Adb Iee

Initial Environmental Examination
December 2011
SRI: Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project
Prepared by
Centre for Research and Development, Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau for the Asian
Development Bank.
Government of Sri Lanka
Asian Development Bank
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
Project No : 44065
Sri Lanka Conflict Affected Region Emergency

(CARE) Project
Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER)

for the Rehabilitation of 9 Tanks (Packages 1,2 & 3)
In North Central Province, Sri Lanka
Prepared by :-
Centre for Research and Development
CENTRAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BUREAU
No.415, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 07
Sri Lanka
August 2011
Executive Summary CAREP2011
CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY (CARE) PROJECT,

SRI LANKA
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT (IEER)

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF 9 TANKS (PACKAGES 1,2 & 3)
IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, SRI LANKA
Executive Summary
A. Background
The villages in North Central Province (NCP) located in the immediate vicinity of North
and East boundaries were severally affected due to long prevailed war. The main
livelihoods of these villages were centered on agriculture activities. These villages are
also traditional villages in NCP. Most of these villages are located in dry zone where
rainfall is limited to few months in wet season called “Maha”. By knowing this constraint
in the environment the ancient people had constructed large number of different scale of
tanks for storing water that comes from Maha rains. Most of these tanks have been
established in cascades where spill water of one tank gets in to another. Agriculture has
therefore been the key economic activity employing a majority of the population in the
North Central Province.
These tanks have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate rehabilitation
and therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some of tanks have become incapable
of storing water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the head works and canal
system. Dilapidation of this livelihood related infrastructure facility has created significant
negative impacts on the lives of the people in these villages. These village tanks are not
mere water storages used for growing crops but they play more significant roles in the
entire livelihood system of the village. Water stored in tanks is used by multiple users
including flora and fauna environment. People also use water for other purposes such as
bathing and washing. In this context these tanks should not be considered as mere
agriculture tanks but they are part and parcel of livelihood system of each village. It has
been observed that no human settlement in NCP can be seen without village tank.
The proposed project therefore, can be viewed as significant intervention in the process
of reestablishing the disturbed livelihood systems in NCP.
As a main component of the CARE project which is funded by the ADB and GOSL, 39
Irrigation schemes in the Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province are to be
fully rehabilitated. This report covers 9 of these tanks, namely Sandamaleliya Wewa,
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 i

Dematamalwewa, and Dunumadalawa Wewa in Mahawilachchiya DS Division, Kaduru

Wewa, Kadadeka Wewa and Rambakepu Wewa Maha Wewa in the Kebethigollewa DS
Division, Koongollawa Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda Koongaskada Wewa in the
Madawachchiya DS Division. The project is to be completed in two years. Once
completed, the beneficiaries will be able to cultivate their lands with assured supply of
irrigation water for the full extent in Maha and partially for Yala seasons.
B. Objectives of the Proposed Project
One of the main objectives of the project are to improve the operational efficiency which
will lead to increased agricultural and functional utility level of the existing tanks in the
North Central Province. The project is to significantly expand and strengthen the urgently
needed reconstruction of essential infrastructure and administrative services, and create
livelihood and sustainable employment opportunities in the conflict affected areas by
supporting the recovery of the region's economy. The project will focus primarily on the
villages in the North Central Provinces, which were affected by the conflict.
Rehabilitation of medium and small scale tanks in the North Central Province is a part of
the Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project No.44065 carried
out by the North Central Province Irrigation Department. Central Engineering
Consultancy Bureau, an institution under the Ministry of Irrigation and Water
Management has been contracted by the Government as Consultants to the project.
C. IEE Study
The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EA) a
legal requirement for a range of development projects. Rehabilitation, improvement and
maintenance of existing tanks are not listed as prescribed projects by the Central
Environmental Authority (CEA). However, according to the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) requirements, projects financed through Bank resources are required to
undertake an environmental assessment to identify the potential environmental impacts
that may arise. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 was used to classify the
significance of the project’s potential environmental impacts and the project was
classified as a Category B project, one requiring environmental assessment.
D. Scope and Objective of the Study
Scope of the study includes the documentation of the existing physical, biological,
ecological and sociological conditions of the study area and identification of potential
changes that may arise in the area due to the construction and subsequent operation of
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 ii

the project. For the purpose of this Environmental Assessment (EA), the area within
200m has been identified as the direct impact zone. Further, indirect impact areas such
as transportation routes, temporary facilities, raw material storage areas and debris
disposal sites also have been taken into consideration.
The objective is to ensure that the proposed works will respect the environment and will
comply with the environmental standards required by the Asian Development Bank and
GOSL. Key tasks will be:
1. To conduct baseline surveys around the 9 respective tank areas.
2. Identify the types of landscapes present on either side of each utility areas of each tank
and assess their current ecological status.
3. Based on the information gathered during the baseline surveys and proposed project
interventions assess the environmental impacts that will arise due to the proposed
development and to develop mitigation measures.
4. To prepare a report containing the findings of the baseline study.
E. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements
The National Environmental Act, which is the most important legislation governing the
process of EA. The three other legislations under which EA can be required. (1) Coast
Conservation Act (CCA) No.57 of 1981 implemented by the Coast Conservation
Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the Act; (2) Fauna
and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993) implemented
by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This act specifies that any development
activity that takes place within the one mile of the boundary of a National Reserve
declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE; (3) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka
No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954;
No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23
of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and forest
resources. In addition to National Environmental Act (NEA) the following acts are
applicable to this type of rehabilitation projects
1. The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954, 22 of 1955,
28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and 13 of 1986).
2. Pradeshiya Sabha Ordinance and by laws of Local Authorities. The project will generate
solid waste and spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner
as specified by these laws.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 iii

3. Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its own quarries
or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction must be procured from
quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining license obtained from the Geological
Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or Environmental Protection License (EPL) from
Central Environmental Authority (CEA).
4. Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953 –
During the rehabilitation some trees have to be removed for which a permit will have to
be obtained from the Divisional Secretary.
5. Water Resources Act - Prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water
sources.
6. State Land Ordinance Act - Provides guidelines to the protection of source, course or
bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon, creek, canal, or
aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation of water supplies.
7. Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for
prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage by
floods and droughts.
8. Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 and Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994
The GOSL environmental clearance process, in principle, is consistent with the Asian
Development Bank’s environmental and public disclosure requirements. The exception
being the screening criteria adopted in the GOSL process under the NEA, where project
thresholds are used to determine the type of clearance required and the content of
public consultation. However, all activities under the proposed project will be subjected
to the EA process regardless of the project threshold, prior to disbursement of funds.
The implementing agency will share the final versions of EAs and EMPs with the CEA
for information. However, under the EIA regulations of Sri Lanka, activities such as
setting up and operating crusher plants, asphalt plants, burrowing sites, sand mining
sites and quarry sites require obtaining an Environmental Protection Licenses (EPLs)
and be valid at all times during operations.
F. Methodology for Environmental Assessment
Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant and
animal species, socioeconomic structure were collected. Line transects survey and
sampling method was carried out about 50-100m from either side of the dam.
Information was obtained from Government officers, local people, and other stake
holders. Wildlife surveys also were carried out about 200m extent area from either side
of the boundaries of the project. Floral species were surveyed using line transect
methods about 100m from the both side of the dam/ bund. Some plant species could not
be identified in the field. Aquatic surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand
collecting in aquatic habitats in the reservoir. The status of recorded plant and animal
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 iv

species were evaluated using IUCN Red Data List 2007. Environmental impacts were
identified and suitable mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail EMP. The
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) checklist ; Annexure 3 were prepared according
to the CEA and ADB Guidelines.
The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related divisions and
Agriculture research and production Assistants were interviewed and collected data
related to each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank
were also interviewed and collected information related to each candidate tank. The
general farmers from the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were met
in groups in most cases to obtain the information on local knowledge they posses. List of
persons formally interviewed is attached in the appendix of the report.
G. Physical Environment
The north central region of the country has a generally flat and undulating terrain. The
entire area belongs to the dry zone of Sri Lanka where the annual rainfall is less than
1750mm, with the highest rainfall recorded during the north-east monsoon period from
October to March. The evapo-transpiration is also higher in the dry zone. Therefore
surface water resources are very low compared to that of the wet zone. There are some
natural and man- made surface water resources. The Malwathu oya, Yan oya and Kala
oya comprise the major rivers in the Anuradhapura District.
Most of the Sri Lankan crystalline rocks belong to Precambrian ages (older than 570
Million years) while others are of more recent origin. This Precambrian age metamorphic
rocks are sub divided into three major lithological groups as Highland complex, Wanni
complex and Vijayan complex. Therefore according to this categorization, a majority of
the Anuradhapura District belongs to the Wanni complex where Precambrian (about 1.1
Ga) metamorphic rocks are prominent. Metasediments, charnockitic gneisses, basic
rocks, migmatites and graniticgneisses, granites and peamatites are particularly present
in this region.
Biotite gneiss, Hornblende-biotite gneiss and granitic gneisses are present in the region
where package 01 tanks are present. Charnockitic gneisses and granitic gneisses are
the most common rock types along with some quartzite bands in the region where of
package 02 and package 03 tanks are situated.
Surface water resources are very low compared to that of the wet zone. There are some
natural and man- made surface water resources. The Malwathu oya, Yan oya and Kala
oya comprise the major rivers in the Anuradhapura District. A few large tanks like
Padaviya, Mahakanadarawa, Mahawilachchiya, Hurulu wewa, Nachchaduwa wewa,
Wahalkadawewa etc. are also present together with a number of large and small tanks
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 v

or tank cascade systems. However most of these surface water bodies dry up during the
dry period from June to August.
H. Biophysical Environment
Biogeographically, the proposed tanks (Sandamal Eliya Wewa, Dematamal Gama

