applied

sciences
Review
A Review of the Flow-Induced Noise Study for
Centrifugal Pumps
Chang Guo, Ming Gao * and Suoying He
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; gg3263@163.com (C.G.);
suoyinghe@hotmail.com (S.H.)
* Correspondence: gm@sdu.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-88399008




Received: 20 December 2019; Accepted: 1 February 2020; Published: 4 February 2020


Abstract: Flow-induced noise is a significant concern for the design and operation of centrifugal
pumps. The negative impacts of flow-induced noise on operating stability, human health and the
environment have been shown in many cases. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the
flow-induced noise study for centrifugal pumps to synthesize the current study status. First, the
generation mechanism and propagation route of flow-induced noise are discussed. Then, three
kinds of study methodologies, including the theoretical study of hydrodynamic noise, numerical
simulation and experimental measurement study, are summarized. Subsequently, the application of
the three study methodologies to the analysis of the distribution characteristics of flow-induced noise
is analyzed from aspects of the noise source identification and comparison, the frequency response
analysis, the directivity characteristics of sound field and the noise changing characteristics under
various operating conditions. After that, the analysis of the noise optimization design of centrifugal
pumps is summarized. Finally, based on previous study results, this paper puts forward the unsolved
problems and implications for future study. In conclusion, the information collected in this review
paper could guide further study of the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps.

Keywords: centrifugal pump; flow-induced noise; theoretical study; numerical simulation;

experimental measurement; noise optimization design

1. Introduction
With the development of science and technology, as well as the community’s increased awareness
of the human impact on the environment, the effect of noise pollution has become more prominent.
Noise data statistics, analysis and control strategy in different fields have attracted interest in different
countries and regions [1–6]. According to the report issued by the Ministry of the ecological environment
in China, the contribution to the overall environmental pollution by noise exceeded 30% in 2018,
coming in second place only to air pollution [1]. The negative impacts of noise on human health have
attracted widespread attention [3,7–9]. The report issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in
2018 revealed that the burden of disease from environmental noise was the second highest [3], which
also reflects the seriousness of noise pollution.
As major energy conversion devices, the centrifugal pumps have been gradually applied in the
fields of industry, agriculture, transportation and architecture and so forth. Due to the complexity
of flow inside pumps, severe flow-induced noise is generated. For instance, the noise generated by
a 22 kW single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump in air and water medium is up to 94 dB and
180 dB at rated operating conditions, respectively, both of which are much higher than the international
standard [10]. The unexpected high-level noise could affect the operating stability, living and working
environment and human health. Therefore, the study of flow-induced noise generated by centrifugal

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022; doi:10.3390/app10031022 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 2 of 26

pumps is extremely significant from the perspective of engineering, environmental protection and
human
Appl. Sci. health.
2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 27
A large amount of studies have been conducted on this subject and many have been discovered
in theApastlarge amount For
decades. of studies
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the distribution characteristics and the optimization design of flow-induced noise which are based on route,
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2001
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2003
2004
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2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
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Figure 1. Paper publication information related

Figure 1. related directly
directly to
to flow-induced
flow-induced noise
noise of
of centrifugal
centrifugal pumps.
pumps.

2.
2. The
The Generation
Generation Mechanism
Mechanism and and Propagation
Propagation Route
Route of
of Flow-Induced
Flow-Induced Noise
Noise
Flow-induced
Flow-induced noise,
noise, which
which isis related
related toto various
various complex
complex phenomena
phenomena inside
inside pumps,
pumps, plays
plays aa
crucial
crucial role in the noise level evaluation of centrifugal pumps with good structural design and stable
role in the noise level evaluation of centrifugal pumps with good structural design and stable
installation [11]. Table 1 summarizes the different flow phenomena and noise generation
installation [11]. Table 1 summarizes the different flow phenomena and noise generation mechanisms.
To evaluate the noise level generated by the above phenomena, the most widely used standard is
mechanisms.
the sound pressure level (SPL) and total sound pressure level (TSPL). SPL and TSPL are defined as,
Table 1. Complex flow phenomena and flow-induced noise generation mechanism.
Pe
SPL = 20lg (1)
Flow Pre f
References Noise Generation Mechanism
Phenomena
Periodic interference
X noccurs between blade and volute. The flow passage
Rotor-stator
[12–14] widthTPSL
changes= 10lg 10SPLwhich
periodically,
i /10 ,
causes periodic pressure fluctuations(2)
interaction i=1 and noise.
where Pref is the reference sound pressure (2 × 10−5 Pa in
The generated-bubbles due × 10−6 Paimplode
air,to1cavitation in contact
in water), with
n is the solid of
number
Cavitation [15–17] surface in high pressure region,
frequencies, Pe is the effective sound pressure and it is defined as, which induce pressure waves that result in
the generation of noise.
Combined with the
1 jet-wake effect at impeller outlet, the interaction
r Z
T
Turbulence [18,19] Pe =and high-speed
between blade p,2 dt,fluid causes the blade acted by the unsteady (3)
T 0
load continuously and broadband noise is generated.
where p’ is the instantaneous soundPre-rotation
pressure, Toccurs at impeller
represents severalinlet,rotational
strong eddy and eddy strip are
periods.
Back flow [20] formed. Then pressure fluctuations with low frequency are generated and
In addition, other parameters used for noise level evaluation, such as the sound power level and
further induce the low frequency noise.
sound energy density [25], could be calculated from the SPL and TSPL, which are not discussed here.
Under low flow rate condition, stall vortex is formed in impeller, which
Rotating stall [21,22]
blocks the flow passage and induces low frequency noise.
Rapid change of flow velocity occurs, which could induce intermittent
Water hammer [23,24]
noise.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 3 of 26

Currently, analysis of the noise induced by rotor-stator interaction and cavitation accounts for
the majority.

Table 1. Complex flow phenomena and flow-induced noise generation mechanism. 3 of 27

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Flow Phenomena References Noise Generation Mechanism

To evaluate the noise level generated by the above phenomena, the most widely used standard
is the Periodic
sound pressure level (SPL) and total interference
sound pressure occurs between
level (TSPL). blade
SPL andand
TSPLvolute. The flow
are defined
Rotor-stator
as, interaction [12–14] passage width changes periodically, which causes periodic
pressure fluctuations and noise.
Pe
SPL = 20 lg
The generated-bubbles due to cavitation implode in contact (1)with
P
Cavitation [15–17] solid surface inrefhigh pressure region, which induce pressure
waves that result in the generation of noise.
n
SPL 10 ,
TPSL = 10lg 10with
Combined i
the jet-wake effect at impeller outlet, the
(2)
i =1
interaction between blade and high-speed fluid causes the blade
Turbulence [18,19]
acted by the unsteady load continuously and broadband noise
where Pref is the reference sound pressure (2 × 10−5 Pa in air, 1 × 10−6 Pa in water), n is the number of
is generated.
frequencies, Pe is the effective sound pressure and it is defined as,
Pre-rotation occurs at impeller inlet, strong eddy and eddy strip
T
1 Then

