Pre-conquest Period Okir (termed ukkil in Tausug/ Samal/ Badjao) - can be found

 Art before the coming of the first colonizers in panolong or sultan’s house called Torogan.

Indigenous - stylistic term

Pre-colonial - cultural term PRE-CONQUEST POTTERY
Manunggul Jar (890-710BC)

ANCIENT FILIPINOS - found in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan.

 Do not refer to “art” as we do today. - Secondary burial vessel where buried exhumed bones are

 Hunter-Gatherers placed.
Ayub Jar (5BC-225AD) - anthropomorphic burial jar

PRE- CONQUEST THEATRE Palayok - used for cooking

Cañao or Kanyaw (Cordillera) - officiated by Shaman or Banga and Tapayan - containers for fermenting food or

Mumbaki. It involves animal sacrifice and performed for liquids.

healing, announcing of birth, coming of age, weddings, and Pagbuburnay - in Vigan thrives and is currently valued in

funeral. Ilocos.

Kashawing (Lake Lanao, Mindanao) - to ensure abundance

during rice planting and harvesting. PRE-CONQUEST WEAVING

Tagbanwa (Palawan) - believes that every 13th moon, three FORMS OF WEAVING:

goddesses descend from heaven to bless the planting of rice. Textile Weaving - imparts knowledge about people͛ belief
system (examples: Pis Siyabit and Malong)

ETHNICAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Traditional Weaving - fibers are gathered from plants, and

 Pipes , Flutes, Zithers, Drums, Kudyapi, Kulintang, pigments are extracted from roots, etc.

Gangsa, Agung Mat and Basket Weaving - Tepo Mat and Ovaloid Baskets
Bubo - fish traps made of bamboostrips from Ilocos Region.

PRE-CONQUEST DANCES
Pangalay (Sulu Archipelago) - movements of seabird. ORNAMENTATION

Kinabua (Mandayas) - movements of eagles. Upper Class Tagalog - portrayed wearing gold jewelry.

Banog-banog (Higanon) - performed by the healed patients Visayans - covered with tattoos to protect the individual from

and mimetic of the movements of hawk. evil spirit and as a badge for maturity and bravery.

Man-manok (Bagobos, Mindanao) - mimics fowl.  Aside from tattoo, jewelry is also believed to make the

Talip (Ifugao)- a dance used in courtship and is mimetic of wearer more attractive.

the movements of wild fowls.

INAMONG (Matigsalugs)- performed during harvests and PRE-CONQUEST METALWORK

mimicking the motions of a pair of flirting monkeys. Lotoans or Betel Nut Boxes of Various Shapes (Maranao, Del

KADALIWAS - mimics comedic movement of monkeys. Sur) - made of brass or bronze.

TINIKLING (Leyte) - a popular Tagalog folk dance often - Special Technique: lost wax or cire perdue process

showcased for tourists. It is evocative of the movements of Brass Kendi and the Gadur

crane. - used in ceremonies.