Wewa, Dunumadalawa Wewa, Kaduru Wewa, Kadadeka Wewa, Rambakapu Wewa,
Maha Wewa, Koongollawa Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda Koongaskada Wewa) lie
within the low country dry zone and within the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone.
Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community
(Chloroxylon-Vitex-Berrya-Schleichera series)}, Tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-
Chloroxylon-Salvadora-Randia series), Damana and Villu grasslands, Flood-plain
wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are the typical vegetation formations that occur in
the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone. However, the tank ecosystems are highly
influenced by humans as the tanks are designed to support agriculture. The downstream
areas of the tank ecosystem is the area that comes mostly under the human influence
while the catchment area of most tanks contain remnants of forests that are
representative of the typical vegetation formation in the area.
I. Social Environment
The proposed 9 tanks of the 39 under the overall NCP irrigation component
considered in this report are located in 3 Divisional Secretary Divisions.
Madawachchiya, Central Nuwaragam Palatha / Maha Villachchiya are in the
boundary of Northern Province while Kabithigollawe is bounded by Eastern
Province. The socio-economic features in Kebithigollawe, Madawachchiya and
Central Nuwaragam Palatha are centered on traditional villages where village
tanks play critical roles in the livelihood systems. Except about 10%-15%
employable persons involved in government jobs others are depending on
agriculture under small tanks, Chena and agro-wells. Considerable percentages
of youths in these villages are involved in Army and also work as home guards.
The home guards are reported only from the villages that are close to the
boundary of Northern Province. Most of the villages where candidate tanks are
located come under this category.
The Central Nuwaragam Palatha is the DS division where larger population is

reported. This is because a significant area of the division falls under urban
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 vi
areas. Considering the overall Project encompassing the 39 tanks, about 2-9, GN
divisions benefit from the proposed project in each DS division. The population
in DS and GN divisions can be mentioned as people living in the periphery of the
candidate tank areas. About 16% of total population in project related DS
divisions are living in the 26 project related GN divisions.
About 5-15 numbers of tanks have been proposed for rehabilitation in each DS
division. Therefore, the number of tank beneficiary villages ranges from 4-14 in
the 5 DS divisions. These villages are small in terms of number of families. The
total families benefit from each DS division ranges from 320 – 1197 in the DS
Divisions. The population of these project beneficiary villages ranges from 1000
to 3000 in average. The population in the entire village can be regarded as tank
beneficiary people. This is because these tanks are not catering only to the
farmer families cultivating crops in the command areas but they cater the entire
livelihood systems in the village. Therefore, the total population in the village
directly or indirectly benefit from the tank. The consultants have observed that
almost all the families in these small villages have at least a small piece of land in
the command areas of the candidate tanks. The information summarized on this
aspect is given in the table directly below.
The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project

Tank No of No of Population in Beneficiary
beneficiary families in the village families
villages the village
Sandamaleliyawewa 1 140 457 140
Dematamalgamawewa 1 52 154 48
Dunumadalewawewa 1 80 235 80
Rambakapuwewa 1 170 330 170
Kaduruwewa 1 54 136 54
Kadadekawewa 1 26 80 26
Koongollewa 1 200 866 200
Kudakoongaskada 1 100 238 100
Meegaswewa 1 308 540 300
Source- Relevant DS Divisions
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 vii

J. Anticipated Environmental Impacts
In general, the anticipated negative environmental impacts are mainly short-term and
arise during construction period. The anticipated negative impacts on the physical
environment during the period of civil work will be due to change in air, dust and water
quality, operation of quarry sites, crusher plant, asphalt plant, concrete batching plant,
spoil disposal and also transportation of materials and construction waste. The
proposed construction activities involve rehabilitating the bund. Under the project several
activities have to be implemented during pre-construction and construction period, for
instance land preparation that will result in pollution of surface water bodies, noise and
vibrations and emission of dust; transportation of construction material and waste;
establishment of temporary storage areas for construction materials and disposal of
construction waste, and establishment of labour camps, etc.
Awareness on HIV aids is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not
frequently reported there will be potential for such problems taking place in the
construction sites. The project developer, NCPID should launch a program to educate
communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids and steps to be taken as
precautions. At the same time the project developer should educate the entire
construction crew who will be going to stay in the different locations in the project areas.
It is recommended to conduct awareness sessions to raise the understanding of the
communities as well as construction staff on the potential social, environmental and
health related problems.
Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate all the
likelihood negative impacts on children. There should be some imposed conditions on
the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Similar to
children there may be tendency for contractors to hire war impacted women at
unreasonable conditions to work on construction sites. Sexual harassment may be
another potential negative impact on women in the project implementing area. Similar to
measures to mitigate likelihood impact on children, appropriate measures to avoid all
potential negative implications on women are required.
Extraction of sand, gravel and metal will cause soil erosion and lowering of the river
beds, destruction of the river banks and natural habitat at the quarry sites. Water
stagnation in excavated areas such as borrow pits will provide breeding sites for
mosquitoes and other disease causing vectors. This will create accidental health
hazards to general public and wild animals.
Use of heavy vehicles should be restricted to off peak hours. After the constructions,
borrow pits must be restored by the contractor. The restoration should include re-
vegetation of the sites with landscaping and facilitating to re-growth of natural
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 viii

vegetation. Material storage sites should not be established close to residential areas,
beside roads, around the water bodies etc. Specific mitigatory measures are discussed
in the EMP for easy reference.
According to the technical staff of the consultants, NCPID and stakeholders in the local
area and observations of the social development and resettlement specialist, the
proposed project will not create any resettlement issues. It is expected to use the
existing roads for accessing the tanks to carry out the improvement activities. Therefore,
private properties will not be affected.
K. Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation
In regard to providing information on planned project activities & project objectives,

consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals in the area, farmers
and villagers during the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and
concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The objective of the
consultation was to take into consideration of their views & suggestions in the early
stages of the project cycle in order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the
project implementation phase. General public were in full agreement with the proposed
tank rehabilitation project & expressed their appreciation. Further, many suggestions
were made, which have been considered in this report. Focus-group discussions with
office bearers of farmer organizations, Agriculture Research and Production Assistants
and other stakeholders (including NGOs and CBOs) were carried out to hear their views
and concerns, so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary.
L. Grievance Redress Mechanisms
The main objective of establishing a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is to solve

problems in an efficient, timely and cost effective manner in a cordial environment with
the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties.
The GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2. Accordingly,
two GRCs to be appointed for these two stages. GRC of Step 1 will address Ground
Level Issues with the consultation of Grama Niladari, Regional Representative of the
Implementing Agency, Representatives from Social Organizations (male and female),
Contractor and the representative from the general public of the respective area. The
issues that could not be addressed by Step 1 GRC within three weeks time is requested
to be refered to Step 2 GRC within 07 days with a copy to the Head Office of the
Implementing Agency.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 ix

M. Environmental Management Plan
The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a set of
tasks. In the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on the project
proponent, the contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies) are assigned.
These tasks should be implemented within a specified time/period by the agency
responsible and as per the specifications set out in the EMP.
The EMP is an integral part of this IEE. The main objective of the EMP is to identify and
summarize adverse environmental impacts of project on–the-ground activities for which
mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation measures
and supervise.
The contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan in

consultation with a professional (Environmental Manager) to highlight the mitigatory
measures to minimize the anticipated environmental impacts, which arise during the
construction phase. The EMAP must include all the permits / approvals to be obtained
from the relevant Government Institutes/ Authorities, measure to be taken to prevent
environmental pollution, methods of disposal of solid waste and other hazardous
materials comply with the National rules and regulations. EMP & EMoP should be a part
of the bid document & implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the
contractor.
N. Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signaling
the potential problems that result from the proposed project and will allow for prompt
implementation of effective corrective measures. The Environmental Monitoring is
required for both construction and operation phases of the project. A detailed EMoP was
prepared in order to meet the objectives of monitoring activities of the project such as
site supervision, verification of permits, monitoring of water quality, noise and air,
monitoring of solid waste disposal and dumping sites. The contractor must be
responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction
phase (where required). Consultants and the appointed staff from the IA will supervise
the Contractor. An environmental monitoring report should be submitted to the
Environmental Specialist Consultant.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 x

O. Conclusions
This IEE discusses in detail the baseline situation in respect to climate, topography, air
quality, soils and geology, hydrology, terrestrial ecology, cultural heritage sites and
socio-economic structure as well as proposed development activities of the project.
Appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and post construction
activities of the rehabilitation of the tanks. Once these measures are implemented, then
the impact may either be eliminated or minimized. It is expected that, over all, there will
be few negative impacts from this development or the project. There is a need for the
developer to collaborate and involve local government and the lead agencies during
the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures.
Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction

to minimize social impacts and other issues of employment, health and safety. It is
recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities, especially
in non-skilled positions whenever possible. Employing local people will not only
benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of constructing new huts and
providing logistics and reduce influx of people and tensions that comes with it.
the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Sexual
harassment may be another potential negative impact on women in the project
implementing area. Similar to measures to mitigate likelihood impact on children,
appropriate measures to avoid all potential negative implications on women are
required. Apart from awareness sessions, certain code of conduct should be developed
and imposed on construction crew.
The immediate beneficial impacts from the project are apparent in the construction
phase, as there will be various employment opportunities (skilled and unskilled) for the
local population and transfer of technical know-how of construction work to the local
workers. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse
impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the project and
minimize the negative impacts. Mitigation measures are presented in pre-construction,
constructions as well as in operational stages of the project to minimize the anticipated
negative impacts.
It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the 9 tanks mentioned
above will not have a significant impact on the environment other than the general
impacts that can be easily mitigated through a well designed Environment Management
Plan. The benefits perceived from the project implementation far outweighs the negative
impacts identified and can be viewed as a significant intervention in the process of
reestablishing the disturbed livelihood systems in NCP.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 xi

