CAMPBELL

Life at the Edge

BIOLOGY TENTH
EDITION

Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

§  The plasma membrane is the boundary that
separates the living cell from its surroundings

7 §  The plasma membrane exhibits selective

permeability, allowing some substances to cross it
Membrane more easily than others
Structure and
Function

Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Video: Structure of the Cell Membrane Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid
mosaics of lipids and proteins
§  Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the
plasma membrane
§  Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules,
containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
§  A phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable
boundary between two aqueous compartments

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.2

Hydrophilic head
§  The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane
WATER is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various
proteins embedded in it
§  Proteins are not randomly distributed in the
membrane
WATER

Hydrophobic tail

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1
Figure 7.3

The Fluidity of Membranes

Fibers of extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)

§  Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move

within the bilayer
Glyco-
Carbohydrate Glycolipid
protein
EXTRACELLULAR §  Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
§  Rarely, a lipid may flip-flop transversely across
the membrane
Cholesterol
Microfilaments Peripheral
of cytoskeleton proteins Integral
protein CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.5
(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails

Fluid Viscous

§  The steroid cholesterol has different effects on

membrane fluidity at different temperatures
§  At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol
Unsaturated tails Saturated tails pack
restrains movement of phospholipids prevent packing. together.

§  At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by (b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane

preventing tight packing Cholesterol reduces

membrane fluidity at
moderate temperatures,
but at low temperatures
hinders solidification.

Cholesterol

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Membrane Proteins and Their Functions

Composition
§  Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes §  A membrane is a collage of different proteins,
of many species appear to be adaptations to often grouped together, embedded in the fluid
specific environmental conditions matrix of the lipid bilayer
§  Ability to change the lipid compositions in §  Proteins determine most of the membrane’s
response to temperature changes has evolved in specific functions
organisms that live where temperatures vary

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2
 Figure 7.6

§  Peripheral proteins are bound to the surface of N-terminus EXTRACELLULAR

SIDE
the membrane
§  Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core

§  Integral proteins that span the membrane are

called transmembrane proteins
§  The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein
α helix
consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar CYTOPLASMIC
amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices C-terminus SIDE

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.7
Signaling
molecule
Receptor
Enzymes

§  Six major functions of membrane proteins

§  Transport ATP
Signal transduction

§  Enzymatic activity (a) Transport (b) Enzymatic

activity
(c) Signal
transduction

§  Signal transduction

§  Cell-cell recognition
§  Intercellular joining Glyco-
protein

§  Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular

(d) Cell-cell (e) Intercellular (f) Attachment to
matrix (ECM) recognition joining the cytoskeleton
and extracellular
matrix (ECM)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.8

HIV
§  HIV must bind to the immune cell surface protein
CD4 and a “co-receptor” CCR5 in order to infect
a cell
§  HIV cannot enter the cells of resistant individuals
that lack CCR5
Receptor
Receptor (CD4)
(CD4)
Co-receptor but no CCR5 Plasma
(CCR5) membrane

(a) (b)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3
 The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell- Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
Cell Recognition
§  Cells recognize each other by binding to §  Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces
molecules, often containing carbohydrates, on the
extracellular surface of the plasma membrane §  The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids,
and associated carbohydrates in the plasma
§  Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently membrane is determined when the membrane is
bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more built by the ER and Golgi apparatus
commonly to proteins (forming glycoproteins)

§  Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma

membrane vary among species, individuals, and
even cell types in an individual

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.9
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secretory Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in
protein selective permeability
Golgi
apparatus §  A cell must exchange materials with its
Vesicle surroundings, a process controlled by the
Attached
carbohydrate
plasma membrane

Glycolipid
§  Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular traffic
ER
lumen
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face Transmembrane
Extracellular face glycoprotein
Secreted
protein
Membrane
glycolipid

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer Animation: Membrane Selectivity

§  Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as

hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly
§  Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar
molecules do not cross the membrane easily

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4
Transport Proteins

§  Transport proteins allow passage of hydrophilic
substances across the membrane
§  Some transport proteins, called channel proteins,
have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules
or ions can use as a tunnel
§  Channel proteins called aquaporins facilitate the
passage of water
§  Other transport proteins, called carrier proteins,
bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle
them across the membrane
§  A transport protein is specific for the substance
it moves

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.10
Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section)
Concept 7.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a
substance across a membrane with no energy
investment WATER

§  Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread

out evenly into the available space Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

(a) Diffusion of one solute

§  Although each molecule moves randomly,
diffusion of a population of molecules may be
directional
§  At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross
the membrane in one direction as in the other
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

(b) Diffusion of two solutes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Diffusion

§  Substances diffuse down their concentration

gradient, the region along which the density of a
chemical substance increases or decreases
§  No work must be done to move substances down
the concentration gradient
§  The diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane is passive transport because no
energy is expended by the cell to make it happen

