Uso de Phaser XS

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH
Phasor XS - Training

Robert-Bosch-Str. 3
D-50354 Hürth
Germany
1
2
PHASOR XS – Training
Part 1:
Operating elements & connections
© Copyright GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH
Phasor XS: TWO Instruments in ONE

Flaw Detector for the manual UT-inspection:
• Conventional - Inspection with single & dual-

element probes
• 16-channel-Phased Array-Inspection for PA-

probes with up to 64 elements
1-2
3
4 Possible Views
1. A-scan: Standard- and Phased Array Mode
2. B-scan: Linear scan, 0° or fixed angle
3. S-scan: Sector-scan for straight and angle
beam inspection within a typical angular
range, max. –88° to +88°.
4. C-scan: real top view for linear scan; angle
related top view and sector scan
1-3
1) A-Scan
Conventional mode PA-Mode (for one

selected beam)
1-4
4
2a) B-scan (linear scan)
1-5
2b) B-scan (linear scan at a fixed angle)
1-6
5
3a) Sector scan
1-7
3b) Sector scan (- / + Sector)
1-8
6
4a) C-scan (linear scan)
100
y
0
Recording amplitudes + sound paths in

each B-Scan and finally project them to
the surface.
1-9
4b) C-scan (sector scan)

Probe movement
weld
constant
1-10
7
Operating concept (1)
The setup of the Phasor XS is based on the well
proven Krautkramer menu structure.
The housing is equal to that from the USN 60.
a) Menu based selection of the function with keys

and then parameter setup with the right
rotary knob.
b) Sensitivity change (gain) with the left rotary

knob.
1-11
Operating concept (2)

For common applications you simply step through the
menus from left to right to change the relevant values.
Main menu:
PROBE PART SCAN DISPLAY UT FILES CONFIG
Setup order
The same is valid for the submenus.
1-12
8
Operating Controls
Phasor XS
on/off
1-13
Instrument start
1) Boot screen: shows characteristic instrument and actual version data for
a few seconds (important for any correspondence with GE S&I
Technologies)
2) Either the unit resumes the previous instrument setup, or it show the two
options:
Pressing the adjacent

function key the
instrument starts either
in standard operation
(CV), or in Phased Array
mode.
1-14
9
Flash-Upgrade (Software-Upgrade)
Phasor XS
Home
on/off
1. Insert SD-card with the update-file.

(Attention: Only one sdu-file must be on the root directory of the SD-card)
2. Press Home- and On-key simultaneously and keep
it pressed until the Flash-Upgrade mode is started. 1-15
Flash-Upgrade (Software-Upgrade)
Mode
Selector Phasor XS
on/off
3. Press Home- and Mode Selector key simultaneously and keep

it pressed until the message “Instrument Reset - Last Setup
Ignored” is displayed 1-16
10
Initialisation (Factory Setting)
Phasor XS
freeze
on/off
Press Freeze- and On-key simultaneously and keep it pressed until the instrument initializes. Use
Initialisation in case the instrument locks or shows abnormal behaviour. If possible describe your
observations and report it to GE.
1-17
Operating Mode
Switching between Conventional (CV) and Phased Array-Mode (PA):
Phasor XS
Operating mode
1-18
11
Menus (PA mode)
Phasor XS
After return to the main

menu (press HOME key) the
right hand rotary knob is
Return to used to select the beam.
Main menu
Menu selection
(Submenus)
1-19
Parameter Selection & Gain
Phasor XS
Change Change
dB function
value
Select function
1-20
12
dB-Step & Gain Type
Short press: change dB-step
Long press: swap digital analog
gain
Phasor XS
1-21
Using Keys instead of Rotary Knobs

Operating of the instrument by keys only. E.g. if the instrument is covered by a
plastic bag for use in contaminated areas.
Phasor XS
Rotary Knobs
deactivated
Parameter
value
dB+ dB- + -
KNOPF + KNOPF - KNOPF + KNOPF –
Shift between key - or rotary

knob - operation 1-22
13
Zoom
Phasor XS
Zoom-Mode
• Menu switched off

• Operating of the beam cursor
and the gain via rotary knobs
1-23
Freeze
Analyse and evaluate displayed data and store results
Phasor XS
Freeze,
analyse and
store
1-24
14
Freeze (short press):
Live-picture Freeze/
Evaluation
• The image and all related A-scans are frozen
• All frozen A-scans are available with beam select
• 2 vertical and 2 horizontal measurement cursors available for image based measurements
• 2 sets (4 each) of measurement values can be selected and displayed
• Digital gain may be changed
• Data or report may be stored in the memory (SD-Card)
1-25
A-scan Capture
View captured
waves
• A-scan storage for all beams
• Offline beam cursor selectUse right hand

rotary knob to
move the beam
cursor!
• Comprehensive image evaluation
using 2 cross hair cursors
1-26
15
Freeze (long press):
The disk symbol is

blinking during
read/write operation
Report to SD card -> jpg-file,

Dataset to SD card -> pop-file (ASCII)
Live-picture
The following options are available:
• Dataset: complete setup + all A-scans / image File names can be edited.
• Report: Only the actual content of the screen A sequential number is
- plus parameters (function list) automatically added on each
- plus file description (Header) further storage, e.g. PIC_001,
- plus additional text (Memo text)
PIC_002, PIC_003, …
1-27
Screen View
B- / Sector-scan
Screen view
B- / Sector-scan
with A-scan (for a
selected beam)
A-scan for the

selected beam
1-28
16
Connections
Input: Position encoder
Tyco-socket for PA-Probe (for C-scan/TopView)
Output: Gate alarm, SAP
Phasor XS
Receiver
Transmitter
Charger/power supply
LEMO 00 socket for
Connector lock standard probes 1-29
Rear view
SD-card reader Power supply RS 232 - socket
VGA-socket for the direct connection of

an external monitor or beamer
If a SD card is inserted a disk symbol appears on the

screen
1-30
17
Part 2:
Sector scan
Phased Array Probe with Wedge
Wedge Front Probe data:
Frequency: 4 MHz
No. of elements: 16
Wedge Offset z Pitch: 0.5 mm
Wedge Angle: 36°
The maximum Aperture is 16. Good reasons for max. aperture:
1. Maximum energy into the material and

2. Sound field with the maximum near field length.
2-2
18
Sector Scan with Phased Array Probe
Number of cycles (NUM OF STEPS) will

be calculated as follows:
β 2 − β1
c= +1
β2 s
β1
with:
c = NUM OF STEPS ≤ 128 *)
ß2 = ending angle
ß1 = starting angle
s = angle step
*) in SECTOR mode this value needs not

to be entered, because it will be
automatically calculated by the unit.
2-3
Submenu: PROBE
PRB DAT PRB GEO WDGE DAT WDGE GEO OFFSET
DIALOG PROBE Loads the probe data,

DIALOG PROBE
and overwrites the
LOAD DEF LAOD DEF currently existing ones
PART NUMBER PART NUMBER

115-500-011 Select parameter
5A 1234
SERIAL NUMBER
5A 1234 PART NUMBER
Edit parameter
5 A 1234
• The left left rotary knob defines the position of a

letter.
• With the right rotary knob the letter will be

selected. 2-4
19
Submenu: PROBE
FREQUENCY
4.0 MHz
NUM ELEMENTS
16
No changes needed!
PITCH
0.50 mm
ELEVATION Element length (future use)

9.00 mm
2-5
Submenu: PROBE
PART NUMBER
08/15-A
The setting of ELEM 1 POS defines the element at the
SERIAL NUMBER
12345 lower end to be the first active one.
ELEM 1 POS
LOW END
2-6
20
Submenu: PROBE
VELOCITY
2330 m/s
No change needed!
WEDGE FRONT
22.18 mm Wedge front
OFFSET Z
10.61 mm
ANGLE Offset Z
36.0 deg
Centre of all elements
2-7
Submenu: PROBE
PROBE DELAY PROBE DELAY