- Kendi - a vessel used for pouring liquids

PRE-CONQUEST CARVINGS - Gadur - container with a tapered top

Bulul (Cordillera) - regarded as granary god that plays an

important role in rituals. Islamic Colonial
Hagabi (Ifugao) - wooden bench that marks the  Islam was already in Sulu as early as 13th century.
socioeconomic status of the owner.  Sayyid Abbubakar of Arabia married Princess
Santos (Laguna and Pampanga) - sculpture of saint. Piramisuli
Paete, Laguna - recognized for its carving tradition  Established the Sultanate of Sulu
Betis, Pampanga - remains active today despite of the many  Introduced Quran, builds religious school called
challenges posed to contemporary practice.  Madrasa that facilitated the teaching of Arabic Writing.
 Islam was embraced as religion and as a way of life by • Hispanic churches, the baroque style are
the people predominantly employed purposely appealed to
the emotions.
BELIEFS OF ISLAM THAT INFLUENCE ART - San Agustin Church in Manila
Filipino Muslims - belong to ummah - Morong Church in Rizal
Islamic Faith - doctrine of Tahwid Façade of Miag-ao Church - surrounded by reliefs or relleves
Muslim - “away from human forms and nature toward the with tropical motifs, palm fronds and papaya trees, adobe,
contemplation of the divine” limestone, or brick and thick buttresses or wing- like
Mosque - connected with the Tahwid. projections
Mirah and Qibla - is in the west as a sign of unity. - Some art historian refer to the style as Colonial Baroque or
Mecca - Great Mosque of Mecca and its Bulbous Dome are Philippine or Tropical Baroque
placed.
Dome - how the universe was imagined. ARCHITECHTURE
Octagonal base - symbolizes the spirit  Saints and interpretations are the essentials into
Four-sided main base - material world worship
Kaabah (in courtyard) - a shrine that was built by the prophet  The friars brought the Western models for our local
Muhammad himself. artists to copy which are most likely made from either
Qibla - where they face whenever they pray ivory or wood and portrays classical and baroque
Fountain - cleansing before entering the sacred space. models
 Kulul or Canopy  In the 17th century, Chinese artisans are engaged in
 Islam disregard material world and focus more in making icons or saints or santos, building churches and
upward orientation. houses, making furniture.
 Torogan
 Panolong SCULPTURE AND ORNAMENTATION
 Burraq-horse with the head of a woman believed to Retablos - where Santos are displayed on decorative altar
carry the Prophet in his ascension to heaven niche
Via Crucis (14 paintings or relief sculptures) - is series of
Spanish Colonial Period reliefs which shows Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW  In other churches, Holy Family, the Virgin Mary, and

 Though the South have been resistant, the Spanish the four evangelists proliferate in the ceilings and walls

Colonizers gained control in the Central part, which in an ornate manner of trompe l’oeil.

they classified them as “Lowland Christians.”  Church altars *carved figurative protrusions like

 Art forms, as they demanded, are under the strict rule relleves in organic designs and in hammered silver or

of the church and the colonial state. the plateria (plateria technique) which can be seen at

 By Religious orders they dispatched to convert all the bodies of the carroza

natives to Catholicism
 Art forms are stylistically and culturally which are MUSIC

classified under religious art, lowland Christian art, and Pasyon or pabasa - are biblical narration of Christ’s passion

folk art. chanted (sometimes read)

 To carry out their projects like, theplaza complex, they Awit and the Corrido - are musical forms chanted, based on

relocated the natives and let them build town centers, European literature

municipio(s), and churches. Balitao - is sentimental love songs and lullabies in the latter

 Designed according to prescriptions of the Spanish half of the 19th century

crown, establishments must imposes scale and overall Kundiman - is born that spoke about resignation and fatalism,