P. Recommendations
In the IEE study appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and post
construction activities of the project. Once these measures are implemented, then the
impact may either be eliminated or minimized. It is expected that, over all, there will be
less impacts from this development or the project.
It is recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities,

especially in non-skilled positions whenever possible. Employing local people will not
only benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of constructing new huts and
providing logistics and reduce on influx of people and tensions that come with it.
Further, suggestions made by the locals should be given due consideration. The
requests for local youths to be given opportunities to work in the rehabilitation sites, the
possibility to use local material available as well as the possibilities to construct agro
wells and programs to motivate farmers and monitor cultivation activities should be
implemented where possible by the NCPID.
Awareness on HIV aids is necessary. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not
frequently reported, there will be potential for such problems taking place in the
construction sites. The project developer with the involvement of NCPID should launch
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids and steps to
be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer should educate the
entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the different locations in the project
areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness sessions to raise the understanding of
the communities as well as construction staff on the potential social, environmental and
The proposed development project can be categorized as “Category B” under ADB

guidelines. Hence, a detailed EIA study is not required and this IEER is sufficient for
approval and can be considered as a final Environmental Assessment for the
rehabilitation of the above mentioned tanks in the North Central Province under the
CARE project. Thus the project is highly recommended for implementation.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 xii

Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project CAREP2011
IEE for the Rehabilitation of 9 Tanks in North Central Province, Sri Lanka

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF 9 TANKS (PACKAGES 1,2 & 3)
IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, SRI LANKA.
CONTENTS
Page
Executive Summary i
Contents xiii
List of Tables xx
List of Figures xxii
List of Annexures xxiii
Abbreviations xxiv
1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 CARE Project Background and Justification 01

1.2 CARE Project Objectives 02
1.3 ADB’s Environment Policy 03
1.4 Objective of IEE Report 03
1.5 Rehabilitation of 9 Irrigation Schemes in Anuradhapura District 09
1.6 Extent and Scope of the Study 09

1.7 Applicable Environmental Legislations and Institutional Capacity 09
1.8 Methodology Adopted in IEE 12
1.9 Applicable laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements 12
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 14
2.1 Type, Category and Need 14

2.2 Location of the project 14
2.3 Need for the Project 14
2.4 Sandamaleliya Scheme Description 15
2.4.1 Basic Details
15
2.4.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Sandamaleliya wewa
Rehabilitation Projetct 17
2.4.2.1 Bund 17
2.4.2.2 Sluice and Canals 17
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xiii

2.4.2.3 Spill 17
2.4.2.4 Utility Value 18
2.4.2.5 Agriculture 18
2.4.2.6 Area where the improvements are needed 18
2.5 Dematamal Wewa, Dematamalgama Scheme Discription 18
2.5.1 Basic Details 18
2.5.2 Size and Magnitude of Dematamalgama Wewa

Rehabilitation Project 18
2.5.2.1 Bund 20
2.5.2.3 Feeding Canal 21
2.5.2.4 Spill 21
2.5.2.7 Area where improvements are needed 22
2.6 Dunumadalawa Scheme Discription 22
2.6.2 Size and Magnitude of Panankamam Rehabilitation

Project 23
2.6.2.1 Impounding Area of the Tank 24
2.6.2.2 Bund 24
2.6.2.4 Spill 25
2.7 Kaduruwewa Scheme Discription 26
2.7.2 Size and the Magnitude of Kaduruwewa Rehabilitation 26
project 27
2.7.2.1 Bund 28
2.7.2.3 Spill 29
2.7.2.4 Utility value 29
2.7.2.6 Area where improvements needed 30
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xiv

2.8 Kadadeka Wewa Scheme Discription 30

2.8.2 Size and Magnitude of Kadadeka Wewa Rehabilitation

Project 31
2.8.2.1 Bund 31
2.8.2.3 Spill 32
2.9 Rambakepu Wewa Scheme Discription 33
2.9.2 Size and Magnitude of Rambakepu wewa Maha Wewa
2.9.2.1 Bund 35
2.9.2.3 Spill 36
2.9.2.4 Feeding Canal 36
2.10 Koongollewa Wewa Scheme Discription 37
2.10.2 Size and Magnitude of Koongollewa Rehabilitation Project 37
2.10.2.1 Bund 40
2.10.2.3 Spill 40
2.11 Meegaha Wewa Scheme Discription 41
2.11.2 Size and Magnitude of Meegaha wewa Rehabilitation
Project 41
2.11.2.1 Bund 43
2.11.2.3 Spill 44
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xv


2.12 Kuda Koongaskada wewa Scheme Discription 45
2.12.2 Size and Magnitude of Kuda Koongaskada wewa

2.12.2.1 Bund 47
2.12.2.3 Spill 47
2.13 Material Resources 49
2.14Labor Force 49
2.15Main beneficiaries of the Project 49
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 50
3.1 Existing Land Use 50

3.2 Physical Environment 50
3.2.1 Topography, Climate and Weather 50
3.2.2 Geography, Geology and Soil 50
3.2.3 Air Quality and Noise 52
3.2.4 Hydrology and Water Resources 53
3.3 Biophysical Environment 53
3.3.1 Methodology for Ecological Assessment 53
3.3.2 Existing Floral Habitats , Fauna and Flora 55
3.3.2.1 Sandamalaeliya Tank 56
3.3.2.2 Dematamalgama wewa 58
3.3.2.3 Dunumadalawa Wewa 60
3.3.2.4 Kaduru Wewa 62
3.3.2.5 Kadadeka wewa 65
3.3.2.6 Rambakepu wewa Maha wewa 67
3.3.2.7 Koongollewa wewa 69
3.3.2.8 Meegaha wewa 71
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xvi

3.3.2.9 Kuda koongaskada wewa 74

3.4 Water Quality Testing 76
3.4.1 Results 77
3.4.2 Comparison of Water Quality With Reference To Guideline values 77
3.5 Social Environment 78
3.5.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analyses of Impacts 78
3.5.2 The Social Economic Condition of the Area 79
3.5.2.1 The socio-economic back ground of the Divisional 79

secretary areas under the proposed project
3.5.2.2 The population in tank related DS and GN divisions

80
3.5.2.3 The direct beneficiary population from the project
81
3.5.3 The diversity of Tank beneficiary population 82
3.5.4 The livelihood activities in the project beneficiary

82
villages
3.5.4.1 Income generation activities in the project

82
related DS divisions
3.5.5 The Health& Education facilities available in the

area 83
3.5.5.1 Health Condition 83
3.5.5.2 Education Condition 84
3.5.5.3 Other Infrastructure facilities in the project

Beneficiary area. 84
3.5.6 Poverty in the Project beneficiary area 85

87
3.5.7 The Proposed Tank Rehabilitation Project
3.5.7.1 Physical Problems to be Solved by the

87
Rehabilitation Project
3.5.7.2 Management Related Problems in
Candidate Tanks 90
3.5.7.3 Current Performance of Candidate Tanks 93
3.5.7.3.1 Cropping Intensity 94
3.5.7.3.2 Cropping Pattern 94
3.5.7.3.3 Yield 94
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xvii

3.5.8 The Measures to Address the Current Problems in

the Tanks 95
97
3.5.9 Solutions to the Management Problems
3.5.10 Considerations in Working in the Conflict Affected

100
Areas
4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED 101

MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Pre-construction & Construction Period 101
4.2 General Impacts of the Project 101

4.3 Resettlement Issues 105
5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION &

PARTICIPATION 106
6 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 108

6.1 Objectives of the GRM 108
6.2 Implementation 109
6.3 Awareness of GRM 110
6.4 Steps of Awareness 111
6.4.1.1 Methodology-Step 1 GRC 111
6.4.2 Guidelines and Implementing Steps 114
6.4.2.1 Assign Focal Points 114
6.4.2.2 Receive and Register Complaints 115
6.4.2.3 Screen and Refer the Complaints 116
6.4.2.4 Coordinate with Other Grievance Redress 116

Mechanisms
6.4.2.5 Asses the Complaints

117
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xviii

6.4.2.6 Formulate Response 118
6.4.2.7 Select a Resolution Approach 118
6.4.2.8 Implement the Approach 119
6.4.2.9 Settle the Issues 120
6.4.2.10Track the Document and Evaluate the Process 121

and Result
7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 124

7.1 Management of Site Preparation for Construction 124
7.2 Management of Air Quality at the Site 124
7.3 Management of Noise and Vibration Causing Events 125

125
7.4 Management of Erosion at the Site
125
7.5 Management of Construction related waste
7.6 Management of New Weed Infestations at the Project Site 126
7.7 Management of Hazardous Material 126

126
7.8 Pollutant Spill Contigency Plan
7.9 Management of Borrow, Quarry, Sand Mining Sites 127

7.10Health and Safety Plan 127
7.11Emergency Procedures 128
7.12Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures, 129
Storage Areas, Site Office, Etc.,After Construction Work
is Completed
7.13Management of Social Concerns 129
7.14Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Management Plan 130
7.15 Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 131
8 Conclusions 172
9 Recommendations 175
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xix

