CAPE Biology Unit 2 Past Paper Solutions 2007-2015 Update

Biology
Biology Past Paper Solutions for CAPE ® Unit 2

2007-2015
Troy Steadman
CAPE ® is a registered trade mark(s) of the Caribbean Examination Council

(CXC), Biology Past Paper Solutions for CAPE ® Unit 2 is an independent
publication and has not been authorized, sponsored or otherwise approved by
CXC.
www.getmylocker.com
Copyright © 2015 by One-On-One Educational Services
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other
electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and
certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission
requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at
the address below.
One-On-One Educational Services

22 Trafalgar Road
Kingston 10
St.Andrew
Jamaica, WI
Phone:(876) 946-2275; (876) 631-6479
Website: www.getmylocker.com
Email: info@1on1ts.com
Ordering Information:
Quantity sales. Special discounts are available on quantity purchases by
corporations, associations, and others. For details, contact the publisher
at the address above.
ISBN: 978-976-95845-0-1
First Edition
The solutions shown in the following pages have been independently developed by
One-On-One Educational Services Limited. One-On-One Educational Services Limited
is not affiliated with the Caribbean Examinations Council and the Caribbean
Examinations Council has not endorsed and is not responsible for any material
contained in this insert. This insert contains suggested solutions to past examination
questions only, if you wish to review the actual questions, you must obtain a past
paper booklet from the Caribbean Examinations Council. The questions and problems
presented to you in examinations as well as the expected solutions may vary,
sometimes subtly, the solutions shown in this insert should therefore be used as a
guide only, you must consult with your teacher and the syllabuses published by the
Caribbean Examinations Council. One-On-One Educational Services Limited disclaim
any and all liability for any misuse or abuse of the material published in this insert.
C APE Biology www.getmylocker.com
Contents
Past Paper Solution Page
 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2007……………………………….….…… 1
 CSEC Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2008…………………………………..…… 16
 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2009……………………………….……… 26
 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/ June 2014……………………………….……… 82
 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/ June 2015……………………………….……… 93
C APE Biology www.getmylocker.com

1|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com
Solution to Question 1:
A) the capillary tube and
 Allow the bubbles of oxygen h = length of bubble.
to accumulate in the flared
B) (i) Rate of photosynthesis
end of the capillary tube.
increased as light inte-
 The, using the syringe, pull
nsity increased and
the air bubble into the
then levelled off as CO2
capillary tube alongside the
became limiting.
scale to measure its entire
length after fixed period of
(ii) In both curves, as light
time e.g. 15 minutes.
intensity increased, the
 Bubbles are drawn into syr-
photosynthetic rate in-
inge so that new bubbles can
creased too, but that
be pulled into capillary tube.
in curve A, the low level
 Repeat experiment to fin the
of CO2 (0.03%) is a
average length of the bubble.
limiting factor causing
 The length of the bubble and
the levelling off in
bore of the capillary tube
rate earlier than in
could be used to calculate
curve B. In curve B, the
the volume of O2 produced
0.13% CO2 allows the
2
in a given time via v=πr h rate of Photosynth-
where r= radius of bore of esis to increase to alm-
ost double that in curve (ii)

A before levelling off Draw rectangule or
due to limitation (tem- square to enclose the
perature). area around the bicuspid

valve.
(iii) Plants photosynthesize

more when exposed to
B) (i) A: bicuspid (mitrial)
high concentration of
valve
CO2 than when exposed
to a low CO2 concen- B: epicardium of atrium
tration. C: Coronary artery
Solution to Question 2 D Coronary vein

A) (i)
(ii) The areas labelled E and

F are:
E: left atrium
F: left ventricle
1
C) G: H = 1:3 0r or 33.33%
3
D) Wall G pumps blood to the a

atrium while.
Wall H pumps blood to the rest

of the body.

Solution to Question 3: records the test subject pulse

A) (i) a. Continued smoking rate by checking the pulse at
the or in the arm. Also
b. Never smoked measure the blood pre-ssure
and respiratory rates.
(ii) At age 45, all graphs  Do not count in the fourth
lines were zero. minute, then repeat the
count for number of bre-
(iii) aths, pulse rate per minute,
 At age 65, those who in the fifth minute of quiet
stopped smoking at 30, breathing then repeat the
cumulative risk is appr- count for.
oximately 0.4%.  Each individual now per-
 At age 65, those that form three minutes of

vigorous exercise ( running
stopped smoking at age
up and down the set of
50, cumulative risk is
stairs).
approximately 2.8%.
 Immediately following the
 In difference in risk =
exercise, allow each indivi-
(2.8-0.4) = 2.4% (2.4± dual to sit and count their
0.2%). number of breath, while
their pulse rate and blood
B)
pressure is taken.
 Allow each individual to sit
 Continue the count for pulse
quietly for two minutes of
rate, number of breaths
quiet breathing.
pulse rate and blood
 In the third minute, each
pressure every minute until
individual should count
each return to its rate during
their own number of bre-
quiet breathing.
aths while another person

 Record all results. Plot a division.

graph showing number of  Secretion ATP is needed to
breaths, pulse rate in beats form vesicles necessary for
per minute against time.
the secretion of cell pro-
Solution to Question 4: ducts.

A)  Activation of chemicals ATP
 Active transport of NA+ and makes chemical react more
+
K across cell membrane via readily e.g. phosphorylation
+
NA pump ATP provides the of glucose at the start of
energy necessary to move glycolysis.
molecules or ions against a
concentration gradient to (ii)
Glucose is phosphor-
ensure that every cell must
ylated by ATP to form
maintain a precise ionic
glucose- 6- phosphate
content.
which is done to take
 Anaerobic process such as
the glucose more reac-
protein synthesis, polysacch-
tive.
aride synthesis; DNA/ RNA
synthesis. This occurs since
 Glucose-6-phosphate
ATP provide energy needed
changes its structure to
to build up macro-mol-
give fructose phosphate.
ecules from their basic units.
(These 2 molecules are
 Movement, since ATP pro-
isomers).
vides energy from muscle
 Fructose- 6- phosphate is
contraction ciliary and fla-
phosphorylated to form
gella action and contraction
fructose, 6-bisphosphate
of spindle fibers in nuclear

one molecule of ATP is two phosphoenol pyru-

used up. vate molecules (PEP).
 Fructose 1,6 bisphos-  The removal of 3–
phate is a 6 carbon phosphoglycerate of two
molecule and it is split phosphate groups from
into two (2) molecules of PEP by two ADP produces
glyceraldehyde– 3- two (2) ATP. This is
phosphate substrate level
(GALP/PGAL). phosphorylation. Two
 The addition of two molecules of pyruvate
phosphate molecules are formed.
produces two molecules  Overall equation for
of 1,3- bis phosph- reaction in glycolysis
oglycerate (PGAP). from glucose to the
 The removal of two formation of pyruvate is:
phosphate molecules
from 1, 3 bisphosphate Glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2
glycerate produces two Pi → 2 pyruvate +
(2) molecules of ATP via 2NADH + 2H+ +
a process called 2ATP + 2H2O
substrate– level phos-

phorylation. Two 3- C) (i) Anaerobic respiration re-
phos-phoglycerate sulted in energy prod-
molecules (PGA) are uction in the absence of
formed. oxygen.
 The oxidation of 3–  Electron transport
phosphoglycerate by the chains (and there-
removal of water gives fore the Kreb’s cycle),

cannot func-tion in (ii) Production of lactic acid

anaerobic conditions under anaerobic condi-
because there is no tions, by the muscles,
oxygen to finally and that insufficient
accept the H atoms. oxygen was being sup-

lied during strenuous
 Anaerobic
exercise, as oppose to
respiration was inef-
insufficient ATP. Hence
ficient since it resu-
an oxygen debt was
lted in a net gain of
created i.e the amount
two (2) ATP mol-
of oxygen needed to
ecules, while aerobic
restore ATP levels and
respiration produced remove the lactate from
as many as 36 ATP the body after strenu-
molecules. ous exercise.
 In aerobic respire-  The accumulation of
tion, glucose is lactic acid in the
completely broken muscle in toxic and
down to CO2 and produce cramps or
H2O while in ana- pain until the oxygen

debt is repaid.
erobic respiration,
 Lactic acid in the
glucose is broken
blood increased bre-
down into inter-
athing rate.
mediate products of
ethanol or lactate Solution to Question 5:
which still have A) Sun is the energy source for the
energy stored within producers and the nutrient
their molecules. sources of the produces is the
food it produce from CO2
Obtained from diffusion from synthesis flows to the het-

air and water from soil (via erotrophs and finally to dec-
osmosis) by photosynthesis. omposers. At each trophic level,
 Source of energy and nut- most energy is lost as heat since
rient for consumers were the metabolic processes that are
primary producers and other necessary to sustain life gener-
consumers. ates heat energy that is given
 Source of energy and nut- off to the atmosphere.
rient for decomposers were
dead organisms and waste B)
products from all consumer  A food web is more accurate
levels. than a food chain. Animals
Ecosystem regulate the flow of eat different thing and are
energy and nutrients. The flow eaten by different things.
of energy through ecosystems in  A food web will show all or
linear, unlike the flows of most of its predators and
nutrient supply in an ecosystem prey, whereas a food chain
is self- sustaining because nut- will only show one predator
rient cycles between biotic and one prey.
and abiotic components. Nitr-  The food web stabilizes the
ate, carbon and water are ecosystem and more energy
continually recycled and ava- is transferred.
ilable for use by organisms.  Through food web, we also
Carbohydrates and other org- get to know the top most
anic molecules manufactured predators of an ecosystem.
by autotrophs are consumed by  There are more trophic levels
heterotrophs. Some of the in the food web.
energy captured by photo-

 Varied diet in a food web vs  Slower and less recyc-

single sources in food chain.
ling of nitrates (and oth-
 Loss or death of members of
er ions).
a food web would be less
disruptive than in food chain.  Increased loss of nitrates
by leaching.
C) Nitrogen cycle is the process by
which nitrogen is circulated and The soil loses fertility can sup-
recirculated by living organ- port lower number and fewer

isms.
species of plant a lower diver-
Deforestation affect the nitrogen
sity slash and burn techniques
cycle as follows:
 In forest, most of the nitrate will soil organisms which
ions and other mineral ions
would affect the nitrogen cycle
absorbed by plants come
since these decomposers wou-
from the decomposition of
organ-ism remains ions are ld have been eliminated.
recycled. Solution to Question 6:
 Many of the decomposing A) (i)
bacteria and fungi live in
association with the roots of
trees.
 The soil is often a poor
source of mineral ions def-
orestation results in:
 Reduced input to the nitr-
ogen cycle

(ii) Hairpin loop, the coun- B) (i) Loop of Henle, cons-

tercurrent exchange and titutes a counter current
the vasa recta must be multiplier, the active
mentioned. mechanism being the
 Active removal of salt transport of sodium ions

from the ascending to
from the ascending
the descending limb.
limb and its decom-
This movement of sod-
position in the med-
ium ions results in a
ullary tissue, de-
very high concentration
creasing its water
developing in ions resu-
potential.
lts in a very high con-
 This causes water to centration developing in
diffuse out of the and around the apex of
descending limb, the loop of Henle deep
where its potential is in the medulla. In this
high and into the vasa region the thin– wall
recta for retention collecting ducts open
and conservation. into the renal pelvis. The
 Counter current ex- high concentration of
change system is (one sodium in the renal pel-

vis. The high concent-
in which mech-
ration of sodium the tis-
anisms by which the
sues causes water to be
efficiency of exc-
drawn out of the coll-
hange between two
ecting ducts by osmosis
substrates is incre-
consequently the renal
ased by having them
fluid, which has been
flowing in opposite isotonic or hypotonic in
directions. collecting length of the
10 | P a g e C A P E B i o l o g y U n i t 2 www.getmylocker.com
nephron becomes hype-

rtonic in collecting du- C) The higher the glucose level in
cts. It has been estimated the urine indicates that the con-
that 99% of the fluid centration in the blood plasma is
filtered by the Bowm- being exceeded. This is typical of
an’s capsule is reabs- late onset, Type II diabetes,
orbed by the nephron. which suggest inadequate prod-
uction of insulin by pancreatic
(ii)
cells or failure of target cells to
 Metabolism of both the
respond by taking up glucose as
mother and foetus in
instructed. The high protein level
terms of water and salt
indicates the loss of ability to
regulation, as well as the
restrain the passage of protein
filtration of waste is
molecules in the plasma. The
managed by the mother’s
filtrate mechanism of the pores
kidneys during pregn-
in the plasma protein may be
ancy.
damaged of failing due to
 The increase in removal
impairment, hyper-tension etc.
of nitrogenous waste and
The patient would need to
other typical component
regulate glucose level by either
of the urine, as well as the
diet, exercise or insulin repla-
regulation of salt and an
cement and have further tests on
increase in the filt-erable
kidney competency. (High
volume of fluid, resulting
urinary protein levels were
in an increased freq-
associated with kidney failure
uency of urination. There
due to either diseases of hyp-
is also an increase in the
ertension).
removal of hormones
such as HCG.
Solution to Question 7:  The neuro transmit-

