“ POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR 3-PHASE

DIODE RECTIFIERS”

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
(B.TECH EEE)

By

SUMIT KUMAR(07BEE158)
RISHI KUMAR(07BEE133)

Under the Guidance of

Prof . SUBRAMANIUM .K.

SELECT(VIT University).

i
 (SELECT)
VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (University)
VELLORE. (TN) 632014

“ POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR 3-PHASE

DIODE RECTIFIERS”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
(B.TECH EEE)

BY
SUMIT KUMAR(07BEE158)
RISHI KUMAR(07BEE133)

Under the Guidannce of

Prof.SUBRAMANIUM.K.
SELECT(VIT University)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project work titled “ power factor correction
technique for 3-phase diode rectifier” that is being submitted by “ SUMIT
KUMAR(07BEE158)and RISHI KUMAR(07BEE133) is in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
DEGREE, is a record of bona fide work done under my /our guidance.
The contents of this Project work, in full or in parts, have neither been
taken from any other source nor have been submitted to any other
Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma and the
same is certified

ii
External Guide Internal Project Supervisor

(Name of the Organization)

(Organization stamp

Approved by

DIRECTOR
(SELECT)

ABSTRACT

A novel active power factor correction method for power supplies

with three phase front end diode rectifiers is proposed and
analyzed.The implementation of this method requires the use of an
additional single switch boost chopper.The combined front end
converter draws sinusoidal ac currents from the ac power source
with nearly unity input power factor while operating at a fixed
switching frequency.This paper shows that when the active input
power factor correction is also used to regulate the converter dc
bus voltage,the converter performance can improve substantially
in comparison with the 3-phase ac to dc converters.These
improvements include component count reduction,simplified input
synchronization logic requirements,and smaller reactive
componenets.Finally selected theoretical results are verified
experimentally.

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 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM.

a)AC TO DC RECTIFIER.

b)INPUT FILTER/.

c)BOOST INDUCTOR.

d)3-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER.

e)POWER FACTOR CORRECTION STAGE.

f)DC LINK FILTER CAPACITOR.

3.ANALYSIS GUIDELINES

a)INPUT CURRENT ANALYSIS.

b)SYSTEM ANALYSIS.

4.DESIGN ANALYSIS

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 a)DERIVATION OF RECTIFIER OUTPUT CURRENT.

b)OUTPUT FILTER DESIGN.

5.CONCLUSION.

INTRODUCTION

The conversion of ac line voltages from utilities has been dominated by

phase controlled or diode rectifiers.The non ideal character of the input
current drawn by these rectifiers creates a number of problems for the power
dissipation network and for other electrical systems in the vicinity of the
rectifier including:

1) Phase displacement of the current and voltage fundamentals

requires that the source and distribution equipment handle
reactive power increasing their volt ampere ratings.

2) High input current harmonics and low input power factor.

3) Lower input current harmonics and low input power factor.

4) Lower rectification efficiency because of large rms values

of the input current.

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 5) Input ac mains voltage distribution because of the associated
high peak currents.

6) High reactive component size.

To combat these disadvantages system designers are increasingly

incorporating active input power factor correction methods [2] to [4].For
medium to high power applications the input rectifier is fed from a 3-phase
ac source.Application of the bang bang hysteresis control method to control
method to improve the input power factor of a three phase ac to dc converter
has been discussed fro [3] to [4].This topology yields unity power factor and
is clearly much superior than the original phase controlled ac to dc
topologies.However it suffers from certain disadvantages:
1) It requires complicated synchronization logic.

2) Owing to the variations in power circuit control parameters

among the three individual converters,a complete triplen
harmonic elimination cannot be achieved.

3) The switching frequency is load dependent.

4) The number of components required for three phase ac to dc

converter is three times the single phase ac to dc converter.

5) The advantage of using a three phase inverter and

transformer ,better utilization of copper and core
utilization,cannot be achieved.