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1: Tanks proposed for Rehabilitation 04

Table 2.1:Scheme Discription of Sandamleliya wewa 16
Table 2.2: Scheme Discription of Dematamalgama wewa 19
Table 2.3: Scheme Discription of Dunumadalawa wewa 22
Table 2.4: Scheme Discription of Kaduru wewa 26
Table 2.5: Scheme Discription of Kadadeka wewa 30
Table 2.6: Scheme Discription of Rambakepu wewa 34
Table 2.7: Scheme Discription of Koongollewa wewa 38
Table 2.8: Scheme Discription of Meegaha wewa 42
Table 2.9: Scheme Discription of Kudakoongaskada wewa 45
Table 3.1: Monitored Parameters, Method of Analysis and their Maximum
Permissible Levels 76
Table 3.2a: Baseline Water Quality Status of the Tank 77
Table 3.2b: Baseline Water Quality Status of the Tank 77
Table 3.3: Population in DS and GN Divisions Related to The Proposed Project 80
Table 3.4: The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project 81
Table 3.5: Ethnic diversity of project beneficiary population 82
Table 3.6: Poverty Related Information in Project Relevant DS Divisions 85
Table 3.7:Percentage of Samurdhi Beneficiary Families in Project Related Villages 86
Table 3.8: Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks 86
Table 3.9: Extent of Land Per Family in Candidate Tanks 87
Table 3.10:Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Medavachchiya DS Division 88
Table 3.11:Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Kebithigollewa DS Division 88
Table 3.12:Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Padaviya DS Division 89
Table 3.13:Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Mahavilachchiya DS Division 89
Table 3.14: Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Central Nuwaragampalatha
DS Division 90
Table 3.15: Management issues in Tanks in Madawachchiya DS division 90
Table 3.16: Management issues in Tanks in Kabithigollawe DS division 91
Table 3.17: Management issues in Tanks in Padaviya DS division 92
Table 3.18: Management issues in Tanks in Maha Vilachchiya DS division 92
Table 3.19: Management issues in Tanks in Central Nuwaragam Palatha DS
Division 93
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xx

Table 3.20: The Command Area and Farmer Families in Candidate Tanks In DS
Divisions 93
Table 3.21: Cropping intensity in candidate tanks in 5 DS divisions 94
Table 3.22: Crop Yield in tanks in DS divisions 95
Table 3.23: Solutions for The Physical Problems In Madawachchiya DS Division 95
Table 3.24: Solutions for the Physical Problems in Kebithigollawe DS Division 96
Table 3.25: Solutions for the Physical Problems in Central Nuwaragam Palatha
DS Division 96
Table 3.26: Solutions for the Physical Problems in Maha Villachchiya DS Division 97
Table 3.27: Solutions for the Physical Problems in Padaviya DS Division 97
Table 3.28: Measures to be Implemented in the Post-Rehabilitation Phase 99
Table 7A - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – SANDAMALELIYA 133

Table 7B - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) –
DEMATAMALWEWA 140
Table 7C - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) –
DUNUMADALAWA TANK 147
Table 7D - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – PACKAGE 2
TANKS - KADURU WEWA, KADADDEKA WEWA AND
RAMBAKEPUWEWA MAHA WEWA 154
Table 7E - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – PACKAGE 3
TANKS – KOONGOLLAWA WEWA, MEEGAHAWEWA, AND
KUDA KOONGASKADA WEWA 161
Table 7F- ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) 168
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xxi

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig 1: The Location of the 4 Tanks(in blue) 4

Fig 1.1a:Bird’s eye view of Sandamaleliya Tank 5
Fig 1.1b:Bird’s eye view of Dematamalgama Wewa 5
Fig 1.1c:Bird’s eye view of Dunumadalawa Tank 6
Fig 1.1d:Bird’s eye view of Kaduru wewa and Kadadeka wewa 6
Fig 1.1e:Bird’s eye view of Rambakepu Wewa 7
Fig 1.1f:Bird’s eye view of Koongollewa Wewa 7
Fig 1.1g:Bird’s eye view of Meegaha wewa 8
Fig 1.1h:Bird’s eye view of kuda koongaskada Wewa 8
Fig 2.1a:Location and Accesibility Map of Sandamaleliya Wewa 15
Fig 2.1b:Location and Accesibility Map of Dematamal wewa 20
Fig 2.1c:Location and Accesibility Map of Dunumadalawa 24
Fig 2.1d:Location and Accesibility Map of Kaduru wewa and Kadadeka wewa 28
Fig 2.1e:Location and Accesibility Map of Rambakepu Wewa Maha Wewa 35
Fig 2.1f:Location and Accesibility Map of Koongollewa Wewa 39
Fig 2.1g:Location and Accesibility Map of kuda koongaskada Wewa 46
Fig 3.1a:Geology Map of Anuradhapura 51
Fig 3.2:General Soil Map of the Area 52
Fig 6.1:Structure of Grievence Redress Mechanism 123
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xxii

LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure -1 :Drawings
Annexure-2 : Administrative Boundaries and Photographic Profiles
Annexure-3 : IEE Check List
Annexure-4 : Social & Environmental Assessment Data / Tank User Consultation Data
Annexure-5 : List of Prepares Including Their Work Allocation
Annexure-6 : References
Annexure-7 : Copy of CEA Guidelines for IEE
Annexure-8 : Formats
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xxiii

ABBREVIATIONS
3R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
ADB Asian Development Bank
AGA Assistant Government Agent
AP Affected Parties
BIQ Basic Information Questioner
BOQ Bill of Quantities
CARE Conflict Affected Region Emergency
CAREP Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project
CEA Central Environmental Authority
CEB Ceylon Electricity Board.
CO carbon monoxide
DoAS Department of Agriculture services
DoF Department of Forestry
DoI Department of Irrigation
DS Divisional Secretary
EA Executing Agency
EE Executive Engineer (Divisions)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMoC Environmental Monitoring committee
EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPL Environmental Protection License
GA Government Agent
GN GramaNiladari
GND Gram Niladhari Division
GoSL Government of Sri Lanka
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism
GSMB Geological Survey and Mining Bureau
HC Hydrocarbons
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
IA Implementing Agency
IDP Internally Displaced Persons
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IML Industrial Mining License
LA Local Authority
LB Left Bank
LPG Liquid petroleum Gas
MC Municipal Council
MED Ministry of Economic Development
MOH Medical Officer of Health
NAAS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NBD National Budget Department
NCP North Central Province
NCPA National Child Protection Authority
NEA National Environmental Act
Nox Oxides of nitrogen
NP Northern Province
NPID Northern Province Irrigation Department
NRCP Northern Roads Connectivity Project
NWP North Western Province
NWS&DB National Water Supply & Drainage Board
PCQAU Project Coordination and Quality Assurance Unit
PHI Public Health Inspector
PIU Project implementation Unit
PM10 particulate matter<10micrometers diameter
REA Rapid Environmental Assessment
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xxiv

RO Regional Office
ROW Right Of Way
Rs Sri Lanka Rupee
RB Right Bank
SC Supervision consultant
SD Survey Department
SIEE Summary Initial Environmental Examination
SLT Sri Lanka Telecom
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SPM Suspended particulate matter
SWE Salt Water Exclusion
TOR Terms Of Reference
UC Urban Council
VOC Vehicle Operating Costs
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xxv

SRI LANKA

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF 9 TANKS (PACKAGES 1, 2 & 3)
IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, SRI LANKA
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CARE Project Background and Justification
01. For nearly three decades, Sri Lanka has been severely affected by an internal armed
conflict.' While the entire country suffered because of the conflict, Northern Province
bore the brunt of it. The conflict intensified from February 2007, and the government
forces gained full control of the entire land area by 18 May 2009. The conflict has had
a devastating impact in the war-affected northern region; much of the infrastructure
has been damaged or destroyed, and the livelihood of the population has been
severely affected. The incidence of poverty in Northern Province is estimated at 37%
(compared with 15% for the country as a whole), which is probably an underestimate
of the actual poverty. The province contributed a mere 2.9% of the country's gross
domestic product over 2005–2007, despite having 14% of the country's land mass,
40% of the coastal belt, and 6% of the population.
02. A presidential task force was appointed in July 2009 with the task of formulating a
strategic framework for revitalizing the economy of the northern region. A needs
assessment was conducted by the government and a medium-term strategy was
formulated. The Government has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) for a
Conflict Affected Region Emergency Loan (the Project). ADB fielded three missions
to the conflict affected regions in the Northern Province, Eastern Province and the
adjoining areas of the North Central Province. Extensive discussions were held with
the representatives of the Provincial Councils, District officials, Central line Ministries,
Ministry of Economic Development, and the Ministry of Finance and Planning.
03. As a main component of the CARE project which is funded by the ADB and GOSL,
39 Irrigation schemes in the Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province are
to be fully rehabilitated. This report covers 9 of these tanks, namely Sandamaleliya
Wewa, Dematamalwewa, and Dunumadalawa Wewa in Mahawilachchiya DS
Division, Kaduru Wewa, Kadadeka Wewa and Rambakepu Wewa Maha Wewa in the
Kebethigollewa DS Division, Koongollawa Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda
Koongaskada Wewa in the Madawachchiya DS Division. The project is to be
completed in two years. Once completed, the beneficiaries will be able to cultivate
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 Page 1