A) (i) &(ii)
tters diffuse across
the synaptic cleft.
 The neuro transm-
itters binds to the
neuro receptors in
the post synaptic
membrane causing
the channels to open.
(iii) (When an action pot- In the, these are
ential arrives) at the sodium channels, so
end of the presynaptic sodium ions flows in.
neurone there are volta-  This causes a depol-
gegated calcium chan- arization of the post
nels. When an action synaptic cell mem-
potential reaches the brane, which may
synapse these channels mitigate an action
open, causing calcium potential.
ions to flow into the cell. The neurotransmitters is
 The calcium ions broken down by a
causes the synaptic specific enzyme in the
vesicles to fuse with synaptic cleft, for e.g
the cell membranes, the enzyme acetyl cho-
releasing their cont- linesteral breaks down
ent (neurotransmitter the neurotransmitters
chemicals) by exocy- acetylcholine. The break
tosis. down products are
absorbed by the presy-
naptic neurone by end- difficulty for excitatory

ocytosis and used to impulse to pass the
resynthesize more neu- synapse. The transmitter
rotransmitters, using may be blocked or may
energy from mitocho- cause the post synaptic
ndria. This stops the membrane to become
synapse from being per- more negative than
manently on. usual, so that it does not
become depolarized and
B) (i) Incoming impulse (the an action potential is not
gradual increasing sound generated, results in a
of cries of a waking muscle response to hold
baby) to the increase in n the dish.
number and frequency
C)
of impulses arriving at t
 Endocrine communications
the sensory neurone’s
Nervous communication.
receptor membrane.
 Slow transmission of hor-
When the stimulation
mone – Rapid trans-mission
reached the threshold
of nerve impulses to target
level an action potential
cells.
was generated, resulting I
 Hormones travel in blood
in an awareness of and
stream – Nerve impulses
response to the cries.
travel along specific neu-
rons.
(ii) The normal reflex to  Hormones and chemical
drop the hot dish is communication – nerve
inhibited, increasing the impulses are electrical com-
munication and chemical (CD4 cells) and that the

commence at the junction viral RNA is translated
between the nerve and the into DNA and incorpo-
target cells. rated into the DNA of the
 Increased concentration of host nucleus thus destr-
hormones gives a greater oying or inactivating
effect increased number of the CD4 cells and pre-
nerve impulses per unit time venting them from car-
(frequency) gives a greater rying out their normal
effect. immuneological funct-
 Stimulates changes in cell ion. AIDs is a syndrome
metabolism – Gives us our which describes a varie-
senses vision, touch, smell, ty of opportunistic infe-
taste and hearing) each ctions which would
sense has sensory. normally be controlled
 Receptors that respond to by CD4 cells. Thus in
stimuli. AIDs, simple infections
 Endocrine communica- become lethal.
tion– Short and long term
effects on the body. (ii) Symptoms include: wei-
 Nervous communication ght loss, sweating, rash-
Rapid shorterm effects on es, diarrhea, dementia,
the body. fever, head aches.
Solution to Question 8: (iii) 12 areas of impact of

A) (i) HIV is a virus (retro- AIDS in the Caribbean
virus), which affects T  AIDs is a major
helper lymphocytes cau1se of death in
the region especially by AIDs Morbidity

among the 15-45 and deaths.
age groups
 Caribbean ranks 2nd B) (i) Malaria is caused by a
in the world for in- single celled parasite
fection rates and belonging to the genus
therefore continued plasmodium and enters
infection is increa- blood stream through
sing. bite of an infected
 Cost of AIDS trea- female anopheles
tment and preve- mosquito. Plasmodium
ntion is significantly parasites produced
drain on the limited thousands of unmature
resources. offspring. Parasites
 Funds allotted to AIDs mosquito’s salivary gla-
medication are being nds, infected mosquito
taken from other taken a blood meal,
essential bud-gets; parasites enter blood
education, infr- stream and travel to
astructional develop- liver, parasites reprod-
pment, etc. uce in liver and then
 The quality of family reenter blood stream,
life including the mature parasites pro-
deprivation of pare- duce male and female
ntal care, income gametes in blood stream.
generation etc. are

(ii) Causative agent of m
negatively impacted
malaria is a protozoan.
Preventative measures
include the following c
categories:
 Life cycle and stage–
related environment-
tal factors
 Vaccination
 Heat blood manage-
ment
 Proactive drug tak-
ing
 Factors in the home
(sprays, light paint,
fans, nets, air- con-
ditioning, clothing
etc.) based on noc-
turnal activity.
Solution to Question 1: absorbed by small inver-

(A) tebrates.
 The apparatus must be kept  As tube A is air tight, this
airtight. leads to a reduction in pres-
 The potassium hydroxide sure in it.
solution acts to remove CO2  The pressure in tube B
from the surrounding air. (control) is now greater than
This means that any CO2 that in tube A (experiment)
which is produced by and so air moves towards
respiration is immediately tube A, pushing the liquid in
absorbed so that it does not the manometer towards tube
affect the volume of air A as it does so.
remaining.  The distance moved by the
 The small invertebrates res- liquid in a given time is
pire, absorbing O2 and measured.
giving out the same volume  At the end of the period, the
of CO2. screw clip B is opened and
 The CO2 given off by small the syringe attached to tube
invertebrate in tube A is B is drawn upwards to
absorbed by KOH solution. reduce the pressure in it
There is hence a reduction in until it is again equal to that
the volume of air in tube A, in chamber A i.e. The liquid
due to the oxygen being in both manometer is at an
equal height in both tubes.
 The complete process is Lsbel the y-axis – with


repeated two or three time adependent variable.
and the measurements taken

are averaged. Choose an appropriate

 The actual volume of O2 class intervals.
taken in by small inve-

rtebrates can be found in 2  Use good descriptive title.
ways:
 We can calculate volume
using the equation: v=
r2h where h= distance
(iii)
moved by liquid in
 Rate at 10oc =
manometer; r= internal
6.2  2.9 3.3

radius of manometer 20  10 10
tube. 3
= 0.33 cm /min
 We can simply mea-sure  Rate at 25oc +
on a calibrated syr-inge 16.0  8.8 7.2

the volume of air needed 20  10 10
3
= o.72 cm / min
to equalize the levels in
the manometer tubes.
(iv) a. Germinating peas at
o o
10 c and 25 c, the rate of
B) (i) Use glass beads/ boiled
oxygen uptake in-crease
peas/ other nonliving
with an increase in
materials.
temperature.
(ii)
 label the x-axis with an (iv) b. Germinating seeds have
independent variable. higher rates of respire-
ion than no germinating
seeds.
Solution to Question 2: column resulting in

A) (i) narrower vessels being
produced by the plant in
Diameter Juniper Quercus
in µm order to overcome CAV-
Deep root 24 108 ITATION. (Formation of
xylem vapour cavities in a
Trunk 4 48 liquid).
xylem
Diameter  4   48  (iii) Capillarity/ cohesion - ten-
   
of truck  24   108  sion theory/ root pressure
xylem as a 100 = 100 =
percentage 16.7% 44.4% B) (i) 1. Xylem
of the deep 2.Cambium
root xylem.
3. Phloem
(ii) (ii) Draw four (4) cells with an

 Shallow roots were sur- “X” in them and all cells
rounded by soil water at between them at a
a higher water potential magnification of x2
causing influx and that
the large volume of water
available to be conducted
upwards was associated
with the wide lumen of
vessels.
 Concerning the truck
xylem, there was less
water volume and a
greater transpiration
pull, causing a deficit or
suction or the water
C) (i) X: sieve plate; Y: B)

companion cell; Z: sieve  As the number of FFO
tube/ vacuole/ phloem increase, the prevalence of
tube. obesity over that 20 year

period.
(ii)  Need to refer to the data in
 Extensive of the plate, as thousands or millions as
a modified end wall is to specified and give the year of
support the living tube data they are referring to. For
 Sieve plate facilitates e.g. in 185 there were 6,000
transport of food FFO and 4 million causes of
 By passing active trans- obesity, whereas in 1995
port there were 14,000 FFO and 8
 Reducing ATP expendi- million causes of obesity.
ture and membrane
pumps permitting “mass C) Increased in prevalence of
flow”. obesity exceeds the comparative
increase in FFO e.g. between
2000- 2005 there was an
A)
label the x- axis –with the increase of 4,500 fast food

independent variable outlets (i.e. from 18,500 – 2
23,000) whereas there was an
label the Y- axis- with the increase of 1 million obesity

dependent variable cases (i.e. from 13 million to 20
million).
 Appropriate class intervals
 Good descriptive title
D) enzymes and electron car-

 Lack of exercise riers for electron transfer.
 Modern convenient transp-  Thylakoids are site for non-
ort cyclic photophosphorylation.
 Overeating and gluttony  Pigments are held in place to
 Stress facilitate efficient interaction
 Genetic predisposition (gen- and electron flow.
es that code for a slower  The separation of fluid inside
metabolism) the thylakoids from that of
 Hormone imbalance (e.g. the stroma creates a system
malfunctioning of the thy- of H+ gradient involving
roid gland). NADP and ATP.
 Thylakoid is the site of ATP
Solution to Question 4: synthesis since in the
A) membrane of the grana is
 Thylakoids are fluid- filled,
enzyme ATP synthase.
disc- like structures with a
very large surface area B)
offered by there being thou-  The incident light at 700 nm
sands of thylakoids arranged excite electrons in PSI and an
in stacks called grana (in electron is accepted by
stroma) in each chloroplast. ferredoxin, which it reduces.
 The membrane contains  An oxidation ferredoxin
phospholipid and protein transfer the electron to NAD.
which hold ATPase enzymes,  H+ ions (protons from the
NADP carriers, pigments photolysis of water combine
(chlorophyll) and photosys- with the electron to form a
tems. hydrogen atom which
 Thylakoids’ function is to reduces NADP to NADPH.
capture light, hold pigments,
C) different ecosystems; season-

 An ecological pyramid is a al variation within a par-
diagrammatic or quantita- ticular ecosystem and chan-
tive depiction to summarize ge in an ecosystem.
the numbers, biomass or
energy produced at each
D) Solar energy entrapment by
trophic level in a given
autotrophs/ primary produ-
ecosystem.
cers and its conversion by
 Pyramid of numbers is a
herbivores. (Primary consum-
diagrammatic (graphical)
ers) and secondary consumers
representation of the num-
with decrease in the transfer
ber of individual in each
of energy of energy at each
population in a food chain.
trophic level, since energy is
 Pyramid of biomass is a
used up by the organisms at
proportional representation
each trophic level and some
of the mass of organisms
is always lost as heat via
existing at each of the
respiration of the organisms
trophic levels.
present.
 Pyramid of energy is a
proportional representation
of the energy available at
A) Ways in which the red blood
each trophic level and how
cells are haemoglobin are
it decreases as trophic level
effective in maximizing oxy-
increases.
gen uptake are:
 .Ecological pyramids begin
 Absence of nucleus and
with producers at the bottom
other organelles (mitochon-
and proceed through the
dria, rough endoplasmic
various trophic the highest of
reticulum Golgi apparatus
which is at the top. Ecological
etc.) makes the red bloods
pyramids usually compare
cells more efficient in their
role of transporting oxygen ding sites for oxygen mol-

because it creates an oppo- ecules, hence each haemog-
rtunity transporting oxygen lobin molecule is able to
because it creates an oppo- carry four oxygen mole-
rtunity transporting oxygen cules.
because it create an oppo-  To be efficient, haemoglobin
rtunity for more space to must:
carry 250 million molecules  Readily combine with
of haemoglobin which carry oxygen at the gas-
oxygen molecules. eous exchange sur-
 Red blood cells are thinner face.
in the middle and so form a  Readily dissociate
biconcave, disc shape which from oxygen at those
allows them to have an tissues requiring it.
increased surface area to
Hence haemoglobin is
volume ration for gaseous
reversibly bonded to its
exchange, hence more
four haem groups to
oxygen molecules are taken
form oxyhaemoglobin i.e.
up by them.
 Red blood cells ca easily 4Hb + 4O2 ↔ HB4Og
change shape, allowing Haemoglobin Oxygen oxyhaemoglobin
them to be flattened against
the capillary walls, thereby
reducing the distance across
which diffusion takes place
and so speeding up the
process.
 Within each haemoglobin
molecules are hour haem
groups which are the bin-
B) dissociation curve to the

 Bohr Effect is defined as left.
the reduced affinity of  In the respiratory tissue
haemoglobin for oxygen (eg muscles), the level of
in the presence of carbon CO2 is high in the blood
dioxide. because of its prod-
 Thus the greater the uction during respire-
concentration of CO2, the tion haemoglobin aff-
more readily hae- inity for oxygen is
moglobin behavior of reduced coupled with
haemoglobin in different the low oxygen con-
regions of the body. centration in the
 At the gaseous exchange muscles, this means that
surface (e.g. lungs), the oxygen is readily rel-
level of CO2 is low eased CO2 level has
because it diffuses acr- shifted the oxygen
oss the surface and is dissociation curve to the
expelled from org- right. This is especially
anism. Haemoglobin af- important during exer-
finity for oxygen is cise because the more
therefore increased. CO2 that is produced, the
Coupled with the high more readily oxygen is
concentration of oxygen supplied from the
in the lungs means that haemoglobin to meet
oxygen is readily ab- extra energy demands
sorbed by haemoglobin. due to exercise.
The reduced CO2 level  CO2 combines with H2O
has shifted the oxygen to form carbonic acid
which on dissociation C)
produces H+ ions which
with haemoglobin,
displacing the oxygen
which is then released to
the tissues. At high
partial pressures of CO2,
oxygen was more
readily released to the
tissues.
A)
B)
 B-cell take part in humoral
responses. These B- cells
produce and release anti-
bodies which recognize
antigens and destroys the
antigens.
 In these attacks the entire ning for comfort of a habit,

antibody may be directly expectation of euphoria,
involved. How-ever most B- especially followed dep-
cells responses require the rivation, with compu-lsive
help of T 0 cells. strategies towards acqui-
 T- cells take part in cell sition, which may involve
mediated responses. lack of reasoning, confusion
 These T- cells responses or delusion.
involve the use of the entire
D)
cell, cytokines and they
 Liver damage from long term
respond to antigen fra-
excessive alcohol
gment cells are activated to
consumption includes fatty
attack and kill infected host
liver due to deposits of fat in
cells.
the live tissue.
C)  Alcohol hepatitis, involving
 Drug dependency refers to inflammation and destruct-
an uncontrollable ad-diction tion of tissues.
to a chemical substance  Alcoholic cirrhosis, cha-
despite the potential for racterized by the rep-
bodily harm. lacement of normal hep-
 Physical dependence is atocytes and fibrosis, which
characterized by withdr- distorts the internal stru-
awal symptoms of a physical cture and impedes blood and
nature, nausea, sweating, bile flow.
headaches or less of balance
when the drug is suddenly
discontinued.
 Psychological dependence
affects behavior the year-
A)  Before making read-
 Germinating seeds placed in ing, use the syringe
the experimental tube abs- to make the appa-
orbed (used) O2 and released ratus air tight.
CO2.  The volume of O2
 Carbon dioxide released is absorbed is recorded
removed by soda lime hence at specific intervals
in any changes in volume of over a period of time.
gas in the respirometer is
directly proportioned to B)
volume of O2 used.  Place apparatus in a water
 Changes in the volume of bath.
gas (O2) caused the man-  Conduct experiment at dif-
ometer fluid to rise on the ferent temperatures.
left.
 The difference in the levels C) (i) Decarboxylation
of the manometer fluid was Reactions
used to estimate the volume
 All three labels for C
of oxygen used.
shown correctly
 Periodically the syringe was
 1 – 2 labels shown
depressed to keep the man-
correctly
ometer level constant.
Dehydrogenation  Forms long tubes known as