visual appeal like: a vehicle for resistance with lyrics of unrequited love

• Cruciform churches following the shape of the

Latin cross. WRITING SYSTEM
 Mangyans of Mindoro has bamboo poles which are
etched with Baybayin script, used for courtship and
emotional concerns.
 Spanish colonization brought with it printing
technology in the form of catechism and prayer books
in Spanish for a lot to read and write and to evangel.
THEATRE
Pomp and Pageantry
- One of the earliest forms of theater.
- A religious processions with embellished carrozas that
shows religious tableaus, saints and scene.
Zarzuela or Sarsuwels
- in 19th century, is a singing and dancing.
- prose dialogue whichthe story is carried out in song
- the locals learned to write locally language sarsuwelas in the
leadership of Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan and
Honorata ‘Atang’ dela Rama as their lead actress.
Senakulo − Christ’s suffering in metaphor to the suffering of
Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule
Two main types of senakulo:
1. Komedya de Santo - life of Christ or of any saint
- during church celebrations
- stylized way
- extravagant costumes
- elaborately choreographed war scene 
2. Secular Komedya - commonly known as “Moro-Moro”
which is typical a love story Christian hero and an Islamic
heroine, clashes, and is done with dance
Senakulo in Nueva Ecija - araguio or arakyo.
DANCE
 As the galleon trade between Mexico and the
Philippines brought Mexican influences Cariñosa,
Pandanggo or Fandango, Polka, Dansa and the
Rigodon and European influence like Habañera, Jota,
and Tango dances from Spain
PAINTINGS
 are expressed through visual interpretation through
biblical texts in Catholic devotion.
Heaven, Earth, and Hell (1850) - is a mural of Jose Dans
placed now in Paete Church, Laguna that shows the map of
the universe and the terrifying depiction of hell
 Image making during the period are conformed like in
Basi Revolt which is are 14 paintings by Esteban
Villanueva that shows the defeat of Ilocanos who
rebelled at the Spanish government’s monopoly of basi
or rice wine in 1821
PRINTING SYSTEM
 Reprographic art of printmaking is brought as early as
the 16th century which is a technique of xylography or
woodcut printing
Doctrina Christiana (The Teachings of Christianity) − printed
in 1593 in Spanish and in Tagalog compiling song lyrics,
commandments, sacraments, and other catechetical material.
Jesuit priest Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde with artists Francisco
Suarez and the engraver Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay - made
Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas
is a scientific map of the Philippines
development of lithography - born the reproduction of color
palates, the mass printing of newspapers and periodicals
RISE OF CLASSES AND PRIVILEGE
 opening of Manila to international trade in 1834 and
Suez Canal in 1869, economic benefits raise for the
native elites
 Commercial ventures opens opportunity to study in
Europe with the class rose the Ilustrado or
“enlightened” ones
 Development of music with the efforts of Pakil-born
Marcelo Adonay are compositions based on the
Western tradition of Gregorian chants
 Domestic realm with their altars comprised of delicate
santos in viriña and urna.
Bahay na bato - for rich and prominent families, spacious
interiors, commissioned portrait paintings, miniaturist style
which artist use to reveal meticulous signify the wealth and
refinement of the sitter.
DIFFERENT PROMINENT PAINTING STYLESNAND
THEIR ARTISTS MINIATURE PAINTERS:
 Simon Flores’s painting Portrait of the Quiazon Family
 Antonio Malantic, Isidro Arceo
 Dionisio de Castro
 Justiniano Asuncion
 Lorenzo Guerrero - painted The Water Carrier uses of
chiaroscuro in the late 19th century
 Primeras Letras - shows a woman teaching a child how
to read.
 In 1884, Juan Luna won gold for Spoliarium and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo silver medal for Virgenes
christianas expuestas al populacho in the Madrid
 Exposition which exhibits Filipino artistic excellence Victorio Edades - The proponent of Modern Art style were
even in standards set by the European academy. initially rejected and misunderstood.
 Hidalgo’s Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho Botong Francisco - had his magisterial mural titled the
emphasizes on a woman held captive which Filipino Struggles Through History in 1964 placed in Manila
counterparts Philippines’ oppression under Spanish City Hall
rule. Galo Ocampo - Brown Madonna in 1938
 Luna’s (Spolarium) - depiction of a lifeless body of a
gladiator being pulled across the coliseum, and Luna
with ilustrados’ Propaganda Movement in España y Japanese and Post War Republic
Filipinas by 1886  The Modern Art project begun to slow down
 The “Moderns” and “Conservatives” continued to
American Colonial Period producing art in KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa
Independence – Philippine revolution of 1896 was cut short Paglilingkod ng Bagong Pilipinas)
to the establishment of American colonial government
Treaty of Paris in 1898 - is where the Spain “surrendered the PRO & CON "-PAGANDA"
Philippines to the United States Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - a movement created
1899 to 1913 - The bloody Philippine American war begun a Pan-Asian to rejected Western through sponsored
with the institution of government and education who took publications
charge in initiating the natives to American way of living  Images, texts, and music underwent scrutiny which
Modern Filipina - In 1915, Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo subversive or anti- Japanese led to torturous
authored a play which first Filipino play written in English. consequences, even death
Vaudeville - (from France) form of theater during the 1920s. Information Bureau or Hodobu - who employed local artists
Bodabil - collection of slapstick, songs, dances, acrobatics, and cultural workers
comedy skits, chorus girls, magic acts, and stand-up comic Felipe P. de Leon - said to have been “commanded at the
acts. point of the gun” to write Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong
- deteriorated into vulgar shows after the war and soon died Pilipinas declared as the anthem for the period, which
away, replaced by the popularity of film and later, television. conveyed allegiance reared in East Asia, especially Japan
who is in political power.
EDUCATION
School of Fine Arts - opened in 1909 and the course on GENRE PAINTINGS
commercial design aforementioned had in-demands.  widely produced showing neutral relationship between
Fernando Amorsolo - a professor in the UP School of Fine the Filipinos and the Japanese of the normality of daily
Arts, students pertained to as “Amorsolo School” living
Guillermo Tolentino - in sculpture studied Fine Arts in Rome  Colonizers preferred to have showed indigenous and
being influenced by the classical tradition pre-colonial traditions representing different
- He made the Oblation (1935, original/1958, bronze cast ethnolinguistic groups
found at the UP Oblation plaza) - ex. Crispin Lopez’s “Study of an Aeta”
- Bonifacio Monument, 1933 in Caloocan  Although scenes of war made imagery remained
Academic - (referring to the kind of art that was influenced neutral but rather on the aesthetic qualities of ruin and
by European academies) tradition of painting and sculpture. disaster.
Amorsolo and Tolentino - challengedNational Artist Victorio - Amorsolo’s Bombing of the Intendencia, 1942
Edades in the modern art movement in the homecoming - Ruins of the Manila Cathedral, 1945 - elegant handling -
exhibition in 1928 by which Philippine Columbian Club value in the billows of smoke or the pile of ruins.
value conservative styles of Amorsolo.  Works that depicted the horrors:
- Diosdado Lorenzo’s Atrocities in Paco
MODERN ART - Dominador Castañeda’s Doomed Family were painted after
1945.