0.000 µs Select parameter
0 µs
ORIGIN OFFSET PROBE DELAY Edit parameter by
0.00 mm right rotary knob
0.001 µs
The precise probe delay will be used for the exact

calibration of the instrument.
The origin offset is of no use in this case.
2-8
21
Submenu: PART
VELOCITY L MATERIAL
5900 m/s Select parameter
STEEL
VELOCITY T
MATERIAL Edit parameter by
3200 m/s right rotary knob
ALUMINIUM
MAT THICKNESS
100.00 mm
The parameter MAT THICKNESS is set to
MATERIAL the real thickness of the part to be tested
MILD STEEL
(in this case 100 mm).
PLAN
2-9
Depth Range
The Depth Range is equal to the maximum sound path resulting from the
thickness of the test piece and the minimum and maximum beam angle.
t Leg 1
p/2 = half skip
Leg 2
Depth Range p = full skip
(for LEG = 1)
Leg 3
3/2 p
Leg 4
cos β min t = thickness of test piece
Range = t
cos β max The function LEG increases or decreases
the displayed depth range correspondingly
2-10
22
Example: Depth Range
25 mm 25 mm
Thickness of test piece t = 25 mm, smax = = = 73,1 mm
ßmin = 35° and ßmax = 70° cos 70° 0,34
t = 25 mm
p/2 = half skip
59,9 mm =
Depth range p
(if LEG = 1)
3/2 p
cos β min 0,82

Range = t= 25mm = 59.8mm
cos β max 0,34
2-11
Submenu: SCAN
ELECTRNC SCN PATT APERTURE
TYP
SECTOR No change needed!
FOCAL POINT
40.00 mm
The FOCAL POINT will not yet be changed.
WAVE TYP
SHEAR
ELECTRNC
2-12
23
Submenu: SCAN
ANGLE START ANGLE START

40.0 deg 40.0 deg
ANGLE STOP ANGLE STOP

50.0 deg 70.0 deg
ANGLE STEP ANGLE STEP

10.0 deg 0.5 deg
CALC CALC CALC initiates the

calculation of all
delay laws for all
SCN PATT SCN PATT elements involved.
2-13
Submenu: SCAN
NUM STEPS NUM STEPS NUM STEPS (max.

1 61 128) results from the
difference between
FIRST ELEMENT FIRST ELEMENT the maximum and
1 1 the minimum angle of
incidence and the
APERTURE APERTURE
angle step.
8 16
APERTURE STEP APERTURE STEP

1 1
Here the number of steps becomes: (70-40)/0,5 + 1 = 61. It‘s calculated

internally, and need not to be entered, but it can be entered, if wanted.
2-14
24
Calculating the Delay Laws
ANGLE START 1. Menu SCAN, Submenu SCN PATT:

40.0 deg Select the function CALC,
Press the function key again, or.
ANGLE STOP
70.0 deg 2. Press and hold the HOME key
for ~2 seconds.
ANGLE STEP
0.5 deg
CALC
In both cases a rotating red clock in the large reading field indicates
the calculation of the Delay Laws
2-15
Angle Scan
Side drilled
hole at
10mm
Side drilled depth
hole at 20
mm depth
2-16
25
Beam Cursor
Beam/Cycle-No.
If A- and B-Scans are shown

simultaneously the shown A-Scan
depends on the position of the BEAM
CURSOR. Changing the BEAM CURSOR
position modifies the A-Scan respectively.
By pressing the HOME-key the right Echo from 50 mm

deep SDH
rotary knob can be used to change the
BEAM CURSOR position.
2-17
Calibration: Sound velocity
The measurement of the reflector position is performed - like in

conventional flaw detectors - by using monitor gates. Correct
readings can only be obtained from a calibrated instrument.
Sound velocity and probe delay have to be setup correctly.
The PA-Mode has no calibration function! Therefore it‘s

recommended to determine the sound velocity of the PART by using
the conventional Flaw detector mode. The resulting value is than
used for the submenu PART of the PA-mode.
2-18
26
Calibration: Probe delay
The probe delay is automatically derived from the WDGE GEO

information in PA-mode. The instrument considers:
• Sound VELOCITY of the delay line material

• WEDGE FRONT (for angle beam probes)
• OFFSET Z (thickness of the delay line)
The function PROBE DELAY is used to obtain precise measurement

results. In this case an echo from a known distance is used to get
the correct value.
2-19
Scan (here BEAM 30)
Upper corner echo (two full skips) with 30°.
2-20
27
Part 3:
Calibration for Sector Scan
Phased Array probe with wedge

Probe PA-M416E0.5P (115-500-013) on wedge
Wedge front
Probe
WF
centre
Wedge Offset Z
angle
α
Frequency: 4 MHz
Elements: 16
Pitch: 0.5 mm
Wedge angel α: 36°
Wedge front: 22.18 mm
Offset Z: 10.61 mm
3-2
28
Input of further probe data
These data should be written ORIGIN OFFSET = 0 mm means:

on the wedge used. The zero position on the coupling
surface for any surface distance
measurement is the wedge‘s front
face..
3-3
Input of object data
Menu: PLAN Menu: CAL
Key in the known data of the test The probe exact probe delay and the
object. sound velocity will be measured during
the calibration procedure.
3-4
29
Input of scan data
Menu: SCAN PATT

40° to 70° in 1°-steps is the typical range
for weld inspection
Menu: ELECTRNC
Sector view for weld
inspection; shear wave, no
focusing. Menu: APERTUR
All 16 elements for the
optimal angle scanning;
all other functions = 1.
3-5
Probe on K2/R25
1. Angle 53° is the natural
refraction angle in steel for the
given wedge.
2. Probe on K2 and maximize echo

from the 25mm radius.
3. Set gate A to the 1st echo

(25mm), and gate B to the 2nd
echo (100mm).
4. Select the following readings: SA,

SB and SBA.
3-6
30
Probe on K2/R25
5. Change VELOCITY S, until SBA

= 75mm.
6. Change PROBE DELAY, to get

SA = 25mm (SB = 100mm).
The unit has been calibrated.
Note:
PEAK mode has been selected in order to
measure the sound paths.
3-7
Trigonometry
The actual Distance X and the Surface distance a are
calculated using the given wedge data, the angle β
and the measured sound path.
WF
Projection point
Actual index point
Z = Offset Z
X=
Distance X d = depth
target
(reflector)
a = surface distance
3-8
31
Reading PA, case 1 WEDGE FRONT = 0
ORIGIN OFFSET = 0
PA = X + a
= probe centre is the origin for all PA readings
Projection point
actual index point
Z = Offset Z
X=
distance X d = depth
Origin (ORIGIN OFFSET)

= „zero position“ for all
following PA readings target
(reflector)
3-9
Reading PA, case 2 WEDGE FRONT = actual value

ORIGIN OFFSET = 0 (standard)
PA = X + a - WF
= reduced surface distance
= wedge front is the origin for all PA readings
Projection point
actual index point
Z = Offset Z
X=
Origin
target
(reflector)
3-10
32
Reading PA, case 3 WEDGE FRONT = actual value
ORIGIN OFFSET = 75 mm
PA = X + a – WF – ORIGIN OFFSET
= fixed distance to wedge front

now becomes the origin
Projection point
ORIGIN OFFSET
Z = Offset Z
= 75 mm
X=
Origin
target
(reflector)
3-11
Example: WEDGE FRONT = 22.18 mm

ORIGIN OFFSET = 52.6 mm
weld inspection
WF ORIGIN OFFSET
PA = 15.8 mm
Z = 10.6mm Flaw location

x
49°
t = 36 mm
Origin
Guiding ruler
(magnetic foil)
3-12
33
Locating the 1.5mm SDH in K1 at 53°
a‘ = PA^ = reduced surface distance = 4.2mm
d = DA^ = depth = 14.3mm

s = SA^ = sound path = 23.7mm
3-13
Locating the 1.5mm SDH in K1 at 45°
s = SA^ = sound path = 120mm

d = DA^ = depth = 15.1mm (100 –15.1 = 84.9mm) (object thickness still 50mm!)
3-14
34
Locating the corner echo at 70°
a‘
s = SA^ = sound path = 115.2mm

d = DA^ = depth = 0.6 mm (upper corner)
3-15
35
Part 4:
Weld inspection with sector image
Weld with HAZ
32 mm
36 mm
HAZ
40 mm
4-2
36
Minimum beam angle: βmin = 35°
WF
Math:
Minimum angel of incidence:
αmin ⎛ c1 ⎞
α min = arcsin⎜⎜ sin β min ⋅ ⎟
Z = 10.6mm
⎝ c2 ⎟⎠
x
Index point shift
ßmin x = z ⋅ tan α min
t = 36 mm 35°
αmin = minimum angle of incidence
βmin = minimum beam angle in steel
c1 = sound velocity in the wedge (long)
c2 = sound velocity in steel (trans)
• To get a beam angle of 35° in steel, the angle of WF = wedge front
incidence αmin has to be re-calculated (Snell‘s law). Z = wedge offset
t = plate thickness
In the Phasor this will be achieved by changing the x = index point
delay laws for element firing.
• Simultaneously the index point will change to a Example:
Given: WF = 22.6 mm Z = 10.6 mm
distance of x mm from the probe centre. cVorlauf = 2337 m/s βmin = 35°
• All calculations (x und αmin) will be done in the
Phasor XS. Result: αmin = 24.4° x = 4.8 mm
4-3
Skip distance p (for βmin)

