TIME RELATIVITY WITH

RESPECT TO EXPANDING
UNIVERSE: CONSIDERING
UNIVERSE IS MADE OF DARK
MATTER AND DARK ENERGY.

Written by,
P.Sandeepsharun
PSG college of technology
EINSTEIN'S TIME DILATION:

Consider two frames s and s′ .let s′ be moving with a velocity v with respect to s in the positive X
-direction.suppose a clock situated in the frame s′ at a position gives out signals at an interval t′.
If this interval is observed by an observer in the frame s ,then the interval t recorded by him is

t = t′/√1 − v 2 /c2
To a stationary observer in s ,time interval appears to be lengthened by a factor 1/√1 − v 2 /c2 .In
other words,A moving clock appears to be slowed down to a stationary observer.This is known as time
dilation.

TIME RELATIVITY EQUIVALENCE WITH RESPECT TO EXPANDING UNIVERSE:

Consider a frame s ,which is the sphere of the expanding universe it’s time interval is t . Now the
universe is expanding after a period of time, the universe is expanded taken as frame s′ the time interval
in it is observed from the frame s imaginary as t′ ,so

By einstein’s time dilation,

t = t′/√1 − v 2 /c2
t = t′/√(c2− v 2 )/c2
Consider the time interval t in s frame as a constant, because it is used as a reference frame.
Squaring on both sides,
2
t = t′2 c2 /c2 − v 2
t2 (c2 − v 2 ) = t′2 c2
t2 c2 − t2 v 2 = t′2 c2
Differentiating,(As t′ and v are variables). We are differentiating to get a differential equation
because the frame s′ is moving with respect to frame s . so for this dynamic state we get a differential
equation.
2 2
− t 2v.dv = c 2t′.dt′
− t2 v.dv = c2 t′.dt′
dv −t′c2
dt′ = vt2
……………….1
​Where, dv
dt′ is the acceleration at which the universe expands

Let,
 v olume = mass/density

let the volume be ′s′ ,​mass be ′m′ and density be ′D′ .​The ′s′ is the volume of the
universe (i.e.,) volume between the frames s and s′ . And likewise m and D

Δm
Δs = ΔD

Consider s, m, D as variables,As they are not constants with respect to t

Differentiating with respect to t′ ,(we are differentiating with respect to t′ but not t ,because t is
used as a constant reference time interval.
ds d m
dt′ = dt′ ( D ) …………………………………………………..​2

Assuming, The universe is expanding in a spherical shape,

d 4 3 d m
dt′ ( 3 πΔx ) = dt′ ( D )
So,
Change in volume of a universe ′Δs′ = 43 πΔx3 ,
Where ′Δx′ is the change in radius of the sphere,
Δm ​change in mass of the universe,
ΔD ​change in density of the universe.
dx d m
4πΔx2 . dt′
= dt′ ( D )
dx
dt′ = [ dtd ′ ( D
m 1
)] 4πΔx2 …………………………………..​3
dx
Where dt ,​rate at which the radius of the universe expands with respect to time t′
′

​Substituting this differential equation 3 in 1, and by solving and integrating:

We get: t2 = −c2 3
2vx t′ + integral constant
We are omitting the integral constant, as it is very small with respect to other variables,

t2 = −c2 3
2vx t′
Since the universe is expanding the change in volume is Δs , The change in radius with respect to
the expanded universe is Δx .

Consider the frame s′ is moving, which represents the expanding universe. v is the relative velocity
difference between the two frames s and s′ (i.e.,) (v 2 − v 1 ) . whereas t′ is the relative time difference or
relativity of time. Like einstein equation, t′ in frame s′ is the observed time,whereas t in the frame s is the
actual time. Like einstein said the t′ is lengthened with respect to t. (i.e.,) moving clock in frame s′ slows
down with respect to frame s.

Einstein’s equation,

t = t′/√1 − v 2 /c2 (i.e) t > t′

​Einstein said that if an object travels at a speed greater than the speed of the light that the time interval
becomes infinite in the s′ frame, so a man can live forever who is in the travelling object.

By einstein’s time dilation t = t′/√1 − v 2 /c2 , when object moves at the speed of the light v = c or
greater than the speed of light, we cannot calculate the time relativity.

distance between the two points the radii at which two points the universe expanded
T ime = speed of the object between these two points = speed at which the universe expands

The difference in einstein’s time relativity and this equation time relativity is that if an universe expands
then the relative velocity of the objects in universe will be must less than the velocity of the expanding
universe.In einstein’s equation the velocity of the exact object is taken but in this equation only the
velocity of the expanding universe is taken and the time variation is calculated as an average for overall
objects present in the frame. So there is variation in results in einstein’s relativity equation and this
equation. Einstein's equation says the time relativity between two objects but this equation says the time
relativity between two frames in the expanding universe. It is different from Einstein time relativity. In this if
the Universe expands faster than light then time in the moving frame is not infinite. But in Einstein's
equation time relativity becomes infinite when the object moves faster than light.

Worked example:(case 1)
Consider a two humans A and B present initially in frame s (origin place of big bang) in two different
Planets. Let human A stay on the planet in the origin place of big bang itself without moving with the
expanding universe and human B moves along with the expanding universe. If the time interval for human
A is 14.65 years and the time interval for human B is only 14 years due to einstein’s relativity, find at what
velocity the universe is expanding?