Reactions vessels (elongated).
 Cells fuse (aligned) end to
 All 5 Hs shown
end.
correctly
 End walls have perforation
 3 – 4 Hs
plants.
 1 – 2 Hs
 Have thicken walls.
(ii) Matrix of mitochondrion  Walls impregnated with lig-
nin.
(iii)  Pits (areas with no lignin)
 NAD is the carrier present.
(acceptor) of the
B)
hydrogen ions and
 Tubular shape facilitates
electrons released in
movement of materials.
the cycle.
 Fusion of end walls from a
 NAD is reduced
long tube for mov-ement of
(accepts) hydrogen
material.
ions and electrons
 Vessels are empty (have no
released in the cycle.
contents) therefore no obst-
 Electrons on NADH
ruction to flow.
are carried to the
 Vessels are long, facilitates
electron transport to
movement.
produce ATP.
 Presence of lignin makes
Solution to Question 2: vessel wall rigid, prevents
walls from collapsing under
A) Structural Features
pressure.
 Tubular in shape.  Presence of pits enables
 Formed by fusion of several water movement from vessel
cells to vessel – confines air bub-
bles to individual tracheiols/ (iii) Actual width correct

vessels.
 Perforation plates enable
A) (i)
water to flow freely.
C) (i) A – Blood
B - Tunica media
(smooth muscle and
elastic fibres)
C - Endothelium (tunica
intima) (ii)
 More males than
D - Tunica eternal females use these
(collage fibres) substances.
 The greatest use by
(ii)
both males and
females is of alcohol
followed by tobacco.
 Many persons use
more than one sub-
stance.
 Only in relation to
tranquilizers do mo-
re females use than
males.
 Six times as many
males use alcohol as
use cannabis; for  Prolonged accumulation

females it is 16 times. of fatty acids can lead to
 For each category of death of liver cells and
substance the trend formation of scar tissue
followed the same (fibrosis) and then to
pattern for males as cirrhosis.
for females/ there was  In patients with chronic
no gender diff- hepatitis C accelerates
erence. progression to cirrhosis.
 As many males as  Hepatitis C infected pat-
females stimulants. ients who drink heavily
 Relatively more mal- are more likely to develop
es use cannabis than cancer at a younger age.
females while more
(ii)
males use tranquil-
 May result in foetal
llizers.
alcohol syndrome.
 Gender differences
 Mental retardation
for the other sub-
 Microcephaly (small
stances (alcohol, tob-
head/ brain).
acco and stimulants)
 Behavioral problems
were not as sig-
such as hyperactivity
nificant as cannabis
and poor concentration.
and tranquilizers.
 Reduced growth rate
 Poor muscle rate
B) (i)
 Fatty liver – in presence  Flat muscle tone
of alcohol liver meta-  Flat face, long thin upper
bolises alcohol before lip, short up-turned nose
fatty acids which then or cleft palate.
accumulates.
C)  Energy produced by respire-

 Collect data on quantity ation is lost from an
and frequency of use. ecosystem as heat.
 Collect and correlate  Energy constantly enters the
with data on patterns of ecosystem as solar radiation
diseases associated with which plants use to make
data on relevant social food that animals eat and
problems such as abuse, drains away as respiratory
unemployment. loss.
 Energy has to be constantly
supplied.
A) Ecosystem – biotic community  Supply of energy can flow
and its abiotic environment e.g. through because it is
the frogs, fishes and plants and inexhaustible but sup-ply of
the pond water in which they chemical elements is limited
live. so they are cycled.
Ecological niche – role played  Only chemical energy that is
by each biotic component in the stored as growth is available
ecosystem e.g. what each feeds o or use by secondary
on, the temperature at which it consumers.
flourishes best etc. Each species

C) (i)
has a unique niche.
 In situ = in natural
environment.
B)
Examples of in situ
 Of the food consumed, 1/5
conservation –
may be used for growth; rest
natural parks and
passed out as faeces or used
pro-tected areas.
for cellular respiration.
 Ex situ = in specially
prepared environments
Examples of ex situ to wild is not

conservation – zoos, successful. Lessons
botanical gardens, seed for living in the wild
banks. may not be learned in
captivity.
(ii) Zoological parks  Many behaviours
 For captive breeding learned in captivity
to preserve the gen- e.g. being fed are not
etic stock of threat- appropriate for living
ened species so that in the wild.
they can be re-
introduced into the
A) (i)
wild when condi-
 Hormones are chem-
tions favor it.
ical messengers pro-
 Need to avoid in-
duced by ductless/ en-
breeding since only
docrine glands.
few individuals of
 Detectors sense change
the species are pre-
in some parameter. Info
sent since this wea-
is transferred to an effect
ken the stock.
of which uses a feedback
 Transport of stock
mechanism to return the
for breeding is
parameter to its normal
expensive and has no
level. Hormone take info-
guarantees of success
rmation from detector to
– may need to use
effector.
artificial insemina-
 Release of hormones may
tion.
be in response to change
 Need to address issue
in concentration of a
of overcrowding due
particular substance in
to longer life if return
the blood e.g. anterior
pituitary stimulating  Selective reabsorption I

hormones. the movement back into
 Release may be due to the blood of only those
stimulation by neurons components of the glo-
from autonomic nervous merular filtrate that are
system e.g. adrenalin useful to body.
release.
 Timing and amount of
(ii) Proximal convoluted tu-
release controlled by
bule- selective reabsorp-
feedback mechanism that
tion
might be positive or
negative.  Longest and widest
part of nephron and
(ii) sur-rounded by a
 Induces flowering in good supply of cap-
some plants. illaries.
 Releases buds and seed  Single layer of
from dormancy. cuboidal epithelial
 Growth inhibitor in some cells with extensive
circumstances. microvilli that form a
 Can promote abscission brush border on the
of fruits and leaves. tubule – to increase
 Non – receptivity of surface area.
target cells.  Outer membrane of
cuboidal cells rest on
B) (i)
 Ultrafiltration – move- a basement mem-
ment of liquid out of the brane and folded
capillaries into the Bow- inwards to form a
man’s capsule under series of basal
pressure.
channels – to incr- tively use the insulin

ease surface area. it produces.
 Fluid circulates bet-  May lead to serious
ween long narrow damage of many of
spaces between neig- the body’s systems.
hbouring cells and  May result in glu-
the basal channels to cose being excreted
form links with the in the urine.
network of blood  Symptoms include
vessels increased excessive
 Cells contain many thirst/ urination/
mitochondria to sup- weight loss/ fat
ply energy for the depletion.
movement of subst-
(ii)
ances against a con-
 Obesity
centration gradient.
 Changes in diet
Solution to Question 6:  Prenatal malnutrition
A) (i)
 Chronic disease
 Group of metabolic
diseases B) Distinction
 Characterized by  Natural – Acquired by nat-
high blood sugar ural means e.g. exposure to
(glucose) levels (hy- infections or from colos-
perglycaemia). trums.
 Results from defects  Artificial – Achieved by vac-
in insulin secretion cination (not naturally
by the pancreas. occurring), injection of
 May occur when the antigens or antibodies.
body cannot effect-
C)
 The content in this question
is no longer covered in the
CAPE syllabus.
Solution to Question 1: extensions are sites of
A) (i) photosystem I.
 Thylakoids are the sites of
the light dependent
reactions of photosynt-
hesis. This explains the
presence of chloroplasts
pigments to absorb light
energy.
 Another part of the
chloroplast that is inv-
(ii)
olved in photosynthesis is
 Thylakoids are fluid filled
the stroma. This is the
membranous sacs that
fluid filled matrix where
contains chloroplasts pigm-
light independent stage
ents that are arranged in a
of photosynthesis occurs.
structured way to form a
 The stroma houses the
complex known as photo-
thylakoids, starch grains,
system II.
lipid droplets and ribos-
 Thylakoids also have tub-
omes. It is in direct
ular extensions called inte-
contact with the thyl-
rgranal lamellae that join up
akoids and ribosomes so
with thylakoids in adjacent
that the reduced NADP
grana. These
and ATP can easily enter sits, artificial fertilizers,

it. animal wastes and other
organic wastes by con-
verting nitrates to ni-
B) (i) A: Absorption
trites by enzyme red-
B: Nitrification
uctase which is released
C: Decomposition
to the atmosphere.
D: Nitrogen- fixation
E: Ammonification (iii)
F: Feeding/ Consumption/  Production and use of
Digestion nitrogen containing fer-
tilizers in agriculture.
(ii)
However, over use could
 By leaching, which is
lead to pollution of gro-
loss of soluble nitrates
und water and streams
(NO3-) from the soil, as it
and leads to eutroph-
moves with soil water,
ication (oxygen dep-
generally excess water
reciation of a water area).
below roof zone.
 Human also influence
 By denitrification, whi-
nitrogen cycle by dum-
ch is loss of nitrates as
ping sewage and other
atmospheric nitrogen,
types of organic matter
occurs when soils
into water bodies and
saturated with water for
cause lowering of dissol-
2-3 days.
ved oxygen associated
 By assumption, whereby
with Microbial oxidation
some plants are able to
of organic matter and
assimilate nitrogen dir-
presence of fecal path-
ectly from soil in the
ogens and parasites
form of nitrates from
natural mineral depo-
which reduces useful Solution to Question 2:

aquatic life forms. A) (i)
 Ensure that apparatus is
 Humans also affect the
airtight.
nitrogen cycle through
 Use Vaseline to seal off
the large emissions of
where the rubber tubing
large quantities of NOx
is.
gases to the atmosphere
 Cut the leafy shoot under
most important sources
water (H2O) to prevent
of emission are auto-
the H2O column from
mobiles, power plants,
disruption.
home furnaces and fac-
 Leave the apparatus for
tories. The emitted NOx is
30 minutes before
an important air
starting the experiment
pollutant, because it is
to allow it to equilibrate.
critical in photochemical
 After each reading, reset
oxidative reaction (photo
the air. bubble using
chemical smog) and
syringe.
because the NOx is an
 Cut the ends of the stem
important source of
with a slanting cut, as air
nitrate in that it can
bubbles are less likely to
combine with water
get trapped against it.
vapour to form nitric
acid and acid rain.
(ii) Lower surface of the leaf
 Afforestation which can
lead to leaching.
(iii) Leafless shoot would be
an appropriate control
of experiment.
B)  Relative Humidity (RH):