WF a’p
Math:
(minimum) skip distance:
p = 2t ⋅ tan β min
x
ßmin Reduced surface distance for p:

t = 36 mm 35° a' p = p + x − WF
p
Example:
Given: WF = 22.6 mm Z = 10.6 mm
WEZ = 40 mm βmin = 35°
Result: αmin = 24.4° x = 4.8 mm

p = 50.4 mm a’p = 32.6 mm
4-4
37
Probe offset to weld centre
WF
A Math:
a’p Minimum angle of incidence:
αmin 32 mm ⎛
Z = 10.6mm c1 ⎞
α min = arcsin⎜⎜ sin β min ⋅ ⎟
x ⎝ c2 ⎟⎠
ßmin (minimum) skip distance:
t = 36 mm 35°
p = 2t ⋅ tan β min
p HAZ Index point shift:

40 mm x = z ⋅ tan α min
Example: Probe offsets:

Given: WF = 22.6 mm Z = 10.6 mm
HAZ = 40 mm βmin = 35° HAZ
A = a' p +
2
Result: αmin = 24.4° p = 50.4 mm
x = 4.8 mm A = 52.6 HAZ
A = p + x − WF +
mm 2
4-5
Full sectorial scan (full cycle)
Variation of index
point during
sectorial scan
35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70°

min. max.
4-6
38
Sector view
p/2
3p/2
The whole weld cross section is scanned from only one probe position!
4-7
Typical defects
4-8
39
Sector with flaw indications
p/2
3p/2
4-9
Flaw detectability, safe evidence
Lack of side wall fusion
The angle of impingement to the flat reflector (striking angle) is

very poor, so that no echo is reflected back to the probe.
The critical flaw stays undetected!

4-10
40
Safe evidence
Flat defects are only detected, in case they are hit
perpendicularly!
Reduction of the echo amplitude (in dB)
as a function of the striking angle
0
Example:
Amplitude loss
-2
3mm FBH in a depth of 50mm -4
Probe: 4 MHz, 10mm crystal diameter -6
-8
Verlust [dB]
-10
< 2 dB with a tolerance

-12
with a striking angle of -14
±5° -16
-18
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Auftreffwinkel [°]
Striking angle
4-11
Optimized probe distance
Lack of side wall fusion
The striking angle is now perfect.
The critical flaw is now safely detected!
4-12
41
Weld flank coverage
Calculation of probe distances A in mm for
symmetrical V- and X-welds:
Ai = ai D + bi with D = plate thickness [mm]
Weld prep.: 20° Weld prep.: 25° Weld prep.: 30°

V-weld X-weld V-weld X-weld V-weld X-weld
ai bi ai bi ai bi ai bi ai bi ai bi
A1 3,7 -12 1,9 -12 2,7 -12,5 1,4 -12,5 2,1 -13 1,1 -13
A2 4,7 -13 2,3 -13 3,9 -14 2,0 -14 3,4 -14,5 1,7 -14,5
A3 - - 4,5 -13 - - 3,7 -14 - - 3,1 -14,5
Relating to the 4 MHz, 16 element probe with 0,5mm pitch

4-13
Example: V-weld, 25mm, 25°
x1
56 mm A1 = 2,75 ⋅ D − 12,5 = 56,25mm
25 mm
Weld flank coverage

84 mm
x2
A2 = 3,93 ⋅ D − 14 = 84,25mm
25 mm
4-14
42
Sector image with flaw indications
-48 -32 -16 0 16 32
10
Leg 1 20
30
p/2 40
Root defect
50
Leg 2 Defect in weld center
60
p 70
Toe crack
80
Leg 3
90
ANG CORRECTED = ON
showing all beam angles with color coded amplitudes
Indications are displayed as ellipses where the long axis approximately
corresponds to the beam diameter at the defect location.
The size of the defect, and the gain setting also influences the image size.
4-15
Uncorrected sector image

35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70°
49° 52° 61°
angle
20
40
60
80
Root defect
ANG CORRECTED = OFF

Defect in weld center
100
uncorrected, angular
120
image
sound path
Toe crack
140
160
180
35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70°

49° 52° 61°
Scan line according to
actual probe position
Amplitude information, reduced to their angle of
detection = projection of the uncorrected image
4-16
43
Understanding angular sector scan
A
first scan line
35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70°

49° 52° 61°
Scan direction
Defect in weld center

Toe crack
Root defect
weld
4-17
Information in angular sector scan

Angle 49° / probe position 21mm: Maximum signal amplitude
Additionally further data are stored angle

related to each pixel in the scanned 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70°
image: 49° 52° 61°
0
SA = sound path in gate A 10

41 – 5 = 36 mm
defect length
A%A = amplitude in gate A 20

SB = sound path in gate B
30
A%B = amplitude in gate B
40
probe position
Defect lengths may directly be 50

evaluation
evaluated in the scanned image. 60 cursor
70
Data allow a full reconstruction of
80
the defect location in the weld! mm
4-18
44
Summary
The uncorrected „angle related C-scan“ is not a projection of
the signals to the top surface of the work piece, but a record of
all maximum signal for both gates and all angles as a function
of the probe position.
However, together with the amplitudes the relating sound paths
are also stored, and may therefore be evaluated offline by using
two cursors in the stored image.
Further image processing to the real C-scan, or each sector
view, or a view in longitudinal direction may be calculated from
the stored data as well. Currently the software package
„Rhythm UT“ can already generate C-scans, and will be further
developed for full data processing.
4-19
45
Part 5:
TCG with Sector scan
Distance law
The echo amplitude of a reflector e.g. a SDH reduces with increasing distance
by a known law. This is due to the shape of the sound beam of the probe in
use and influences of the material, e.g. sound attenuation:
Echo 1 2 3 4
Position 1 2 3 4
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8 10
5-2
46
DAC
DAC = Distance Amplitude Curve Specifying the type and size of the
shows the function of the echo reflector (e.g. 2mm SDH) the DAC
amplitude of a given reflector as a becomes the recording level for
function of distance. echo amplitude evaluation of
natural defects:
+ 8 dB
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
The evaluation result is the excess
recording echo height in dB.
5-3
TCG
TCG = Time Corrected Gain = distance compensation
TCG compensates the natural decay of echo amplitudes with increasing

distance. Coming from DAC, the gain will now change for each distance by the
corresponding dB which would bring the echo of the reference reflector to a
given same screen height.
DAC TCG
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
5-4
47
Angle dependent echo amplitude
4 MHz, aperture = 16,
Pitch = 0,5 mm,
With electronic steering the echo
Wedge = Polystrol 36° amplitude additionally depends on the
beam angle.
20mm
SDH 3mm ∅
0
[%]
amplitude [dB]
-5
echoEchoamplitude
-10
-15
-20
trend
measurements
-25
35 45 55 65 75
beam angle [°]

Einschallwinkel [°] 5-5
TCG in the sector scan

The TCG has to compensate the natural decay caused by the distance law and
attenuation, but also for the change of the beam angle.
For this the reference reflector needs to get hit by every angle (cycle).
For TCG recording with the Phasor XS

a new diagram has been introduced:
The Amplitude-Cycle-Diagram.
It displays the reflected amplitude
Amplitude
during scanning over the reference

reflector as a function of the cycle
Cycle / beam angle
no. / beam angle.
Observing this curve, the operator can directly see if a valid amplitude has been
measured for every beam (angle), and if anomalies are observed. e.g. caused
by insufficient coupling.
5-6
48
Recording a reference echo
For the calculation of the TCG in the sector scan you must record the echo
amplitude of the reference reflector for each beam (cycle):
By moving the probe

over the reference
reflector the target will
gate
be hit with every beam
(at every angle).
Using the gate the echo

amplitude is measured
and stored for each
beam.
Note: Adjust start and width of gate A so that only the current
reference hole is evaluated, and set gate threshold to = 5% (Min.)
5-7
TCG recording: Preliminary remarks

