UNIT III.

ARTIST AND ARTISANS

Overview

This unit focuses on the most important element and creator in any work of art, which is the
artist or the artisan. The artists’ or artisans’ medium, technique, and process in their arts stem from
their urge to create, which is universal and widespread. Artists and artisans are driven by their sense
of wonder and curiosity. The stages in the creative process would reflect the notable works from the
different artists and artisans who were given the highest recognition from our country.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this unit, I am able to:

1. define an artist’s and artisan’s medium and technique;

2. differentiate between artist and artisan’s approach/technique toward a particular medium;
3. identify ONA and GAMABA artists’ notable works and their contribution to society; and
4. explain the three stages of the creative process
Lesson Proper

ARTIST AND ARTISANS

Ortiz et al., (1976) artists and artisans as:

Artists

 The word “artist” is generally defined as an art practitioner, such as a painter, sculptor,
choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musicians, and the like, who produces or creates
indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination.
 Artists are creative individuals who use their imagination and skills to communicate in an art
form.
 Artists look to many sources for inspiration

Artisans

 An artisan is a craftsman, such as carpenter, carver, plumber, blacksmith, weaver,

embroiderer, and the like, who produce directly functional and/or decorative arts.
 The artisan’s works are useful, relevant, and essential in our everyday life. They serve us for
a long time, supplying us with directly functional arts.

THREE STAGES OF CREATIVE PROCESS

1. Germination

 It is the initial moment when you conceive the next project in your life. It is the
moment with a lot of energy coming out of the future you envision.
 In the germination stage, you are planting the seeds of your creation. The most
important and difficult thing in this stage is choosing.
 It may be a painful process, but it is necessary in any case.
  It is also important to choose what you want to do instead of avoiding what you do
not want to do. You will have to take in your own power and not to give it
circumstances

2. Assimilation

 It is a crucial step in the creative process. During this phase you will internalize and
assimilate or incorporate the idea you want to create. Plan, analyze it, and cultivate
it with all available resources.
 The assimilation stage of the creative process follows an organic path, with its own
rhythms and needs. Sometimes it will look like everything is working in order and in
harmony.
 But you need to be critical in this process and do not adapt it to your convenience.
Otherwise, you will be unsuccessful and put the whole project in danger.

3. Completion

 It is a difficult time because your energy will be small and likely dispersed with a new
vision. Put a deadline to your projects and do not get entangled in small and never-
ending details.

THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

The Production Process consists of three parts:

1. Preproduction

 Pertains to the ideation process of the artist

 May take time or be quick as lightning
 Sometimes seep into production stage
 May not necessarily be fully formulated and maybe explored while doing the artwork
 May overlap the production in terms of gathering and sourcing of materials

2. Production

 Execution of the artwork

 May vary depending on the medium and technique of the artist
 May overlap of preproduction in terms of gathering and sourcing of materials

3. Postproduction

 Includes allowing the artwork to set, tweaking the artwork, preparing the artwork for
transport and display, and promotion and inclusion of the artwork in publications
and discussions
 Consideration of how the finished artwork will be circulated and accepted by the
target audience
THE ART WORLD

Individuals and Groups that are part of the Art World:

1. Artists and Artist Group

 Producers of artwork
 Artist groups are social fellowships that enable collaborations and exchange of
knowledge, skill and technique

2. Art Academy

 The academe is the formal institution for instruction about art practice and
production
 The first academy of the arts in the Philippines was the Academia Dibujo y Pintura,
established by Damian Domingo.

3. Art Writer (Art Historians, Art Critic)

 Art historians and art critics write about art

 The main aim of the art historians is to contextualize artworks in their place and time
in history
 Art critics write about art to help the public understand and appreciate art

4. Art Collectors

 Art collectors are the patron of art

 They buy finished artworks or commission artist to create specific artworks for their
desired purposes

5. Art Institutions

 Focus on the development and/or preservation of art.