Back flow [20] are formed. pressure fluctuations with low frequency
(3)are
Pe = p,2dt ,
T 0 and further induce the low frequency noise.
generated
where p’ isstall
the instantaneous Under low
sound pressure, flow rate several
T represents condition, stall vortex
rotational is formed in impeller,
periods.
Rotating [21,22]
which blocks the flow passage and induces
In addition, other parameters used for noise level evaluation, such as the sound low frequency
power noise.
level and
sound energy density [25], could be calculated
Rapidfrom the SPL
change andvelocity
of flow TSPL, which arewhich
occurs, not discussed here.
could induce
Water hammer [23,24]
intermittentand
Currently, analysis of the noise induced by rotor-stator interaction noise.
cavitation accounts for
the majority.
(1) Rotor-stator
(1) Rotor-stator interaction
interaction
In process
In the the process of fluid
of fluid motion,
motion, thethe physicalquantities,
physical quantities,such
such as
as pressure,
pressure, velocity
velocityandandvorticity,
vorticity, at a
at a certain spatial point inside pumps fluctuate rapidly once as a blade passes.
certain spatial point inside pumps fluctuate rapidly once as a blade passes. With blades continuously With blades
continuously rotating, the physical quantities fluctuate periodically [26], that is, the rotor-stator
rotating, the physical quantities fluctuate periodically [26], that is, the rotor-stator interaction effect
interaction effect exists in whole pumps. As the main cause of flow-induced noise, the rotor-stator
exists in whole pumps. As the main cause of flow-induced noise, the rotor-stator interaction could
interaction could cause the frequency response characteristics of flow-induced noise at different
cause the frequency
monitoring response
points that arecharacteristics
dominated byofcharacteristic
flow-induced noise at different
frequencies such as monitoring points that
the blade-passing
are dominated by characteristic frequencies such as the blade-passing frequency
frequency (fb) and its harmonic frequencies in a low frequency band. As shown in Figure (fb ) and
2, the harmonic
its SPL
frequencies
reaches toin peak
a lowatfrequency
290 Hz (fbband. Ashigh
) and its shown in harmonics
order Figure 2, the
andSPL
alsoreaches
shows atotrend
peakofatfluctuating
290 Hz (fb ) and
its high order harmonics and also shows a trend of fluctuating downward.
downward.

160

140 fb Outlet
Inlet
120
SPL (dB)

100

80

60

40
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
Frequency (Hz)

Figure 2. Frequency response characteristics of noise induced by rotor-stator interaction at inlet and
Figure 2. Frequency response characteristics of noise induced by rotor-stator interaction at inlet and
outlet pipes [27].
outlet pipes [27].

(2) Cavitation
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 4 of 26

(2) Cavitation
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 27
Different from the noise induced by rotor-stator interaction, the noise induced by cavitation is
a kind of Different
broadbandfromnoise
the noise
andinduced by rotor-stator
concentrates in a highinteraction,
frequency theband
noise induced by cavitation
[28]. During is a
the cavitation
kind of broadband noise and concentrates in a high frequency band [28]. During the
inception stage, the noise level decreases slightly in the broadband band [29]. With the decrease of the cavitation
inception
available stage, the
net positive noise head
suction level decreases
(NPSHa),slightly in the fluctuations
the periodic broadband band [29]. With the
characteristics decrease
of sound of
pressure
the available net positive suction head (NPSHa), the periodic fluctuations characteristics of sound
disappear gradually and the sound pressure intensity at inlet and outlet pipes decreases and increases,
pressure disappear gradually and the sound pressure intensity at inlet and outlet pipes decreases and
respectively [30]. Figure 3 shows the frequency response characteristics of power spectral density
increases, respectively [30]. Figure 3 shows the frequency response characteristics of power spectral
(PSD)density
signal (PSD)
of sound pressure at the outlet pipe. With the decrease of NPSHa, the frequency response
signal of sound pressure at the outlet pipe. With the decrease of NPSHa, the frequency
characteristics that are dominated
response characteristics that are by characteristic
dominated frequencies
by characteristic weaken weaken
frequencies gradually in lowin
gradually frequency
low
band,frequency
which means
band, that
whichthe cavitation
means that thecould inhibit
cavitation the inhibit
could rotor-stator interaction
the rotor-stator to sometoextent
interaction some [31].
Whenextent
the frequency
[31]. When is higher than 1000
the frequency Hz, thethan
is higher PSD1000
signal
Hz,oscillation intensifies
the PSD signal significantly.
oscillation intensifies
significantly.

(a)

(b)

FigureFigure 3. Frequency response

3. Frequency response characteristics of power
characteristics spectral
of power density (PSD)
spectral densitysignal of sound
(PSD) pressure
signal of sound
at outlet pipe with different available net positive suction head (NPSHa). (a) 0–1000 Hz;
pressure at outlet pipe with different available net positive suction head (NPSHa). (a) 0–1000 Hz; (b) 1000–4000
Hz [30].
(b) 1000–4000 Hz [30].
In summary, the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps is associated with various flow
In summary, the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps is associated with various flow
phenomena. There have been great achievements in the analysis of the generation mechanism and
phenomena. There have been great achievements in the analysis of the generation mechanism and
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 5 of 26

frequency response characteristics of the noise induced by rotor-stator interaction and cavitation;
meanwhile, the control strategy of the two kinds of noise has also been developed [19,32–35]. However,
there are few studies concentrating on the analysis of the generation, distribution and control strategy
of the noise induced by other factors with inconspicuous characteristics, which include turbulence, back
flow, rotating stall and water hammer. Actually, during various operating conditions, the turbulence
phenomenon exists in centrifugal pumps. The back flow, rotating stall and water hammer also appear
in the process of condition regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to these kinds of
noise in follow-up studies, to deepen the comprehensive understanding of the generation mechanism
and distribution characteristics of flow-induced noise and to further promote the development of the
noise control strategy.
(3) The noise propagation route
The centrifugal pump system consists of the inlet pipe, centrifugal pump and outlet pipe. The
flow-induced noise will not only propagate to the inlet and outlet pipes, namely the internal flow noise,
but will also propagate to the external environment, namely the external radiation noise [36].

3. Study Methodologies
Studies on the flow-induced noise generated by complex phenomena could be catalogued into
three aspects, including the theoretical study of hydrodynamic noise, numerical simulation and
experimental measurement.

3.1. Theoretical Study of Hydrodynamic Noise

Theoretical studies analyze the flow-induced noise through the governing equation level. The flow
and sound fields have the same governing equation and the parameters of flow and sound fields could
be obtained simultaneously by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation directly in theory.
However, it is difficult realize due to the huge difference in scale and magnitude between flow and sound
fields [37]. Therefore, relevant sound theory is used. Table 2 summarizes the comparison of results
between Lighthill acoustic analogy theory, vortex sound theory and acoustic/viscous splitting theory.

Table 2. Comparison between Lighthill acoustic analogy theory, Vortex sound theory and Acoustic/Viscous
splitting theory.

Lighthill Acoustic Analogy Acoustic/Viscous Splitting

Sound Theory
Theory [38–40]
Inhomogeneous sound wave
equation with sound source.
Governing The left and right side items of
equation the sound wave equation are
wave operator and sound
source, respectively.
Monopole, dipole and
Sound source
quadrupole sources.
It is suitable for the frequency
response analysis and the
distribution characteristics
Advantages analysis of sound field in
frequency domain and the
improved calculation process
has been formed.
Fluid viscosity is ignored. It
could not explain the
Shortages generation and distribution
mechanism of
flow-induced noise.
Vortex Sound Theory [41–46]
Theory [47,48]
Compressible perturbation
equation of sound field is
Same as the form of the
obtained by subtracting the
governing equation of
incompressible N-S equation
“Lighthill acoustic
of flow field from compressible
analogy theory.”
N-S equation based on
variable separation method.
The stretching of the vortex
and the non-uniformity of /
fluid kinetic energy.
The time-domain parameters
of sound field could be
obtained directly. It is suitable Same as the advantages of
for the interpretation of the “Vortex sound theory.”
generation and distribution of
flow-induced noise.
Fluid viscosity is ignored. The The solution process is more
solution process is relatively complicated than that of
complicated and the improved “Vortex sound equation” and
calculation process has not the improved calculation
been formed. process has not been formed.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 6 of 26