Given, t = 14.65 , t′ = 14, x = 46.6 billion light years = 4.411622 * 1026 m (Reference: google)

Formula : t2 = −c2 3
2vx t′

−(9*1016 )
(14.65)2 = 2v(4.411622*1026 )
(14)3
−9
v =− 1.3040 * 10 m/s
 v = − 4.3469 * 10−18 c ,​we are omitting the negative sign because it just shifts the
quadrants in graphs.
Therefore, The universe expands at a velocity of 4.3469 * 10−18 c .

Here t is greater than t′

Case 2: if t = 14.65 years , v = c

(14.65)2 = − c2
26 (t′)
2c(4.411622*10 )
3

t′ = − 8578159.052 years ,​we are omitting negative signs because it is a time interval.
Here t is lesser than t′ .

From case 1 and 2, we can conclude that only till a particular expanding velocity the time in moving frame
s′ slows down but after that the time interval in non moving frame s slows down. The time interval in non
moving frame s slows down to infinity only when the universe expands at a velocity of cα . ( c to the power
infinity)

The speed of the light increases after a certain velocity of expanding universe, so Einstein's relativity
changes. (This critical velocity where Einstein's relativity equation changes can be calculated using this
equation above.)

Now the age of the universe is calculated as 13.772 billion light years(Reference: google). If the velocity
of the expanding frame(in which earth is present) away from the origin place of big bang is known. We
can calculate the exact age of the universe. Because due to movement of the earth the time is relative so
the actual age of the universe can be calculated using this formula. The age of the universe is calculated
by the relative velocity of objects which may have differed due to time relativity, so there will be a
difference in the age of the universe calculation. The actual age of the universe can be calculated exactly
when the relative velocities of the objects are measured from the stationary frame s at the origin of the big
bang. This can be calculated from this equation.

Difference in Einstein’s relativity and this relativity equation happens because of difference in
synchronisation of clock. All the experiments are done considering a observer at a place or small plane
frame in einstein’s relativity.In einstein’s relativity the clock signals are emitted as spherical wave as only
a small frame is taken the time signal converts into plane waves while reaching the experimental frame so
the difference arises. But when we take the frame as the whole universe the relativity equation changes.

Considering twin paradox (As reference): Reversal of time happens. After a particular velocity of
expanding universe reversal of time happens because consider a clock in the origin of the universe and a
clock in the current place of earth and a clock on the edge of the expanding universe. Time is relative . In
the moving clock in the Milky way the time is slowed down with respect to the clock in the origin of the
universe. And the clock on the edge of the universe slows down even further. Consider that the universe
is expanding nearer to the speed of light. As the relation between the Milky way clock and clock at the
edge of the universe is so high the time difference will be very high. But the relative difference between
the first clock and the Milky way clock is low. With respect to the expanding universe the time runs in the
Milky way clock faster. But the time in clock at the origin of the big bang slows down with respect to the
clock in the Milky way. So time in the Milky way clock runs faster when compared with the clock in origin
of the universe after a certain velocity of expanding universe.

The time runs faster in the Milky way clock so the time in clock origin of the Universe slows down after a
certain amount of expansion.

So the speed of the light may be increasing with respect to the expanding universe but cannot be noticed
because we are moving along the expanding universe.consider a car moving if we drop an object it drops
straight down. This happens because the moving car imping the momentum to the object also.likewise
the consider two light clocks. One stationary and the other moving along the direction of the expanding
universe. As the universe expands at a faster rate after it imping some velocity to the moving object. So
the both the clocks have increased velocities respectively so it doesn't matters but after a certain level of
velocity of expansion to cover the increased volume of expanding space the universe at the outer edge
expands much faster when compared with the universe at the inner edge so the speed of the clock at the
edge of the universe moves faster then the clock at the inner end of the universe. So the time in moving
clock starts to run faster when compared to the stationary clock. So time in the stationary clock slows
down. So by twin paradox earth in the origin of big bang will be the past and time travel will be possible.

This theory can be proved by experiment checking whether the velocity of the expanding universe affects
the light of the speed by quantum physics because the expanding universe might be made of dark matter
and dark energy. As the universe is made of dark energy and dark matter and quantum particles ,we can
try to drive the light photons and electromagnetic waves to move faster than normal using dark energy
,dark matter and quantum by which the universe is made of. Expanding universe surely impinges
momentum to ordinary masses i.e the clock that we use and the photons.

Speed of light is always constant. But the speed of light varies as the momentum impinged due to the
expanding Universe. Speed of the light and the observer changes with respect to the expanding universe
and is not a constant.

As the speed of the light is not constant Einstein's equation might be different on the edge of the universe
when compared with the origin of the universe.

Considering the twin paradox, Time is slowed down with respect to the expanding universe . So if there
are three earths, one at the origin of the universe, one at the milky way and one at the edge of the
universe. The earth at the origin of the universe will be the future and the earth at the edge of the universe
will be the past. Can be easily understood using the light clock technique with respect to the increased
speed of light.