their lands with assured supply of irrigation water for the full extent in Maha and
partially for Yala seasons.
04. Sri Lankan law and ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of
development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design
process, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is
done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral
part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.
05. Based on preliminary information and the studies carried out, the Project is
classified as Category B (described in paragraph 09).
1.2 CARE Project Objectives
06. The proposed Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project will support the
Government of Sri Lanka's (GoSL) efforts in rehabilitating and constructing
essential physical infrastructure damaged by the conflict in the Northern Province,
Eastern Province, and selected villages in the North Central Province, which border
the Northern Province. The Project also aims to strengthen the civil administration
and restart livelihoods of returning IDPs and conflict-affected persons, and over
time, to create sustainable employment for their benefit.
07. The objective of the project is to significantly expand and strengthen the urgently
needed reconstruction of essential infrastructure and administrative services, and
create livelihood and sustainable employment opportunities in the conflict affected
areas by supporting the recovery of the region's economy. The project will focus
primarily on the war affected Northern Province and some components will also focus
on the Eastern Province and some adjoining villages in the North Central Provinces,
which were affected by the conflict.
08. The key components of the overall Project include: (i) Re-establishing connectivity
through rehabilitation of damaged municipal, provincial, and national roads; (ii)
Providing basic services such as drinking water and electricity supply; (iii) Improving
basic social services which will support the delivery of essential civil administrative
services, and restarting livelihoods through rehabilitation of small to medium
irrigation schemes, rebuilding administrative offices and related facilities, and
rehabilitating selected vocational training centers; and (iv) Providing legal
assistance and improving governance through reconstruction of court buildings,
and providing legal aid to IDPs and conflict-affected persons.

1.3 ADB’s Environment Policy
09. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential
environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most
environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and
induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is
scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its
potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four
categories:
(i) Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have
significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or
unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities
subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment is required.
(ii) Category B. A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse

environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These
impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases
mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An
initial environmental examination is required.
(iii) Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have

minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is
required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.
(iv) Category FI. A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves

investment of ADB funds to or through a Financial Intermediary.
10. After initial screening, the project was classified as Category B.
1.4 Objective of IEE Report
11. The objective of the lEE report is the preparation of an environmental account to
the ADB and the CEA, including relevant environmental issues pertaining to the
proposed project to facilitate the necessary decision-making. The IEE report
comprises baseline data on existing conditions of physical, ecological, economical
and social conditions of 9 tanks (Packages 1, 2 and 3) (Refer Table 1.1 and Fig.
1.1; 1.1a-1.1h) together with the anticipated environmental impacts and proposed
mitigation measures.

Table 1.1 Tanks Proposed for Rehabilitation

Package Tank Name D.S. Division
No.
Sandamaleliya Wewa Nuwaragampalatha
1 Dematamalwewa (Central) -
Dunumadalawa Wewa Mahawilachchiya
Kaduru Wewa
2 Kadadeka Wewa Kebithigollawa
Rambakapu Wewa Maha Wewa
Koongollawa Wewa
3 Meegaha Wewa Medawachchiya
Kuda Koongaskada Wewa
Fig 1: The location of the 9 Tanks

Fig 1.1a: Bird’s eyeview of the Sandamaleliya Wewa
Fig 1.1b: Bird’s eyeview of the Dematamalgama Wewa

Fig 1.1c: Bird’s eyeview of the Dunumadalawa Wewa
Fig 1.1d: Bird’s eyeview of the Kaduru Wewa and Kadadeka Wewa

Fig 1.1e: Bird’s eyeview of the Rambakepu Wewa
Fig 1.1f: Bird’s eyeview of the Koongollewa Wewa

Fig 1.1g: Bird’s eyeview of the Meegaha Wewa
Fig 1.1h: Bird’s eyeview of the Kuda Koongaskada Wewa

12. Rehabilitation of medium and small scale tanks in the North Central Province is a
part of the Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project
No.44065 carried out by the North Central Province Irrigation Department (NCPID).
Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, an institution under the Ministry of
Irrigation and Water Management has been contracted by the Government as
Consultants to the project. The layouts of the tanks which are rehabilitated under this
project are shown in the drawings found in Annex 1.
1.5 Rehabilitation of the 9 Irrigation Schemes in Anuradhapura District
13. The main objectives of the project are to improve the operational efficiency which will
lead to increased agricultural and functional utility level of the selected tanks. A
detailed description of the existing conditions and proposed rehabilitation activities
are given in section 2. The tanks belong to the NCPID and the responsibility of
operation and management lie with them.
1.6 Extent and Scope of the Study
14. The IEE report covers a core area based on the existing tank and project influencing
area, borrow sites, and contains the full range of topics, required purpose and need
for the proposed action, environmental setting, environmental impact analysis for
short- and long-term, direct and indirect impacts, as well as mitigation measures and
a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
1.7 Applicable Environmental Legislations and Institutional Capacity
15. Environmental assessment requirements stipulated by GoSL, for Projects outside

the Coastal Zone' are found in the National Environmental Act (NEA) No.47 of
1980, amended by Act No.56 of 1988 and Act. No. 53 of 2000. Development
activities within the coastal zone are governed by the Coast Conservation Act, No
57 of 1981 amended by Act No. 64 of 1988. In accordance with the NEA
environmental assessments are required for prescribed projects. Under the
National Environmental Act, Prescribed projects are stipulated in three parts listed
in the schedule of the respective Gazette. Part I identifies prescribed projects
based on type and magnitude; Part II identifies prescribed projects as, all
subprojects identified in Part I, irrespective of their magnitude and selected high-
polluting industries, if near culturally and/or environmentally sensitive areas defined
in Part III of the schedule Gazette Extraordinary of. 772/22 of 24 June 1993.
16. The requirement for Environmental Assessment in Sri Lanka is established by the
National Environment Act (1981), and the procedures are defined in the EIA
Regulations (1993). The regulations specify activities for which environmental

assessment is mandatory, and those that could occur within certain development
projects are as follows:
a. Projects that involve relocation of more than 100 people; and
b. Projects that fall within sensitive area(s).
The Sensitive areas are defined in the EIA Regulations as:
- Any erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Act (1951, 1953);
- Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (1924, 1955)
and any Flood Protection Area declared under the Sri Lanka Land
Reclamation and Development Corporation Act (1968, 1982);
- Any reservation beyond the Full Supply Level of a reservoir;
- Any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined or

declared under the Antiquities Ordinance (1965);
- Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (1928, 1973);
- Areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of, any area declared
under the National Heritage and Wilderness Act (1988): the Forest
Ordinance;
- Areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of, any area declared as
a Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937);
- Areas within, or less than 100 m from the high flood level contour of, a public
lake as defined by the Crown Lands Ordinance (1947, 1949, 1956) including
those declared under Section 71 of the Ordinance;
- Areas 60 m or less from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown
Lands Ordinance, with a width of more than 25 m at any point.
17. Applicable legislations are as follows:
The National Environmental Act, which is the most important legislation governing
the process of EA. The three other legislations under which EA can be required. (1)
Coast Conservation Act (CCA) No.57 of 1981 implemented by the Coast
Conservation Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the
Act; (2) Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in
1993 and 2009) implemented by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This act
specifies that any development activity that takes place within the one mile of the
boundary of a National Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE;
(3) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to
1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of
1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation,

protection and management of forest and forest resources. In addition to National

Environmental Act (NEA) the following acts are applicable to this type of rehabilitation
projects:
1.) The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954, 22
of 1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and 13 of
1986). (No acquisition of land is foreseen in the project. However, the act is
mentioned here as a safeguard.)
2.) Pradeshiya Sabha Ordinance and by laws of Local Authorities. (Pradeshiya
Sabha Act No 15 of 1987 and by laws).The project will generate solid waste
and spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner as
specified by these laws.
3.) Provincial Council Act No 42 of 1987
4.) Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its own
quarries or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction must be
procured from quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining license obtained
from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or Environmental
Protection License (EPL) from Central Environmental Authority (CEA).
5.) Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of
1953 – If some trees have to be removed, a permit will have to be obtained
from the Divisional Secretary. (However, no large trees are proposed to be
felled in this project)
6.) Water Resources Act - Prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other
water sources.
7.) State Land Ordinance Act - Provides guidelines to the protection of source,
course or bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon, creek,
canal, or aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation of water
supplies.
8.) Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources
for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against
damage by floods and droughts.
9.) Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in
1993 and 2009).
10.) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up
to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No.
13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
11.) Water Resources Act.

