Jona Cris Alimpolos Gr.

12 Compassion Practical Research Module 2

Beyond Walls

Explain the following:

1. Sample Survey

A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to
estimate population attributes. It is also often used instead of complete enumerations or census
because of its following advantages which are faster and cheaper. It can yield more
comprehensive information. It is also more accurate where a small highly skilled group of
workers is likely to make fewer errors in the collection and handling of data than a large census
force would. And last but not the least, because of the savings makes possible the study of
much larger and much more varied populations than would possible for the same expenditure if
one were making a complete enumeration.

2. Sampling Design

Well as I read in the module, there are 3 major types of Sampling designs: Probability
Sampling, Non Probability Sampling, Mixed Method Sampling.

A. Probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of

random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some
process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have
equal probabilities of being chosen. An example of it are simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, multi stage sampling.

There are also a lot of techniques in Drawing Random Samples (Daniel, 2012) First, is the
lottery method in which each elements have representing numbers in the target that are placed
on chips, cards or rolled papers. Next id Table of random numbers, where the researcher
should blindly select starting point and then systematically proceed in the table. Lastly, the
random generated numbers by using a computer program this is the key in specific range of
numbers from tens to millions and can be a random numbers that will appear from your choices
thet you will pick.
B. Non Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which the researcher selects

samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection.
It is a less stringent method. This sampling method depends heavily on the expertise of the
researchers. It is carried out by observation, and researchers use it widely for qualitative
research.

 Quota sampling

With proportional quota sampling, the aim is to end up with a sample where

the strata (groups) being studied (e.g., males vs. females students) are proportional to
the population being studied. If we were to examine the differences in male and female
students, for example, the number of students from each group that we would include in
the sample would be based on the proportion of male and female students amongst the
10,000 university students.

Convenience sampling

A convenience sample is simply one where the units that are selected for inclusion in the
sample are the easiest to access. In our example of the 10,000 university students, if we
were only interested in achieving a sample size of say 100 students, we may simply
stand at one of the main entrances to campus, where it would be easy to invite the many
students that pass by to take part in the research

Purposive sampling

Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, reflects

a group of sampling techniques that rely on the judgement of the researcher when it
comes to selecting the units (e.g., people, cases/organisations, events, pieces of data)
that are to be studied. These purposive sampling techniques include maximum variation
sampling, homogeneous sampling, typical case sampling, extreme (or deviant) case
sampling, total population sampling and expert sampling. Each of these purposive
sampling techniques has a specific goal, focusing on certain types of units, all for
 different reasons. The different purposive sampling techniques can either be used on
their own or in combination with other purposive sampling techniques.

 Self-selection sampling

Self-selection sampling is appropriate when we want to allow units or cases, whether

individuals or organisations, to choose to take part in research on their own accord. The
key component is that research subjects (or organisations) volunteer to take part in the
research rather than being approached by the researcher directly

 Snowball sampling

Snowball sampling is particularly appropriate when the population you are interested in
is hidden and/or hard-to-reach. These include populations such as drug addicts,
homeless people, individuals with AIDS/HIV, prostitutes, and so forth.

C. Mixed Method Sampling

To design a mixed study, researchers must understand and carefully consider each of the
dimensions of mixed methods design, and always keep an eye on the issue of validity. We
explain the seven major design dimensions: purpose, theoretical drive, timing (simultaneity and
dependency), point of integration, typological versus interactive design approaches, planned
versus emergent design, and design complexity.

The used of mixed methods research design was spurred by the application of concepts, multi
method “multitrait” and triangulation which wer introduced by Campbell and Fiske in 1959 and
the four types of triangulation by Denzin data triangulation, method logical triangulation,
investigator triangulation and the theory triangulation (Daniel,2012).

Researchers have made adjustments in their sampling procedure as a response to change in

technology, lifestyle, the legal environment and nonresponse rates.

1. Telephone Based Sampling is a lot of strategies used to create tests in phone review
information assortment. Telephone based have lower cost and season of information
assortment than up close and personal study strategies.
 2. Web based Sampling is a sampling procedure, email addreses, websites visits and
recruited users in the internet are utilized as sampling units.

3. Adress based Sampling is used mostly national surveys due to postal addresses that
are utilized as sampling units

4. Time based Sampling is a sampling method that involves the acquisition of

representative samples by observing subjects at different time intervals. These time
intervals can be chosen randomly or systematically.

5. Space based sampling well refers to a set of sampling procedures that utilize spaces
as a sampling unit. In essence it is referred to as area sampling, spatial sampling,
location based sampling, venue based sampling etc.

