on travel time and
cost factors alone?
What other factors might be considered?
Solution:
Since travel time is valued at $25/hr, the
following costs would be incurred:
 Air: 250 + 25(5) = $375
 Auto: 200 + 25(8) = $400
 Rail: 150 + 25(12) = $450
In this instance, the air alternate reflects the
lowest cost and is the selected mode.
Other factors:
Safety, reliability and convenience.
Transportation Systems and Organizations
Highway Project
Development Process
2.2.3 Highway Transportation
 The Highway Project Development Process
1. Planning (6 to 24 months)
2. Design (15 to 24 months
3. Environment (9 to 36 months)
4. Right-of-Way (6 to 21 months)
5. Construction (12 to 36 months)
 Thus, total project time can range from 4 to 12
years, depending on the physical characteristics,
scope, and community support for the project.
Six-step process for transportation projects:
1. Select Project
2. Investigate Alternates
3. Obtain Final Approval
4. Develop Project Design
5. Prepare for Construction
6. Construct the Project
Cost of highways…..
Estimate the cost of building 1km length of a
30m wide road.
Sources of Funds for Highways

1. Highway users (direct taxes)
2. Property owners
3. Government (general taxes)
Solved Example
Highway Finance
Chapter 2 Garber P33
2.1 Developing a transportation system
Example 2.2
Computing the Toll to Maximize Revenue Using a
Supply- Demand Curve :
• A toll bridge carries 5000 veh/day. The current toll is 150
cents. When the toll is increased by 25 cents, traffic volume
decreases by 500 veh/day.
• Determine the amount of toll that should be charged such
that revenue is maximized.
• How much additional revenue will be received?
Transportation System 
• Example 2.2 - Solution:
• Let x = the toll increase in cents.
• Assuming a linear relation between traffic volume and cost,
the expression for V is:
Transportation System 
• Example 2.2 - Solution:
Figure 2.7 Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Figure 2.8 National Highway System

Transportation Organizations
1. Private Transportation Companies
2. Regulatory Agencies
3. Federal Agencies
4. State and Local Agencies and Authorities
5. Trade Associations
6. Professional Societies
7. Users of Transport Services
2.1.1 Comparative Advantages of
Transportation Modes
Students are requested to read this topic

and to discuss it in the next lecture
02
Roads and highway network

Chapter 2
• principal types of road pattern in urban areas.

• Gridiron
• Linear pattern
• Radial pattern
Chapter 2
• Gridiron
Advantages:
1. Easier for surveyors to set out, using straight lines and rectangular co-ordinates.
2. It encourages an equal spread of traffic over the grid, therefore, the impact at
particular location is reduced.
3. It facilitates the implementation of one-way street systems.
4. If there is a central business area in the middle of the grid, it is easy for through
traffic to bypass it.
Disadvantages:
1. Extra distances must be travelled when going in a diagonal direction.
2. Providing a diagonal route has an unfortunate effect on the buildings producing
acute angles.
Chapter 2
• Gridiron
Omar
Elmokhtar
Example of Gridiron System Part of Gaza

Chapter 2
• Linear pattern
Advantages:
1. Main traffic flow is canalised into one major roadway.
Disadvantages:
The major roadway serves as a route both to the completely internal traffic and
for the internal-external traffic as well as for external-internal and through
traffic...
This leads to congestion and the major roadway becomes overloaded.
Chapter 2
• Linear pattern
Example of Linear System Part of Nabuls

Chapter 2
• Radial pattern
Mainly in old cities
Advantages:
Providing a direct access to the town centre.
Disadvantages:
1. Concentration of traffic generators within the central area
2. Radial roads converging on the main sources of attraction
3. Lack of suitable bypass routes for through traffic.
Chapter 2
• Radial pattern
Example of radial System Part of London

Chapter 2
• Radial pattern
Example of radial System

Erbil, Iraq
Chapter 2
Road classification
Highway system classification
Roads are classified by function,
rural areas
And
urban areas
are slightly different
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm
In the USA
Rural roads
are classified as follows:
Arterial roads:
Principal - interstate,
Minor
Collectors:
Major
Minor
Local roads
Arterial highways:
Provide direct service for:
•cities and larger towns
•longer trips
Collectors
Collectors are the intermediate functional category.
They serve small towns directly,
connect them to the arterial network,
and collect traffic from local roads.
Local Roads
Local roads are the bottom-level system
They serve:
individual farms and
other rural land uses.
Chapter 2
Road classification (USA)
Urban roads
are classified as follows:
Arterials:
Principal
Minor
Collector streets
Local streets
Chapter 2
Road classification (USA)
In Britain
In rural areas:
 Motorways:
dual carriageway with 3 or more lanes in each direction. The speed limit
is 70mph (110 km/h). They connect between major cities (Inter-city).
 A- Roads:
dual or single carriageway with 2 lanes in each direction. Speed
limit is between 60 and 70 mph (95 - 110 km/h).
 B-Roads:
single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Speed limit is
between 50 and 60 mph (80 - 95 km/h).
In Great Britain (continue)
In urban areas:
 Primary distributors:
They serve the town as a whole. They form the primary network for the
urban area as a whole, and all longer- distance traffic movements are
canalized onto them.
 District distributors:
They serve large areas within the town. They feed traffic from the
primary road network to local areas.
 Local distributors:
They go through local areas and provide the link between district
distributors and access roads.
 Access streets:
They give direct access to buildings and land.
Chapter 2
Road classification
In Gaza (Palestine):
Main Road
Serves for national or inter district traffic
Regional road
Branching off from, or lining, main roads
Access Road
Leading from a main or regional road to a certain point within a locality
Chapter 2
Road classification

Chap02 - Transportation Systems and Organization

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Chapter 2

Traffic & Highway

 Transportation System & Organization

Students are requested to read this topic

2.2.2 Public Transportation

Do people prefer to use public transportation?

 distance from bus stops

 Example 2.1 Selecting a Transportation

Travel by air. This trip will involve driving to

Sources of Funds for Highways

Figure 2.7 Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Figure 2.8 National Highway System

Students are requested to read this topic

Roads and highway network

• principal types of road pattern in urban areas.

Example of Gridiron System Part of Gaza

Example of Linear System Part of Nabuls

Example of radial System Part of London

Example of radial System

Roads are classified by function,

are slightly different

Provide direct service for:

•cities and larger towns

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