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

5
 Figure 7.11
Lower concentration Higher concentration More similar
Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance of solute (sugar) of solute concentrations of solute

§  Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a

selectively permeable membrane
Sugar H 2O
molecule
§  Water diffuses across a membrane from the region
of lower solute concentration to the region of Selectively
permeable
higher solute concentration until the solute membrane
concentration is equal on both sides

Osmosis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.11a

Water Balance of Cells Without Cell Walls

Selectively §  Tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution to

Water permeable
membrane
cause a cell to gain or lose water
molecules can
pass through
pores, but sugar Water molecules §  Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the
molecules cluster around
cannot. sugar molecules.
same as that inside the cell; no net water
movement across the plasma membrane
This side has
This side has
fewer solute
molecules,
more solute §  Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is
molecules,
more free
water molecules.
fewer free greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Osmosis water molecules.
§  Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less
than that inside the cell; cell gains water

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.12

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

H 2O H 2O H 2O H 2O
§  Hypertonic or hypotonic environments create
(a) Animal cell

osmotic problems for organisms

Lysed Normal Shriveled §  Osmoregulation, the control of solute

Plasma
Cell concentrations and water balance, is a necessary
wall
membrane H 2O Plasma
membrane
H 2O adaptation for life in such environments
H 2O H 2O

§  The protist Paramecium, which is hypertonic to its

(b) Plant cell

pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole

that acts as a pump

Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

6
Figure 7.13

Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided

by Proteins
§  In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed
50 µm the passive movement of molecules across the
Contractile vacuole
plasma membrane
§  Transport proteins include channel proteins and
carrier proteins

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.14
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID

§  Channel proteins provide corridors that allow a (a) A channel

protein
specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
Channel protein Solute
§  Aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of water CYTOPLASM

§  Ion channels facilitate the diffusion of ions

§  Some ion channels, called gated channels, open
or close in response to a stimulus

Carrier protein Solute

(b) A carrier protein

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to

move solutes against their gradients
§  Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in shape §  Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the
that translocates the solute-binding site across the solute moves down its concentration gradient, and
membrane the transport requires no energy
§  Some transport proteins, however, can move
solutes against their concentration gradients

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

7
 The Need for Energy in Active Transport

§  Active transport moves substances against their §  Active transport allows cells to maintain
concentration gradients concentration gradients that differ from their
surroundings
§  Active transport requires energy, usually in the
form of ATP §  The sodium-potassium pump is one type of
active transport system
§  Active transport is performed by specific proteins
embedded in the membranes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.15 Figure 7.16

Passive transport Active transport

EXTRACELLULAR [Na+] high
FLUID [K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

[Na+] low P ATP

Na+
CYTOPLASM [K+] high ADP

K+ 1 2

K+

Na+
6 Na+

Na+

K+

K+ P

K+ K+ 3
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion ATP
P
Pi
5
4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.18

Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane

Protein
+
−
§  Cotransport occurs when active transport of a Sucrose
Sucrose
solute indirectly drives transport of other Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
substances Diffusion of H+
H+
+
§  Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen H+ −
H+
ions generated by proton pumps to drive active +
− H+
transport of nutrients into the cell
H+
H+ H+
Proton pump
H+
ATP − + H+

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8
BioFlix: Membrane Transport Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the
plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and
endocytosis
§  Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell
through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins
§  Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicles
§  Bulk transport requires energy

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Exocytosis

Introduction
§  In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the
membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
outside the cell
§  Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export
their products

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Endocytosis Video: Phagocytosis in Action

§  In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules

by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
§  Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving
different proteins
§  There are three types of endocytosis
§  Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)
§  Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)
§  Receptor-mediated endocytosis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9
Figure 7.19 Figure 7.19a
Phagocytosis EXTRACELLULAR
Receptor-Mediated
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis FLUID
Pseudopodium Solutes
EXTRACELLULAR of amoeba
FLUID Solutes Pseudopodium

Pseudopodium
Receptor
Bacterium

1 µm
Plasma
membrane Food vacuole
Coat An amoeba engulfing a
protein bacterium via phago- “Food”
“Food” cytosis (TEM) or
Coated
or other
pit
other particle
particle

Coated
vesicle
Food
Food
vacuole
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.19b

Pinocytosis

§  In phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle in a

vacuole
Plasma
§  The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the membrane

0.25 µm
particle Coat
Pinocytotic vesicles protein
forming (TEMs)
Coated
pit

Coated
vesicle

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.19c

Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
§  In pinocytosis, molecules dissolved in droplets
are taken up when extracellular fluid is gulped
Plasma Receptor
into tiny vesicles membrane
Coat
protein
0.25 µm

Top: A coated pit.

Bottom: A coated vesicle
forming during receptor-
mediated endocytosis (TEMs)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

10
 §  In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of
ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
§  A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically
to a receptor site of another molecule

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

11