3. Sample Unit

A sampling unit is largely determined by the target groups in your survey and the data you
have about the population in which the sampling will be carried out. Nevertheless, in most
populations, population data are most readily available on households, such as the number of
households in each village or lists of households in villages. In addition, if you have more than
one target group in your survey (for example, if you are collecting data on the household, young
children, and women of child-bearing age), it may be easiest to have one sampling unit, the
household, and then include everyone in each selected household who belongs to one of the
target groups. For these reasons, household is probably the most common sampling unit in
population surveys.
Apply

Suppose you were asked to decide on what sampling technique to use, what would it b –given
the following situation?

1. You need to get the opinions of parents who represent 60% of the school population

( with a total of 5000 students) on the issue of the k -12 Basic Education Program.

A probability sampling is one in which every unit of the population has a known non-
zero probability of selection and is randomly selected. A probability sample allows
inferences about the target population to be made. By knowing the selection probability
for each unit where the parents opinions with a total of 5000 students, objective
selections can then be made which should produce a more representative sample.
Known probabilities also allow the measurement of the precision of the survey estimates
in terms of standard errors and confidence intervals. In essence, it is compatible for this
research problem where do really preferred when conducting major surveys, especially
when a population frame is available ensuring that we are able to select and contact
each unit in the population. 

2. You want to gather the responses of school principals in the whole Tagbilaran City
School division regarding the effectiveness of the school based management program.

In my own comprehension, the sampling techniques to be utilized will be the

nonprobability which is the purposive sampling since it is the judgement sampling that
the researchers uses his judgement in selecting the respondents where we select a
group of subjects where the responses of the school principals or study from a larger
group in the Tagbilaran. The derivation drawn from such samples can be generalized to
 the total sampling population as I represent when choosing members of the population to
participate in our study where encourages me understand what to do next.

hings to think about before designing a survey

Web-based questionnaires are just one of many tools available to the social researcher.
They should be used as part of an overall project design.
The research needs to be planned and thought out as rigorously as any other research project.
An online survey is not necessarily easier to implement than a paper based one: there are some
advantages but there are also problems.
 Technical computing expertise is needed, in addition to the analytical skills necessary for any
research.
These notes are designed to help you ensure that an online survey is the most appropriate
approach for your project. Please think through the issues raised below before embarking on a
web-based survey. They are set out as a series of questions, to which you will find it helpful to
write down answers. If you cannot answer all the questions, you are probably not ready to
proceed with your survey.
hings to consider before planning a review
hings to consider before planning a review

Design is the deliberately planned 'arrangement of conditions for analysis and

collection of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
researchpurpose with economy of procedure'. The researcher should think if it
is relevant to thesis or the argument you wish to present, an adequate test of
your thesis if itsunbiased and reliable),accurate in establishing causality, in
situations where you wish to go beyond description to provide explanations for
whatever is happening around you, capable of providing findings that can be
generalized to situations other than those of your immediate organization. The
design of the research involves consideration of the best method of collecting
data to provide a relevant and accurate test of your thesis, one that can
establish causality if required and one that will enable you to generalize your
findings.Design of the research should take account of the following factors,
which are briefly discussed below with links to subsequent pages or other
parts of the site where there is fuller information.

 3. In constructiong questionnaire or interview schedule the researcher must consider on

how to attain realibility and validity on its content.To show what I mean, first , Focusing items on a
single topic or idea in short question in order order not to confuse the respondents and arrange the
questions in good. Next, making word questions as clearly as possible and avoid leading question.
Number all items and avoid to use term “questionnaire or checklist”. The questions should not
be ambiguous and should be presented in an easy to understand manner.The
questions should be typed and should be legible to understand. . Lastly, item must be
mote or long enough to support validity or realibility.In essence, the researchers have
tons of considerations in drafting questionnaire.

A true Experiments are conducted both in the laboratory and in real life situations. True
experiments, in which all the important factors that might affect the phenomena of interest
are completely controlled, are the preferred design. Often, however, it is not possible or
practical to control all the key factors, so it becomes necessary to do the other option which
is the correlational. There are essentially reasons that researchers interested in
statistical relationships between variables would choose to conduct a correlational
study rather than an experiment.  is that the statistical relationship of interest is
thought to be causal, but the researcher cannot manipulate the independent
variable because it is impossible, impractical, or unethical.
Well the results on the relationship of the two states 1 variables would give an idea
pf how variable affects the other one, which is also what wanted to find out in
experimental design. In correctional m it will show how extent of relationship of the
two variables which is wantinb to know the treatment to subject.