 Light: When the light
This is the amount of
intensity is high, it water vapour in the air
stimulates. the stomata to
compared to the amount
open, photosynthetic rate of water vapour that the
increases as more CO2
air could hold at a given
from the environment is temperature. As the RH
absorbed and heat is
increases, the plant tends
released. When light to lose less water which
intensity is low, stomata
means that the stromata
tend to close stomata are is closed. When the
more sensitive to blue
relative humidity (RA) is
light i.e. light predo- low, there is less moisture
minating at sunrise.
in the atmosphere and
 Temperature: Within then the greater driving
normal ranges (10oc to force for the leap to lose
o
25 c) changes in tem-
water, hence the stomata
perature has little effect tends to be open.
on stomatal behaviours
 Wind- Water affects
but high temperature stomatal opening and
o
over 30 c can lead to
closure by altering the
stomatal closure. An rates of transpiration by
increase in temperature
removing the boundary
results in an increase in layer, that still layer of
respiration. Cooler tem-
water vapour hugging
peratures can lead to the surface of the leaves.
stomatal openings.
Wind increases the
movement of water from
the leaf surface, encour- movement of sugars and

aging stomatal opening. amino acids.
Less windier conditions
decreases the movement (iii) Symplast or Apoplast
of water from the leaf

surfaces, encouraging Solution to Question 3:
stomatal closure. A) (i) This is a state of
 Carbon dioxide concen- physical, mental and
tration: When CO2 con- social well- being and

absence of disease.
centration in the photo-
synthetic parenchyma is
(ii)
low, stomata open to  Physical disease- disease
absorb more of gas and cause by temporary or
make photosynthesis po- permanent damage to
ssible. When such con- any part of the body
centration is high sto- while mental disease are
mata tend to close. caused by changes in
one’s psychological state,
personality and behave-
C) (i) X: Companion cell
iours.
Y: Sieve tube  Infectious diseases are
(ii) diseases caused by
 A single (Y) has nucleus, pathogens and can be
ribosomes, cytoskeleton transmitted from one
but a companion cell (X) person to another while
does. non-infectious diseases
 Y is dependent on X for are all the diseases that
support, energy for are not caused by
pathogens and can be
passed on from person to hence it is a physical

another. disease.
 Deficiency diseases are
diseases caused by a lack B) (i) Laryngeal and lung
of or shortage of some cancer
essentials or some bio-
 From 1995- 2005,
logical imbalance in an
there is an overall
individual’s metabolic
slight increase in
system, which inherited
number of deaths
diseases are caused by
where there is an
genes and can be passed
increase from about
on from parent to
120 deaths 1995 to
offspring.
about 650 deaths in
(iii) 2005
 Protein – energy mal-nut- Breast Cancer.
rition (PEM) may have  From 18975- 2005,
different features. there is an overall
 Can therefore fit into slight increase in
different categories eg. number of death
 PEM is caused by inactive from about 520
calories or protein intake deaths in 1975 to
hence deficiency disease. about 750 deaths in
 PEM is not caused by 2005. There were
invading pathogens, he- also slight fluctuation
nce non-infectious dise- in number of deaths.
ase.
 It causes temporary or
permanent damage to a
part of body (eg kidney),
(ii) Breast cancer is harder  Stage 1 is the activation

to detect as it shows no of the glucose molecule
variable symptoms, un- by adding 2 phosphate
like lung cancer the molecules from ATP by
victim may have per- phosphorylation.
istent cough or coughing  Stage 2 is the lysis of the
up pain. phosphorylated glucose
into 2 molecule of triose
(iii) phosphate.
 Additive nature of  Stage 3 is the deh-
smoking. ydration of both triose
 Absence of legisl- phosphate molecule
ation to ban ciga- where hydrogen is
rette smoking. removed from both
 Lack of funding for triose phosphate mole-
education programs. cule where hydrogen is
 Detection or treatment. removed from both
triose phosphate mol-
ecule and they are
A) (i)
transferred to a hydr-
 Glycolysis is a series of
ogen carrier called red-
reactions in which a six-
uced NAD.
carbon sugar, usu-ally
 Stage 4 is the production
glucose, is split into two
of ATP by substrate level
(2) molecules of
phosphorylation, thus at
pyruvate, a 3 carbon
the end of glycolysis, 2
acid.
molecules of pyruvate, 2
 Occurs in four (4) main
molecules of reduced
stages in the cytoplasm
NAD and 2 molecules of
of the cell.
ATP are produced.
(ii) combines with hydro-

 The several steps in- gen acceptor, oxygen not
volved in cellular res- shown in equation.
piration such a glycol-
lysis, Kreb’s cycle, link B)
reaction, electron trans-  The role of chlorophyll
port chain or the total in photosynthesis is to
amount of energy used trap or absorb light
and released are not energy at wavelength of

680
represented by the nm.
700
equation.
 Chlorophyll usually
 No indication of electron
absorbs light in the blue-
transfer aspects or the
violet and red regions of
fact that enzymes and
the visible spectrum of
other molecules such as
light. There are a
FAD and NAD are
number of different
involved in the process.
chlorophyll with
 CO2 is released from
chlorophyll a and b
decarboxylated reactions
being the most.
in the link reaction and
 When energy is ab-
Kreb’s cycle not shown in
sorbed, the electrons in
equation.
chlorophyll a molecule
 Use of hydrogen carriers
gains energy and bec-
via oxidative phosphor-
omes “excited”
ylation in cristae of
 CO2 is released from
mitochondria not shown
decarboxylated
in equation.
reactions in the link
 Water is formed from
reaction and Kreb’s cycle
hydrogen atoms in the
not shown in the
mitochondria’s matrix
equation.
 Use of hydrogen carriers  Basically CO2 from air is

to provide the energy to “fixed” by combining
form ATP by chemio- with a 5 carbon acc-
smosis via oxidative eptor (ribose-5- phosp-
phosphorylation in cris- hate, RUBP) TO FORM 2
tae of mitochondria not 3 carbon molecules (3
shown in equation. phosphoglycerate)
 Water is formed from which are then conver-
hydrogen atoms in the ted to glyceraldehyde – 3
mitochondria’s matrix – phosphate using the
com-bines with hydro- ATP and NADPH2
gen acceptor, oxygen not produced in the light
shown in equation. stage. This molecule is
 The excited electron is used to produce glucose
then transported to ans- and other organic
wer molecule called the compounds as well as to
primary electron ace- regenerate the original 5
ptor). carbon receptor.
 The purpose of NADPH
C) and ATP production is to
 ATP and NADPH2 are provide reducing power
made in the thylakoid and chemical energy to
membranes of the chlor- drive the Calvin cycle.
oplasts during the light
stage of photo-synthesis.
 Both are used in the dark
stage (light inde-
pendent) – the Calvin
cycle – to help fix CO2.
Solution to Question 5: between the Schwann

A) (i) Labels and annotation cells.
should include:  Schwann cells – cells that
wrap themselves around
the axiom along its
length forming an
enclosing sheath called
the Myelin sheath, made
largely of lipid together
 Cytoplasm – containing
with protein. Myelin
many mitochondria and
sheath insulates the
rough endoplasmic reti-
neurone and increases
culum.
the speed of conduction
 Cell body – lies within
of nerve impulses.
spinal cord or brain.
 Synaptic knob – swollen
Nucleus of neurone
endings of axiom con-
found in cell body
taining chemical called
 Axon – Long cytoplasmic
transmitter substances
process which conducts
involving in passing
impulses away from the
nerve impulses from the
cell body.
neurone to muscle.
 Dendrite – Short, this
cytoplasmic process that
extend from cell body
and conduct impulses
towards the cell body.
 Node of Ranvier – Small
uncovered gaps along
axioms/ spaces found
(ii) A need to mention low  The insecticide inhi-

malfunctioning in insu- bit the enzyme acetyl
lin activity could lead to cholinesterase and
disease. prevent the break-
 At the synapse, the down of the neuro-
high concentration transmitter acetylch-
of Ca2+ causes the oline. The results in
synaptic vesicles to over stimulation of
fuse with the pres- receptors in the
ynaptic cleft and peripheral and cent-
diffuses across the ral nervous systems
synapse. rece-ptors in the
 Acetylcholine binds peripheral and cent-
to its specific rec- ral nervous systems
eptor molecules and and at the neuro-
opens the channel. muscular junction ( a
Na+ and K+ ions can synapse found bet-
diffuse through the ween a motor neuron
gated channel. and a skeletal muscle
 Acetylcholine is rel- fiber) i.e. a buildup of
eased from the rec- acetylcholine in the
eptors and the chan- synapse which results
nels closed, with in continuous gene-
acetylcholine rem- ration of nerve im-
aining in the syn- pulses and thus mus-
aptic cleft which is cle stimulation.
degraded (broken
down) by enzyme
acetylcholinesterase.
B) (i) Differences between (ii)

hormonal and nervous  Diabetes mellitus is due
control in animals. to either pancreas not

producing enough in-
Endocrine (hormone) Nervous system
system sulin or the cells of the
 Communication is  Communication
body not responding
by chemicals by nerve
called hormones impulses and property to insulin
chemical
communication
produced.
at junction  Failure of the body to
between the
nerve and target produce enough in-
cells
sulin gives rise to Type I
 Transmission is  Transmission
usually is very rapid diabetes mellitus or in-
relatively slow  Transmission
 Hormones is by nerve
sulin dependent diab-
travel to all fibres etes. The lack of/ less of
parts of the  Relative
body, but only strength of insulin producing B-
target organs stimulus
cells of islets of
respond affects
 Hormones frequency of Langerhans cause this
travel to all nerve
parts of the impulses
type of diabetes.
body, but only  Nerve
target impulses Solution to Question 6:
organs respond. travel to
 Effects are specific parts
A)
widespread of the body.  Immune response is based
 Response is
upon the recognition of a
slow  Effects
 Response is are foreign or non-self-chem-
often long localized
lasting  Response ical substance produced by
 Effects may be is vapid an invading organisms
permanent and  Response
irreversible is short followed by the production
lived
of chemicals and cells that
 Effects is
temporar effectively repel the inv-
y and
usually asion.
reversible
 OR the defense reactions to ponses which are due mainly

invading organisms or for- to activities of B cells
eign materials used as an producing antibodies.
important defense against
B)
intracellular parasites. These
 Both B and T cells originate
cytotoxic cells are activated
in the bone marrow,
to attack and kill infested
however, the B cells mature
host cells. The cell mediated
in the bone marrow or spleen
response involves the entire
while the T cells mature in
cells, cytokines and it
the thymus (a gland in the
recognizes antigen fragm-
thoracic cavity above the
ents.
heart).
 Humoral response involves
 B cells and t cells circulate
the production of antibodies
through blood and lymph
by B-cells. Helper T cells are
and are lymph and are
involved in many responses.
concentrated in the spleen,
Unlike, T cells B cells are of
lymph nodes and other
limited use in protecting
lymphoid tissue 9thymus,
against intracellular para-
liver, bone marrow etc.) B
sites because they are
cells and T cells recognize
proteins, therefore cannot
antigens by means of
cross cell membranes. Hum-
antigen- specific receptor
oral response recognizes
embedded in their plasma
antigens and the entire cell
membranes
may not be involved.
 B cells circulating in the
 Cell mediated responses
blood and lymph transforms
involved T cells which are
into plasma cells on expo-
directly involved in the
sure to antigens whereas T
elimination of antigens
cells transform into cyto-
compared to humoral res-
toxic cells or producing immune response to pro-

cytokines to destroy anti- duce antibodies, hence act-
gens. ive, whereas passive arti-
ficial immunity is due to the
C)
fact that the antibodies were
 A sample of a woman’s urine
harvested from other in-
is tested for the presence of
dividuals and infected into
human chor-ionic
the recipient and there was
gonadotropin (HCG)
no stimulation of an im-
hormone which is produced
mune response.
by the placenta and is
 Passive immunity provides
usually only present in a
immediate protection and
woman’s body when she is
persist only as long as the
pregnant.
transferred antibodies last
 Anti- HCG monoclonal
(i.e. a few weeks to a few
antibodies, produced com-
months) whereas active
mercially from single cell
immunity persists for longer
line are used in the test kit
time.
and these will bind to HCG if
present in the urine sample.
A positive reaction is
indicated by a colour change
in the test strip.
D)
 Active artificial immunity is
due to the administration of
weakened or attenuated
antigen material (vaccines),
therefore artificial, which
stimulated the recipient’s
(iii) 0.37 mm, 0.037 cm, 370 µm
A) (i) A – Epidermal cells/
epidermis. Accept 0.36 - 0.38cm
B – Palisade cell/ palisade

B) (i)
Mesophyll/ palisade
 Quantitative/ diagram-
layer.
matic representation of
C – (Leaf) vein (accept xylem
feeding (energy) relat-
or phloem)/ vascular
ionships between organ-
bundle. isms in an ecosystem.
D- Stoma (stomata) or guard  (Graphical)/ diagram-
cell(s). atic representation of
(ii) energy flow between
tropic structure (levels)
in an ecosystem.
 (Graphical)/ diagram-
atic representation of
number of individuals at
different nutritional
levels.
(ii)  Ensure that there are no

 Decreasing flow of air bubbles in the
energy between succ- apparatus.
essive trophic levels in  Ensure joints are air –
ascending order. tight (sealed tightly) /seal
 Decreasing efficiency of with vaseline or
energy transfer between petroleum jelly.
ascending trophic levels.  Cut plant in morning/
 Energy loss when energy late afternoon/ just bef-
is transferred from one ore experiment.
trophic level to the next.  Assemble apparatus un-
 Fewer organisms are derwater.
supported at each tro-  Select shoot with hea-
phic level. lthy leaves. before start
of the experiment
A) (i)
(iii) Length/ Distance moved
 Syringe moves air
and time.
bubble/ water back to
the original position.
(iv)
 Syringe zeros the app-  Exclude sunshine by
aratus/ reset the reading. covering the shoot with
 Replaces water removed dark polythene bag/
by the plant. material /put in a dark
cupboard.
(ii)
 As a control cover a
 Cut end of shoot obl-
second identical shoot
iquely under water to
prevent water column with a transparent bag/
from breaking. keep in a lit room.
B) (i) Solution to Question 3:

A) (i)
 The probability of deve-
loping a particular dise-
ase during a given
period of time in a given
population.
 Number of new cases of
disease occurring over a
specified period of time
in a given population.
 Number of new cases of
disease occurring dur-
ing a given period as a
(ii) By active transport which
proportion of the
requires energy.
number of people in the
population.
(iii)
 Inhabitants of the
desert would pro- (ii)
duce more concentr-
ated urine.
 Long loop of Henle
(iv) (Protein) Bowman’s capsule/

basement membrane of
globular/ renal corpussle
Glucose- proximal convo-
luted tubule.
B) (i) viral DNA into host DNA