3.2. Numerical Simulation Study

Due to the obscurity of theoretical study, it is necessary to combine the theoretical conclusions
with numerical simulation. Compared with the experimental measurement, the numerical simulation
method has the advantages of a low cost and short cycle and so forth. With the development of
the computer performance, both the calculation accuracy and speed have improved significantly.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is currently the most efficient method for analyzing the flow
and flow-induced noise [49–52]. It is worh noting that the empirical model and assumption are used in
the simulation process, so the experimental validation is essential.
The numerical simulation of flow-induced noise is mainly guided by Lighthill acoustic analogy
theory and is combined with CFD software. The simulation process could be divided into two steps [53].
The first step is to obtain the unsteady flow characteristics [54–58] by adopting a suitable turbulence
model [57–62]. The second step is to extract the unsteady flow fluctuations in walls which are used
as a dipole source, and then to use the finite element method, infinite element method or boundary
element method to solve the sound wave equation [63–65].
The generation of noise is accompanied by the vibration of pump structures, so the noise simulation
method that only considers the dipole source has some limitations. With the deepening of study,
scholars have adopted the acoustic-vibration-coupling method, which is realized by taking the modal
response results of structures into consideration, to analyze the flow-induced noise under the joint
action of structural vibration and dipole source [66–72].

3.3. Experimental Measurement Study

Compared with the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method, the most direct method
is experimental measurement, including indirect measurement and direct measurement.
The indirect measurement method is to measure and analyze the parameters that are related to
flow-induced noise such as pressure [73–75], velocity [12,76–78] and vibration signal [79–83], then
establish the relationship between these parameters and flow-induced noise. Different from the
indirect measurement, the direct measurement is more convenient and it is realized by measuring
the flow-induced noise directly. However, owing to the high-pressure and high-speed rotating
characteristics of centrifugal pumps, the measurement of internal flow noise is to measure the flow
noise at inlet and outlet pipes by using a flush-mounted hydrophone, while the external radiation
noise is measured by a microphone at the monitoring points arranged evenly outside pumps. Besides,
it is also difficult to distinguish the contributions of different noise sources, especially the flow-induced
noise and mechanical vibration noise. Therefore, the experimental measurement is always combined
with numerical simulation for relevant analysis.
It is common knowledge that the change of noise is accompanied by the change of pressure,
flow rate and so forth. Yuan et al. [84] designed a hydraulic performance and flow-induced noise
measurement system based on LabVIEW, which realized the synchronous measurement of the head,
flow rate and flow-induced noise. The system is beneficial for the understanding of the pump operating
condition and has been adopted by many scholars [79,80,85].

4. The Study about the Distribution Characteristics of Flow-Induced Noise

4.1. Noise Source Identification and Comparison

Actually, various flow phenomena exist in different flow passage components of centrifugal pump
systems, which include impeller, volute, vane, leakage passage and so on [86–88]. The various flow
phenomena are combined into a noise source for flow-induced noise calculation, which makes the
noise source identification and comparison an important part of the distribution characteristics analysis
of flow-induced noise. For centrifugal pumps with different structures, the unsteady flow fluctuations
in different flow passage components have different contributions to overall noise. As the main flow
passage components, the impeller and volute are widely considered. Guo et al. [89] proposed that the
analysis of flow-induced noise. For centrifugal pumps with different structures, the unsteady flow
fluctuations in different flow passage components have different contributions to overall noise. As
the main flow passage components, the impeller and volute are widely considered. Guo et al. [89]
proposed thatAppl. the noise
Sci. 2020, source could be identified qualitatively and quantitatively by7 ofcalculating
10, 1022 26 the
standard deviation (STD) of the noise source. As shown in Figure 4, the maximum of STD in volute
noise source
is located near could be identified
the volute tongue qualitatively
and extends and quantitatively
downstream by calculating
slightly the standard
along thedeviation
impeller rotation
(STD) of the noise source. As shown in Figure 4, the maximum of STD in volute is located near the
direction, which is much higher than that in other regions and is the main noise source region. He et
volute tongue and extends downstream slightly along the impeller rotation direction, which is much
al. [90] alsohigher
comparedthan thatsoundin other pressure
regions and intensity generated
is the main noise by impeller
source region. andalso
He et al. [90] volute dipole sources
compared
based on Lighthill acoustic analogy theory and found that the minimum of sound pressure intensity
sound pressure intensity generated by impeller and volute dipole sources based on Lighthill acoustic
induced byanalogy
the volutetheory and found that the minimum of sound pressure intensity induced by the volute dipole
dipole source is about 26 dB higher than the maximum of sound pressure
source is about 26 dB higher than the maximum of sound pressure intensity induced by the impeller
intensity induced
dipole sourceby theandimpeller
the maximumdipole source
is located near and the maximum
the volute tongue, whichisalso
located nearthethe
shows that volute tongue,
volute
which also dipole
shows thatisthe
source volute
the main dipole
noise source.source is the main noise source.

Figure 4. The STD distribution characteristics of noise source [89].

Figure 4. The STD distribution characteristics of noise source [89].
Besides the dipole source being obtained by unsteady flow fluctuations, the vibration of pump
structures
Besides the dipole induced by flowbeing
source could also induce noise,
obtained by namely
unsteadythe flow-induced structure noise
flow fluctuations, the[72], which
vibration of pump
implies that the vibration is also a kind of noise source. To compare the vibration at different locations
structures induced by flow could also induce noise, namely the flow-induced structure noise [72],
of the centrifugal pump system, Liu et al. [80] measured the vibration intensity at different locations
which implies
of thethat
pump thesystem
vibration
by usingis an
also a kind of
acceleration noise
sensor, as source.
shown in To compare
Figure the vibration
5. It is observed that the at different
locations ofvibration
the centrifugal
intensity at pump
the pump system, Liu
body is the et al.followed
largest, [80] measured
by pump foot theand vibration intensity
the vibration intensity at different
at inlet and outlet flanges is the lowest, which means that the vibration of the pump body contributes
locations of the pump system by using an acceleration sensor, as shown in Figure 5. It is observed
more to overall noise. The analysis above only discusses the overall vibration intensity at different
that the vibration
locations,intensity at the ofpump
while the analysis body isbetween
the relationship the largest, followed
vibration and noise by pump
is not footBased
involved. andonthe vibration
intensity atcoherence
inlet and outletZhou
analysis, flanges is the
et al. [83] lowest,
analyzed which means
the distribution that theofvibration
characteristics the vibration ofsignal
the pump body
contributesand
morenoisetosignal in the
overall frequency
noise. Thedomain,
analysisas shown
aboveinonlyFigurediscusses
6. The coherence coefficient
the overall between intensity at
vibration
vibration and noise is close to 1 at characteristic frequencies, which further reveals the relationship
different locations, while the analysis of the relationship between vibration and noise is not involved.
between vibration and noise.
Based on coherence analysis, Zhou et al. [83] analyzed the distribution characteristics of the vibration
signal and noise signal in the frequency domain, as shown in Figure 6. The coherence coefficient
between vibration and noise is close to 1 at characteristic frequencies, which further reveals the
relationship between vibration and noise.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 8 of 26
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

2.0
2.0
a1
a1 a2
1.5 a2 a3
Vibration intensity (m⋅s-2)