This paper addresses the analysis and design of a three phase ac to dc

converter which draws high quality input current wave forms from the ac
source and exhibits none of the above mentioned disadvantages.However it
has disadvantages of increasing the current stresses of the switching devices
and high frequency ripple content of the pre filtered ac input currents.

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 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system consists of the two main power factor correction
stages.The first stage consists of a three phase ac to dc rectifier consisting of
an input filter ,a boost inductor,a three phase diode rectifier,an active power
factor correction stage,and a dc link filter capacitor .The second stage can be
modeled into any type of load requiring a regulated or unregulated dc bus
such as general purpose single phase or three phase inverters or dc to dc
converters with high frequency isolation.The active waveshapping of the
input current waveform can be obtained from the three boost chopper
components Lia,Qb,and Db as shown in fig 1.The boost switch Qb is turned
on at constant frequency.The duty cycle of Qb,is varied for load variation
only and it is such that the input current is is always discontinuous.During
the on period of the boost switch all three input ac phases become shoted
through inductors Lia,Lib,Lic,the six rectifier diodes and the boost
switch.Consequently the three input currents Iia,Iib,Iic begin simultaneously
to increase at a rate propotional to the instantaneous values of their
respective phase voltages.Moreover the specific peak current values during
each on interval (fig 3(c)) are propotional to the average values of their input
phase voltages during the same on interval.Since each of these voltage
average values varies sinusoidally the input current

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Peaks also vary sinusoidally(fig 3c).Moreover since the current pulses
always begin at zero,it means that their average values also vary
sinusoidally.Consequently all three input ac currents consists of the
fundamental(60 hz) components centered around the switching
frequency(fb) of the boost switch.Since this frequency can be of the order of

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several tens of khz,filter out the unwanted input current harmonics becomes
a relatively easy task.From fig3 it is also seen that input power control can
be achieved through pulse width modulation of the boost switch on interval
at constant frequency(fb).

Finally ,under the operating conditions described here the

displacement input power factor before filtering is unity.Consequently,the
overall power factor before filtering becomes equal to the harmonic input
power factor and

it is given by

power factor=((Iia/1.414)/(sqrt(Iia,n/sqrt(2))2)

where

Iia,n is the Fourier component of the nth harmonic component of the

current Iia.

It is noted that the current harmonics can be suppressed by a relatively

small input capacitor and inductor because of high frequency.Therefore the
overall input power factor after filtering is very close to unity.

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 INPUT CURRENT ANALYSIS

Regarding fig1 during the period when the boost switch is turned on,the
equivalent single –phase circuit becomes as shown in fig 4a.The input
current rises at a rate determined by the input source voltage and the
inductor.The current through the inductor during this period is given by

E=Vm sin(wt)=Lia d(Iia)/dt.

Solving the above equations for Iia and substituting the initial
condition,Iia(wt)=0,when t=0 yields

Iia(wt)=Van(peak)/wLia[cos(wt1)-cos(wt2)]

During the period when the boost switch is turned off the current through the
inductor decreases at a rate determined by the input voltage(Van),output dc
voltage(VD),and the inductor (Lia).The single phase equivalent circuit under
this condition is shown in fig 4(b) from the boost converter theory the
rectifier input phase voltage when the boost switch is off is given by

Ven(wt)=1/(1-D)*Van(wt)

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where D is the duty cycle of the boost switch.The current through the
inductor during the period when the boost switch is off is given by

Van sin(wt)=Lia d(Iia)/dt+Ven

Solving the above equation we get

Iia(wt)=Van(peak)/wLia*[cos(t1)-cos(t2)]-Ven/Lia(t-t1)

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 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

In this section the proposed converter is analyzed under steady state

conditions.The expressions derieved are subsequently used to obtain the
information necessary for proper converter design.The converter is analyzed
under the following assumptions:

1) All power switching devices are ideal and the forward drop
and reverse leakage currents of the diodes are negligible.

2) Filter components are ideal.

