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Antes de poder utilizar una balanza, debe calibrarse con una referencia peso
que cumple con los estándares establecidos por el Instituto Nacional de
Estándares y Tecnología o la Sociedad Estadounidense para Pruebas y
Materiales.
Sin embargo, calibrar una balanza no elimina todas las fuentes de error.
Si hay una diferencia entre la densidad del objeto que se está pesado y la
densidad de los pesos utilizados para calibrar la balanza, luego una corrección
al peso del objeto debe hacerse
Después de corregir Para la flotabilidad del aire, la densidad del agua se utiliza
para calcular el volumen de agua. dispensado por la pipeta.
EJEMPLO 5.1
Se calibró una pipeta volumétrica de 10 ml siguiendo el procedimiento que se
acaba de describir, utilizando una balanza calibrada con pesas de latón con
una densidad de 8,40 g / cm3. A 25 ° C se descubrió que la pipeta dispensaba
9,9736 g de agua. ¿Cuál es el real volumen dispensado por la pipeta?
SOLUCIÓN
A 25 ° C, la densidad del agua es 0.99705 g / cm3. El verdadero peso del agua,
por lo tanto, es
Signals are measured using equipment or instruments that must be properly calibrated
if Smeas is to be free of determinate errors. Calibration is accomplished
against a standard, adjusting Smeas until it agrees with the standard’s known signal.
Several common examples of calibration are discussed here.
When the signal is a measurement of mass, Smeas is determined with an analytical
balance. Before a balance can be used, it must be calibrated against a reference
weight meeting standards established by either the National Institute for Standards
and Technology or the American Society for Testing and Materials. With an electronic
balance the sample’s mass is determined by the current required to generate
an upward electromagnetic force counteracting the sample’s downward gravitational
force. The balance’s calibration procedure invokes an internally programmed
calibration routine specifying the reference weight to be used. The reference weight
is placed on the balance’s weighing pan, and the relationship between the
displacement
of the weighing pan and the counteracting current is automatically adjusted.
Calibrating a balance, however, does not eliminate all sources of determinate
error. Due to the buoyancy of air, an object’s weight in air is always lighter than its
weight in vacuum. If there is a difference between the density of the object being
weighed and the density of the weights used to calibrate the balance, then a correction
to the object’s weight must be made.1 An object’s true weight in vacuo, Wv, is
related to its weight in air, Wa, by the equation
where Do is the object’s density, Dw is the density of the calibration weight, and
0.0012 is the density of air under normal laboratory conditions (all densities are in
units of g/cm3). Clearly the greater the difference between Do and Dw the more serious
the error in the object’s measured weight.
The buoyancy correction for a solid is small, and frequently ignored. It may be
significant, however, for liquids and gases of low density. This is particularly important
when calibrating glassware. For example, a volumetric pipet is calibrated by
carefully filling the pipet with water to its calibration mark, dispensing the water
into a tared beaker and determining the mass of water transferred. After correcting
for the buoyancy of air, the density of water is used to calculate the volume of water
dispensed by the pipet.
E
XAMPLE 5.1
EXAMPLE 5.1
A 10-mL volumetric pipet was calibrated following the procedure just outlined,
using a balance calibrated with brass weights having a density of 8.40 g/cm 3. At
25 °C the pipet was found to dispense 9.9736 g of water. What is the actual
volume dispensed by the pipet?
SOLUTION
At 25 °C the density of water is 0.99705 g/cm 3. The water’s true weight,
therefore, is.