 They may be private organizations or government-mandated organizations
 They can be housed in the academe or in art museums or galleries

6. Art Museums and Galleries

 Common platform for the exhibition of arts

 They house important artwork and artifacts

7. Art Curators
 Responsible for organizing exhibitions in galleries or museums
 They are responsible for researching and developing themes for exhibitions
 They are responsible for coordinating with artist

8. Public
 The public is the general audience of the art world
  Today, the art scene id continuously opening itself to the public from small shows to
the independent group to grand exhibitions by big names in the industry

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE OF THE ARTS

Medium

 Refers to the material or means which the artist uses to objectify one’s feelings or
thoughts.
 The nature of the medium determines the way it can be manipulated and turned into a
work of art.
 Each medium has inherent limitations as well as potential
 The nature of the medium determines what can be express through it
 Each medium has its own range of character which determines the particular appearance
of the finished product

Technique

 Refers to an artist’s knowledge of his medium and his skill in making it achieve what he
wants it too
 Artist differ in technique even though they may be using the same medium

CATEGORIES BASED ON MEDIUM (Ortiz et al., 1976)

1. VISUAL ART/SPACE ART

 Medium which can be seen and occupy space

1.1 TWO DIMENSIONAL

a. PAINTING – a process of applying pigment on a smooth surface (paper, cloth,

canvas, wood or plaster) to secure an interesting arrangement of forms lines and
color.
PAINTING MEDIUMS

1. ENCAUSTIC-one of the early mediums is the

application of a mixture of the half beeswax, resin and ground
pigment to any porous surface. It is followed by the
application of heat to set the colors and bind them to the
surface. Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used encaustic to
paint portraits in a coffin.

Encaustic Painting, credits to Wikipedia.com

2. TEMPERA PAINTS-are earth or
mineral pigments mix with egg
yolk and egg white. It is most
often used in the past in painting
vellum in the production of
books. Now, tempera is
normally applied in wooden
panels carefully covered with
gesso, a combination of gypsum
or chalk and gelatin glue. Tempera Paint Canvass, credits to
fineartamerica.com

3. FRESCO PAINTING-is the application

of earth pigments mixed with water on a
plaster wall while the plaster is damp. Color
sinks into the surface and becomes an
integral part of the wall permanently.

The Last Judgement by Michael Angelo,

credits to artyfactory.com

4. WATERCOLOR-tempered paint made with

pure ground pigment bound with gum arabic.
Painters apply watercolor in thin, almost
transparent film. The surface of paper then
shows through, giving a delicate,
luminous texture to the painting.

Seashore Sunset, credits to pinterest.com

5. OIL PAINTING-pigment ground on

linseed oil is applied to primed canvas. Oil
is a very flexible medium and can be
applied using a brush, airbrush, palette
knife, or even with bare hands.
 Ballet, credits to afremov.com

6. SYNTHETIC PAINTS-using acrylic polymer

emulsions as binders are the newest and the
ones that are widely used by today’s
painters. Acrylic combines transparency and
quick-drying characteristics of watercolor
and the flexibility of oil.

Synthetic Cubism, credits to fineartamerica.com

b. MOSAIC-wall or floor decorations made of

small cubes of irregularly cut pieces of colored stone
or glass called tesserae. These are fitted together to
form a pattern and glued on a surface with plaster or
cement.

Mosaic art by Brenda Pokorny, credits to

sites.google.com

c. STAINED GLASS-
developed as a major art when it
appeared as an important part of
the Gothic cathedral. It is
translucent glass colored by mixing
metallic oxides into the molten
glass or by fixing them into the
surface of a clear glass.
Medieval Stained glass, credits to Wikipedia.com

d. TAPESTRY-these are fabrics into

which colored designs have been woven.
Walls of palaces, castles and chapels in
Europe were decorated in the middle ages
with tapestries.

Vandage Tapestry, credits to thetaoestryhouse.com

e. DRAWING-is the most fundamental of all skills needed in visual art. A drawing
may be a study, sketch, cartoon, or finished work in itself. Drawing can be done
using graphite (pencil), pen and ink, pastel, chalk, charcoal, crayons, or
silverpoint.
 f. PRINTMAKING-is a graphic image that results from a duplicating process. Each
print is an original work, not a reproduction.

PRINT MAKING MEDIUMS

1. RELIEF PRINTING-involves cutting away a block of wood or linoleum the

portions of the design that the artist does not wish to show, leaving to the
design stand out on the block. The uncut, smooth surface is then covered with
ink, which under pressure, leaves an impression on paper.

2. INTAGLIO PRINTING-design is etched into a metal plate. The incised or the

depressed area is filled with ink, which under considerable pressure, leaves a
sharp impression on damp paper.