• Calibration: Unit needs to be exactly calibrated for the given probe and material.
• Sector image: Set the MAT THICKNESS and LEG, so that all reflectors used for recording
will be displayed within the sector. Note: A later change of these functions during TCG
recording is not possible.
• Gain: The gain compensation for different distances and beam angles covers a
dynamical range of 40 dB of the analog amplifier.
• Saturated echoes will tamper the TCG, and therefore must be avoided. Check first, if
the highest signals used still behave linear with gain change. You may reduce the
pulser voltage to avoid the risk of saturation.
• Set the analog gain of the highest reference echo to the smallest possible value, if
possible to 0 dB, and change the digital gain to get this echo to ~80% screen height.
• Changing the focal point greatly influences the TCG, and therefore can no longer be
changed after starting the recording sequence.
• Gate: Set gate A threshold to 5%, since very small reference echoes need also to be
recorded.
5-8
49
Typical reference block
Material: Steel / material identical to test object
Reference reflector: 3 mm SDH (other diam. According to code)
Depths: 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, 40mm, etc.
5-9
Basic setting
dBA = 0 dB
dBD = 12 dB
Echo height ~ 85%
The maximum reference echo is received from the hole in 10 mm, at a beam
angle of 50°.
5-10
50
TCG recording
Optimize first reference echo, e.g. for the beam angle of 50°,
Move gate A to the reference echo.
Select function RECORD, and press again to start the recording.
5-11
1st reference
Function RECORD now displays POINT 1 , recording of the 1st reference can
start.
The A-scan is replaced by the amplitude-cycle-diagram.
Now move the probe over the reference, in order to receive an echo for every
beam (angle). The amplitude-cycle-diagram changes correspondingly.
5-12
51
1st reference fully recorded
The 1st reference has been correctly recorded, if the amplitude-cycle-diagram
• does not exceed 100% screen height (otherwise error message),
• shows a continuos shape,
• shows amplitudes larger than 0 for all cycles, and
• will not further change with repetitive scanning over the reference.
Store POINT 1:
Select function POINT
and press again to
store, and switch the
the 2nd reference
point.
5-13
2nd reference
Maximize the 2nd reference echo at 50°, and move gate A to this echo.
The amplitude-cycle-diagram appears.
Record the echoes for all angles, then store the 2nd reference point .
5-14
52
3rd reference
The 3rd reference echo only reaches ~25% screen height.
Therefore increase the analog gain (here by 7 dB), until the echo again reaches
~80% screen height:
Record the echoes for all angles, and store this point.
5-15
Increasing sensitivity for high angles
Due to the fact, that the signals of the reference holes decrease with increasing
angle, it often becomes difficult to record these signals. In this case no valid
echoes can be recorded for one or more angles:
Amplitude
Not recorded echo

cycles / beam / angle amplitudes
Consequence: the relating DAC point will not be stored, and no further reference
can be recorded.
5-16
53
Cycle gain: dB/CYC
In function FINISH you will find the function value dB/CYC. If you increase this
value during DAC recording the sensitivity will increase by this value for each
cycle (angle) so that the weak reference echoes at high angles will be high
enough to trigger the gate.
Example:
Angle range: 40° - 70°, in steps of 1°, cycle gain: 0.2 dB/CYC
• The echo at 50° will be increased by 2 dB

Note:
The use of cycle gain has no influence on resulting DAC (TCG); it only supports the
recording procedure.
5-17
3rd and 4th reference recorded
Finish the the complete TCG recording by pressing the FINISH button.
5-18
54
TCG
The TCG is now active, indicated by the „T“ in the status area.
5-19
TCG check
40° 55° 70°
Reference echo out of 40 mm depth
40° 55° 70°
Reference echo out of 20 mm depth
Result: All reference echoes approximately reach the same echo amplitude,
independent of the depth and the beam angle.
5-20
55
Compensation values for TCG
This diagram shows the gain compensation values established by the
instrument for 3mm SDHs in mild steel:
beam angle [°]
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
0
10
depth 10mm
15
dB
20 depth 20mm
25 depth 30mm
30 depth 40mm
35
5-21
56
Part 6:
Linear Scan
Linear Phased Array Probe

Probe Data:
Frequency: 5 MHz
No. of elements: 64
Pitch: 0.5 mm
1 64 Delay: 20 mm
The virtual Aperture (= group of elements which are used as the

virtual probe in one cycle) can be any value between 1 and 16. We
will use 16 elements:
1. to get the maximum energy into the material and
2. to get a sound field with the maximum near field length N.
6-2
57
Linear Scan with Phased Array Probes
Aperture = 16, Aperture step = 1
element 1 element 21 element 49 element 64
The number of cycles (NUM OF STEPS)

cycle 1 cycle 21 cycle 49
will be calculated as follows:
No. of elements – aperture +1

here: 64 – 16 +1 = 49
if the aperture step is one or general:
n−a
c= +1
s
with:
c = No. of cycles
n = No. of elements
a = virtual aperture
s = aperture step 6-3
Nearfield length
The nearfield length N results from the selected aperture a and the element
width b (elevation) by the following formula:
ratio h
with: 1 1,37
N = nearfield length [mm] 0,9 1,25
0,8 1,15
a1 = aperture [mm], here a = 16*0,5 mm = 8 mm
amax ⋅ f
2 0,7 1,09
N =h a 2 = element width [mm], here b = 9,6 mm 0,6 1,04
0,5 1,01
4c amax = the larger value out of a1 and a2 0,4 1,00
f = frequency of the probe [MHz] 0,3 0,99
0,2 0,99
c = sound velocity of the test piece [km/s] 0,1 0,99
h = factor relating to a1 / a2 (see table)
Note: The focus of the sound field cannot become larger than the nearfield
length N (natural focal length). Typically the focal length can be controlled from
10 to 100% of the nearfield length N. In our case:
9.6 2 ⋅ 5 For this example you can vary the focal
N = 1.16 = 21.1 mm
4 ⋅ 6.32 length between ~2 mm and 21 mm only !
6-4
58
Functions in PROBE submenu, overview
Funktion Value Describtion
PART NUMBER 14 alphanum. char. Type / Short name of the probe *)
SERIAL NUMBER 14 alphanum. char. Serial number of the probe *)
FREQUENCY 0.5 – 10 MHz Frequency of the probe *)
NUM ELEMENTS 1 – 64 Number of elements *)
PITCH 0.25 – 5 mm Distance between the elements *)
PART NUMBER. 14 alphanum. char. Type / Short name of the delay line
SERIAL NUMBER 14 alphanum. char. Serial number of the delay line
ELEM 1 POS LEFT Element no. 1 is left
RIGHT Element no. 1 is right
HIGH END Element no. 1 is at the upper end of the probe (delay)
LOW END Element no. 1 is at the lower end of the probe (delay)
VELOCITY 1000 – 15000 m/s Sound velocity of the delay line
WEDGE FRONT 0 – 200 mm Horizontal distance: Probe center – front of the delay line
OFFSET Z 0 – 65 mm Vertical distance: Probe center – bottom of the delay line
ANGLE 0° – 90° Angle (mechanical) of the delay line
PROBE DELAY 0 – 2 µs Probe delay for the exact measurement
ORIGIN OFFSET -200 – +200 mm horizontal distance to origin (“Zero” position)
*) These parameters may automatically be set in case

6-5
of a dialogue probe is connected!
Submenu: PROBE (1)