1.5 a3 a4
Vibration intensity (m⋅s-2)

a4

1.01.0

0.50.5

0.0
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow rate (m3/h)
Flow rate (m3/h)
Figure 5. The vibration intensity at different locations of pump system. (a1) inlet flange; (a2) outlet
Figure 5. The vibration intensity at different locations of pump system. (a1) inlet flange; (a2) outlet
flange;
Figure 5. The(a3) vibration
pump body; (a4) pump at foot [80].
flange; (a3) pumpintensity
body; (a4) pumpdifferent
foot [80].locations of pump system. (a1) inlet flange; (a2) outlet
flange; (a3) pump body; (a4) pump foot [80].
1.0

1.0
0.8

0.8
Coherence level

0.6
Coherence level

0.60.4

0.40.2

0.0
0.2 1 10 100
f/fb

0.0 (a)
1 10 100
Figure 6. Cont.
f/fb

(a)
 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 9 of 26
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 27

1.0

0.8

Coherence level
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 10 100
f/fb

(b)

1.0

0.8
Coherence level

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 10 100
f/fb

(c)

FigureFigure 6. Coherence
6. Coherence levellevel of vibration
of vibration andand noise
noise signals
signals in frequency
in frequency domainnear
domain nearthe
theoutlet
outletpipe.
pipe. (a)
(a) 8660 rpm; (b) 10,825 rpm; (c) 12,000
8660 rpm; (b) 10825 rpm; (c) 12000 rpm [83]. rpm [83].

In addition, to further compare the effect of dipole source and vibration on flow-induced noise,
In addition, to further compare the effect of dipole source and vibration on flow-induced noise,
Dong et al. [72,91] compared the internal flow noise and external radiation noise obtained by different
Dong noise
et al. sources,
[72,91] compared
as shown inthe internal
Figures flow
7 and 8. noise and external
By comparing radiation
Figures 7 and 8,noise obtained
it is found by different
that the noise
noise source
sources, hasas showncontributions
different in Figures 7toand 8. Byflow
internal comparing
noise andFigures
external7radiation
and 8, itnoise.
is found that thethe
Specifically, noise
sourceflow-induced
has different noise obtained by a casing (volute, cover, inlet and outlet pipes) dipole source is the highest the
contributions to internal flow noise and external radiation noise. Specifically,
flow-induced
inside thenoise
pump,obtained
while theby a casing (volute,
flow-induced cover,
structure noise inlet andbyoutlet
obtained pipes) dipole source is the
the acoustic-vibration-coupling
highest inside the pump, while the flow-induced structure noise obtained dipole
method is the highest outside the pump. The analysis reveals that the casing by thesource contributes
acoustic-vibration-
mostmethod
coupling to internal flowhighest
is the noise, while the vibration
outside the pump. excited
Theby unsteady
analysis flow fluctuations
reveals makesdipole
that the casing the biggest
source
contribution to external radiation noise.
contributes most to internal flow noise, while the vibration excited by unsteady flow fluctuations
makes the biggest contribution to external radiation noise.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 27
Appl. Sci.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x1022
2020, 10, FOR PEER REVIEW 1010of
of 27
26

160

160
150

150
140

140
130

130
120

120
110

(dB)(dB)
110
100
SPLSPL
100
90

90
80
Flow-induced noise obtained by casing dipole source
80
70 Flow-induced
Flow-inducedstructure noise by casing dipole source
noise obtained
70
60 Flow-induced
Flow-induced structure noise structure
noise considering

60
50 Flow-induced noise considering structure
0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100
50
0 150 300 450 600 750Frequency (Hz)1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100
900 1050 1200
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 7. The comparison of internal flow noise obtained by different noise sources [91].
Figure 7.
Figure Thecomparison
7. The comparisonof
ofinternal
internalflow
flow noise
noise obtained
obtained by
by different
different noise
noise sources
sources [91].
[91].

90
90
85 Flow-induced noise obtained by impeller dipole source
Flow-induced
Flow-inducednoise
noiseobtained
obtainedby
bycasing dipole
impeller source
dipole source
85
80 Flow-induced structured noise
Flow-induced noise obtained by casing dipole source
(dB)(dB)

80 Flow-induced structured noise

75
Level

75
Level

70
Power

70
Power

65
Sound

65
Sound

60
60
55
55
50
80 90 100 110
50 Flow rate (m3/h)
80 90 100 110
Flow rate (m3/h)
Figure 8. The comparison of external radiation noise obtained by different noise sources [72].
Figure 8. The comparison of external radiation noise obtained by different noise sources [72].
Figure Response
4.2. Frequency 8. The comparison
Analysis of external radiation
of Flow-Induced Noisenoise obtained by different noise sources [72].
4.2. Frequency Response Analysis of Flow-Induced Noise
Under theResponse
4.2. Frequency influence of the noise
Analysis source, specific
of Flow-Induced Noisefrequency response characteristics of flow-induced
noiseUnder the influence
are formed. Frequency of the noiseanalysis
response source, isspecific
undertakenfrequency response
to figure out thecharacteristics
noise distribution of flow-
in the
inducedUndernoise
the are formed.
influence of Frequency
the noise response
source, analysis
specific is
frequencyundertaken
response
frequency domain and the noise amplitude at different frequencies, which could provide guidelines to figure out
characteristics theof noise
flow-
distribution
induced in the
for noise noise
eliminationarefrequency
formed. domain
Frequency
and reduction. andresponse
Figures the2 noise amplitude
and 3analysis at
show theisfrequency different
undertaken frequencies,
to figure
response results which
out the could
of two noise
kinds
provide guidelines
distribution in the for noise
frequency elimination
domain andand reduction.
the noise Figures
amplitude 2
atand 3 show
different
of flow phenomena. Besides, the frequency response analysis is also used for the accuracy verification the frequency
frequencies, response
which could
results
provide ofguidelines
two kinds
of the numerical of flow
for noisephenomena.
simulation elimination
method. To Besides,
and
verify the
reduction.
the frequency
Figures
accuracy response
2 and
of the analysis
3 show
numerical the is also used
frequency
simulation for the
response
method, the
accuracy
results of verification
two kinds ofof the
flow numerical
phenomena. simulation
Besides, method.
the frequencyTo verify the
response accuracy
analysis
most commonly used object is the internal flow noise at the outlet pipe. As shown in Figure 9, the SPL isof the
also numerical
used for the
simulation
accuracy
obtained by method,
verification
simulation the
ofmost commonlysimulation
the experiment
and numerical used object
reaches is at
theeach
method.
a peak internal flowthenoise
Tocharacteristic
verify accuracyat theofoutlet
frequencies the
and pipe.
numerical
shows Asa
shown in
simulation Figure
method, 9, the
the SPL
most obtained
commonly by
used simulation
object is and
the experiment
internal flow
trend of fluctuating downward with the increase of frequency, which not only reveals the frequency reaches
noise at thea peak
outlet at
pipe.each
As
characteristic
shown
responseinresultsfrequencies
Figure but theand
9,also SPLshows a trend
obtained
manifests the byofsimulation
accuracy fluctuating downward
and
of the numerical with the
experiment
simulation increase
reaches
method. of frequency,
a peak at each
which not only
characteristic reveals the
frequencies and frequency
shows a trend response results downward
of fluctuating but also manifests the accuracy
with the increase of the
of frequency,
numerical
which notsimulation
only reveals method.
the frequency response results but also manifests the accuracy of the
numerical simulation method.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2020,
Appl. Sci. x FOR10,PEER
1022 REVIEW 11 of 26 11 of 27

160

150
Experiment results
140 Simulation results
130
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27
120
SPL (dB)

110 160

150
100
Experiment results
140 Simulation results
90
130
80
120
SPL (dB)