3. PLANOGRAPHIC PROCESS-is one form of printing in which surfaces have

been treated chemically or mechanically so that some areas will print and the
others will not. The design is drawn with a greasy crayon or pencil on a slab
of special limestone or zinc plate. The drawing is fixed with an acid solution,
then a greasy ink is spread over a roller. Paint can be made by pressing a piece
of paper on a plate.

4. STENCIL PRINTING-is done by cutting the design out of a special paper,

cardboard or metal sheet in such a way that when ink is rubbed over it, the
design is reproduced on the surface beneath.

g. PHOTOGRAPHY-literally drawing with light. It shows the actual likeness of the

object photographed. Photography makes uses of technology: camera, films,
chemical, or computer program.

The Rule of Thirds

The rule of thirds is one of the useful composition techniques in photography.

This is known as the basic knowledge that most photographers use when they are
placing items within a frame for their masterpiece. This technique suggests that
you should imagine a tic – tac – toe or a pick – pack – boom board on a frame of
the picture. This involves dividing up the image using two horizontal lines and
two vertical lines. Then you position the important elements in your scene at the
points where they meet along those lines.

1.2 Three Dimensional

a. Sculpture - are three-dimensional forms constructed to represent the natural or

imaginary shape
 b. Architecture - the art of designing and constructing a building that serves
specific functions from providing shelter to meeting the technological demands
of modern cities.

c. Interior Design - is concerned with the selection of space and furnishings to

transform an empty shell of a building into a livable area. Interior designers work
with furniture, appliances, fixtures, draperies, and rugs with an eye for texture
and color.

d. Landscaping - the artificial arrangement of land areas to achieve a purely

aesthetic effect. The landscape artist makes use of the terrain as his basic medium,
along with sand, rocks, water, and growing plants found on it.

2. Auditory/Time Arts

 Medium which can be heard and which are expressed in time.

2.1 Music

 The primary material of music is sound

 Musical sound (tones)are produced in a man-made instruments and the human
voice.
 Musical instrument has three things in common:
a. A part which vibrates
b. A part that amplifies sound
c. A system for producing and regulating fixed pitches
 Musical instruments are grouped according to their vibrators (how these are
made to vibrate) and resonators (whatever amplifies the vibration):
a. Stringed Instruments
b. Wind Instruments
c. Percussion Choir
d. Keyboard Instrument

2.2 Literature

 The medium of literature is language

 Writers uses words to build his compositions
 Literature is exclusive to works that exploit the suggestive power of language

3. Combined Arts

 Medium which can be both be seen and heard, and which exist in both space and
time.

3.1 Dance

 Movements may involve part or the whole of his/her body with or without the
accompaniment of music.
 A dancer uses his/her body to communicate an idea or feeling to his audience
 3.2 Theatre (Drama and Opera)

 Combination of literature, acting costume design, stage design and music.

3.3 Cinema

 Extension of photography
 It makes use several shots, each shot made up to a series of pictorial units taken
from one point of view
 To this series, the sound is added
 It may present a fictional story, a dramatic feature, or a documentary

Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA) (NCCA,2015)

 Also called the National Living Treasure Award

 It was institutionalized in April 1992 through Republic Act No. 7355
 GAMABA has its roots in the 1988 National Folk Artist Award organized by the Rotary Club
of Makati-Ayala
 Folk and traditional arts reflect the diverse heritage and cultural traditions that transcend
their beginnings to become part of our national character.
 GAMABA artists bring age-old customs, crafts and ways of living to the attention and
appreciation of Filipino life

The aims of GAMABA are:

1. To recognize the finest traditional artist of the Philippines

2. To adopt a program that will ensure the transfer of their skills
3. To undertake measures to promote genuine appreciation of and instill pride among our
people about the genius of the manlilikha ng bayan

Who can be awarded the GAMABA? (NCCA,2015)

Under RA 7355, Manlilikha ng Bayan means:

1. A citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino

2. With distinctive skills that have reached a high level of technical and artistic excellence
3. Have passed on to and allowed a wide practice of art by the present generation in his/her
community with the same degree of technical and artistic competence

ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTIST (ONA) (NCCA,2015)

(Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining)

 This is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who made a significant
contribution to the development of the arts.

The Order of National Artist aims to recognize:

1. Filipino artist makes significant contributions to the cultural heritage of the country.
 2. Filipino artistic accomplishment at its highest level and promote creative expression as
significant to the development of national cultural identity.
3. Filipino artists who have dedicated their lives to their works to forge new paths and
directions for future generations of Filipino artist’s.