Probe data will

DIALOG PROBE DIALOG PROBE
automatically
Load probe data Load probe data entered
PART NUMBER Note: existing data will be over written!
115-500-011
SERIAL NUMBER
SERIAL NUMBER Select parameter
5A 1234 5A 1234
SERIAL NUMBER
Edit parameter
5 A 1234
• The left left rotary knob defines the position of a

letter.
• With the right rotary knob the letter will be
selected. 6-6
59
Submenu: PROBE (2)
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
4.0 MHz Select parameter,
4.0 MHz
NUM ELEMENTS FEQUENCY and set it with the
16 right rotary knob
5.0 MHz
PITCH
0.50 mm NUM ELEMENTS
Select parameter,
16
NUM ELEMENTS and set it with the
right rotary knob
64
The colour of the parameter name changes to red

(e.g. Frequency) in case that this change requires a
recalculation of the delay laws.
6-7
Submenu: PROBE (3)

PART NUMBER ELEM 1 POS

08/15-A Select parameter,
HIGH END
SERIAL NUMBER and set it with the
12345 ELEM 1 POS
right rotary knob
LEFT
ELEM 1 POS
HIGH END
This selection defines that the first element is on the
left side of the probe.
6-8
60
Submenu: PROBE (4a)
PRB DAT PRB GEO WDGE DAT WDGE GEO OFFLINE
VELOCITY OFFSET Z
2330 m/s Select parameter,
11.5 mm
WEDGE FRONT
OFFSET Z and set it with the
20.0 mm
OFFSET Z
11.5 mm Wedge front
ANGLE
36.0 deg
angle Offset Z
Centre of all elements

6-9
Submenu: PROBE (4b)

VELOCITY. In case of the use of a linear phased array

2330 m/s probe with a delay line the wedge
WEDGE FRONT parameters are set correspondingly.
0.0 mm To increase the near resolution and/or to
avoid too much wear of the probe a
OFFSET Z
20.0 mm delay line should be used. In this case
OFFSET Z and VELOCITY must be set.
ANGLE
0.0 deg
Tip: In case you need to quickly set WEDGE FRONT, OFFSET Z or ANGLE to „0“, select the
wanted function, and then press again, keeping the key pressed for a few seconds.
6-10
61
Submenu: PROBE (5)
PROBE DELAY PROBE DELAY

0.000 µs Select parameter,
0 µs
ORIGIN OFFSET PROBE DELAY and set it with the
0.381 µs
The precise probe delay will be used for the exact

calibration of the instrument.
The origin offset allows you to adjust the horizontal
scale to any wanted “Zero” position, e.g. the left
probe corner.
6-11
Submenu: PART
PLAN
VELOCITY L MATERIAL
5900 m/s Select parameter,
STEEL
VELOCITY S
MATERIAL and set it with the
3200m/s right rotary knob
ALUMINIUM
MAT THICKNESS
100.00 mm
The parameter MAT THICKNESS is set to
MATERIAL the real thickness of the part to be tested
STEEL MILD (in our case 100 mm).
This value is identical with the range of
the A- or B-scan.
6-12
62
Submenu: PART
CAL
GATE START Using a calibration block, VELOCITY and

6.35 mm PROBE DELAY may be set correctly in
PROBE DELAY order to calibrate the unit.
0.000 µs
GATE START is used to select the wanted
VELOCITY S
3200 m/s calibration echo, and BEAM CURSOR
allows you to select the wanted beam.
BEAM CURSOR
40.0
6-13
Submenu: SCAN (1)

TYPE TYPE
SECTOR Select parameter,
SECTOR
FOCAL POINT TYPE and set it with the
UNFOCUSED right rotary knob
LINEAR
WAVE TYPE
SHEAR WAVE TYPE
Select parameter,
SHEAR
WAVE TYPE and set it with the

right rotary knob
LONGITUDNAL
For now the FOCAL POINT will not be changed.
6-14
63
Submenu: SCAN
ANGLE START ANGLE START For the linear scan all

40.0 deg 0.0 deg values are set to zero.
ANGLE STOP ANGLE STOP

50.0 deg 0.0 deg
ANGLE STEP ANGLE STEP

10.0 grd 0.1 deg
CALC CALC The function CALC will

be used to calculate
the delay laws (later).
Tip: In case you need to quickly set ANGLE START and STOP to „0“, select the wanted
function, and then press again, keeping the key pressed for a few seconds.
6-15
Submenu: SCAN
NUM OF STEPS NUM OF STEPS The values of this

1 49 parameters are given
by the probe design
FIRST ELEMENT FIRST ELEMENT and the requested
1 1 aperture.
APERTURE SIZE APERTURE FIRST ELEMENT will

8 16 only be changed if
you really want to
APERTURE STEP APERTURE STEP start the cycle with a
1 1
different element
than the first one.
The increase of the APERTURE STEP reduces the number of cycles and
therefore the resolution of the scan.
6-16
64
Calculate the delay laws
Now we are ready to calculate the delay laws for all elements and cycles.
To do this you have two possibilities:
1. Menu SCAN, Submenu SCN PATT:

ANGLE START
0.0 deg Select the function CALC, and press the key
to this function once again, or
ANGLE STOP
0.0 deg 2. Press and hold the the HOME key for
approximately 2 seconds.
ANGLE STEP
0.1 deg In both cases the red clock appears in the
status area of the screen (large reading)
CALC until the calculation of the delay laws has
been finished.
Clock symbol
6-17
Linear Scan
Initial pulse
horizontal position
depth
Amplitude color palette
Side drilled Side drilled

hole 10mm hole 20mm
deep deep
6-18
65
Improvement of the Settings
For the improvement of the signals the following settings
can be used:
Menu Submenu
1. Selection of the frequency filter UT RECEIVER

2. Setup of the transmitter parameter UT TRANSMITTER
3. Setup of the focal point SCAN ELECTRNC
4. Setup of the gain (analog & digital) left rotary knob
6-19
Frequency Filter
FREQUENCY
5 MHz MED.
ASCAN RECTIFY
FULL WAVE
With the setting 5 MHz (med.) a good signal with

sufficient near resolution will be achieved.
6-20
66
BEAM CURSOR
Beam/cycle-no.
If A- and B-scan are shown

simultaneously on the screen the visible
A-scan depends on the position of the
beam cursor. Changing the position of the
the cursor results in the change of the
respective A-scan. Reflection of a 10 mm
SDH
Pressing the HOME key to access and
Beam Cursor
change the beam cursor with the right
rotary knob.
6-21
Transmitter (Menu UT – PULSER)
The transmitter voltage

(VOLTAGE) is set to a value which 25 Volt
gives a high amplitude with a
good signal to noise ratio and
near resolution.
The width of the transmitter 50 Volt
pulse should be optimised that
the probe is excited in
resonance. In this case 200 ns is
best value. 75 Volt
For a better comparison of the B-scans the gain was set to get the
same echo height with different pulser voltages.
6-22
67
Gain: dBA and dBD
The Phasor XS has two different gain settings:
1. Analog 0 – 40 dB
2. Digital 0 – 40 dB
The selection of the gain is done with the left rotary knob. The impact of the
digital and analog gain is equal, but should be considered differently:
The analog (hardware) gain change the real UT-signal. Depending on the signal
strength high analog gain can lead to a saturation of the signal. In this case it is
no longer linear and distorted. Any saturation must be avoided.
The digital gain adjusts the echo amplitude by software. A saturation of the signal
cannot occur, but saturated signals will be changed correspondingly!
Long pressing on dB-step will switch from analog to digital gain.

The gain value is shown either with dBA or dBD.
6-23
Focal Point
Left: The SDH 10 mm below the surface shows the highest amplitude and a sharp reflection. This is due to the fact
that the reflector is positioned in the focal point of the sound beam having a focusing factor of ~0.5.
Right: The SDH 20 mm below the surface has approx. the same echo height but the reflection is wider than for the
other example. This is due to the fact that in this case the focal point of the sound beam is wider, because the
focal distance is close to the natural nearfiled length of the sound beam (focusing factor ~1) .
Focal point 10mm Focal point 20mm

6-24
68
Display of a Reflector
The statement that you can see the real size of a reflector
with the Phased Array Technique is wrong. It’s only a wishful
thinking, but often the expectation of the customer !
Correct is:
1. The image of a reflector is produced by only those parts
of the defect that reflect sound back to the probe.
2. All parts of the defect which do not reflect parts of the
sound beam will not produce an echo, and therefore give
no contribution to the image.
3. In addition the echo shape in the direction of the sound
propagation influences the resulting image of the defect.
6-25
Display of a Side Drilled Hole (1)
Which part of the sound field produces an echo?