12.) Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 as

this is a project under the NCPID.
13.) Motor traffic Act No.14 of 1951 and it amendments.
14.) Agrarian Services Act of 1959.
15.) Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955.
1.8 Methodology Adopted in IEE
18. Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant and
holders. Wildlife surveys also were carried out about 200m extent area from either
side of the bund and the additional areas that may get inundated due to the
improvements made to the bund have been identified as the direct impact zone.
19. Floral species were surveyed using line transect methods about 100m from both
sides of the dam. Some plant species could not be identified in the field. Aquatic
surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand collecting in aquatic habitats
in the reservoir. The status of recorded plant and animal species were evaluated
using IUCN Red Data List 2007. Environmental impacts were identified and suitable
mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail EMP. The Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) checklist; Annexure 3 was prepared according to
the CEA and ADB Guidelines.
20. The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related divisions
and Agriculture research and production assistants were interviewed and collected
data related to each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in
each tank were also interviewed and collected information related to each candidate
tank. The general farmers from the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate
tanks were met in groups in most cases to obtain the information on local knowledge
they possess. List of persons formally interviewed is attached in Appendix 4B of the
report.
1.9 Applicable laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements
21. The following laws, rules and regulations are applicable for this project
- National Environmental Act (NEA); no 47 of 1980 and its amendments
- Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in
1993)

- The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts
up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979;
No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
- Land Acquisition Act No. 8 of 1950 (chapter 295)(if necessary)
- Pradeshiya Sabha Act No 15 of 1987 and by laws
- Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992
- Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951
- Water Resources Act
- State Land Ordinance Act
- Soil Conservation Act
- Provincial Council Act No 42 of 1987
- Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990
- Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka Act No 23 of 1979
- National Water Supply and Drainage Board Act of 1974 ( if necessary)
- Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (Mines & Mineral) Act No.33 of 1992
- Motor traffic Act No.14 of 1951 and it amendments
- Agrarian Services Act of 1959
- Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Type, Category and Need

22. CAREP is a project to improve and rehabilitation of tanks by the design and
implementation. As the Project will be funded by a loan and a grant, ADB procedure
requires that an IEE is conducted for each town to identify and mitigate the impacts
of subprojects, and to determine whether further study or a more detailed EIA may be
required. Based on the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of the ADB
classification, categorized as environmental category B. Thus the IEE serves as the
complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.
2.2 Location of the project
23. The 9 Tanks considered are located in the Anuradhapura District in the
Nuwaragampalatha (Central) – Mahawilachchiya, Kebithigollawa and
Medawachchiya DS Divisions. Refer Figure 1.
24. Similar to other infrastructure facilities, tanks in the district got damaged due to long
prevailed war and also long time negligence of the tanks in rehabilitation and routine
maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks are a significant hindrance for
implementing successful livelihood reestablishment programs in the war torn areas.
Therefore, the proposed project will be significant complementary and supplementary
input in successful implementation of livelihood restoration program.
2.3 Need for the Project
25. The villages in north central province (NCP) located in the immediate vicinity of North
and East boundaries were severally affected due to long prevailed war. The main
livelihoods of these villages were centered on agriculture activities. These villages
are also traditional villages in NCP. Most of these villages are located in dry zone
where rainfall is limited to few months in wet season called “Maha”. By knowing this
constraint in the environment the ancient people had constructed large number of
different scale of tanks for storing water that comes from Maha rains. Most of these
tanks have been established in cascades where spill water of one tank gets in to
another. Agriculture has therefore been the key economic activity employing a
majority of the population in the North Central Province.
26. These tanks have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate rehabilitation
and therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some of tanks have become
incapable of storing water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the head works
and canal system. Dilapidation of this livelihood related infrastructure facility has
created significant negative impacts on the lives of the people in these villages.
These village tanks are not mere water storages used for growing crops but they play

more significant roles in the entire livelihood system of the village. Water stored in
tanks is used by multiple users including flora and fauna environment. People also
use water for other purposes such as bathing and washing. In this context these
tanks should not be considered as mere agriculture tanks but they are part and
partial of livelihood system of each village. It has been observed that no human
settlement in NCP can be seen without village tank.
27. The proposed project therefore, can be viewed as significant intervention in the
process of reestablishing the disturbed livelihood systems in NCP.
NOTE: The figure numbers mentioned in the following sections (2.4 – 2.12) depict those
found in the Annex 2.
2.4 Sandamaleliya Scheme Description
2.4.1 Basic Details
The tank is located close to the Wilpattu National Park as seen in Fig 2.1a below.
GPS Coordinates: 141440E, 368238N
Fig 2.1a Location and Accessibility Map of Sandmaleliya Wewa

Table 2.1 Scheme Description of Sandamaleliya Wewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Sandamaleliya
DS Divition Maha Wilachchiya
Location/Co-ord C/23 (8.15 x 3.70)
Feeding Stream Rain water
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 0.765 sq.ml
Net 0.765 sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
Capacity (ac ft) 286.72
FSL(m ) 100 100.396
Full supply depth(ft) 7
BUND
Length (m) 1252
BTL(m) 101 101.396
Top width Vary 2m - 3m 3
Max height in feet 12
Free board(m) 1 1
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 2 , 1 : 1 ½ 1:2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 2, 1 : 1 ½ 1:2
SPILL
Location R/B End
Type Clear overfall
Length (m) 42.8
Crest level (m) 100 100.396
HFL (m) 100.5
SLUICE
Location 372.6m & 855m
Type Hume pipe Tower sluice
Size of opening 18"
Head of water in ft 7
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch. (m) LB-1143, RB-1060
Length of Br.Ch. (m) 480, 200, 158.7, 169,253,192, 160,
130, 513, 15, 100
Length of D.Ch. (m) -
AREA
Irrigable (Command) area in Acres 120
Benifited by the tank
Population 490
No of families 98
Average yield 80 Bushels/Acre
Basic Overlay Plan
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Thanthirimale road up to
Means of access Sandamaleliya Temple and turn left the Sandamaleliya tank bund.
FSL=Full Supply Level BTL=Bund Top Level HFL= High Flood Level Ch = Channel
Source: NCP Irrigation Dept.

2.4.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Sandamaleliya Wewa Rehabilitation Project
28. Under the project, the proposed tank rehabilitation works are briefly outlined below.
The supplementary photographic profile is found in Annexure 2.
29. High growth of Kankun (Ipomoea aquatica) can be seen on the surface of the tank
close to the bund (Fig.3).
2.4.2.1 Bund
30. Bund width is about 3-3.5m (Fig 4). The bund is utilized for the movement of
vehicles. Bund surface is slightly damaged at several locations by movement of
vehicles such as small tractors (Fig. 18). Bund slopes are well preserved and
medium & large size trees are grown on the bund without disturbing the bund
stability.
31. Concrete steps were constructed to access the tank for washing and bathing in two
locations (Fig.7). There are several large anthills on the bund, but the damage done
to the bund is negligible (Fig.5).
2.4.2.2 Sluice and Canals
32. Tank distribution consists of two tower type sluices (Fig. 8 & 11). Both sluices and
sluice outlets are in good condition (Fig. 9 &15).
33. Left bank canal is concrete lined up to 25 meters, until the main turnout (Fig.12). All
the turnouts are made out of concrete and are damaged (Fig.16 &17).
34. Right bank canal is not lined by concrete and the concrete turnouts are also
damaged (Fig.10, 13 &14).
2.4.2.3 Spill
35. Spill is properly constructed and is in an acceptable condition (about 45 m in length).

Spill gates are completely damaged and the farmers use sand bags as a temporary
alternative (Fig.21).
36. The bund is connected to the Vilachchiya road through a footbridge just below the
spill (fig 23). Spillway canal is not properly defined and the spilling water is flowing in
to the cultivated area (Fig.22).

2.4.2.4 Utility value
37. Washing, bathing, fishing & agriculture

2.4.2.5 Agriculture
 Only cultivated in Maha season (Kanna) due to low tank capacity

 Cultivated Area – 110 Acres
 Total Cultivatable Area – 122 Acres
2.4.2.6 Area where the improvements are needed
 Damaged locations of the bund should to be renovated and some parts should be
elevated.
 Care should be taken to remove anthills and to prevent their growth on the bund.
Recommended insecticide can be applied to kill the termites under the supervision of
entomologist/ecologist.
 RBC and LBC are to be lined using concrete for a designed length from the sluice
outlet.
 Turnouts of both RBC and LBC are to be renovated.
 Spill area and Spillway canal should be cleared.
 Spill gates should be installed.
 Spillway canal should be properly defined.
2.5 Dematamalwewa / Dematamalgama Scheme Description
2.5.1 Basic Details

The tank is located close to the Wilpattu National Park as seen in Fig 2.1b below
2.5.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Dematamalgama Wewa Rehabilitation Project
38. Under the project, the existing conditions and proposed tank rehabilitation works are
briefly outlined below. A supplementary photographic profile is found in Annexure 2.

Table 2.2 Scheme Description of Dematamalgama Wewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Dematamalgama
Location/Co-ord C/23 (8.30 x7.75)
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 1.362sq.ml
Net 1.362sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(m ) 100 100.396
BUND
Length (m) 870
BTL(m) 101 101.396
Top width Vary 2m - 3m 3
Free board(m) 1 1
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 2 , 1 : 1 1/2 1:2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 2, 1 : 1 1/2 1:2
SPILL
Location L/B End
Type Clear overfall
Length (m) 44.6
Crest level (m) 100 100.396
HFL (m) 100.5
SLUICE
Location 319.5m & 546m
Size of opening 9"
CHANNEL
Length of Br.Ch. (m)
720
AREA
Population 500
No of families 100

Average yield 80 Bushels/Acre

Basic Overlay Plan
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Thanthirimale road up to

Means of access Thanthirimale junction and turn left and procced about 1 km up to
Dematamalgama tank bund.
Fig 2.1b Location and Accessibility Map of Dematamalwewa
2.5.2.1 Bund
39. Bund width is about 2.5 -3m (Fig. 2) and is utilized for the movement of vehicles.
Bund surface and the slopes are well preserved and in some locations surface
cracks due to soil shrinkage can be visible.