FIELDS OF ARTS WHERE ARTIST ARE RECOGNIZED:

1. National Artist for Architecture(NCCA,2017)

a. Pablo S. Antonio
b. Leadro V. Locsin
c. Juan F. Nakpil
d. Ildefonso P. Santos
e. Jose Maria V. Zaragoza
f. Francisco T. Mañosa

2. National Artist for Film(NCCA,2017)

a. Lamberto V. Avellana
b. Lino Brocka
c. Ishmael Bernal
d. Manuel Conde
e. Gerardo De Leon
f. Roland Alan K. Poe
g. Eddie S. Romero
h. Kidlat Tahimik

3. National Artist for Visual Arts(NCCA,2017)

a. Fernando Amorsolo
b. Hernando Ocampo
c. Bendicto Cabrera
d. Carlos Botong Francisco
e. Cesar Legaspi
f. Abdulmari Asia Imao
g. Guillermo E. Tolentino
h. Arturo Luz
i. Federico Aguilar
j. Napoleon Abueva
k. J. Elizalde Navarro
l. Francisco Coching
m. Victorio Edades
n. Ang Kiukok
o. Joe T. Joya
p. Vicente Manansala
q. Larry Alcala

4. National Artist for Literature(NCCA,2017)

a. Francisco Arcellana
b. Edith L. Tiempo
c. Bienvenido Lumbera
d. N.V.M. Gonzales
e. Virgilio S. Almario
 f. Cirilo F. Bautista
g. Nick Joaquin
h. Amado V. Hernandez
i. Lazaro Francisco
j. F. Sionil Jose
k. Carlos P. Romulo
l. Jose Garcia Villa
m. Alejandro Roces
n. Rolando S. Tinio
o. Levi Celerio
p. Resil B. Mojares
q. Ramon L. Muzones

5. National Artist for Fashion Design(NCCA,2017)

a. Ramon Valera

6. National Artist for Theater Design(NCCA,2017)

a. Salvador F. Bernal

7. National Artist for Dance (NCCA,2017)

a. Francisca Reyes Aquino
b. Ramon Obusan
c. Alice Reyes
d. Leonor Orosa Goquingco
e. Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula

8. National Artist for Historical Literature(NCCA,2017)

a. Carlos Quirino

9. National Artist for Music (NCCA,2017)

a. Antonio Buenaventura
b. Jose Maceda
c. Lucrecia R. Kisalag
d. Ernani J. Cuenco
e. Lucio San Pedro
f. Antonio J. Molina
g. Francisco Feliciano
h. Levi Celerio
i. Ramon P. Santos
j. Jovita Fuentes
k. Felipe Padilla De Leon
l. Andrea Veneracion
m. Honorato “Atang” Dela Rama
n. Ryan Cayabyab

ART CURATION

Art Curators

 Responsible for organizing art exhibitions in galleries or museums

  They are responsible for researching and developing themes in the exhibition
 They are responsible for coordinating with artist

To be able to curate an exhibition based on an artist, a curator must learn by an artist (Cajipe-
Endaya,2002):

1. Name
2. Educational background relevant history
3. Artwork
4. Exhibition/Performances
5. Award and Distinctions
6. Collections
7. Portfolio
UNIT IV. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART

Overview

This unit tackles how every artist may make use of various visual qualities in creating a work
of art. These visual qualities are elements. Together with principles of design, they will both be
utilized to prepare and examine artworks for better outputs, understanding and appreciation of the
art forms. Music as an art form which is one of the most pervasive and potent arts classified under
auditory art is also discussed.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this unit, I am able to:
1. analyze the various elements present in visual and auditory arts;
2. identify the principles of design;
3. identify and differentiate the various planes in art; and
4. identify the various elements in music.

Lesson Proper

Elements of Art
 The elements of art are the “building blocks” of art
 They are joined together in a variety of ways to formulate art
 Different forms of art have different elements

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ART

1. Line- the most fundamental of elements of design. It is the starting place for most artistic
creation whether one is starting a fine drawing or painting or even sketching ideas for a
sculpture. The most design begins in line.