70 110
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
100
Frequency (Hz)
90
Figure 9. The frequency response results of internal flow noise [21].
80
Figure 9. The frequency response results of internal flow noise [21].
Figure 10 shows the frequency 70 response results of external radiation noise. With the frequency
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
increasing
Figure 10 showsfrom the 31.5 frequency
to 1000 Hz, the SPL follows
response results a fluctuating
Frequencyof
ascending trend and reaches a peak
(Hz)external radiation noise. With the frequency
at each order of f (shaft-passing frequency)
increasing from 31.5 to 1000 Hz, the SPL follows ab fluctuating ascending
s and f . The maximum value appears
trend between 1000 anda peak at
and reaches
2000 Hz [92,93]. When the frequency
Figure frequency)
9. The frequency is higher than
response 2000
resultsHz, the SPL decreases
of internalvalue
flow noise gradually.
[21]. between It is revealed
each order of fs (shaft-passing and fb. The maximum appears 1000 and 2000
that the frequency response characteristics of external radiation noise are different from those of internal
Hz [92,93].
flowWhen
Figure theshows
noise, while
10 frequency
the mechanism is higher
the frequency that thanthe
causes
response 2000 Hz,
difference
results of the SPL
between
external decreases
internal
radiation gradually.
flowWith
noise. noisethe
and It is revealed
external
frequency
that the increasing
frequency
radiation noise
fromresponse
has
31.5not characteristics
been
to 1000 revealed
Hz, the SPL of external
yet.follows a fluctuatingradiation
ascending noise
trendare
anddifferent
reaches a peakfromat those of
flowThe
internal each ordervibration
noise,
of fwhile of the
pump
s (shaft-passing structures
mechanism
frequency) has different
that
and b. The contributions
fcauses the difference
maximum to internal
value flow
between
appears noise andand
internal
between 1000 external
flow
2000noise and
radiation
external Hz noise,
[92,93]. When
radiation which
noisethe means
hasfrequency
not been that it could
is revealed also
higher thanyet. 2000 Hz, the SPL decreases gradually. It is revealed3
affect the frequency response characteristics. Table
compares
that the impactresponse
the frequency of an acoustic-vibration-coupling
characteristics of external effect on frequency
radiation response
noise are characteristics.
different from those As of
can be seen,
internal flowthe vibration
noise, whileof pump
the structures
mechanism thathas the opposite
causes effect on
the difference the noise
between at specific
internal flowfrequencies
noise and
inside and
external outsidenoise
radiation pumps. has not been revealed yet.

(a)
(a)
Figure 10. Cont.
 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 12 of 26
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 27

100

90

80

70
2-order of fb Maximum value range
60 1-order of fb
SPL (dB)

50
P1
40 2-order of fs
P5
P9
30
1-order of fs P13
20

10

0
31.5 40 50 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 500 630 800 1000125016002000400050008000
Frequency (Hz)

(b)
Figure 10. The
Figure Thefrequency response
frequency results
response of external
results radiation
of external noise. (a)noise.
radiation Monitoring points arrangement;
(a) Monitoring points
(b) Frequency(b)
arrangement; response results
Frequency of different
response monitoring
results of differentpoints [93]. points [93].
monitoring

Table 3. The impact of acoustic-vibration-coupling effect on frequency response characteristics of

The vibration of pump structures has different contributions to internal flow noise and external
flow-induced noise.
radiation noise, which means that it could also affect the frequency response characteristics. Table 3
compares the impact of an acoustic-vibration-coupling effect on frequency response characteristics.
Impact on Frequency
Study Object References Key Findings
As can be seen, the vibration of pump Response Characteristics
structures has the opposite effect on the noise at specific
frequencies inside and outside pumps. The vibration of volute could
cause the sound energy
The 2-order of fb is close to the
Internal
Table 3. The impact of acoustic-vibration-coupling frequency responseDue
effect on the dissipation. to the reflection
characteristics of
[68,69] 1-order of natural frequency,
flow noise and scatter effects, the volute
flow-induced noise. SPL at 2-order of fb decreases.
could prevent the internal noise
Study Impact on Frequency from propagating to outside.
References Key Findings
Object The 2-order
Response and 5-order of fb are
Characteristics The external radiation noise is the
External
close to the 1-order and 3-order of The result of joint
vibration of action
voluteofcould
the internal
cause
radiation [72]
natural frequencies, the SPL at pressure fluctuations and
noise The 2-order of fb is close to the the sound
2-order and 5-order of fb is higher. structure vibration. Due
energy dissipation.
Internal 1-order of natural frequency, to the reflection and scatter effects,
[68,69]
flow noise the SPL at 2-order of fb the volute could prevent the
4.3. Directivity Characteristics Analysis of Sound Field
decreases. internal noise from propagating to
In the internal and external fields of centrifugal pumps, the noise at different outside.locations changes
with the changing direction and The distance
2-order and of monitoring
5-order of fblocations relative to the noise source and
The external radiation noise is the
thereby
Externalspecific directivity characteristics
are close to the are formed.
1-order andDue
3- to the particularity of centrifugal pump
result of joint action of the internal
structures,
radiation the directivity
[72] distribution characteristics
order of natural in the circumferential direction have received
frequencies,
pressure fluctuations and structure
much attention [94–100]. Because
noise the SPLof the measurement
at 2-order difficulty, the directivity characteristics of the
and 5-order
vibration.
internal sound field are analyzed based of fon
b is numerical
higher. simulation, while those of external sound field
could be analyzed by the combination of numerical simulation and experimental measurement.
Based onCharacteristics
4.3. Directivity the results of frequency
Analysis ofresponse
Sound Field analysis at different monitoring points, the directivity
characteristics of the sound field could be obtained. Figures 11 and 12 present the directivity
In the internal and external fields of centrifugal pumps, the noise at different locations changes
characteristics of the internal sound field when the flow rate is 15 m3 /h [94,95]. The dipole directivity
with the changing direction and distance of monitoring locations relative to the noise source and
characteristics are presented in Figures 11b and 12 and the maximum of SPL at fb and TSPL appears
thereby specific directivity characteristics are formed. Due to the particularity of centrifugal pump
near the tongue. Figure 13 illustrates the directivity characteristics of the external sound field induced
structures, the directivity distribution characteristics in the circumferential direction have received
by impeller and volute dipole sources. The TSPL induced by the impeller dipole source presents the
much attention [94–100]. Because of the measurement difficulty, the directivity characteristics of the
dipole directivity characteristics, while the TSPL near the tongue is higher than that far away from
internal sound field are analyzed based on numerical simulation, while those of external sound field
could be analyzed by the combination of numerical simulation and experimental measurement.
 Based on the results of frequency response analysis at different monitoring points, the directivity
characteristics of the sound field could be obtained. Figures 11 and 12 present the directivity
characteristics of the internal sound field when the flow rate is 15 m3/h [94,95]. The dipole directivity
characteristics are presented in Figures 11b and 12 and the maximum of SPL at fb and TSPL appears
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 13 of 26
near the tongue. Figure 13 illustrates the directivity characteristics of the external sound field induced
by impeller and volute dipole sources. The TSPL induced by the impeller dipole source presents the
dipole directivity
the tongue when characteristics,
the volute dipole while the TSPL
source near thethe
is considered tongue
noiseissource,
higher which
than thatarefar awayto
similar from
the
the tonguecharacteristics
directivity when the volute dipole
of the source
internal is considered
sound theGuo
field. Besides, noiseet source, which are an
al. [98] conducted similar to the
experiment
directivity
to verify the characteristics of the internal
accuracy of directivity sound field.
characteristics ofBesides,
the externalGuo sound
et al. [98] conducted
field. As shown aninexperiment
Figure 14,
to
theverify
TSPLthe accuracy
illustrates of directivity
similar characteristics
dipole symmetric of the external
distribution sound field.
and asymmetric As showncharacteristics.
distribution in Figure 14,
the TSPL verify
The results illustrates
that thesimilar dipole
directivity symmetric
characteristics distribution
are the andaction
result of joint asymmetric
of impellerdistribution
and volute.
characteristics. The results verify that the directivity characteristics are the
Based on previous studies, Guo et al. [101] also proposed that the directivity characteristics ofresult of joint action of
a noise
impeller
source due and to volute. Basedflow
the unsteady on previous studies,
fluctuations lead toGuo et of
those al.the[101] also proposed
internal sound field that
andthe directivity
further cause
characteristics of a noise source
those of the external sound field. due to the unsteady flow fluctuations lead to those of the internal
sound field and further cause those of the external sound field.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11. Sound pressure level (SPL) directivity characteristics at fb of internal sound field obtained by
simulation when the flow rate is 15 m3 /h. (a) Arrangement of monitoring points; (b) SPL directivity
characteristics at fb [94].
 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 27