 Capsid proteins removed (see over leaf).
releasing RNA.  Immature virus breaks
 Virus binds (fuses) to host free host cell (budding
cell receptor (fuses) to and matures.
host cell receptor (CD4/T  Capsid becomes surrou-
cell). nded by host cell mem-
 Virus RNA enters host branes (with glycopro-
cell. tein).
 Reverse transcriptase
enters host cell.
 Double strands of DNA
synthesized using viral
RNA (by reverse tran-
scription).
 Viral RNA used as
template for DNA syn-
thesis.
 Reverse transcriptase
assists in making a copy
of viral DNA.
 Viral DNA combines with
host cell own DNA (by
the integrase enz-yme).
 Viral DNA incorporated
(ii)
as provirus into host cell
DNA.  From infected blood or
 Integrase enzyme assists blood products (accept
with incorporation of blood transfusion).
 From infected mo- B) Similarities:

ther to baby during
 System of electron
pregnancy and deli-
carriers.
very
 Stepwise release of
 From mother to baby
energy.
through breast feed-
 A system of electron
ing.
acceptors/
 Contaminated (inf-
chemiosmosis.
ected) needless/ syr-
 Cytochromes
inges.
 Occur in membra-
nous organelles.
A) (i)
 Phosphorylation: the Differences:
generation of ATP  Photophosphorylatio
from ADP and inor- n uses NADO while
ganic phosphate (1) oxi-dative.
phosphate group ad- phosphorylation uses
ded to molecule. NAD.
 Photophosphorylatio  FAD is used in oxi-
n: light energy from dative
the sun is used (1). phosphorylation but
 Oxidative not in photophos-
phosphorylation: phorylation.
energy from the  Photophosphorylatio
redox reaction/ ATP n may be cyclic or
from oxidation of H noncyclic but oxide-
atoms (1). tive phosphorylation
is noncyclic.
 Light is necessary for
photophosphoryla-
tion but not for  Denitrification:

oxidative phosphory- conversion of nitrates
lation. (4) in soil to gaseous
 Hydrogen ions enter (5) nitrogen using
ETC of oxidative denitrying/ anaerobic
Phosphorylation; (6) bacteria eg Thio-
electrons enter the bacillus, Pseudomon-
ETC of photophos- as.
phorylation.  Nitrogen fixation:
 Water split in final conversion of atm-
stage of photophos- ospheric (7) nitrogen
phorylation to pro- (8) into nitrogenous
duce electrons wher- compounds by ligh-
eas in oxidative pho- tening (9) or micro-
sphorylation to pro- organisms.
duce electrons whe-
reas in oxidative (ii)
phosphorylation  Nitrogen fixation ba-
oxygen is the final cteria in the roots of
acceptor. legumes make nitr-

ogen available to the
C) (i) legume in the form of
 Nitrification: nitrates or ammo-
conversion of amm- nium ions.
onia (1) in soil to  The ammonia enters
nitrates (2) and then the soil making nit-
nitrates using aerobic rogen available to the
(3) bacteria eg Nitro- grass for its growth.
somonas/ Nitrobac-  When the legume is
ter. ploughed back into
the soil, plant protein accept additional

decomposes ( putre- oxygen molecules.
fying bacteria makes  In the tissues when
the nitrogen/ nitrates one haem group
available to the soil). gives up an oxygen
molecules this cau-
ses the others to
A) (i)
release oxygen more
 Has a haem group
readily.
(binary site) which
 Binds reversibly wit-
binds (has an aff-
h oxygen.
inity for) to an
oxygen molecule.
(ii) Dissociation curve:
 Up to four oxygen
molecules per hae-
moglobin can be
transported.
 Union of oxygen
molecules is a loose
one (no chemical re-
action) hence oxy-
gen can easily attach
and detach. Description
 In the lungs (where
oxygen concentra-  Curves shows the degree to
tion is high) when which haemoglobin is satu-
one oxygen mole- rated at different oxygen
cule binds to partial pressures.
haemoglobin, other  The curve is S- shaped (sig-
groups more readily moid) (due to cooperative

binding of O2 molecules).
B) (i) Translocation: or organic compo-

unds in phloem/
Transport (movement)
puncture experiment
of the soluble products
 Evidence of con-
(organic salutes) (sugar)
centration gradients
of photosynthesis (sub-
of sucrose and other
stances) through the
materials (high in
conducting tissues (sie-
leaves and lower in
ve tubes) of plants.
roots)
OR
 Observations of mass
Transport of soluble
flow in microscopic
products of photosyn-
sections of living
thesis from source to
sieve tube elements
sink (growing or assmil-
 Movement of viruses
ating organs) in phloem
in leaves when exp-
(sieve tubes) of vascular
osed in light
bundles.
 Ringing experiment
related to mass flow
(ii) Principle: bulk transport  Carbon dioxide with
of materials from one C14 radioactive tra-
point to another as a cers
result of pressure diff-  Any other evidence
erence between the two which is technical
points. correct
Experimental evidence
 Use of aphids (auto-

radiography) to de-
monstrate movement
Solution to Question 6:  Memory cells ensure

A) (i) Cell- mediated that there is a rapid
 T- cells used response to future
 Involves whole cell invasions/ secondary
 Involves cytokines response.
 Recognize antigen  Memory cells long
fragments lived.
Humoral  Memory cells code/
store information for
 B- cells used
specific antigens
 Involves the release of
antibodies
B) (i) Physical dependency
 Recognize whole ant-
igens  Results from chronic
 Whole cell not dir- use of a drug that has
ectly involved produced tolerance
(effect of drug beco-
(ii) On first exposure me less intense more
(primary response) the B drug taken to achieve
lymphocytes form plas- same effect).
ma cell/ memory cells  Withdrawal
 Slow response initia- symptoms result from
lly abrupt discountinu-
 Clones of plasma cells ation or reduction in
produce antibodies dosage (body cannot
which bond to function without
antigens and destroy drug).
them.
 Plasma cells are short
lived
Psychological dependency Peripheral Nerves system
 Dependency is mental  Loss of sensory awa-

(feeling). reness in hands and
 Leads to psychological feet.
withdrawal symptoms  Cramps, numbness,
such as cravings, dep- tingling and weak-
ression etc. ness in hands and
feet.
(ii) Brain shrinkage/ damage  Diseases.
due to dehydration.
 Loss of short term

memory by alcohol-
induced dehydration
or the impact of
vitamin A deficiency
on the brain.
 Loss of intellectual
function such as cal-
culation and ability to
learn new skills due
to brain shrinkage or
impact of vitamin A
deficiency on the
brain.
 Reduction in REM
sleep and less ability
to sleep due to brain
shrinkage.
Second phase: reduct-

A) (i)
ion resulting in removal
of oxygen from 3 pho-
sphoglycerate. (ATP is
used and NADPH gives
away electrons)
Third phase: regener-

ation of carbon acceptor
using ATP/ (G3p rear-
ranged to created
RuBP).
(iii) Different from Krebs

Cycle
(ii) First phase: carbon
 Cavin makes glucose
fixation carbon (from
while Krebs cycle is
carbon dioxide) is inc-
involved in the bre-
orporated into an org-
akdown of glucose.
anic acceptor (5 carbon
 Calvin cycle begins
sugar RuBP)/ carboxyl-
with CO2 molecules
ation.
while Krebs produces
CO2.
 Calvin cycle uses ATP ustion 9 up to

as energy source 5.5mM).
while Krebs cycle (ii) Blood lactate levels
generates ATP. increase because there is
 Calvin cycle con- build up of lactate in
sumes NADH as red- cells (muscle tissue) as
ucing power for the demand for oxygen
adding high energy exceeds the supply (ox-
electrons (reduces ygen debt).
3PG- G3P) while
(Or any appropriate res-
Krebs cycle generates
ponse which suggests
NADPH (high ene-
oxygen debt leading to
rgy).
build up of lactic acid).
B) (i) Lactate:
 Level increased shar- (iii) Aerobic performance in c
ply in the first 15 cyclists was minimally/ 3
minutes (from 1 lightly/ particularly im-
4mM). roved (enhanced) by oral
 Continued to increase pyruvate supplement.
steadily to exhaustion
94 – 7mM) Solution to Question 2:
A) (i) A: Small area/ patch of

Glucose specialized cells (P cells).
 Initial decline in first
 A compact A group of
15 minutes (5.2 to
cells.
4.3mM0
 Small number of
 Small increase but
cardiac muscle fib-
level remained fairly
res.
constant until exha-
 Has few nerve end- E: Large chamber/ thick

ings from the auto- (muscular) wall cham-
nomic nervous sys- ber/ ventricle with
tem. thicker walls.
 Mainly made up of
collagen fibres/ con- (ii) Role
nective tissue.
A- Heart’s natural pace-
B: Small chamber/ thin
maker/ generates
walls chamber/ atri-
electrical impulses
um with thin walls.
to contract.
C: Compact knot of cells
 Similar in structure to C- Slows (delays) the
SAN/ Fibres slig-htly electrical current
smaller than SAN. before the signal
 Consists of nodal passes down to the
tissue (like both mus- ventricle.
cle a nerve tissue).
D- Conducts electrical
 Connected to bundle
signals to the mus-
of specialized muscle
cles of the ventr-
fibre (AV bundle).
icle.
D: Strands of modified
cardiac fibres/ large (iii) Autonomic nervous sys-
fibres tem automatically
adjust/ regulates the rate
 Fibres running along
and intensity of contr-
partition between left
actions of the ventricle.
and right branches.
 Gives rise to finder
branches (purkyne
tissue).
B) (i) Active transport pericycle from the

cortex by osmosis.
A) (i)
(ii) A- root hair

Active transport from
soil into root hair (accept
arrow anywhere on the
epidermis).
B- Endodermis
(ii)
Active transport from
 Cancers- slight decline
cortex into endodermis,
in mortality rates after
and from endodermis
first 5 years with small
into pericycle.
increase after 10 years
and another decline by
(iii)
 High concentration 2000.
of ions in the  Or decline from 1985
pericycle cells creates except for 1995 when
(a more negative) there was a slight
water potential in the increase.
pericycle cells.  Diabetes- steady incre-
 This causes water to ase of mortality rates
move into the over the 15 year period
(approaching almost  Accept fats and

double by 2000). sugars based on size
of pie chart.
(iii) Leading cause of death –
heart disease. (iii)
 Can result in rapid

B) (i) Balance diet – one in
weight gain because
which the right types of
of increase in num-
foods are taken in
ber of calories, which
correct proportions so
in turn can lead to:
as to supply sufficient
 Diabetes – increased
nutrition/ nutrients and
blood glucose levels.
energy to the body.
 Cardiovascular
diseases.
(ii) a.
 Obesity due to high
 Cereal, roti, rice, calories.
pasta, potatoes (car-  Cholesterol and clo-
bohydrates and gging of arteries due
fibres). to type of fats.
 Vegetables and fruits .  Joint problems due to
 Accept water based on omega 6.
diagram.  Thinning of blood
leading to excessive
b. bleeding – omega 8.
 Meat, fish, eggs,
 Link to certain
lentils
canoers – omega 6.
 Milk, cheese, (yogurt)
 Depression –
paneer (dairy pro-
damage.
ducts)
 Inflation – damage to
blood vessels.
Solution to Question 4: grassland all 25 may be

A) (i) equally abundant whe-
reas in the wheat field
 Species diversity refers to
over 95% of the plant
the variety of species
maybe single species of
present in a community
wheat.
and their related abun-
 Stability is a measure
dance.
from change to former
 Species diversity refers to
levels change and to
the number of different
recover from change to
species and the number
former levels of species
of individuals of each
richness after a distu-
species within any
rbance.
community.
 It has two components: (ii)
 Number of different  The higher the species
species in a given area diversity and species
 The proportion of the richness (raw number of
community that any species found in a com-
individual species munity), then the greater
make. will be the stability of the
 Thus two (2) com- ecosystem and the less it
munities may have the is affected by climatic
same number of species changes. For e.g, if there
but differ in the is a drought, a com-
proportion of the community with a high
munity that species species diversity is much
make up. A natural more likely to have at
grassland and field of least one species able to
wheat may both have 25 tolerate the drought than
species, however, in the
a community with a low ms) passes to higher

species diversity. At least trophic levels.
some members are
therefore likely to sur- (ii)
vive the drought and  Food webs are better at
maintain the community. describing energy flow in
Thus communities with an ecosystem than food
high species diversity are chain since: Food web is
more resilient and res- more complex than food
istant and thus more chain as it included a
stable. large variety of
 When species number is organisms
high, more food chain are  Food web was better able
present in food web, the to show the relationships
species would have among organisms as it is
varied food sources. a network of interrelated
 If one species dies out, food chains.
species number decre-  Food web is better able to
ases, however, other food show how one organism
sources are available and could occupy more than
so species persist. one trophic levels or may
have more than one food
B) (i) Food chain is defined as a sources.
sequence of steps thr-
ough which the energy s
stored in autotrophs
(primary producers/ pla-
nts/ other
photosynthetic organis-
Solution to Question 5: bind to presynaptic

A) (i) Synaptic transmission membrane.
 Transmission of an  Vesicles release their
impulse/ action pote- contents into the
ntial from neurone to synapse cleft by
a target (neurone, exocytosis.
muscle or secretory  The neurotransmitter
cell) across a syna- diffuses across cleft.
pse.  Neurotransmitter
 Process whereby one binds to the post-
neurone (nerve cell) synaptic (protein)
communicates with receptors
other neurons or eff-  Binding of neuro-
ectors, such as a transmitter results in
muscle cell, at a opening of sodium
synapse. ion channels result-
(ii) Chemical transmission of ing in an inflow of
action potential sodium ions.
 Inflow of sodium ions
 Arrival of impulse at
causes depolar-
the axon terminus
ization of post syna-
causes opening of
ptic membrane.
channels (local dep-
 If depolarization rea-
olarization) and all-
ches depolarization
ows/ Ca2+ to enter the
reaches a threshold
axon from the
level an action pote-
synaptic cleft.
ntial is generated.
 Ca2+ causes vesicles
containing.
Neurotransmitter to
B) (i) Functions of kidney lated by the body are