40. Well-constructed concrete bathing steps are located in two locations (Fig. 9).
41. Small and medium size trees have been grown along the inside slope of the bund
without disturbing the bund stability. Almost all the bund slopes are covered with
bushes (Fig.17 & 18).
42. A Large Banian (Ficus benghalensis) tree is standing on the bund close to the spill
(Fig. 10).
43. A small shrine for god Ganapathi (Pilleyar Kovil) is located under the Banian tree
(Fig.11).
44. Tank distribution systems consist of two tower type sluices and are in good condition
(Fig 3 & 6). Outlets of the sluices (Fig.4 & 7) are also in good condition.
45. Left bank canal and right bank canal are lined about 30-40 m from the outlet of each
of the sluices and the rest of the canal sections being earthen (Fig.5 & 8).
46. Turnouts are out of concrete and most are in good condition. However the turnout
gates are destroyed.
2.5.2.3 Feeding Canal
47. A feeding canal which originates from a nearby tank (Kurundugoda wewa) is
connected to the tank beyond the spill (Fig.14).
2.5.2.4 Spill
48. Spill is properly constructed and is in good condition (length about 40m) (Fig.13). A
gravel road connecting the bund to the Thanthirimale road is located across the
spillway canal (Fig.15).
49. Washing, bathing, fishing & Agriculture.

2.5.2.6 Agriculture

 Small cultivation of “Mun” & “Undu” is present

 Damaged locations of the bund should be renovated and some parts should be
elevated.
outlet.
 Left and right sluices to be repaired.
 Footbridge should be introduced for the road across the spill canal.
2.6 Dunumadalawa Scheme Description
2.6.1 Basic Details
Table 2.3 Scheme Description of Dunumadalawa Wewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Dunumadalawa
Location/Co-ord F/3 (6.10 x4.20)
Feeding Stream Pahala Etawewa, Etawewa
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 1.875sq.ml
Net 0.605 sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(m ) 100 100
BUND
Length (m) 1129
BTL(m) 101 101
Top width Vary 2.4m - 3m 3


Free board(m) 1 1
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 2 , 1 : 1 1/2 1:2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 2, 1 : 1 1/2 1:2
SPILL
Location R/B End
Type Clear overfall
Length (m) 36
Crest level (m) 100 100
HFL (m) 100.5
SLUICE
Location 417m & 642m
Size of opening 9"
CHANNEL
Length of Br.Ch. (m)
AREA
Population 325
No of families 65
Average yield 80 Busal/Acs
Basic Overlay Plan
Means of access Proceed along Anuradhapura - Wilachchiya road up to
Oyamaduwa junction and turn left and procced about 15
km up to Dunumadalawa
2.6.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Dunumadalawa Wewa Rehabilitation Project

Fig 2.1c Location and Accessibility Map of Dunumadalawa Wewa
2.6.2.1 Impounding area of the tank
51. Trees with distributed canopy are standing close to the bund in the impounding area
of the tank (Fig.6).
2.6.2.2 Bund
52. Bund width is about 1.9-2.5m (Fig. 2) and is utilized for the movement of vehicles.
Movements of heavy agricultural vehicles such as small tractors have damaged the
bund at several locations (Fig. 3&4).
53. Large and medium size trees are present on the bund slopes without disturbing the
Bund stability.

54. There are several access points to the tank and to the downstream area from the
bund (Fig.16). These access points are neither properly constructed nor lined and the
bund is subjected to erosion on these locations.
55. A Pipe line has been laid across the bund in between the Spill and Right Bank sluice
to pump the water for agricultural purposes by gravity flow (Fig.17).
2.6.2.3 Sluice and canals
56. Tank distribution systems consist of two tower type sluices which are not in good
condition (Fig.5 & 8). The sluice gates cannot be closed completely. Outlets of the
sluices (Fig.9) are in good condition.
57. Both Left and Right Bank Canals are concrete lined and most of the turnouts are out
of concrete (Fig.7 & 10).
58. The Right Bank Canal crosses the Spill Canal through an aqueduct (Fig.11). Due to
an elevation difference in the construction, the aqueduct isn’t functioning.
2.6.2.4 Spill
59. The Spill is properly constructed and is in good condition (about 45 m in length). Due
to the dense growth of bushes and trees, (Fig.13) the spill is partially blocked and
leading to problems during heavy rains. There was an attempt of increasing the Spill
level by the farmers resulting in half of the spill length being increased by 6 inches
(Fig.14).
60. Spillway crosses a gravel road connected to the bund a few meters downstream of
the spill. Surface of the road is paved with rock where it crosses the spillway (Fig.15).
2.6.2.6 Agriculture

 Damaged locations of the Bund should to be renovated and some parts should be
elevated.
outlet.
 Spill area and Spillway should be cleared.
 Concrete steps to be constructed at the access points to the Tank (At least 2 bathing
steps)
 Aqueduct in the RBC should be properly constructed.
2.7 Kaduru Wewa Scheme Description
2.7.1 Basic Details
Table 2.4 Scheme Description of Kaduru Wewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Kaduruwewa
DS Divition Kebithigollewa
Location/Co-ord D/11 (7.12 x 2.89)
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 0.095 sq.ml
Net 0.095 sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
Capacity (ac ft) 97.28 Ac.ft
FSL 100m
Full supply depth(ft) 7 ft
BUND
Length 778 m
BTL 101m
Top width Vary 8ft - 10ft
Max height in feet 10 ft
Free board(ft) 3 ft
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 1 , 1 : 1 1/2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 1 , 1 : 1 1/2
SPILL
Location L/B End
Type Natural Spill

Length 30 m
Crest level 100m
HFL 100.5m
SLUICE
Location Center
Size of opening 9"
Head of water in ft 7ft
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch. 1620m
Length of Br.Ch. (ft) 300m , 1643m
Length of D.Ch. (ft) -
AREA
Irrigable (Command) area in 80 Acs
Population 240
No of families 27
Basic Overlay Plan
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Padaviya road up to
Bellankadawala junction and turn right and proceed
Means of access
about 5 Kms to get the L/B end of the Kaduruwewa
tank bund.
2.7.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kaduru Wewa Rehabilitation Project
63. More than half of the surface area of the tank is covered by “Kekatiya” (Aponogeton
crispus), (Fig.8) “Nelum”(Nelumbo nucifera) and many other plants (Fig.7) belong to
the “Nymphaeaceae” family.
64. The catchment of the tank is entirely covered by forest. Another tank called “Kuda
Kaduru wewa” is present upstream of the tank, which is used as a supply for the
tank.

GPS Coordinates: Kadadeka wewa; 204597E, 397054N
Kaduru wewa; 205263E, 396387N
Fig 2.1d Location and Accessibility Map of Kaduru Wewa and Kadadeka Wewa
2.7.2.1 Bund
65. Bund width is about 2 -3m (Fig.9) and basically divided into three parts by a massive
rock (Fig.10) and a small rocky elevated area (Fig.11). Bund surface and the slopes
are well preserved.
66. At the left-most section of the bund, the bund is damaged due to a vehicle path
through the bund to the “Kuda Kaduru wewa” (Fig.12).
67. None of the access points to the tank have been properly constructed (Fig.13).
68. Small and medium size trees are present along the bund without disturbing the bund
stability (Fig.14). Almost all the bund slopes are covered with small bushes and grass
(Fig.15).

69. A protective structure (Fig.16) is used to protect the bund from erosion by the rock
mass.
70. At the FSL of the tank there have been leakages by the elevated area in the middle
of the bund.
71. The tank distribution system consists of a single sluice and is in good condition
(Fig.4). Outlet of the sluice (Fig.5) is also in good condition.
72. The distribution canal is lined up to about 30 m from the outlet of the sluice and the
rest of the canal section is earthen (Fig.6).
73. Turnouts are out of concrete and most are in good condition.
2.7.2.3 Spill
74. The current spill is buried (Fig.17) and located on the left of the rock mass. Because
the current spillway canal (Fig.18) is directed to the paddy fields, the spill is to be
relocated to the right-most section of the tank (Fig.19).
75. Washing, bathing, fishing & agriculture.
2.7.2.5 Agriculture

76. Initially the tank had been used to cultivate 35 acres. Only after when it was
increased up to 72 acres the spillway causes flooding of the cultivation. This also
limits the cultivation to the Maha Season.


elevated.
 Spill has to be relocated.
2.8 Kada Deka Wewa Scheme Description
2.8.1 Basic Details
Table 2.5 Scheme Description of Kada Deka Wewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Kadadekawewa
DS Division Kebithigollewa
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 0.12 sq.ml
Net 0.12 sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL 100m
Full supply depth(ft) 11 ft
BUND
Length 960 m
BTL 101m
Top width Vary (3.5m - 5.4m)
Max height in feet 3.5m ft
Free board(ft) 3 ft
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 1, 1 : 1 1/2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 1, 1 : 1 1/2
SPILL
Location L/B End
Type C.O Spill
Length 44.1 m
Crest level 100
HFL 100.5
SLUICE
Location L/B & R/B

Type Box type

Size of opening 9"
Head of water in ft 8 ft
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch. L/B - 399m & R/B - 960m
Length of Br.Ch. (ft) -
Length of D.Ch. (ft) -
AREA
Population 225
No of families 42
Basic Overlay Plan
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Padaviya road up to
Bellankadawala junction and turn right and proceed
Means of access
about 3 Kms to get the L/B end of the
Kadadekawewa tank bund.
77. Kada Deka wewa is located 204597 E and 397054 N as shown in Figure 2.1d.
2.8.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kada Deka Wewa Rehabilitation Project
79. This tank is an old tank rehabilitated from time to time. Near the spill area heavy
growth of aquatic plants can be seen (Fig.10 & 11). Though the tank has a fairly high
capacity compared to most of the tanks developed under CARE project, it is
impossible to utilize all the storage due to the elevation of the sluices. Pitch of the
tank is more than 1 km.
2.8.2.1 Bund
80. Bund width is about 2.5 -3.5m (Fig.14). Most parts of the Bund surface and the
slopes are well preserved.