Different Lines
 a. Horizontal Lines- straight line differs in the directions they take. Horizontal in artwork
usually indicate calmness and rest.

b. Vertical Lines-they does not lean at all. Verticals show strength, balance, and stability.

c. Diagonal Lines- diagonals indicate movement or action as may be seen in the posture of
a runner or horse in full run. On the adverse side, diagonals may indicate stress,
frustration, or defeat.

d. Zigzag Lines- the diagonals from angles and change direction suddenly. Zigzag indicates
chaos, conflict, and confusion.

e. Curved Lines- they are curvilinear, they are organic and natural and adjust direction
regularly.

f. Actual Lines- the artist intentionally shows the line in an artwork

g. IMPLIED LINES- are used by the artist to make a viewer feel their involvement in
interpreting the composition by seeing and connecting lines where none actually exists.

2. Shapes- the interesting element of the visual arts. Shapes result from the coming together of
lines enclosing an area and separating it from its surroundings (Fichner,2013)

Kinds of Shape

a. Geometric Shapes-are regular and precise and present an industrial feel to the viewer.

b. Organic Shape-have a natural appearance and are usually curvilinear and irregular.

c. Biomorphic Shape-manifest some qualities of biological organisms.

d. Amorphous Shape-exist without any basis from either nature or geometry.

Geometric Organic
 Biomorphic Amorphous
3. Form- used in artwork that has three dimensions instead of two as shape.

4. Space- An element of the visual art have fascinated both the artists and the viewers. Artist’s
fascination is based on discovering any other ways to manipulate the picture plane create the
illusion “endless” space. Viewers, stare in awe at what was achieved by the artists.

The Illusion of Space

5. OVERLAPPING-the objects that are near will be seen as

complete or whole while the objects that are far would be
partly covered by objects in front of them.

Drawing Overlapping Objects, credits to

samanthasbell.com

6. RELATIVE SIZE AND LINEAR

PERSPECTIVE-the farther the object is from the
viewer, the smaller is the size of the object.

One Point Perspective, credits to quizlet.com

7. ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE-this is also

known as aerial perspective. The illusion of depth is
created by techniques known as gradient (a gradual
change).

Atmospheric perspective, credits to vitruvianstudio.com

8. COLOR - is the most expressive element of art. It shares powerful connections with emotion.
Color has been observed that colors appeal to our emotions and interact with the psychology
of the visual system to amaze us into the matter in which is perceived.
 Physical properties of Color

a. Hue-it is the name for which color is known. The hue is determined by the
wavelength of light physically given by the color.
b. Value-it refers to the lightness and darkness of color.

c. Intensity or Saturation-it refers to how pure the color is. Pure hues pertain to
the absence of white, black and gray.

Additive and Subtractive Colors

• Two color systems exist. Colors of light which were discovered by Newton and
Colors of pigments have different characteristics. They are either additive or
subtractive.

• Colors of light are additive and Colors of pigments (paints) are subtractive.

• Combining these colors result in black, for each color in this mixture cancels out
each other brightness.

The Color Wheel

Isaac Newton was the first to conceptualize

the color wheel

 The color wheel can be described as a

circle divided equally into twelve parts
representing the twelve colors and how they
relate to one another.

Type of Colors
 Primary colors
 Secondary colors
 Intermediate colors
 Tertiary colors
 Neutrals
 Warm and Cool colors

Colors and Emotion

 It has been discovered that colors appeal to the emotion and enhance the mood.
  The physiology of the brain reacts to the presence of colors transmitted to it by the
visual system.
 Warm, bright colors make us happy and excite us while cool colors relax us and
encourage us to take it slow.
 Reds, pinks, and yellows stimulate us, making us feel warm and passionate; greens
and blues on the other hand, suggest calmness and peace.
 Though the effect of color may be universal, the meaning attached to it is culture
specific.

9. Texture- defined as how the surface of the material feels and looks like.

Types of Texture

a. Actual Texture-refers to the real feel and look of the surface of the object.

b. Simulated Texture-refers to a surface character that looks real but is not.

c. Abstract Texture-the artist would focus on one aspect of the real texture and
emphasized it, thus, modifying the texture of the whole composition.

d. Invented Texture-product of artist imagination. This presentation is usually seen

in the abstract.