OTHER MODERN STYLES
Alice Guillermo - as an artists and writers reflected national
identity with rising from the ashes of war
 Debates for art’s sake and art conscious about “true
social conditions” of the period
 Period has a promising development of modern art
when a new kind of modernism emerged, observed by
the artist-writer E. Aguilar Cruz, which he named
NeoRealism
 Many artists explored folk themes, crafted
commentaries, and urban condition in the effects of the
war.
 Manansala, Legaspi, and HR Ocampo are other artisit
associated with Neo-Realism.
"CONSERVATIVES" VS "MODERNS"
 Two years later, the rift between the “Conservatives”
subscribe to the Amorsolo and Tolentino style &
“Moderns” by Edades would resurface in the AAP art
competition
 Artists who continued conservative tradition, walked
out to protest and exhibited their works on the streets
UP Diliman campus’ Church of Holy Sacrifice, 1955 -
employed concrete as primary material with rounded or
parabolic forms.
70s - Contemporary
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
 Propagated and implemented through an art and culture
program - fine arts, architecture, interior design,
tourism, convention city building (hotels, theaters,
coliseums), engineering, urban planning, health, among
many others.
MARCOS REGIME BLOOM
 discerned in the anthem or songs, aims optimism
toward a new beginning
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) - is a bureaucratic
entity of art acquisition that upholds exhibition making,
workshops, grants, and awards
Leandro Locsin - designed the modernist building, crossing
between the vernacular bahay kubo and art brut minimalist
structures as shrine to High Art
Structure presides - entrance of the CCP complex - satellite
structures
• Folk Arts Theater - venue of the first Ms.
Universe Pageant in the Philippines in 1974
• Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC) - 1976 IMFWorld Bank Conference
• Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace -
anticipation of a papal visit
• Manila Film Center - Manila International Film
Festival - rival Cannes
Social Realism (SR) - is a significant strand of intense
political ferment in the 70s and the 80s.
Contemporary Art
J. Paul Getty Museum- “Art made and produced by artists
living today.”
 It is not restricted to individual experience but it is
reflective of the world we live in.
 Events in the world having an effect to the Philippines.
 Artwork that is created by today’s contemporary artists
and has a world view, and is sensitive to changing
times.
ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY ART
 Appropriation
- Existing artworks are appropriated to produce another
artwork.
- Usage of prints, images, and icons to produce another art
form.
- Combines past from the present. Revives interests to
existing forms of art.
 Performance
- Performance evolved to “emphasize spontaneous elements
of chance”. (Walker Art Center)
- Interpreting various human activities such as ordinary
activities such as chores, routines and rituals, to socially
relevant themes such as poverty, commercialism and war.
 Space
- Arts transforming space. For example, flash mobs, art
installations in malls and parks.
Site specific art forms – art form that is performed and
positioned in a specific space such as public places.
 Hybridity
- Usage of unconventional materials, mixing of unlikely
materials to produce an artwork.
- For example, coffee for painting; miniature sculptures using
crayons.
 Technology
- Usage of technology in the creation and dissemination of art
works.
- Video phenomenon from MTV to Youtube.
- Recording performances, video posting, sharing, live
streaming.