Figure 11. Sound pressure level (SPL) directivity characteristics at fb of internal sound field obtained
by simulation when the flow rate is 15 m3/h. (a) Arrangement of monitoring points; (b) SPL directivity
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 14 of 26
characteristics at fb [94].

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 28

Figure Total
12. 12.
Figure sound
Total pressure
sound levellevel
pressure (TSPL) directivity
(TSPL) characteristics
directivity of internal
characteristics sound sound
of internal field obtained
field
by obtained
simulation by when the flow
simulation rate
when theisflow
3 /h is
15 mrate [95].
15 m /h [95].
3

(a)(a)

(b)

Figure 13. Cont.

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 15 of 26
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 28

(c)

Figure
Figure 13.13. TSPL TSPLdirectivity characteristics
directivity of external
characteristics sound sound
of external field obtained by simulation.
field obtained (a)
by simulation.
Arrangement
(a) Arrangement of monitoring points;points;
of monitoring (b) TSPL(b)directivity characteristics
TSPL directivity induced byinduced
characteristics impellerby
dipole
impeller
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 27
source; (c) TSPL(c)
dipole source; directivity characteristics
TSPL directivity induced by
characteristics volute by
induced dipole source
volute dipole[96].source [96].

3
90.0 90.0 37.5 m37.5
/h m /h
3

102 112.5 67.5 67.5 3

102 112.5
50 m50/h m /h
3

100
100 3
62.5 m62.5
/h m /h
3

9898 135.0
135.0 45.0 45.0 3
75 m75/h m /h
3

9696 3 3
86 m86/h m /h
9494
9292 157.5157.5 22.5 22.5
9090
8888
TSPL(dB)
TSPL(dB)

8686
8484180.0
180.0 0.0 0.0
8686
8888
9090
202.5 337.5
92 202.5 337.5
92
94
94
96
96 225.0 315.0
98
98 225.0 315.0
100
100
102 247.5 292.5
102 247.5 270.0 292.5
270.0

Figure14.
Figure TSPLdirectivity
14.TSPL directivity characteristics
characteristics of external
of external field
field obtained
obtained by experiment
by experiment [98]. [98].
Figure 14. TSPL directivity characteristics of external field obtained by experiment [98].
With the
With thedevelopment
development of theof study,
the study,
the noise the noise directivity
directivity characteristics characteristics in axial and
in axial and horizontal
With
horizontal
direction arethe development
direction of the
are also[102–106],
also discussed study, the
discussedso[102–106], noise directivity characteristics
so thatdirectivity
that the spatial the spatialcharacteristicsin axial and horizontal
directivity characteristics
are revealed are
direction
revealed are also discussed [102–106], so that the spatial directivity characteristics are revealed
comprehensively.
comprehensively.
comprehensively.
4.4. NoiseChanging
4.4. Noise ChangingCharacteristics
CharacteristicsAnalysis
Analysis under
under Various
Various Operating
Operating Conditions
Conditions
4.4. Noise Changing Characteristics Analysis under Various Operating Conditions
The centrifugal
The centrifugalpumpspumpsalwaysalwaysneed needto to operate
operate under
under various
various conditions
conditions to meet
to meet corresponding
corresponding
working
The demands
demands and
centrifugal the
pumps
and theflow-induced
always neednoise
flow-induced to changes
operate
noise accordingly.
under
changes TheThe
various conditions
accordingly. analysis toofmeet
analysis the
of noise changing
corresponding
the noise
characteristics
changing is always
characteristics isincluded
always in the
included other
in studies
the other mentioned
studies
working demands and the flow-induced noise changes accordingly. The analysis of the noise above.
mentioned Figures
above. 15–17
Figures depict
15–17 the
depict the experimental
experimental
changing results ofresults
characteristics internal of flow
is always internal flow
noise
included noisethechanging
changing
in curves
other curves
at inlet
studies atand
inletoutlet
mentioned and above.
outlet
pipespipes
withwith
Figuresdifferent
15–17
different
rotational
depict therotational
speeds speeds
[107],
experimental [107],
flow
results flow
rates rates
[20]
of internaland [20] and
medium
flow medium
noise temperatures
temperatures
changing [108,109],
[108,109],
curves at respectively.
respectively.
inlet and It is It
outlet pipes found
with
is found
that that
the noise
different the noise at
at inletspeeds
rotational inlet
and outlet and outlet
[107],pipes pipes
flow shows
rates [20] shows
a similar a similar
changing
and medium changing trend
trend and the
temperatures and the noise at the
noise at respectively.
[108,109], the outlet pipe It
outlet
is pipe
higher
found is higher
than
that that
the than
at
noise atthat
the inletatand
the inlet
pipe. pipe.
With
outlet theWith
pipes growththe growth
shows of of rotational
rotational
a similar speed,speed,
changing the noise
the noise
trend and at
thetheatinlet
noisetheatand
the
inlet and
outlet pipes
pipe outlet
is pipesthan
increases
higher increases
gradually.
that atgradually.
Under Under
different
the inlet different
flow
pipe. With rates, flow rates,
the noise
the growth atthe noise
inlet
of rotational andat inlet the
outlet
speed, and
pipesoutlet
reaches
noise a
at the
minimum at a rated
inlet and outlet pipesoperating
increasescondition,
gradually.that Underis, near the best
different flow efficiency
rates, the condition
noise at and
inletincreases
and outlet at
pipes reaches a minimum at a rated operating condition, that is, near the best efficiency condition
and increases at off-design conditions. Besides, it is found from Figure 18 that the medium
temperature could also affect the noise level and the noise at inlet and outlet pipes reaches a
maximum at a certain temperature.
depict the experimental results of internal flow noise changing curves at inlet and outlet pipes with
different rotational speeds [107], flow rates [20] and medium temperatures [108,109], respectively. It
is found that the noise at inlet and outlet pipes shows a similar changing trend and the noise at the
outlet pipe is higher than that at the inlet pipe. With the growth of rotational speed, the noise at the
inletSci.
Appl. and outlet
2020, pipes increases gradually. Under different flow rates, the noise at inlet and 16
10, 1022 outlet
of 26
pipes reaches a minimum at a rated operating condition, that is, near the best efficiency condition
and increases at off-design conditions. Besides, it is found from Figure 18 that the medium
off-design
temperature conditions.
could alsoBesides,
affectit is
thefound
noisefrom Figure
level and 18 that
the the medium
noise at inlet temperature could also
and outlet pipes affecta
reaches
the noise level and the noise
maximum at a certain temperature. at inlet and outlet pipes reaches a maximum at a certain temperature.