 Osmoregulation secreted into the
 Maintenance of filtrate- excretion.
water and solutes
in optimal propo-
A) (i) Complement
rtions.
 A group of short-
 Conservation of
lived soluble proteins
water.
always in blood pla-
 Excretion
sma.
 Removal of unw-
 Are activated by
anted (excess)
contact with anti-
sub-stances e.g.
body bound to ant-
toxins, hormones.
igen, or with a for-
eign surface.
(ii)
 Ultrafiltration – the  Activation of a
blood is filtered at complement triggers
high pressure prod- a cascade of rea-
uction of filtrate from ctions which results
blood for pro-cessing in the production of
for excretion/ active protein.
osmoregulation.
 Selective reabsorp- Its role
tion useful parts of  Step replication
the filtrate are ret- (Opsonisation) of
urned to the blood. – bacteria leading to
osmoregulation. them being destroy-
 Secretion – further yed by phagocytes.
sub-stances (drugs,  Attract macrophages
hormones) not regu- and other white
blood cells (T cells) to change fluid balance

a site of infection. across the capillary
 Directly destroy the walls leading to
cells that stimulate the oedema.
activation of the
complement. B) Emphysema
 Activate T- lymphocyte.  Gradual breakdown
 Promote antibody of the walls of the
formation/ triggers alveoli, making the
inflamemation. air spaces larger and
reducing the total
(ii) surface area for
 Redness – mast cells gaseous exchange (
produce histamine reduce amount of
which triggers arte- oxygen leading to
riolar vasodilation shortness of breath)
which increases bl-  Chemicals in smoke
ood flow to the disturb the balance
infected tissue between breakdown
 Warmth – with more and replacement of
blood more meta- elastic tissue in the
bolic heat comes to lungs (by inhibiting
the site- (may result the enzyme that
in destruction of prevent the break
organism) down of elastic tissue
 Swelling – histamine and also inhibit the
increases repair process). Lung
permeability of the lose elasticity and this
capillaries, plasma leads to difficulty in
proteins escape and
breaking (airways
collapse)
 White blood cells in
the lung secrete pro-
tein digesting enzy-
mes which also bre-
akdown the walls of
the alveoli
 Bronchitis is caused
by build p particles
along the respiratory
tract that increases
mucus production
and in so doing
narrowing the air-
ways and damaging
the cilia and lungs,
leading to breath-
lessness.
A) (i) Cytoplasm B) (i) a. Reservoir A
(ii) Stage 1: Phosphorylation

b. Reservoir D
of glucose.
Stage 2: Isomerisation
(ii) 1: Assimilation/
Stage 3: Transfer of
Photosynthesis
another phosphate mol-
2: Respiration/ Excretion/
ecule to the sugar mol-
Decomposition
ecule.
3: Burning of fossil fuels
Stage 4: Splitting of 6
carbon sugar into 2 3
carbon sugar molecules (iii) Arrow from Reservoir
(Lysis). A to Reservoir D
(iii) Glycolysis was signify- C) (i)

cant because:
 Glucose was made rea-
ctive
 Glucose was made ready
for use in Kreb’s cycle
(ii) Point D: Optimum light Diastolic pressure:

intensity with light no Minimum pressure on
longer being a limiting the arterial wall.
factor
(ii)
Point E: represents the
maximum rate of  Systolic BP generally
photosynthesis increases with age,
however in males it falls
Solution to Question 2: at age 40- 44, while the
A) (i) Give a detailed that has female continues to in-
a title. draw a crease, while at 60 years
highlighted region from and over the male BP to
box vascular tissue
increase, while the fem-
ale BP falls
 Diastolic BP also gen-
erally increases with age,
however in males it too
falls at age range 40- 44,
while the females BP
continues to rise, both BP
(ii) I: Phloem
falls from 60 years
II: Sieve plate beyond, with the female
BP being even lower.
III: Companion cell
IV: Xylem (iii) On average, the males `

systolic and diastolic
B) (i) Systolic pressure: blood pressure tend to
maximum pressure on be higher than females
the arterial wall
Solution to Question 3: can be used in one

A) (i) minute during maximal
exercise.
(ii)
 O2 utilised to provide
energy for the muscles
 Continuing increase in
exercise intensity does
not result in an increase
in the rate of oxygen
consumption.
(ii) For men: Lung cancer,
mortality rate is 17.7 per (iii)
100000  Genetics – this has the
greatest effect on VO2
For women: Breast
max
cancer, mortality rate is  Age – VO2 max declines
12.4 per 100000 with age
For both sexes: Lung  Gender – Generally
cancer, mortality rate is women have a lower
25 per 100000. VO2 max than men
because of body size and
B) (i) VO2 max is defined as blood volume.
themaximum rate of  Altitude – VO2 max
oxygen (O2) consum- de-creases at higher
ption attainable during altitudes
maximal or exhaustive  Level of aerobic fit-
exercise) R the maxi- ness – VO2 max
mal oxygen uptake that

improves with train- viduals that make up

ing any species.
 Smoking – VO2 max  Ecosystem diversity
declines/ decreases which refers to the
with increased smo- range of different
king. habitats within a
particular area
A) (i) Biodiversity refers to the (ii)
general term that is used  Biodiversity contributes

to describe the variety in directly (through prov-
the living world. It also isioning, regulating and
refers to the variety and cultural ecosystem ser-
number of living organ- vices) and indirectly
isms in a particular area (through supporting ec-
and has three (3) comp- osystem services) to
onents: many constituents of
human well- being,
 Species diversity
including security, basic
which refers to the
material for a good life,
number of different
health, good social
species and the num-
relations and freedom of
ber of individuals
choice and action. Many
each species within
people have benefited
any one community
over the last century
 Genetic diversity
from the conversion of
which refers to the
natural ecosystem to
variety of genes
human – dominated eco-
possessed by indi-
system and exploit-tation
of biodiversity. At the
same time, however, drugs. These goods are

these losses in bio- consumed locally and so
diversity and changes in do not figure in national
ecosystem services have and internat-ional
caused some people to markets.
experience declining  Another direct benefit of
well- being, with pov- biodiversity is productive
erty in some social use value which are
groups being exacer- direct values where the
bated. productive use of values
 The value of biodiversity which are direct vales
is classified into direct where the product is
and indirect values as commercially sold in
shown in the diagram national and interna-
below: tional markets. Many
industries are dependent
upon these values eg
textile, leather, silk,
paper, pulp industry etc
although there is an
international ban on the
trade of the product of
 One direct value (benefit) endangered species like
of biodiversity is the trunks of elephants,
consumptive use value wool from sheep fur of
which are the direct use many animals etc
values where biodiver-  Biodiversity provides
sity product can be indirect benefits to
harvested and consume human beings which
directly e.g. food, fuel and support the existence of
biological life and other ached to each species

benefits which are because biodiversity
difficult to quantify. is valuable for the
These include: survival of human
 Social and cultural race. Moreover all
value: Many plants species have a moral
and animals are right to exist inde-
considered holy and pendent of our need
sacred in India and for them.
are worshipped like  Aesthetic value: There
Tulsi, peepal, cow, is a great aesthetic
snake etc. In India value which is
society great cultural attached to biodi-
value is given to for- versity. Natural land-
est and as such tiger, scapes at undisturbed
peacock and lotus are places are a delight to
named as the national watch and also
animal, bird and provide opportunities
flower respectively. for recreational
 Ethical values: These activities like bird
values are related to watching, photogra-
conservation of bio phy etc. It promotes
diversity where eth- ecotourism which
ical issues of all life further generates
forms must be press- revenue by designing
erved is laid down. of zoological, botan-
There is an existence ical gardens, national
value which is att-
parks, wild life cons- species in its natural

ervations etc. surroundings, habitat
 Environmental serv- or location integrated
ice values: The most with the normal food

chains and environ-
important benefit is
mental conditions eg
maintenance of en-
Wild life sanctuary
vironment services
 Exsitu conservation is
which includes car-
the study or presser-
bon dioxide fixation
vation of the species
through Photosynth- when removed from
esis: maintaining of its natural habitat
essential nutrients by into a new location,
carbon, oxygen (0), simulated to resem-
nitrogen(N), phosph- ble the natural one.
ate (p) cycles: Main-
taining water cycle (ii) Limitation of using exsitu
and recharging of conservation methods to
ground water; regul- maintain biodiversity
ating climate by re- include:
cycling moisture into
 Difficulty in recrea-
the atmosphere; det- ting natural habitat.
oxification and dec-  Expensive to maint-
omposition of waste ain organisms out of
natural environment
B) (i)
 Loss of genetic diver-
 Insitu conservation is sity
the study or pres-
ervation of the
 Organisms difficult to pite external changes. This does

maintain in arti-ficial not mean that there are no
environment changes, however there are
 Risk of exposure to continuous fluctuations brou-
pathogens ght about by variations in
internal and external condi-
Solution to Question 5: tions. These changes, however
A) (i) Homeostasis is a key occur around a set point.
concept in unders- Homeostasis is the ability to
tanding how our body return to that set point
works. The term means and so maintain organisms in a
“keeping things constant balanced equilibrium.
and comes from two g
greek words homes, (ii) Components of a home-
meaning “similar” and s ostatic system are:
stasis meaning “stable”).
 Set point – which is
Thus homeostasis can be
the desired level at
defined as a property of
which the system
an organism of system
operates or the opt-
that regulates its inter-
imum condition un-
national environment
der which the system
and tends to maintain
operates. This is
a stable, relatively con-
monitored by a rec-
stant condition of prop-
eptor.
erties. Homeostasis ens-
 Receptor – that det-
ure that the cells of the
ects any deviation
body are in an envir-
from the set point or
onment that meets their
defect any changes in
needs and allows them to
the internal environ-
function normally des-
ment and informs the

controller
 Controller that co-
ordinates
information from B) (i)
various sources and
sends instructions to
an appropriate eff-
ecter
 Effecter – that brings
about the necessary
changes needed to
res-tore balance. This
return to normality
 Collecting duct is a tube
creates a feedback
into which a number of
loop.
distal convoluted tubu-
 Feedback loop – that
les empty. It is lined by
informs the receptor
of the changes to the cuboidal epithelial cells
system brought about and becomes increase-

by the effector. Most ingly wide as it empties
systems brought abo- into the pelvis of the
ut by the effector. kidney. In its transverse
Most systems, inclu- section, it has a diameter
ding biological ones, of 50 – 60 µm, cell
use negative feed- membrane is distinct,
back.
pale staining cytoplasm,
high cuboidal cells, lar-
ge lumen and occurs in
the cortex and medulla more water permeable,

straight. hence water leaves the d
 Its role is to regulate the ducts to pass into the
amount of water/ ions in hyperosmotic surround-
the body, as well as the ings and concentrated
transport of renal fil- urine is produced. If the
trate from the cortex to collecting ducts are imp-
the renal pelvis. ermeable to water, the
final urine would be less
(ii) Antidiuretic hormone
concentrated.
(ADH) targets the mem-
brane of the collecting
duct to make it more A) Cigarette smoking contributes to
permeable thereby allo- the development of cancer of

the lung, mouth, throat, pan-
wing water molecules to
creas, stomach, cervix and bla-
be reabsorbed. The role
dder
of the hypothalamus in
monitoring the water  Cigarette smoking contribu-
content of the blood and tes to the risk of developing
in synthesizing ADH that cardiovascular disease such
is, ADH is then tran- as athero-sclerosis where
sported to the pituitary blood vessels are partially
gland from which it is blocked by plagues which
secreted in response to reduce the diameter of these
detection of low water blood vessels. In these blood
potential. This allows the vessels, the thickness or
ADH to make the walls viscosity of the blood

of the collecting duct influences the movement of
fluid from blood into tissue, hence elevating heart

interstitial fluid rate.
 Viscous blood can form  Other effect include
sludge after it has passed damage to blood vessels;
through the capillaries and is impairment of oxygen
collected in the venules to be transport.
transported back to the heart.
B) (i)
Viscous blood tends to
 T lymphocytes originated
coagulate and from blood
in the bone marrow and
clots then can block blood
mature in the thymus
flow to the heart or brain,
gland OR
causing a heart attack or
 T lymphocytes come
stroke.
from stem cells in the
 Smokers have a high level of
bone marrow and are
fibrinogen in the blood and a
then sent to the thymus to
it will reduced ability to
mature
breakdown fibrin clots.
 The thymus is an organ
 Nicotine makes blood plat-
behind the breast plate
elets “sticky”, increases blood
which helps the naive T
viscosity and vasoco-
cells to develop into a
nstriction. As the arteries
specific T cell.
and arterioles constricts, the
 Thus the T cells learn to
blood pressure rises. The
only attach intruder
heart then has to pump
organisms infected cells,
harder to force the blood
and not healthy cells.
through the constricted
Only T cells that mature
arteries to get it to the body
into specific cells are
allowed to leave the unoglobulin. It functions

thymus. by killing target cells
 Involved in cell – through antibody – dep-
mediated immunity endent cell –mediated

cytotoxicity or through
 Attacks foreign material
performing formation
inside body cells
killing cells without prior
 Responds to own cells
sensitization (hence, the
altered by viruses or
name) they destroy infe-
cancer and to trans-
cted body cells.
ported tissues.  T suppressor cells: A type
of T cell that expresses
(ii) The three main types of CD 8 transmembrane
T-cells are: glycoprotein and funct-
 T- helper cells – This ion by inhibiting, supp-
type of T lymphocytes erssing or help helping to
releases lymphokines stop an immune resp-
upon stimulation of spe- onse by releasing signal
cific antigens to promote to other immune cells i.e
the activation of B switches off the immune
lymphocytes as well as t system.
killer cells (T cytotoxic

cells), attracts phago- (iii) HIV infects T- helper
cytic cells cells rendering them
 T cytotoxic cells (killer T ineffective to fight infec-
cells) : A type of T cell that tions.
does not express markers
of either T or B cell
lineage, but may possess
fc receptor for imm-
Solution to Question 1:  This increase cont-