Actual Simulated

Abstract Invented
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (Dr. Florante P. Ibarra,2015)

Sound Components

1. Pitch-a musical procedure that determines the highness or lowness of a specific musical
sound

2. Intensity-process of distinguishing volume of specific sound vibration

3. Duration-covers the span between the first and the end or cut off of a specific perceptible
sound

4. Timber-process of distinguishing the quality of sound of an instrument or human voice.

The Primary and Secondary Elements of Sound Components

The Primary Elements of Music

1. Rhythm-the organization of all elements of time included in the music

2. Melody-the organization of the individual tones in successive pitches in horizontal

motion that is organized in time

3. Harmony-the process of simultaneous pitches and the vertical relationship among

tones

The Secondary Elements of Music

1. Texture-refers to the horizontal and vertical relationship among tones

2. Dynamics-the intensity of sound or volume of a musical phrase

3. Form-the principle of musical organization that determines its over-all structure

4. Tone Color-the quality of sound of a particular instrument or voice

ELEMENTS OF FICTION

1. Character-a figure in a literary work (personality, gender, age, etc.). E.M. Forester makes a
distinction between flat and round characters:

a. Flat Characters-types or caricatures defined by a single idea of the quality

 b. ROUND CHARACTERS-have the three-dimensional complexity of real people

2. Setting-combination of place, historical time, and social milieu that provides the general
background for the characters and plot of a literary work. The general setting of a work may
differ from the specific setting of an individual scene or event.

3. Theme-the central and dominating idea (or ideas) in a literary work.

4. Plot- the major events that move the action in a narrative. It is the sequence of major events
in the story, usually in a cause-effect relation.

5. Style-the authors type of distinction (choice of words), syntax (arrangement of words), and
other linguistic features of a work

6. Point Of View- the vantage point from which the narrative is told.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY

1. Connotation- refers to an implied meaning that’s associated with a word in addition to its
literal meaning.

2. Figurative Language- are words and expressions used in poems and text to convey various
meanings and interpretations from the literal meaning.

3. Imagery- the name given to the elements in a poem that sparks of the senses.

4. Sound and Rhythm- is the beat and stressed syllables in a poem. Poets have a variety of
possibilities for building that rhythm and ending lines.

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

1. Character-is a person, animal, being, creature, or a thing in a story. Writers use characters to
perform the actions and speak dialogue, moving the story along a plotline.

2. Conflict-literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces, usually a
protagonist and an antagonist.

3. Dramatic Irony-the words or act of a character may carry a meaning unperceived by the
character but understood by the audience.

4. Idea-a plan, suggestion or possible course of action.

5. Discovery-something that is suddenly revealed about a character or situation in a play.

 6. Reversal-turning point in a drama after which the plot moves steadily to its denouement.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE

1. Action- any human movement included in the act of dancing.

2. Music-used in reference to dancing, rhythms, such as tempo, dynamics, and beat, are derived
from music, as most dance is either set to music or accompanied by it.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

 The elements of design are the multiple ways the elements of art can be used to create an
artwork

1. BALANCE
 Way of combining elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of
art.
 It can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial
a. SYMMETRICAL-known as formal balance, the
similarity is so precise that each half is seen one and
the same.

b. ASYMETRICAL- known as informal balance,

where elements on either side of a composition do not
reflect one another
Symmetry, credits to Wikipedia.com

c. RADIAL - all elements radiate out from a center point

in a circular fashion to all four quadrants of the shape’s
constraining plane
2. EMPHASIS/CONTRAST
 Way of combining
Drawing in radial symmetry, credits to
pinterest.com elements to stress
differences between
those elements.
 Contrasting elements are often used to direct and
focus the viewer’s attention on the most
important parts of a design.
Emphasis in composition, credits to thoughco.com

3. HARMONY

 A way of combining similar elements in artwork to accent their similarities

 It is accomplished through the use of repetitions and subtle, gradual changes

4. Variety

 Involved ways to create intricate and complicated relationships.

 It is achieved through diversity and change

5. Gradation

 Using a series of gradual changes in those elements

 Examples of gradation include a gradual change from small shapes to large shapes, or
from dark hue to a light hue

6. Movement

 Used to create the look and feel of actions and to guide the viewer’s eye throughout
the work of art.
 Also used to direct the viewer’s attention to a center of interest, or make certain that
the main parts of the work are noted.

7. Rhythm

 Created by the careful placement of repeated elements in a work of art to cause a

visual tempo or beat

8. Proportion

 Concerned with the relationship with the certain elements to the whole and to each
other.
 Proportion is often closely connected with emphasis.