titration

analyte of titrant - AgNO3

unknown - a standard solution
concentration - known concentration

By accurately measuring
the volume of titrant that
is added, the amount of
sample can be determined.

A buret is used to control

and measure the amount
of titrant that is added.
The endpoint is then the point where sufficient
indicator has been converted for detection.

stoichiometric
analyte + titrant addition
equivalence point
then

This last step does NOT require that all indicator be Note the
converted - best if only a small percent need to be color change.
reacted to make the change visible.

A material that is stable in a bottle may not

remain that way in solution.

A primary standard solution should:

Have long term stability in your solvent.
React rapidly with your analyte
React completely with your analyte
Be selective for your analyte
The last requirement is often based on the
procedure used.
 mol A mmol A
L solution mL solution
dissolve
grams A in water
Formula Weight A

liters of solution

weightA (grams)
molA =
Formula weight (g/mol)

M= molesA
dissolution liters solution
H2SO4 H3 O+ + HSO4 - ~99%
gramsA = (liters A)(MA)(Formula WtA)
1 M H2SO4 - analytical M
[H2SO4] = 0.00 M H3 O+ + SO4 2- ~1%
This is all great but lets consider what to do when
[HSO4 -] = 0.99M we actually conduct a titration.

[SO42-] = 0.01 M The goal is to determine how much of our analyte is

present based on the volume of our titrant.
[H3 O+] = 1.01 M

Assume that A is our titrant and B is our analyte molesA = liters of A x Molarity of A
for this general example
One typically uses milliliter quantities for a
They are known to react as follows: titration so lets that volume unit
aA + bB products mmolesA = mlA MA
You conduct your titration where the
concentration of A is known and add a known Based on our balanced equation, we can
amount of it to your sample. determine the moles of B in our sample from:
At the end point, you know MA and the volume mmolesB
=
b
=R
of A required - in milliliters. mmolesA a
 mmolesB = mmolesA R = mlA MA R

More commonly, we’ll be interested it the percent

of a material in a sample so:

mgB = mlA MA R FWB

mgB mlA MA R FWB 100

% B = 100 mg = mgsample
sample

mlA = 22.12
MA = 0.1200
R = 0.5 ( 1 carbonate / 2 H+ )
FW Na2CO3 = 105.99 g/mol
Sample weight = 0.5000 g
(22.12 ml)(0.1200M)(.5)(105.99g/mol)(100)
% Na CO = (19.80 ml)(0.0500M)(2)(19.00g/mol)(100)
2 3 500.0 mgsample 92.5 mg

= 28.13 %
Equivalent weight
Formula Weight
Eq Wt = # equivalents/mole

Determining the number of equivalents in a

mole requires that you know the type of
reaction and how the species involved actually
combine

In other words - you already know R

If the normality of your titrant and the equivalent

weight of your analyte is known, your
calculations are simpler.
NAVA = NBVB = equivalentsB

mlA NA eq wtB 100

%B = mg sample

Realistically, you still need to know R so you can

use either type of calculations.

Parts per million and parts per billion

These are extensions of the % system which
are used for very dilute solutions
wt solute
ppm = wt solution x 106

wt solute
ppb = wt solution x 109
 Mass solute x 100
Weight/Volume %
Total Volume
=
use g and ml

If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make

200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?

5 g / 200 ml * 100 = 2.5 wt/v%

Saline is a 0.9 wt/v% solution of NaCl in water.

Volume/Volume % Volume Solute x 100 Weight/Weight % = Mass Solute x 100

= Total Volume Total Mass
Use the same units for both Use the same units for both

If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make If a ham contained 5 grams of fat in 200 g

200 ml of solution, what is the concentration? of ham, what is the % wt/wt?

10 ml / 200 ml * 100 = 5 V/V% 5 g / 200g * 100 = 2.5 wt/v%

On the label, it would say 97.5 % fat free.

Alcohol in wine is measured as a V/V%.

Establishes the relationship between volume of

titrant and amount of analyte present.
Most commonly titer is in units of
mg analyte / ml titrant.

This system was developed to assist in doing

routine calculations. It reduces the amount of
time and training for technicians.
We can determine the number of mg sodium Calculation of the % sodium carbonate is now
carbonate / ml of HCl by: reduced to:

mg Na CO = (1.00 ml HCl)(0.1200M)(.5)(105.99g/mol) % Na2CO3 = 100 x mlHCl x titer / wt sample

2 3

= 6.36 mg
This is a very straight forward calculation
that can readily be taught to an assistant
Our titer then is 6.36 mg Na2CO3 / ml HCl. will minimal training.

A 1.6732 gram sample is dissolved and titrated

with HCl (titer of 5.00 mg/ml). 34.60 ml of HCl
is required to reach the methyl orange
endpoint.
Determine % Na2CO3

(34.50ml)(5.00mg/ml) (100)
%Na2CO3 = 1673.2 mg sample

= 10.31%