182
Inlet
180 Outlet
178

176
TSPL (dB)

174

172

170

168

166

164
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 27
2100 2300 2500 2700 2900
Rotational
Figure 15. The changing curves of internal flow noise atspeed
inlet(rpm)
and outlet pipes with different rotational
speeds [107].
Figure 15. The changing curves of internal flow noise at inlet and outlet pipes with different rotational
speeds [107].

102

100
Inlet
Outlet
98

96
TSPL (dB)

94 Rated operating condition

92

90

88

86
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Flow rate (m /h)

Figure 16. The changing curves of internal flow noise at inlet and outlet pipes with different flow
Figure
rates 16. The changing curves of internal flow noise at inlet and outlet pipes with different flow rates
[20].
[20].
The changing trend of external radiation noise and internal flow noise is similar under different
rotational speeds, while30 that of different flow rates is different. Figure 18 depicts the experimental
results of external radiation noise changing curves with different flow rates [99], where P1–P13 are
the monitoring points shown in Figure 10a. It is observed that the external radiation noise follows an
25
increasing trend with the growth of flow rate, which is differentInletfrom the trend of internal flow noise
by comparing Figures 16 and 18. However, the mechanismOutlet that leads to the difference of changing
20
Pressure (kPa)

trend still needs to be explored further.

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
 86
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Flow rate (m /h)

Figure 16. The changing curves of internal flow noise at inlet and outlet pipes with different flow rates
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 17 of 26
[20].

30

25
Inlet
Outlet
20
Pressure (kPa)

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (deg.C)

Figure
Appl. Sci. The
17.xThe
2020, 17.
Figure 10, changing
FORchanging curves of
PEER REVIEW
curves of internal
internal flow
flow noise
noise at
at inlet
inlet and
and outlet
outlet pipes
pipes with
with different
different medium
medium
18 of 27
temperatures [108].
temperatures [108].

102
The changing trend of external radiation noise and internal flow noise is similar under different
100 that of different flow rates is different. Figure 18 depicts the experimental
rotational speeds, while
results of external radiation noise changing curves with different flow rates [99], where P1–P13 are
98
the monitoring points shown in Figure 10a. It is observed that the external radiation noise follows an
increasing trend with 96
the growth of flow rate, which is different from the trend of internal flow noise
by comparing Figure 16 and Figure 18. However, the mechanism that leads to the difference of
TSPL (dB)

94
changing trend still needs to be explored further.
92
P1
90 P5
Rated operating condition P9
88 P11
P13
86

84
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
3
Flow rate (m /h)

Figure18.
Figure Thechanging
18.The changingcurves
curvesofofexternal
externalradiation
radiationnoise
noisewith
withdifferent
differentflow
flowrates
rates[98].
[98].

InInsummary,
summary, based on the above analysis in Sections 2–4, it could be concluded that remarkable
based on the above analysis in Sections 2–4, it could be concluded that remarkable
results have been gained from analyzing the noise generation and distribution characteristics from using
results have been gained from analyzing the noise generation and distribution characteristics from
different
using study methodologies.
different On this foundation,
study methodologies. the flow-induced
On this foundation, noise propagation
the flow-induced noisemechanism
propagation still
needs to be further explored, to form a systematic analysis model of the noise
mechanism still needs to be further explored, to form a systematic analysis model of the noise generation, distribution
and propagation
generation, mechanism.
distribution and The analysis ofmechanism.
propagation the noise propagation
The analysismechanism
of thecould
noisenot only extend
propagation
the noise evaluation criterion but also lay a foundation for flow-induced noise
mechanism could not only extend the noise evaluation criterion but also lay a foundation for reduction from the view
flow-
of the noise
induced noisepropagation
reduction fromroute.
the view of the noise propagation route.
Besides, the generationof noise
Besides, the generation and vibration
of noise is associated
and vibration with the unsteady
is associated with theflow characteristics.
unsteady flow
It is indispensable to take the flow field effect into account on the basis of the acoustic-vibration-coupling
characteristics. It is indispensable to take the flow field effect into account on the basis of the acoustic-
method, to furthermethod,
vibration-coupling improveto the numerical
further improvesimulation method.simulation method.
the numerical
Additionally, in the process of experimental measurement,the
Additionally, in the process of experimental measurement, themeasurement
measurement object
object and
andmode
mode are
relatively monotonous currently and only the noise at representative monitoring
are relatively monotonous currently and only the noise at representative monitoring positions is positions is measured.
Considering
measured. the limitation
Considering the of the current
limitation experimental
of the measurement,
current experimental it is necessary
measurement, it istonecessary
develop new to
develop new measurement technology to realize the real-time measurement of the whole sound field
of centrifugal pumps, namely the visualization of the sound field.

5. Noise Optimization Design of Centrifugal Pumps

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 18 of 26

measurement technology to realize the real-time measurement of the whole sound field of centrifugal
pumps, namely the visualization of the sound field.

5. Noise Optimization Design of Centrifugal Pumps

The purpose of the study on the generation and distribution characteristics of flow-induced noise
is to lay a foundation for noise optimization design. As the final goal, the noise optimization design
could be realized by reducing the sound power conversion rate, cutting off the noise propagation path
and controlling the noise source [110,111]. The most effective optimization method is the noise source
control which includes active control and passive control. The former is to reduce or eliminate the
vibration and noise by attaching excitation source with the opposite phase [33]. The latter is to reduce
the rotor-stator interaction intensity of centrifugal pumps by changing the structural material, shape
and size and it is currently the most commonly used method for the noise optimization design of
centrifugal pumps. The analysis results of passive control are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Analysis results of passive control.

Pump Structures References Key Findings

• The decrease of impeller outlet width weakens the pressure
Impeller outlet fluctuations intensity and leads to the decrease of vibration
[112,113]
width and noise.
♦ The decrease of impeller diameter weakens the rotor-stator
interaction intensity and realizes the noise reduction, while it has
little impact on the directivity characteristics.
Impeller diameter [32,85,114,115]
♦ Critical value for the decrease of impeller diameter exists. The
noise reduction effect weakens when the decrease value exceeds
the critical value.
• The decrease of blade outlet angle weakens the fluctuations
Blade outlet angle [102,116,117] intensity of noise source, which results in the noise reduction,
while it has little impact on the directivity characteristics.
♦ The impeller with splitter blades affects the dipole directivity
characteristics and leads to the noise reduction.
♦ The inclined blade layout weakens the vibration intensity and
Blade type [74,79,118–121] noise amplitude, while it affects little the directivity characteristics.
♦ The number of blades has no obvious influence on the vibration
and noise.
• The change of vane wrap angle has no obvious effect on the
Vane wrap angle [81,122] vibration intensity and noise.

Blade inlet ♦ The change of blade inlet incidence angle has no obvious impact
[82] on the vibration and noise.
incidence angle
• The noise with 316L (one kind of anti-corrosion stainless steel)
used as port valve is the largest, followed by the noise with
NYLON (Aliphatic polyamides) used as port valve, the third one
Structure material [123]
is the noise with PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) used as port valve
and the noise with PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) used as port
valve is the lowest.
♦ The straight inlet shape improves the unsteady fluctuation
characteristics inside the pump compared with the pre-rotating
Inlet shape [124] inlet shape and leads to the reduction of pressure
fluctuations intensity.
• The volute with rectangular cross section has a better noise
behavior than that with horseshoe-shaped cross section.
Volute shape [125]
• The noise obtained by volute with round edge cut-water is lower
than that obtained by volute with sharp edge cut-water.
Footer: “•”and “♦” are used to distinguish the passive control results of different pump structures.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 19 of 26

It is noticeable that the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps is affected by various pump
structures. On the basis of low flow-induced noise and high hydraulic performance, it is more ideal to
explore the effect of various structure combinations on flow-induced noise and hydraulic performance.
Then, the optimization algorithm is designed to analyze the influence of various factors on noise
and hydraulic performance, as well as the corresponding influence proportion, so that the optimal
geometric parameters could be obtained [126–130]. Predictably the optimization method effectively
promotes the optimization development. However, the design of a variety of structures is tedious,
expensive and time-consuming, so it is essential to establish a fast numerical simulation model for
optimization design.