With which amplitude?
6-26
69
Only a small part of the hole reflects the sound beam.The grey scale is a
measure for the amplitude height.
6-27

Optimal:
Focal distance = Reflector distance
focal distance
Now each reflection point has the width of the sound beam.
Here the width of the sound beam is equal to the width of the focus.
6-28
70
Influence of the echo shape:
The signal of the full wave rectification is used for the display of an echo.This
is independent from the selected A-scan view on the screen!
Optimal picture of the reflector which is in the focal point:
Real display of a 2 mm SDH at the focal point:
Real display of a 2 mm SDH, 20 mm deep, and a focal

point of the probe at 10 mm:
Result:
It‘s not possible to determine the type and size of a
reflector from the image on the screen!
6-29
Calibration: Sound velocity
The measurement of the position of a reflector is done - like with

conventional flaw detectors - using the monitor gates. Correct
readings can only be obtained if the instrument was calibrated:
Sound velocity and probe delay must be set correctly.
The PA-Mode has no automatic calibration function! Therefore it‘s

recommended to determine the sound velocity of the object using
the conventional mode. The resulting value is than used for the
submenu PART of the PA-mode.
Alternatively you may use two known echoes using the two gates.
6-30
71
Calibration: Probe Delay
The probe delay is automatically calculated from the data entered

for the delay line if PA-mode is selected. The instrument uses:
• Sound velocity of the delay material

• Wedge front (for angle beam testing)
• Offset Z (thickness of the delay line)
The function PROBE DELAY is used to obtain a precise sound path

reading. In this case an echo from a known distance will display the
correct value .
6-31
Display of Measurement Values

Four measurement values – like with the USN 60 – can be shown
on the display. One of these values can be shown additionally as a
large reading. The selection is done using the menu DISPLAY and
Submenu RESULT1 & RESULT2:
READING 1 LARGE READING
BEAM READING 1
READING 2
PSA
READING 3
PPA
READING 4 TTL #1
PDA OFF
6-32
72
Readings to be displayed in Live image
OFF = no reading
BEAM = beam-Cursor / cycle no.
P%A = maximum Amplitude of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
PSA = Sound path of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
For all cycles
PPA = Surface distance des maximalen Echos in Blende A (über alle Zyklen)
PDA = corrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
PZA = uncorrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
P%B = maximum Amplitude of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PSB = Sound path of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PPB = Surface distance of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PDB = corrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PZB = uncorrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
A%A = Amplitude of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
SA = Sound path of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
For actual beam
PA = Surface distance of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle

DA = corrected depth of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
ZA = uncorrected depth of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
A%B = Amplitude of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
SB = Sound path of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
PB = Surface distance of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
DB = corrected depth of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
ZB = uncorrected depth of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
SBA = Sound path difference between the echoes in gate B and gate A
6-33
Measurement
The linear PA-probe will be coupled to the test piece (s = 25 mm)
READING 1
BEAM
1. BWE
READING 2
SA
2. BWE
READING 3
OFF
READING 4
SB
The measured sound paths are too large.

A calibration of the probe delay is necessary!
6-34
73
Calibration of the probe delay
Menu PROBE, submenu OFFSET
PROBE DELAY
0.00 µs
ORIGIN OFFSET
0.00 mm
Using a delay of 0.533 µs the measured thickness is o.k. The calibration of

the instrument is correct.
6-35
Scanning
Reading inverted: No valid reading as there is no echo
within the selected beam #1!
6-36
74
Scanning (beam 7 selected)
Gate A
6-37
Scanning (beam 27 selected)
Gate B
6-38
75
Scanning (all beams)
In case all echoes from all cycles should be taken for
the measurement PSA and/or PSB must be selected.
READING 1 READING 1
BEAM BEAM
READING 2 READING 2
SA PSA
READING 3 READING 3
OFF OFF
READING 4 READING 4
SB PSB
6-39
Scanning (all beams)

The sound path of the largest echo of all cycles within gate
A or B are shown:
Gate A Gate B
These numbers inform about

the cycle to which the reading
is belonging.
6-40
76
Scanning (all cycles)
Sound path of SDH 3 & 4:
Gate A Gate B
6-41
Offline-Measurement (Freeze)
The freeze-key has a special function while working in PA-mode:
1. The picture will be frozen.

2. All A-scans of all cycles are also frozen.
3. The actual selected menu changes to the „analysis“-menu.
This menu offers additional measurement possibilities.
CURSOR 1 CURSOR 2 MEAS 1 MEAS 2 RESULTS1 OFFLN DB FILENAME
Analysis Menu
6-42
77
Measurements in the frozen image
ON/OFF Display/hide measurement cursors

ON
ORIGIN LINE Display/hide zero line
OFF
ORIGIN OFFSET Set zero offset *)

0.00 mm
RIGHT KNOB Use of the right rotary knob:

PARAMETER Vertical cursor 1 (2) or beam (cycle)
CURSOR 1 *) The parameter ORIGIN OFFSET (zero point) defines a

virtual zero point (e.g. edge of work piece) in order to
CURSOR 2
match the horizontal coordinate reading P.
6-43
Measurement Selection (in freeze mode)

OFF = No measurement
SBM1 = sound path on selected beam to the intersection with
horizontal cursor 1
Z1 = Depth of the horizontal cursor1
L1-2 = Diagonal distance between the crossing points of cursor 1
and cursor 2
P1 = Position of the vertical cursor 1
AMP1 = Echo amplitude at the crossing point of cursor 1
P1-2 = Difference of the two vertical cursors
Z1-2 = Difference of the two horizontal cursors
Z2 = Depth of the horizontal cursor 2
P2 = Position of the vertical cursor 2
AMP2 = Echo amplitude at the crossing point of cursor 2
SBM2 = sound path on selected beam to the intersection with
horizontal cursor 2
6-44
78
Evaluation: Set Cursor 1
Color of the cursor: Blue
Phasor XS
Set Set
horizontal vertical
cursor 1 cursor 1
Right knob =
Select VERTICAL 1
Select cursor 1
6-45
Evaluation: Set Cursor 2

Color of the cursor : Red
Phasor XS
Set Set
horizontal vertical
cursor 2 cursor 2
Right knob =
Select VERTICAL 2
Select cursor 2
6-46
79
Evaluation: RESULTS 1
Selection of the readings for the offline evaluation of the A-scans. The selectable
values are identical to those for the live image.
E.g.:
READING 1
BEAM
READING 2
SA
READING 3
OFF
READING 4
PSA
WERT 1
6-47
Evaluation: Offline Gain (digital)

The gain can be changed in the frozen image. This could be necessary to
increase the evaluation sensitivity.The change of OFFLINE dB has an influence on
the picture and all A-scans which belong to it.
OFFLINE dB
15.6 dB
Offline dB = 15.6 dB Offline dB = 21.6 dB
6-48
80
Evaluation: Store
The menu FILENAME comprises all functions to store the results:
FILENAME Editing or selection of a filename

LIN 1
SOURCE/DEST Define/select the destination for storage:
SD CARD SD-card, internal storage, dialog-probe
What should be done?
ACTION
Store dataset, store report, recall dataset, load
STORE DATASET
palette, delete dataset.
ENTER
Confirm action (store the file)
6-49
81
PHASOR XS Training
Part 7:
Topview (C-Scan)
Test block used

M
10 mm
10 mm 0,9 mm
15 mm
2,5 mm 25 mm
1,4 mm
2,5 mm
90 mm
2 mm 45° 10 mm
5
25 mm 25 mm 25 mm
12,5 mm
12,5 mm
12,5 mm
70 mm
25 mm
8 mm 6 mm
Depths of 2 mm FBH 4 mm 2 mm
7 mm
5 mm
Depths of 4 mm FBH 1 mm 3 mm
7-2
82
B-scan of 2 FBHs
FBH 4 mm: s = 22 mm
FBH 2 mm: s = 19 mm
10 mm 25 mm
3 mm 6 mm
4 mm Ø 2 mm Ø
B-scan
7-3
Timed C-scan (TopView)

Data source: maximum amplitude in gate A
Step No.
Time
Other images related to the gates: Amp B,