A) (i) A: Matrix inues until it reaches
B: Crista (35o- 36o) where the

rate of photosyn-
C: ATP Synthases thesis is at its max-
particles imum
D: DNA  After this tempera-
ture the rate falls.
(ii)
(ii)
 Since atmospheric
CO2 is the basic
‘food” of nearly all
plants, the more of it
there is in the air the
better they function
and the more
B) (i)
productive they
 As the leaf temper- become.
ature increase, so  The photosynthetic
does the rate of rate of plants at 1935
photosynthesis at ppm of CO2 is
1935 ppm CO2 extremely higher
than that at 325 ppm  An increase in temp-

CO2. erature will ensure that
 They however (both) enzyme controlled reac-
reaches a maximum, tions would proceed at a
then decline, because high rate but the temp-
enzymes are involved erature must not exceed
and these enzymes are the optimum tempera-
denatured at high ture of the enzyme.
temperature, hence the
decline in both graphs. Solution to Question 2:
A) 0oC: KCN has no effect on the

(iii)
uptake of K+ ions as still levels
 Famers can use their off at approximate 80µg per
knowledge/ understand- root sample. This is so because
ding of temperature and temperature deactivates enz-
CO2 as limiting factors of yme. 25oc: KCN has very Cottle
photosynthesis to in- effect on the uptake of K+ ions.
crease crop yield/ gro- It too level off but at a higher
wth in green house as level, since increase in temp-
follows. erature increases rate of k+
 The use of paraffin uptake.
lamps inside a green-
house increases the rate
of photosynthesis bec-
ause burning paraffin
(hydrocarbons eg pro-
pane) produces CO2 and
heat too. More CO2 =
more fixation.
B) and hence a decrease in

arterial pressure.
A) (i)
 Vacuolar route- through cell

surface membranes, cyto-
plasm and tonoplasts of
vacuoles (relatively little (ii)
water moves through this  Steady increase in
pathway). percentage of overwe-
 Symplastic route- through ight and obesity for
cytoplasm and plasmodes- Africa with a sharp
mata increase from 2005-
 Apoplast route- through cell 2010.
walls.  Almost constant per-
centage of overweight
B) (i) A: Aorta
and obesity for Latin
B: Atrio ventricular valve America and Caribbean
(Tricuspid valve) with both Africa, Latin
C: Atrio ventricular America and the
valve (bicuspid valve) Caribbean having same
percentage of 6.9 in
(ii) There would be a backflow 2005.
of blood in the left ventricle
(iii) age presentation to lym-

 Change in diet of chil- phocytes.
dren i.e. reducing ene-
rgy in-take and giving Solution to Question 4:
A)
the children more fruits
and vegetables.  Only a fraction of the
 Increasing regular phy- energy available at one
sical activity in the trophic level is tran-
children/ reducing inac- sferred to the next
tivity in the chi. trophic level.
 Energy is used and lost as
B) (i) heat in respiration by the

producers.
 Some parts of the
producers are not edible
and cellulose cell walls
which are difficult to
digest.
(ii)  Some energy is lost in

faeces when animal eg-
 Macrophage would first
ested or in urine when
ingest bacteria and pro-
excreted or during
cess it.
sweating.
 Some of the digested
 Some parts of the ani-
bacterial fragments co-
mals may not be edible.
mbine with protein.
 Energy is used by ani-
The complex that is for- mals to carry out life
med is displayed on the processes such as loco-
surface of the macroph- motion (to find food etc),
feeding etc.
 Energy is used during  Food webs are ass-

digestion. ociated with higher
 Energy transfer from one biodiversity.
trophic level to the next  Food webs are ass-
in approximately 10% ociated with increas-
transfer. ed ecosystem stabil-
ity, hence the loss/
B)
death/ elimination of
 Food web is defined as
a link in a food web
interconnected food chains
will have little effect
in an ecological community.
on the variety and
OR
flow of nutrients
 A network of organisms
compared with the
which involves several
loss of a link in the
different feeding relation-
food chain.
ship in an ecosystem.
 Enhancing the effici-
ency of energy flow
Importances of food web and nutrient cycling .
complexity in an ecosystem
includes: C)
 Greater variety of  Biotic interaction are the

food available for effects that living organism
consumption in a community have on one
 More recycling of another. In the natural world
nutrients and min- no organism (living) exist in
erals occur in food absolute isolate and thus
web because of the every living organism must
different levels of interact with the environ-
feeding relationships. ment and other organisms.
An organisms interactions
with its environment are predation where ani-

fundamental to the survival mals hunt and kill
of that organism and the other animals for
functioning of the ecosystem food. E.g. lions
as a whole. hunting deer.
 Competition among
 Biotic interaction may in- living organisms e.g.
volve: crabs and jelly fish
competing for zoo-
 Interaction between
plankton (microsco-
plants and the envir-
pic animals).
onment which may
 Parasitism which in-
involve green plants
volve living organ-
and other organisms
isms benefiting from
such as blue- green
other living organ-
algae, using carbon-
isms at their ex-pense
dioxide and water in
e.g. cow and ticks,
the presence of light
ticks benefits, cow is
to produce food
harmed; dodder and
(photosynthesis) or in
hibiscus plant,
the presence of
dodder bene-fits,
chemicals ( chemo-
hibiscus plant suffers
synthesis).
 Commensalism
which involved liv-
plants and animals
ing organisms benef-
i.e. herbivory where
itted with no harm to
animals feed on
the other e.g. remora
plants for food source
fish and shark,
e.g. cows and grasses
remora fish benefits,
shark is not harmed,
animals and animals’
bromeliad orchids sucrose in plants) are

and guango trees, sometimes called assi-
orchids benefits, tree milates and are trans-
is not harmed. ported specifically in the
 Mutualism which sieve tube element found
involved both living in the phloem tissues.
organisms benefitting
(ii)
from each other e.g.
nitrogen fixing  The flow of sap is from
bacteria found in the source (leaves) to the
root modules of sink (roots) and this flow
leguminous plants is under pressure.
nitrogen fixing bact-  The spiral slash prevents
eria gets food, shel- optimal bulk flow of the
ter, protection, legu- phloem sap to the root
minous plants get sinks
nutrients (nitrates).  Thus more phloem sap
can move from the sou-
Solution to Question 5: rce (leaves) to other part
A) (i)
for example the fruit
 Translocation is the dis- sinks, thus making the
tribution of organic fruit sweeter.
compounds produced by
photosynthesis in the B) (i)
leaves by the specialized  When the membrane is at
conducting tissue kno- its resting potential, with
wn as the phloem a potential diff-erence of
 These soluble organic – 70mV, the voltage-
compounds such as gated channel are closed.
sugars (main one being
 When the receptor  Within a very short space

receives a stimulus (tou- of time, the resting
ch), some sodium chan- potential has gone there
nels in the plasma mem- is no longer a negative
brane open. The sodium charge inside the axon
ions that had been compared with the out-
pumped out, now flood side. The axon memb-
back into the cell. rane is now depolarized.
 They do this because
there is an electrical (ii)
gradient for them i.e. the  Lidocaine blocks the
membrane has more voltage gated sodium
positive charges on the channels because majo-
outside than on the rity of these channels are
inside, so the ions tend to closed with mem-brane
move to equal out the depolarizes, lido-caine
charges on the two sides has no effect on the
 There is also a chemical resting membrane
gradient i.e. there are potential.
more sodium ions out-  Lidocaine interferes with
side than inside, so they the depolarization of the
tend to diffuse inwards neurone and block the
down their con-cent- movement of Na+ across
ration gradient. This the cell membrane and
“double gradient” is there-fore no action
known as electrochem- potential is generated.
ical gradient.
Solution to Question 6: cells stream in to digest

A) Excessive consumption of die- the LDL cholesterol.
tary fat with high levels of low
 Over pears, the toxic
density lipoprotein (LDL- chol-
mess of cholesterol and
esterol) in the blood which con-
cells become a chol-
tributed to plaque formation
esterol plaque in the wall
and thus increased risk of
of the artery.
developing atherosclerosis, a
condition that causes the walls  The growth of chol-
of the arteries to thicken. This esterol plaques slowly

reduces the size of the lumen blocks blood. flow in the
(diameter of the artery) resul- arteries resulting in an
ting in an increase in the pre- increased blood pressure
ssure of the blood flowing (hypertension).
through arteries resulting in
hypertension persistent high B)
blood pressure when  Chronic bronchitis is the
 A person is at risk. inflammation of the lining of

 Plaque formation can be the airways. This is
described as follows: accompanied by damage
done to the cilia and
 High cholesterol or high
overproduction of mucus
blood pressure can dam-
secreting goblet cells. This
age the endothelium,
causes mucus to collect in
creating a place for LDL
the lungs
(cholesterol) to enter the
artery wall.  Common symptoms
 As cholesterol starts to of chronic bronchitis
accumulate in the wall of include continual
the artery, white blood coughing, irritations
inside the lungs and poorly oxygenated

coughing up mucus and fatigue occurs.
containing bacteria  Tar stimulates goblet
and white blood cells. cells to secrete more
The condition leads to mucus
a higher potential of  Tar and nicotine cilia
develop-ing a lung in respiratory track.
infection.  Cleaning action of
 Emphysema, simply, cilia inhibited
is the loss of elasticity  Mucus containing
in the alveoli, cau- bacteria accumulates
sing them to burst. in the air ways
This means that  Results in
larger air spaces are inflammation an
formed, so there is a block airways with
reduced lung surface mucus
area and therefore
 Emphysema
less area for gaseous
 Due to inflammation
ex-change. Sufferers
from chronic bron-
will be regularly
chitis, macrophages
short of breath, and
leave blood to reach
the loss of elasticity
pathogens in alveoli.
makes it harder to
 Macrophages digest
exhale. In extreme
the elastic in alveoli
cases, breathing is
walls.
shallow and more
 Reduces elasticity in
rapid, the blood is
alveoli walls.
 Lungs become diff-

icult to deflate.
 Alveoli burst
Solution to Question 1:  2H2 O  4H   4e   O2
A) (i) A region: Increase in (must state O2
photosynthesis rate dire- release and at least
ctly proportional (linear) one other product of
to increase in light photolysis, hydrogen
intensity. or electrons).
B region: No change in phot-

B) (i)
osynthesis rate as light inte-
nsity increases/ no further
effect of light on rate/ rate
remains constant.
(ii) Oxygen production in  Location for placement
photosynthesis. of germinating seeds.
 Light energy causes  Carbon dioxide absor-
electrons to be bent (soda lime)
emitted from PSIT  System for measurement
(Photosystem II). of O2 uptake (e.g. cap-
 Electrons return to illary tube and meniscus
PSIT from water, with graph paper back-
releasing O2 ground).
 Photolysis- enzyme
(in PSIT) splits water
Procedure: 5. Allow apparatus/

 Place weighed seeds in set-up to equilibrate
respirometer. for a few minutes.
 Colour water droplet 6. Take measurements
introduced into capillary when rate of
tube by dipping tip into movement of meni-
beaker of water. scus is constant.
 Movement of meniscus 7. Return droplet to end
of coloured water drop of tube by pushing in
mea-sured over time to the syringe plunger.
calculate volume of O2 8. Use fresh, health
uptake. seeds/do not leave
the germinating
(ii) Precautions seeds too long (e.g.
1. Handle soda lime days) in the syringe.
(CO2 absorbent) with 9. Germinating seeds
care. should not touch
2. Ensure apparatus/ soda lime.
setup is airtight. 10. Remove testa from
3. Ensure that no air seeds.
bubbles in capillary 11. Set up a control
tube with indicator respiremeter with
fluid. inert material in-
4. Do not handle stead of germinating
respiremeter once it seeds to account for
is set up (place at any changes in atm-
constant tempera- ospheric conditions
ture). 12. Do replications
13. Any other plausible
precaution.
Solution to Question 2: travelled per unit

A) (i) Arrow pointing to rub- time.
ber bung in vertical
region of capillary tube B) Xylem vessel
on Figure 2.  Tissue consists mainly of
(thin) vessels- conduct a
(ii) Basis: as water absorbed stream of water.
from tube to maintain  Vessels long (elongated) and
the transpiration stream, arranged end-to-end form a
air bubble moves from continuous column
one point to another  End walls of cells with
along capillary tube. perforations (broken down)
 Measure distance - no barrier to flow
travelled by the  Narrow lumen (in some
bubble in a given species) increases height
time interval using that water rises.
the scale/ record time  Mide lumen (in some
taken for bubble to species) minimizes
travel along a spe- resistance to flow
cified distance.  Vessels are hollow (empty
 Reading is taken lume/ no cytoplasm/ lack
several times during cell contents) – reduces
the duration of the resistance tow water flow,
experiment. allowing for rapid transport
 Average reading is of water.
calculated.  Vessel wall cellulose-
 Rate of transpiration hydrophilic- water mole-
is calculated from cules adhere to walls and
average distance support column of water.
 Cell of vessel walls lignified C)

makes it rigid for support
(less likely to collapse under
water tension)/ walls
waterproof hence loss of
water minimized.
 Pits present in xylem vessel
walls – allow movement
between xylem vessels/
overcome an air lock.
 Cells (of mature xylem
tissue) are dead hence all
water absorbed by root hair (i)
cells get transported to the  Cells/ nuclei shown on
leaves without being used by innermost layer- endo-
the cells of xylem tissue/ thelium (part of tunica
transport is mostly a passive intima).
process.  Layer of elastic fibres
 Presence of tracheids in beneath endothelium-
xylem tissue- conduct water thick wavy lines (part of
 Presence of parenchyma tunica intima).
cells- buffer for water  Middle layer (tunica
transport. media) with dense
fibres/ thicker lines-
smooth muscle/ elastic
tissue/
(ii) time for all age