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 3) The local voltage is ripple free.

Moreover the rated input rms voltage ,Van(rms),and rated output power
,Pd,are assumed to be

Van(rms)=1.0 pu V
Pd=1.0 pu

Further assuming the ac source angular frequency is 1 pu from the value of

the peak current Iia(peak) for Lia=.1 pu is given by

Iia(peak)=Van(peak)/Lia*Tb/2.

INPUT FILTER DESIGN

In most of the specifications for power supplies the total harmonic distortion
(THD) content of the input line current is less than 5%.Also if the amplitude
of the dominant harmonic component of Ii1 is reduced to 3% of the
amplitude of the respective fundamental then THD of less than 5%can be
ensured.Therefore for the PWM method shown in Fig 3 the order of the
dominant harmonic component of the inductor current is fb-1.The harmonic
equivalent circuit is shown in fig 7.Regarding fig 7 the inductor harmonic
component current can be given by:

Ii,n=(Xcia*Iia,n)/(n*nXli1-Xci1)

where

n is the order of harmonic.

Xcia is the filter capacitor reactance at fundamental frequency.

Xli1 is the filter inductor reactance at fundamental frequency.

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The above equation can be further simplified as

Xli1/Xci1=1/(n*n)[(Iia,n)/(Ii1,n)+1]

Xli1/Xci1=1/(fb-1)2[(Iia,fb-1)/(Ii1,fb-1)+1]

The evaluation of the above equation reveals that the size of the filter
component is a function of the boost switching frequency(fb).The size of the
filter components become smaller and smaller for higher switching
frequency.
Consequently all the harmonics of the input current become
smaller and smaller and the input power factor becomes unity.

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 DESIGN EXAMPLE

To illustrate the significance and facilitate the understanding of theoretical

results obtained in preceding sections the following design examples are
given:

Ac source rms voltage (Van(rms))=50V=1p.u.

Supply frequency=60 Hz

Rated output power=1 KW=1 p.u.

Input ac source angular frequency=377 rad/sec

Boost switch switching frequency(fb)=24 khz

From these values:

1 pu current=1000/150=6.66 A;

1 pu impedence=50/6.66=7.50 ohms;

1 pu angular frequency=377 rad/sec;

1 pu inductance=7.50/377=0.023 H;

1 pu capacitance=1/377*7.5=353.66 micro farad;

Lia=1.414850/1.414*6.66*(1/2400)=65.37 micro henry;

Cd=.7*100*.5/1.414*.01*400*1.414*1.732=2.53 pu=893.63 micro farad;

xv
 CONCLUSION

In this paper a novel active power factor correction method for three phase
diode rectifiers is proposed and analyzed. With the proposed method the
rectifier draws sinusoidal ac current from the source with unity power
factor.Moreover , the proposed method eliminates the complicated
synchronization logic requirement,reduces the number of components, and
reduces the filter reactive components size.Finally ,the theoretical results are
verified experimentally.However the proposed method has the disadvantage
of increasing the switching stresses of the switching devices in comparison
with the conventional 3 phase ac to dc converter.

xvi
 REFERENCES

[1] S.Manias,A.R. PRASAD and P.D. ZIOGAS,”Three phase inductor fed

SMR converter with high frequency isolation and high power density and
improved power factor,” in Proc.IEEE,vol 134 ,pt.B,no. 4,July 1987,pp.183-
191.

[2] M.J.Kocher and R.L.Steigward ,”An ac to dc converter with high quality

input waveforms,”IEEE Trans.Ind Appl,vol.1a.19.no4 ,pp.586-
599,july/aug.1983.

[3] W.p. Marple,”Low distortion three phase power regulation,”IBM

technology enclosure bulletin,”vol 22,no .3,pp.970-971.Aug 1979.

[4] D.Gauger el al,”A three phase off line switching power supply with unity
power factor and low TIF,”in Conf Rec.1986 IEEE INTELEC,pp.115-121.

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