FRICTION

• When a body moves or tends to move on another

body, a force appears between the surfaces.
• This force is called force of friction and it acts
opposite to the direction of motion.
• Its line of action is tangential to the contacting
surfaces.
• The magnitude of this force depends on the
roughness of surfaces.
 In engineering applications friction is
desirable and undesirable
• We can walk on the ground because of friction.
• Friction is useful in power transmission by belts.
• It is useful in appliances like brakes, bolts, screw
jack, etc.
• It is undesirable in bearing and moving machine
parts where it results in loss of energy and, thereby,
reduces efficiency of the machine.
 TYPES OF FRICTIONS

• Static friction
– It is the friction, experienced by a body, when at
rest.
• Dynamic friction.
– It is the friction, experienced by a body, when in
motion.
– The dynamic friction is also called kinetic friction
and is less than the static friction.
 Dynamic friction is three types
(a) Sliding friction
It is the friction, experienced by a body, when it
slides over another body.
(b) Rolling friction
It is the friction, experienced between the surfaces
which has balls or rollers interposed between them.
(c) Pivot friction
It is the friction, experienced by a body, due to the
motion of rotation as in case of foot step bearings.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FRICTION
The friction may further be classified as :

1. Friction between un lubricated surfaces, and

2. Friction between lubricated surfaces

 Friction Between Un lubricated
Surfaces
The friction experienced between two dry and un
lubricated surfaces in contact is known as dry or
solid friction.

• It is due to the surface roughness.

• The dry or solid friction includes the sliding friction
and rolling friction
 FRICTION BETWEEN LUBRICATED
SURFACES
When lubricant (i.e. oil or grease) is applied between
two surfaces in contact, then the friction may be
classified into the following two types depending
upon the thickness of layer of a lubricant.
1. Boundary friction (or greasy friction or non-
viscous friction)
2. Fluid friction (or film friction or viscous friction).
 Boundary friction (or greasy
friction or non-viscous friction)
• It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing surfaces,
when the surfaces have a very thin layer of lubricant.
• The thickness of this very thin layer is of the molecular
dimension.
• In this type of friction, a thin layer of lubricant forms a bond
between the two rubbing surfaces.
• The lubricant is absorbed on the surfaces and forms a thin
film.
• This thin film of the lubricant results in less friction
between them.
• The boundary friction follows the laws of solid friction.
 Fluid friction (or film friction or viscous
friction)
• It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing
surfaces, when the surfaces have a thick layer of the
lubricant.
• The actual surfaces do not come in contact and thus
do not rub against each other.
• The fluid friction is not due to the surfaces in
contact but it is due to the viscosity and oiliness of
the lubricant.
 LAWS OF DRY FRICTION
(a) The friction force is directly proportional to the normal
reaction between the surfaces
(b) The frictional force opposes the motion or its tendency
to the motion
(c) The frictional force depends upon the nature of the
surfaces in contact
(d) The frictional force is independent of the area and the
shape of the contacting surfaces
(e) For moderate speeds, frictional force is independent of
the relative velocities of the bodies in contact.
 Coefficient of Friction
• It is defined as the ratio of the limiting friction (F) to
the normal reaction (RN) between the two bodies. It
is generally denoted by μ.
• Mathematically, coefficient of friction,
µ = F. RN
 Friction in Journal Bearing-
Friction Circle
• A journal bearing forms a turning pair
• The fixed outer element of a turning pair is called a
bearing and
• That portion of the inner element (i.e. shaft) which
fits in the bearing is called a journal.
• The journal is slightly less in diameter than the
bearing, in order to permit the free movement of
the journal in a bearing.
 PIVOT AND COLLAR FRICTION
• The shafts of ships, steam and water turbines are
subjected to axial thrust.
• In order to take up the axial thrust, they are provided
with one or more bearing surfaces at right angle to the
axis of the shaft.
• A bearing surface provided at the end of a shaft is
known as a pivot and
• That provided at any place along with the length of the
shaft with bearing surface of revolution is known as a
Collar.
• Pivots are of two forms : Flat And Conical.
• When the cone is truncated, it is then known as
truncated or trapezoidal pivot
• The collar may have flat bearing surface or conical
bearing surface, but the flat surface is most
commonly used.
• There may be a single collar, or several collars along
the length of a shaft, in order to reduce the intensity
of pressure.
• The bearing surface provided at the foot of a vertical
shaft is called foot step bearing.
• Due to the axial thrust which is conveyed to the
bearings by the rotating shaft, rubbing takes place
between the contacting surfaces.
• This produces friction as well as wearing of the
bearing.
• Thus, power is lost in over-coming the friction,
which is ultimately to be determined in this unit.
Assumptions Taken
a. The intensity of pressure is uniform over the
bearing surface
b. The rate of wear is uniform