 Very thick walls groups.
 Made up of smooth  The degree of
muscle and elastic fibres increase in obesity
 Allows wall to stretch levels over time is
under pressure (do not smallest for 2-5
burst or rupture). years age group/
 Convoluted nature of more marked for
endothelium allows lu- older age groups.
men to expand.
(iii) Reason for trends

(iii) Difference
 Lower levels of phy-
 Larger/ wider lumen
sical activity (exer-
 Thinner walls
cise).
 Walls are collaps-
 Poor diet and eating
ible- shape of lumen
habits.
changes (irregular).
 Lifesytle changes rel-
ated especially for
A) (i) the older age groups
surveyed (6-11, 12-
19 years old)- incr-
eased time spent on
electronic devices?
 Any other plausible
reason e.g. socio-
economic, cultural,
lack of awareness of
(ii) Changes in obesity
nature of condition.
 General increase in
obesity levels over
B) (i) Description of response (natural e.g. mother to baby,

 Short delay (2-3 artificial e.g. infection).
days) – no pro-
duction. Solution to Question 4:
 Then rapid increase A) (i) Explanation of inefficiency
in antibody concen-  Energy transfer from
tration in the blood one trophic level to
after infection. another is only 10 %
 Maximum levels in or less/ on average
blood at 10-14 days about 10% of net
after infection. energy production at
 Then level begins to one trophic level is
fall slowly. passed on to the next
level/ as energy
(ii) Secondary response- passes along food
memory cells from an chain large losses
earlier exposure to the occur at each
pathogen will allow transfer.
rapid production of  For example sun to
antibodies. plants is only 1%
efficient/ transfer of
C) Active: immune system stimu- that energy from
lated to produce particular primary consumers
antibody (and can do so rapidly) to secondary
by previous infection or vac- consumer is broken
cination. down to another
Passive: Immunity provided by 10% and so on/ food
antibodies or antitoxins pro- chain can sustain no
vided from outside body more than 6 levels
due to inefficiency/
organisms high up in  Some energy is lost as

the food chain get nitrogenous excret-
very little of original ory/ digestion.
energy input.  Some energy is lost as
heat in respiration/
Trophic level definition digestion.
 Group of organism  Some energy used for
occupying the same growth, repair and
feeding position in reproduction hence
food chain (e.g. not passed on.
primary producer,  Nutritional quality of
primary consumers, material that is
secondary cons- consumed- consu-
umer/ feeding level. mers can convert
high- quaility food
Reasons sources into new
 Of all sunlight living tissue more
available only small efficiently than low-
percent converted by quality food sources.
green plants to
chemical energy (less (ii) Pyramid of Numbers –
than 3%). (relative) number (amo-
 Some of the org- unt) of individuals/
anisms die and are organisms (per unit
not eaten- hence area) at each tro-
energy loss. phic (feedin) level.
 Some parts of org-
anisms not digested
and so energy lost as
faeces/ waste.
Pyramid of Biomass – time (not static/

Weight (total, dry) of or limited to one
organisms at each point in time as
trophic level (at parti- other two/ not
cular time). standing crop).
Pyramid of energy (pro-  Overcomes diff-
ductivity)- amount of iculty and comp-
energy (caloric value/ lexity of collect-
productivity) at each ing (huge) data
trophic level. for pyramid of
 Pyramid of energy numbers.
most accurate repre-  Difficulty in assi-
sentation because: gning species to
 No inverted pyr- trophic levels for
amids are obta- quantify-cation
ined (as seen in (number of bio-
aquatic biomass). mass).
 Shows actual en-  Can take into
ergy transferred account juveniles
and includes or imamture
solar energy informs.
put.  More useful to
 Can be more compare relative
readily used to energy flows in
compare ecosy- different
stems/ two spe- ecosystems/ two
cies at the same species at the
level. same trophic
 Can measure level.
productivity over
B)  Studies of microbial
1. High biodiversity promotes communities in small
stability/ ecosystems with experimental chambers
complex food webs (high show that fluctuations in
biodiversity) more stable/ los ecosystem functions
of biodiversity (number of such as productivity can
species) causes a loss of be greater when species
ecosystem stability/ incre- richness is reduced.
ased complexity is usually OR
associated with greater 2. Diversity tends to de-
stability. stabilize community dyna-
 One ecological field mics/ high biodiversity may
study of grassland in not promote stability.
USA- reductions in plant  Many object to mod-
species richness also elling- multi species lab
lowered the resistance of communities crash.
grassland production to  Introduced species can
drought. become pests on con-
 Grazing ecosystem in tinents.
Serengeti- high biodi-  Natural monocultures
versity linked to stability. (salt marsh, bracken)
 Paine studied the seem stable.
animals that live along a  Insect abundance does
stretch of rocky seashore fluctuate markedly in
by reming one predatory trophic forests.
sea star species- after a OR
time, biodiversity decre- 3. Debate as to whether rela-
ased greatly- stability no tionship between diversity
longer existed. and stability is simple may
be multiple relationships
(e.g. impact more pron-  Experiments

ounced at lower levels of manipulating
diversity to higher or diversity criticized
dependent on level at which because of small spa-
stability is being defined tial and temporal
ecosystem versus species) scales- 24 years stu-
 Experiments in aquatic dy of Inner Mon-
ecosystem- large scale golia- shows varia-
processes play a tion.
significant role in
determining outcome. Solution to Question 5:
OR A)
 Absorption of glucose occurs
4. Unable to say definitively
in proximal convoluted
whether complex ecosys-
tubule of nephron.
tems are more or less stable-
 Active transport of Na+ out of
limited evidence for and
(proximal) tubule cells
against.
across outer membranes.
 Few experimentsal
 Na+ moves from glomerular
studies on impact of
filtrate into tubule cells due
biodiversity on stab-
to concentration gradient.
ility have been
 Na+- glucose co-transport
attempted, mainly
system (carrier) that
because stability is a
transports glucose at the
long term attributed
same time.
of a system and
 Presence of glucose in urine
testing for it requires
occur if concentration in
either long- running
blood is very high.
experiments or exp-
eriments with short-
lived organisms.
 This may indicate diabetes semilunar valves forced

but requires more tests to open).
confirm.  Atrial and ventricular
diastole- chambers relax
B) Initiation and fill with blood.
 Cycle initiated by SAN (sino-
atrial node) in muscles of Mechanical to prevent backflow
right atrium.  Valves in vein (semilunar)
 Valves between atria and
Cycle details ventricles (tricuspid, bicu-
 SAN emits impulses that spid) prevent reverse blood
travel across cardiac muscle flow.
in atria- stimulates atria to
contract. C) Regulatory effect of CO2
 Electrical signals move to AV  Chemoreceptors in blood
Node delaying impulses vessels (carotid arteries)
 Atrial systole: Atria contract monitor concentration of
forcing (emptying) blood CO2 and other substances.
into ventricles (AV valves  Hgh CO2 leads to
remain open/ semilunar stimulation of sympathetic
valves closed). nerve (cardiac accelerator).
 Signals move from AV Node  Increased heart rate.
to bundle of HIS then to Adrenaline
Purkinje fibres- allows  Impulses from brain (during
ventricle to contract. nervous anticipation) stimu-
 Ventricular systole- both late adrenaline production
venricles contract forcing by adrenal glands.
blood out of heart (into  Adrenaline circulates in
arteries) (AV valves close/ blood to heart and stimulates
SAN (sino- atrial node)
 Increases cardiac output lth/ access to health

Heart rate service.
Force of contraction  Dependent on phy-
sical environment
Solution to Question 6: (where we live, what
A) (i) Disease
is physically around
 May refer to a
us)- if your water is
specific illness/ bod-
clean and safe, the
ily disorder due to a
air you breathe is
single cause (e.g.
pure, your work-
pathogens)
place is healthy, your
 Wider use- anything
house is comfor-
that impairs normal
table and safe, you
functioning of body/
are more likely to
disordered state of an
enjoy good health.
organ.
 Dependent on per-
Discussion
son’s individual cha-
 Dependent on (infl-
racteristics and be-
uenced by) social
haviours (who we
and economic envir-
are and what we do)-
onment- higher a
if a person has a job,
person’s socio-eco-
statistics show that
nomic status is the
he (she) more likely
more likely he (she is
to enjoy better health
to enjoy good health/
than people who are
people with levels of
unemployed/ have
education generally
some control over
have risk of exper-
one’s working con-
iencing poorer hea-
ditions health will
benefit too/ if one has
family support, as nitive effects of

well as support from aging/ sex- gender
friends and comm- related factors/ inhe-
unity chances of rited conditions e.g.
enjoying good health sickle cell anaemia,
are far greater than haemophilia, family
somebody who has history of heart
none of these things/ disease, diabetes.
traditions and cus-
toms of a society and (ii) Categories
how a family res-  Social- human ind-
ponds to them play uced or self- inflicted
an important role in  Infectious/ comm-
people’s health/ life- unicable/ pathogenic-
style issues- diet, caused by living
physical activity, organisms or passed
drug use, exposure to from one person to
pathogens e.g. sex- another.
ually transmitted  Deficiency- absence
diseases. of nutrients in diet.
 Biological and gene-  Genetic/ congenital-
tics due to genetic defects
Rabge of factors e.g. or present at birth.
age where older  Ageing/ degenerative/
adults are boilo- chronic- associated
gically prone to with degeneration of
being in poorer tissues.
health than adol-  Mental- variety of
escents due to the disorder associated
physical and cog-
with impairment of B) Sandra

brain function/ mind.  Pysical dependence (frequ-
ency of use/ strong craving)
Problem  Shows withdrawal symp-
 Difficulty in assi- toms (nausea, restless and
gning a disease to anxious) when use of the
single category/ no drug is abruptly reduced or
rigid boundaries or stopped for short time
human induced or period/ symptoms severe
physical/ mental ill- based on frequency of use.
ness could be in- Wayne
herited/ some infe-  Psychological dependence
ctious disease asso- (craving).
ciated with social  Can go without use for long
conditions. periods/ no strong with-
 Example- any appr- drawal symptoms/ illness/
opriate e.g. heart use when feeling depressed
disease could be con- or bored (mind)/ share
genital or human experience with friends.
induced or physical/ Explanation
mental illness could  Drug abuse- habitual (com-
be inherited/ some pulsive/ excessive/ self-
infectious disease damaging) use of drugs to
associated with soc- alter one’s mood/ emotion/
ial conditions. state of consciousness/ use of
a drug for a non- ther-
apeutic effect/ use leading to
an addiction (dependency).

CAPE Biology Unit 2 Past Paper Solutions 2007-2015 Update

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CAPE Biology Unit 2 Past Paper Solutions 2007-2015 Update

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Biology

Biology Past Paper Solutions for CAPE ® Unit 2

CAPE ® is a registered trade mark(s) of the Caribbean Examination Council

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or

One-On-One Educational Services

Past Paper Solution Page

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2007……………………………….….…… 1

 CSEC Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2008…………………………………..…… 16

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2009……………………………….……… 26

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2010……………………………….……… 39

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2011……………………………….……… 39

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2012……………………………….……… 49

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/June 2013……………………………….……… 59

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/ June 2014……………………………….……… 82

 CAPE Biology Unit 2 Paper 2 May/ June 2015……………………………….……… 93

C APE Biology www.getmylocker.com

ost double that in curve (ii)

due to limitation (tem- square to enclose the

perature). area around the bicuspid

(iii) Plants photosynthesize

Solution to Question 2 D Coronary vein

(ii) The areas labelled E and

D) Wall G pumps blood to the a

Wall H pumps blood to the rest

2|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com

Solution to Question 3: records the test subject pulse

 At age 65, those that form three minutes of

3|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com

 Record all results. Plot a division.

Solution to Question 4: ducts.

4|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com

one molecule of ATP is two phosphoenol pyru-

a process called 2ATP + 2H2O

substrate– level phos-

5|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com

cannot func-tion in (ii) Production of lactic acid

accept the H atoms. oxygen was being sup-

H2O while in ana- pain until the oxygen

Obtained from diffusion from synthesis flows to the het-

levels. than a food chain. Animals

Ecosystem regulate the flow of eat different thing and are

energy and nutrients. The flow eaten by different things.

of energy through ecosystems in  A food web will show all or

linear, unlike the flows of most of its predators and

nutrient supply in an ecosystem prey, whereas a food chain

is self- sustaining because nut- will only show one predator

rient cycles between biotic and one prey.

and abiotic components. Nitr-  The food web stabilizes the

ate, carbon and water are ecosystem and more energy

continually recycled and ava- is transferred.

ilable for use by organisms.  Through food web, we also

Carbohydrates and other org- get to know the top most

anic molecules manufactured predators of an ecosystem.

by autotrophs are consumed by  There are more trophic levels

heterotrophs. Some of the in the food web.

energy captured by photo-

 Varied diet in a food web vs  Slower and less recyc-

recirculated by living organ- port lower number and fewer

8|Page CAPE Biology Unit 2 www.getmylocker.com

(ii) Hairpin loop, the coun- B) (i) Loop of Henle, cons-

 Active removal of salt transport of sodium ions

change system is (one sodium in the renal pel-

nephron becomes hype-