TOF A, or TOF B, even offline selectable!
7-4
83
Scan parameters (timed)
menu: SCAN; sub-menu: CLOCK
CLOCK C-scan recording (time controlled)
TIMED
Frequency, at which C-scan lines will be recorded. The
SAMPLE INTERVL inverse value will give you the time interval between 2
20 Hz recorded C-scan lines; here Δt = 0,05 sec.
Scan time to completely fill the screen, for the given sample
DISPLAY LENGTH frequency. Maximum scan time greatly depends on no. of
(16.0 sec) beams within the sector and lies between ~2 and ~15 times
the display length.
ENCODER
N/A Encoder related value is disabled in TIMED mode
Notes:
High values for the sample frequency allow high scanning speed without loosing information,
but reduced resolution. Maximum sample frequency is 250 Hz.
Timed scanning may be continuous or stops when the scan buffer is completely filled.
7-5
Encoder: Required parameters

D = diameter C = π x D = Circumference
Encoder wheel
T = ticks/revolution
mm/tick = C / T = π x D / T
Example: D = 19,7 mm; T = 1024 ticks/rev.
Ticks per mm:
C = 61,9 mm
0,0604 mm/tick
ticks/mm = T /π x D
Here: 1024 / 61,9 = 16.5 ticks/mm
This value needs to be
entered into ENCODER
7-6
84
Scan parameters (encoded)
CLOCK C-scan recording (encoder controlled)
ENCODED
Distance, at which C-scan lines each including 4N data (one
SAMPLE INTERVL
sector image) will be recorded. The inverse value will give you
0.3895 mm
the number of lines/mm = resolution; here 2.57 lines/mm
DISPLAY LENGTH Encoder travel distance to completely fill the screen, for the
(125.03 mm) given sample interval
ENCODER Encoder related value mm/tick;

0,0604 mm/tick here π x 19,7mm / 1024 ticks = 0,0604 mm/tick
Notes:
Higher values for the sample interval allows a higher scanning speed and a longer scan
length, but reduce the scan resolution. Maximum sample interval is ~500 mm (depending on
encoder data).
The maximum scan length (full record buffer) strongly depends on the number of angular steps
within the aperture. It is factor ~2 for 128 beams, and approximately factor ~10 for 30 beams.
7-7
Encoder data / Sample interval

The smallest SAMPLE INTERVL equals the entered ENCODER value:
Using the Mini Encoder: ENCODER = 0.0604 mm/tick
Min. SAMPLE INTERVL = 0.0604 mm max. SAMPLE INTERVL = 508 mm

Min. DISPLAY LENGTH = 19,38 mm max. DISPLAY LENGTH = 163 m
Min. scan length ≈ 200 mm max. scan length ≈ 1600 m
.
Above values valid for a sector scan from 40° to 70° with 1° step (31 beams)
Practical value:
Scanning with a resolution (sample interval) of 0.6 mm will result in a scan length
of ~2.5m, at an acceptable scanning speed.
7-8
85
Encoded C-scan (TopView)
Image: Amplitude Gate A
Cursor position:
block
Step no.
23
6,5 mm
7-9
Encoded C-scan (high resolution)

White lines: no value recorded, scanning speed too high!
CLOCK
ENCODED
SAMPLE INTERVL
0,0195 mm
DISPLAY LENGTH
(6,26 mm)
ENCODER
0,0195 mm/tick
6,26 mm
7-10
86
Stored information in the C-scan
Beam = number of beam (step, angle)
Tick = encoder position
A%A = max. amplitude in gate A

SA = sound path of max. signal in gate A
A%B = max. amplitude in gate B
SB = sound path of max. signal in gate B
Color coded in the TopView window
Note: The data source may be changed at any time in live scanning or in the
frozen image!
7-11
C-scan measurement using the cursors

Cursor: blue (1) red (2)
Depth
Amplitude
cursor 1 vertical position

(time for time based sanning
distance for encoded scanning)
cursor 1 horiz. position

(BEAM no.)
Step 33
cursor 2 vertical position

(time for time based sanning
distance for encoded scanning)
cursor 2 horiz. position

(BEAM no.)
L1L2 = Δx = time/distance: C2 pos. – C1 pos.

7-12
87
C-scan: TOF gate A
Peak (Calibration) Flank
7-13
TOF color scale

The color scale is related to gate start and gate width:
25,25 mm
Recommendation:
• Select even values for Gate A Width = 8 mm

gate start and width!
• Use discrete colors!
Gate A Start = 17,25 mm

7-14
88
C-scanning
Scan direction
Weld
X = 0 mm
Click for animation

constant
7-15
Recording of inspection data

Typcal scan data:
Sector: 40° - 75°, angle step 1° ⇒ 36 angles (max. 128)
Time for one sektor: ~10 ms ⇒ ~100 Hz image (sector) rate
Sector distance: ~1 mm (typical)
Maximum scanning speed: 100 mm/s
Data storage per sector image (exampel):
Probe position
36 maximum amplitudes from gate A
36 related sound pathes from gate A
36 maximum amplitudes from gate B
36 related sound pathes from gate B
7-16
89
Sensitivity setting according to code
Recording a DAC with 3 mm SDHs 100% + 2 dB
80% = reference
Compensation of distance and angle
variation (TCG combined with AGC) 63% - 2 dB
40% - 6 dB
20% - 12 dB
10%
Amplitude color scale for all amplitudes 0%
7-17
Magnetband
In the field (Prüfkopfführung)
A
0 mm
Nahtmitte
magnetic tape
weld centre
encoder
7-18
90
Display of results in the
Testing from left location/angle view (angle Testing from right
corrected or „uncorrected C-
scan“)
A1 = 11mm
weld cape top

full skip
excessiv root
half skip
A2 = 21mm
40°
0 Probe position Probe position 0
200 170
angle
lack of fusion
9 dB over reference
A3 = 50mm 7-19
70° GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH
Reconstruction of locus (Trigonometry)

Given: Top view (C-scan)
Longitudinal section
• Weld geometry
• Origin offset A
• Probe position x a
• Angle β (β = 40°,...,70°) t
- sA, AA (Gate A)
- sB, AB (Gate B) x
A
Guiding ruler
β
t
s
Cross section
7-20
91
Corrected top view (C-
scan) reconstruction
with Rhythm UT
A1 = 11mm
Weld centre Weld centre
A2 = 21mm
Scan direction
Cap, front
Weld centre
Cap rear
Flankenbindefehler Poren Poren Flankenbindefehler

A3 = 50mm
7-21
0 from left from right 0
compare
PA
X-ray
crack
172 200 237 267
TOFD Flankenbindefehler Poren
0 dB
7-22
92
Summary
Topview images may be recorded time or encoder controlled. Only encoder
control provides a true-to-scale image! However, the technical encoder data
need to be known.
The sample interval can be set in a wide range in order to control the
scanning speed and image resolution.
After the scan buffer is full, the image automatically stops, and the recorded
data need to be stored permanently onto the SD-Card. Then only you may
continue with scanning.
The dataset contains all instrument setup parameters and all recorded
TopView data (image). It may be recalled for continuous scanning with the
identical instrument setup or for offline evaluation of the image using two
cursors, or post processing of image data using Rhythm UT™.
The report only contains the actual screen copy and the most important
parameters in jpg format (printing).
7-23
93
Part 8:
Readings
Possible readings in the Live image

OFF = no reading
BEAM = beam-Cursor / cycle no.
P%A = maximum Amplitude of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
for all cycles/angles
PSA = Sound path of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
PPA = Surface distance des maximalen Echos in Blende A (über alle Zyklen)
PDA = corrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
PZA = uncorrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate A (from all cycles)
P%B = maximum Amplitude of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PSB = Sound path of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PPB = Surface distance of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PDB = corrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
PZB = uncorrected depth (Peak) of the highest echo in Gate B (from all cycles)
A%A = Amplitude of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
SA = Sound path of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
PA = Surface distance of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
for actual beam
DA = corrected depth of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle

ZA = uncorrected depth of the echo in Gate A for the actual cycle
A%B = Amplitude of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
SB = Sound path of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
PB = Surface distance of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
DB = corrected depth of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
ZB = uncorrected depth of the echo in Gate B for the actual cycle
SBA = Sound path difference between the echoes in gate B and gate A
8-2
94
Cursor related readings in the frozen B-
or S-scan
OFF = no reading
SBM1 = sound path on selected beam to the intersection with horizontal cursor 1
Z1 = uncorrected depth of the horizontal cursor1
L1-2 = diagonal distance between the crossing points of cursor 1 and cursor 2
P1 = horizontal position of the vertical cursor 1 (surface distance)
AMP1 = echo amplitude at the crossing point of cursor 1
P1-2 = horizontal difference of the two vertical cursors
Z1-2 = vertical difference of the two horizontal cursors
Z2 = depth of the horizontal cursor 2
P2 = horizontal position of the vertical cursor 2 (surface distance)
AMP2 = echo amplitude at the crossing point of cursor 2
SBM2 = sound path on selected beam to the intersection with horizontal cursor 2
8-3
Cursor related readings in the C-scan

OFF = no reading
1A%A = Amplitude at crossing of Cursor 1

1SA = Sound path at crossing of Cursor 1
1DA = corrected depth at crossing of Cursor 1
1PA = Surface distance at crossing of 1 For gate A
1ZA = uncorrected depth at crossing of Cursor 1
Same set of readings for gate B
2A%A = Amplitude at crossing of Cursor 2
2SA = Sound path at crossing of Cursor 2 (just replace character A by B)
2DA = corrected depth at crossing of Cursor 2
2PA = Surface distance at crossing of Cursor 2
2ZA = uncorrected depth at crossing of Cursor 2
L2L1 = Distance between cursor 1 and cursor 2 on the scan axis

DPA = Difference between the surface distances relating to both cursors in gate A
DDA = Difference between the depths relating to both cursors in gate A differences
DPB = Difference between the surface distances relating to both cursors in gate B
DDB = Difference between the depths relating to both cursors in gate B
LENA = 3D distance between the two cursor positions
8-4
95
Part 9:
Phasor DM
Current Thickness gage probes cover a

very small spot………
9-2
96
Customer Problem
Corrosion accounts for billions of dollars in expenditure in
industry around the world. Corrosion detection and
monitoring is a portion of the expense.
Detection of isolated Corrosion spots in large areas
requires complete scanning to achieve operational
confidence of the piping.
This creates the following problems:
> Periodic inspection, covering large areas must
occur.
> Pitting corrosion detection requires a focused
ultrasonic probe be placed precisely over the
offending area.
> Pitting, as opposed to general uniform wall loss can
be missed with current equipment and the ‘gridding’
technique employed.
9-3
Corrosion probe scanning takes time and

results depend on operator coverage…
Loss of wall material due to corrosion or erosion is
measurable from the top surface of a part with UT.
Dual element probes are used on all of our

Corrosion thickness gages to overcome surface roughness
Conditions and to ensure that even the thinnest
Wall is detected
9-4
97
Solution – Phasor DM
•Improve manual inspection productivity….FASTER
•Improve Minimum wall POD…CONFIDENCE
•Improve area coverage…Speed and Confidence
•ADD a real time image – Visual cue for Thin wall
•Provide accurate thickness measurements, using the
larger ultrasonic probe -
•Detection characteristics beyond those of a thickness
gauge probe are possible with the ASCAN and the
image combination
Offer higher confidence in thickness DATA

9-5
GE Inspection Technologies - Phasor DM

Phased Array System (Detect & Measure)
9-6
98
Phasor DM provides “Better T-MIN POD and rapid
area scanning productivity”
• 2 advanced PA probes with different area coverage, both larger
than any on the market with suitable near surface performance
9-7
Phasor DM Array Probes

Model 1: PN 115-000-727 Full Length Version:
• 5Mhz/32 Elements/48mm (1.890”) active length

• Small Virtual Probe: Coverage ~ 43.5mm (1.713”)
• Large Virtual Probe: Coverage ~ 41.5mm (1.634”)
• Min Near surface resolution: 0.075” (1.9mm) ON A #4 FBH (.062”/1.5mm Diameter)
• Large coverage w/ Pitch selected to give flat acoustic response
9-8
99
Phasor DM Array Probes
Model 2: PN 115-000-729 Half Length Version:
• 5Mhz/32 Elements/24mm (.945”) active length

• Small Virtual Probe: Coverage ~ 19.5mm (.768”)
• Large Virtual Probe: Coverage ~ 16.5mm (.650”)
• Near surface resolution: 0.075” (1.9mm) ON A #4 FBH (.062”/1.2mm Diameter)
• Small footprint to improve ability to keep it coupled esp. on curved parts
• Small pitch yields a flatter response & higher lateral resolution 9-9
Phasor DM Array Probes 5

#3 FBHMeasurement
Goal 1: Produce PA’s combining:

Relative Amplitude (dB)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

-5
-10
DUAL ARRAY
• Near Surface Resolution (like a DM probe) -15

FH2E
-20
• Coverage (like a Phased Array) -25
-30
FBHDepth (Inch)
ASTM Block DM Array Image Best Pulse/Echo Array

#4 FBH (1.5mm Dia) Image
NEW
@ .090” (2.25mm)1
9-10
100
The Probe allows a live BSCAN image to
be displayed on the Phasor and a
selected Ascan
TOP surface of part
Reflection from PIT on BEAM 13
ASCAN from Selected BEAM - 13
Back wall echo showing shadowing from PIT

9-11
Live Ascan, B-scan image plus 3 NEW

results.
9-12
101
New Results for corrosion probe
Thinnest reading Thickness reading

from all beams in selected beam
since last reset
Thinnest reading
from any beam in
the current probe
position
9-13
New results displayed live from either gate

TA/ and TB/= thickness in selected beam in GATE
TmA/ and TmB/ = Minimum thickness in the current displayed View
TSmA and TSmB= The minimum thickness seen since last reset of the
MIN…automatically clears after decoupling for 20 seconds.
Clearing the TSmA can also be accomplished by displaying the test menu where “CLEAR
“ is displayed
1TA, 1TB, 2TA and 2TB = Top View Analysis thickness for the gate under cursor.
After STOP or FREEZE of Top View, the instrument automatically places the position of
the Scan Minimum Thickness at the middle of the screen and the cursors snap to the
position and beam of the Scan Minimum.
To clear TSmA
manually, press
this key to get the
TEST menu, and
press CLEAR
9-14
102
Features in the new Phasor DM and in
the upgrades
• New simpler menu structure for non PA users
• New Measurement tools as described
• TOP VIEW included in DM package.
– Timed and ENCODED ..all readings captured during scan
and available for review.
– Automatic T-MIN cursor locator on scan completion.
• Calibration tool built in Phasor DM
• Accurate digital measurements with V path correction
• Probe wear compensation
• Top view tools for T-MIN
9-15
A purpose built version of Phasor that includes a conventional flaw detector

and the new DM functionality…designated as Phasor CV/DM..
Phasor Models:
NEW Phasor CV/DM
Solution • Phasor CV
• Phasor CV/DM
• Phasor 16/16
• Phasor 16/64
9 All New and Existing
models convertible to any
other.
9-16
103
Changing a thickness gage
D-Meter culture requires a
Strategic effort……
Effort has already begun

9-17
104

Uso de Phaser XS

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Phasor XS: TWO Instruments in ONE

• Conventional - Inspection with single & dual-

• 16-channel-Phased Array-Inspection for PA-

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

Conventional mode PA-Mode (for one

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2b) B-scan (linear scan at a fixed angle)

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

3b) Sector scan (- / + Sector)

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Recording amplitudes + sound paths in

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4b) C-scan (sector scan)

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a) Menu based selection of the function with keys

b) Sensitivity change (gain) with the left rotary

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Operating concept (2)

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

Pressing the adjacent

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

1. Insert SD-card with the update-file.

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3. Press Home- and Mode Selector key simultaneously and keep

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

After return to the main

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Parameter Selection & Gain

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

Using Keys instead of Rotary Knobs

KNOPF + KNOPF - KNOPF + KNOPF –

Shift between key - or rotary

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

• Menu switched off

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

• Offline beam cursor selectUse right hand

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The disk symbol is

Report to SD card -> jpg-file,

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A-scan for the

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GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

VGA-socket for the direct connection of

If a SD card is inserted a disk symbol appears on the

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© Copyright GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH

Phased Array Probe with Wedge

Wedge Front Probe data:

The maximum Aperture is 16. Good reasons for max. aperture:

1. Maximum energy into the material and