6. Outlook for Future Study

Benefiting from the development of computer technology, modern measurement techniques and
related sound theory, great achievements have been realized regarding the analysis of the flow-induced
noise of centrifugal pumps. By summarizing the study status, there are still some important areas for
flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps needing to be focused in the future.
From in-depth study on the generation mechanism of flow-induced noise, the contributions of
different flow phenomena to overall flow-induced noise are not clear. Besides, there is no sufficient
study on the generation mechanism and control strategy of noise induced by complex turbulence, back
flow, rotating stall and water hammer. With the development of centrifugal pumps in the direction of
large flow, high power and high load, as well as the demand for the change of operating conditions,
the impact of these kinds of noise cannot be ignored. Therefore, an in-depth study on the generation
mechanism of flow-induced noise is essential.
The improvement of the flow-vibration-acoustic-coupling method. The pressure fluctuations
could induce noise and also induce the vibration of pump structures. The vibration could not only
affect the flow field but also induce noise. Meanwhile, the generated-noise could affect structure
vibration. Therefore, it is essential to further improve the noise simulation method by combining the
flow field governing equation, the elastic structure dynamic equation and the sound field governing
equation and establishing the coupling equation.

(1) Analysis model establishment of the generation, distribution and propagation mechanism for
flow-induced noise. The analysis of the propagation mechanism of flow-induced noise, which
has been proved that it is affected by the synergy of flow and sound fields in the process of fluid
flow [131], is not involved in current study of the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps. It is
beneficial for the prevention and control of flow-induced noise to establish the analysis model of
the generation, distribution and propagation mechanism for flow-induced noise. The analysis
model could be used for systematically analyzing the generation mechanism, the proportions of
noise sources with different properties, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and the
propagation characteristics of flow-induced noise.
(2) Development of high precision and fast numerical simulation method. There are three-dimensional
steady and transient iterative calculation processes in the numerical simulation of flow-induced
noise, which are tedious and time-consuming. To obtain high precision results, a large amount
of grid system is required. Predictably, the development of high precision and fast simulation
method could promote the study of flow-induced noise.
(3) Noise visualization experiment. To acquire the spatial distribution and dynamic changing
characteristics of the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps more accurately, the real-time
measurement of the whole sound field of centrifugal pumps should be conducted by developing
the noise visualization technology.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 20 of 26

7. Conclusions
This paper reviews more than 130 articles to summarize the current study status on the
flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps. The review contents include the analysis of noise
generation mechanisms and propagation routes, the study methodologies comparison, the distribution
characteristics analysis of flow-induced noise and the analysis of noise optimization design. Then the
outlook for future study is presented based on the literature review. The main conclusions are shown
as follows:

(1) The flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps is related to various complex flow phenomena.
During the normal operating condition, the noise induced by rotor-stator interaction is the main
component of overall noise. The rotor-stator interaction could cause the frequency response
characteristics that are dominated by characteristic frequencies in a low frequency range. The
cavitation could inhibit the rotor-stator interaction to some extent. With the development of
cavitation, the frequency response characteristics of flow-induced noise that are dominated
by characteristic frequencies weaken and the noise level in a high frequency range increases
gradually. In addition, when the flow-induced noise generates inside centrifugal pumps, the
noise could not only propagate to the inlet and outlet pipes but also propagate to the external
environment, namely the internal flow noise and external radiation noise, respectively.
(2) Theoretical study, numerical simulation and experimental measurement are the main
methodologies to analyze the flow-induced noise of centrifugal pumps. Theoretical study analyzes
the subject through the governing equation level. Because of the obscurity of the theoretical study,
the theoretical conclusions are always combined with numerical simulation. Numerical simulation
is currently the most popular and versatile method to analyze the flow-induced noise by combining
the Lighthill acoustic analogy theory with CFD and taking the acoustic-vibration-coupling effect
into consideration, but the numerical simulation results need to be verified by experiment.
For experimental measurement, the flow-induced noise could be directly measured but the
measurement object and mode are relatively monotonous and the measurement results are
affected by mechanical vibration.
(3) The analysis of the distribution characteristics of flow-induced noise mainly includes the
noise source identification and comparison, the frequency response analysis, the directivity
characteristics of sound field and the noise changing characteristics under various operating
conditions. The main noise source region is located near the volute tongue and the volute dipole
source has more contribution to internal flow noise compared with the impeller dipole source.
Besides the dipole source, the vibration of pump structures induced by unsteady flow fluctuations
is also a kind of noise source and it makes the biggest contribution to external radiation noise.
Under the influence of a noise source, specific frequency response characteristics of flow-induced
noise are formed and the internal flow noise shows a trend of fluctuating downward with the
increase of frequency, while the maximum of external radiation noise appears between 1000 and
2000 Hz. Based on the frequency response analysis results, directivity characteristics could be
obtained. The internal flow noise and external radiation noise show the similar dipole directivity
characteristics and the noise level near the tongue is higher than that far away from the tongue.
The internal flow noise and external radiation noise increase with the growth of rotational speed.
With the growth of flow rate, the internal flow noise reaches a minimum at rated operating
conditions generally and increases at off-design conditions, while the external radiation noise
increases gradually. Besides the effects of rotational speed and flow rate on noise, the medium
temperature could also affect the noise level.
(4) As the final goal of the flow-induced noise study of centrifugal pumps, the noise optimization
design is mainly realized by changing the pump structures to reduce the rotor-stator interaction
intensity. However, different structures have different effects on the flow-induced noise. Therefore,
it is required to consider the impacts of various structure variables and to combine the evaluation
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1022 21 of 26

criteria of noise with that of hydraulic performance, then carry out multi-objective comprehensive
optimization design.
(5) Based on the current study status, the in-depth study of the generation mechanism of flow-induced
noise, the improvement of the fluid-vibration-acoustic-coupling method, the analysis model
establishment of the generation, distribution and propagation mechanism for flow-induced noise
and the development of high precision and fast numerical simulation method, as well as the
development of noise visualization experiment need to be focused in future.

Author Contributions: M.G. proposed the idea for the article; C.G. performed the literature research and data
analysis; C.G. wrote the manuscript; M.G. and S.H. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to
the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province, grant number
2019GSF109084. And the APC was funded by Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
fb Blade-passing frequency (Hz)
fs Shaft-passing frequency (Hz)
n Number of frequencies (-)
NPSHa Available net positive suction head (m)
NYLON Aliphatic polyamides (-)
p’ Instantaneous sound pressure (Pa)
Pe Effective sound pressure (Pa)
Pref Reference sound pressure (Pa)
PEEK Polyetheretherketone (-)
PSD Power spectral density (Pa2 )
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (-)
SPL Sound Pressure Level (dB)
STD Standard deviation (-)
T Several rotational periods (s)
TSPL Total Sound Pressure Level (dB)
316L One kind of anti-corrosion stainless steel (-)

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