81. Near the middle of the Bund there is a location where the bund is damaged and has
been temporarily rectified using wooden poles (Fig.13). The cause of damage may
be due to the wave action.
82. Several access points to the tank can be seen but none of them are protected and
hence have been subject to erosion (Fig.12).
83. Small and medium size trees have been grown along the Bund (Fig.16) without
disturbing the bund stability. Almost all the bund slopes are covered with bushes
(Fig.15).
84. A small shrine made out of stone is located at the bend between Left Sluice and Spill
(Fig.17). A foundation has been laid on the bund to build a new “Kovil” in front of the
shrine (Fig.18).
85. Right most corner of the bund is having a low elevation and in high tank levels water
is overtopping (spilling) from there (Fig.19).
86. Tank distribution systems consist of two sluices and are in need of renovation (Fig.3
& 6). Outlets of the sluices (Fig.4 & 7) are in good condition.
87. Left Bank Canal (Fig.8) is lined up to 250m from the outlet and is in good condition.
About 25m away from the outlet, an aqueduct (Fig.9) is present to carry water over
the waste canal towards the Right Bank Canal. Turnouts of the LBC are also in good
condition.
88. Right Bank Canal (Fig.5) and the turnouts are completely earthen.
89. Near the middle of the tank water is siphoned using pipes to obtain water for the
paddy fields (Fig.20 & 21).
2.8.2.3 Spill
90. Spill is properly constructed and is in good condition (length about 60m) (Fig.22 &
23). But the far end of the Spill is not properly connected to the highland (Fig.29).

91. Upstream of the Spill and Spillway Canal is covered with dense plant growth (Fig.24).
2.8.2.5 Agriculture

 Small “Chena” cultivations are present

elevated.
 RBC is to be lined using concrete for a designed length from the sluice outlet.
 Left and right sluices to be renovated.
 Spill area to be cleared.
 Connectivity of the spill at the rear end to be maintained.
 Bund is to be lined with rubble pitched mortar if necessary
2.9 Rambakepuwewa Mahawewa Scheme Description
2.9.1 Basic Details
2.9.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Rambakepuwewa Mahawewa Rehabilitation

Project
94. Almost all the shore line area of the tank is covered by “Kekatiya” plant (Aponogeton
crispus) and in some parts it has spread in to the middle of the tank (Fig.3).
95. Pitch of the tank is less than 500m.

Table 2.6 Scheme Description of Rambakepuwewa Mahawewa
Existing Design
Tank Name Rambakepuwewa
DS Division Kebithigollewa
Feeding Stream Rain water , canal
Catch Area(Sq ml)
Gross 0.11 sq.ml
Net 0.11 sq.ml
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(m above) 100m
Full supply depth(ft) 5ft
BUND
Length 671 m
BTL 101m
Top width Vary (2.5m - 3.5m)
Max height in feet 8ft
Free board(ft) 3 ft
Side slope u/s Vary 1 : 1 , 1 : 1 1/2
Side slope D/S Vary 1 : 1 , 1 : 1 1/2
SPILL
Location R/B End
Type CO Spill
Length 12.1 m
Crest level 100m
HFL 100.5m
SLUICE
Location L/B , Center , R/B
Type Hume pipe tower sluice
Size of opening 9"
Head of water in ft 5ft
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch. R/B - 408m & L/B - 275m
Length of Br.Ch. L/B - 780m
Length of D.Ch. -
AREA
Population 730
No of families 45

Average yield 50 - 60 Busal/Acs

Basic Overlay Plan
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Padaviya road up
to Rambakepuwewa board.Turn right and proceed
Means of access
about 0.5 Km to get the L/B end of the
Rambakepuwewa tank bund.
Fig 2.1e Location and Accessibility Map of Rambakepuwewa Mahawewa
96. There is another abandoned tank adjoining the Tank on the right end (Fig.22).
97. An agro well is located about 50m down the LBC (Fig.4).
2.9.2.1 Bund
98. Bund width is about 2.5-3.5m and is heavily subjected to erosion (Fig.5, 6 & 7).

99. During the recent heavy rains the bund was overtopped at the middle section of the
bund. A gravel road providing access to a small village is connected to the bund at
right most end of the bund near the spill (Fig.21).
100. There are several locations by which access to the tank has been made by the users
(Fig.8), but none of them are properly constructed and have been subject to erosion.
101. Bund slopes are covered with small bushes (Fig.9) and several medium size and
large size trees (Fig.10) were grown on the bund slopes without disturbing the bund
stability.
102. Seepage can be clearly visible all along the bund (Fig.12) and there are locations
where it has developed in to leakages (Fig.11).
103. Tank consists of three sluices (Fig.13 & 16). Middle sluice was the only outlet of tank
until 1996 and then the left and right sluices were installed and the middle one was
abandoned (Fig.29 & 30). Both left and right slices are in good condition. The middle
sluice is to be completely demolished.
104. Sluice outlets are not heavily damaged but in a condition to be renovated (Fig.14 &
17).
105. Distribution canal system is earthen and the regulators are out of concrete and
partially destroyed (Fig.15 & 19).
2.9.2.3 Spill
106. Spill and the surrounding is entirely covered with densely grown bushes and the spill
is in good condition (Fug.19 & 20).
107. The spill canal is not properly defined and is directly on to an access road.
2.9.2.4 Feeding canal
108. A feeding canal of about 1200m is the main supply to the tank (Fig.25 & 26). The
supply canal starts from an anicut installed for this purpose (Fig.28). But the top level

of the anicut and the Spill of the Tank is in the same level and hence the supply canal
is not working effectively. If the anicut is elevated there is a tendency of flooding the
cultivated lands adjacent to the anicut and its small bund.
2.9.2.6 Agriculture
 Even in Maha season the supply is marginary

 Damaged locations of the Bund should to be renovated and some parts should be
elevated.
 Introduction of Concrete bathing steps.
 Permanent removal of middle Sluice.
 Renovation of Outlets of left sluice and Right.
 RBC and LBC are to be lined by concrete.
 Supply canal and the anicut should be adjusted to function properly.
 Spill and the surrounding should be cleared.
2.10 Koongollewa Wewa Scheme Description
2.10.1 Basic Details
2.10.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Koongollewa Wewa Rehabilitation Project
111. More than half of the surface area of the tank is covered by Salvinia (Fig.9) and some
other aquatic plants (Fig.10).

Table 2.7 Scheme Description of Koongollewa Wewa
Tank Name-koongollawa EXISTING DESIGN

DS Divition Madawachchiya
Location/Co- ordinate C/24(8.5x4.7)
Feeding stream kalapalugollawa,sarakkuwewa
Catchment area (sq ml)
Gross 0.85
Net 0.56
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(ft above) 100.00 100.00
Full supply depth(ft) 100.3 100.50
BUND
Length(m) 1002m
BTL(ft above) 100.6m 101m
Top width(m) vary 2m-3m 3m
Max hight in feet 10
Free board (ft) vary 2'-3' 1m
Side slope U/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 1/2 1:2
Side slope D/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 1/2 1:2
SPILL
Location R/B
Type Natural spill
Length(m) 21.3 m
Crest level (ft above MSL) 100.00 100.00
HFL(ft above MSL) 100.30 100.500
SLUICE
Location L/B and R/B
Type Hume pipe tower sluce
Size of opening 9"
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch (ft)

Length of Br.Ch (ft) L/B-925m, R/B-420m
Length of D.Ch.(ft)
AREA
Irrigable(Command )area in Acs 75
BENIFITED BY THE TANK
Population 1200
No of families 45 farm families

Average yield 90 Bu/Acs

Basic overlay plan
Means of access
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Madawachchiya -manar
road up to Thekkawaththe Junction and turn left and
proceed about 4 Km near the water tank and turn right
proceed about 1.5 Km up to koongollawa village reach
command area of the tank bund
GPS Coordinates: Koongollewa wewa 163557 370750
Meegaha wewa 163833 368127
Fig 2.1f Location and Accessibility Map of Koongollewa Wewa
112. An agro well is located within the buffer zone near the LBC (Fig.11) to acquire water
when the tank levels are low.
113. Leftmost side of the tank has been encroached and converted to paddy fields
(Fig.12).

2.10.2.1 Bund
114. Bund width is about 3-3.5m (Fig.13) and is utilized for vehicle movement. A bund
section of about 15m near the middle of the bund was damaged due to the
overtopping during the recent rains and is temporarily rectified using sandbags
(Fig.14).
115. There are several locations, by which access to the tank has been made by the users
(Fig.17), but none are properly constructed and most are also damaged (Fig.16) and
subjected to erosion.
116. Bund slopes are partially covered with small bushes (Fig.18) and few large trees are
present on the bund slopes (Fig.19) without disturbing the bund stability.
117. There are holes on the bund surface (Fig.20) which seem to be a result of internal
leakages through the bund, however no visible leakages seen from the downstream.
118. Anthills are present in several locations of the bund (Fig.21).
119. A tank distribution system consists of two tower type sluices (Fig.3 & 6) and the
sluices are to be renovated. Right sluice outlet is partially buried, covered by weeds
and damaged (Fig.4). The left sluice outlet is in good condition (Fig.7).
120. None of the outlet canals were concrete lined and the regulators were partially
damaged (Fig.5 & 8).
121. Right bank canal passes through a scrub area for about 200m.
2.10.2.3 Spill
122. Concrete structures of the Spill is in good condition (about 50m in length) (Fig.22 &
23) but the tank side of the spill is covered by the densely grown bushes and trees.
123. Gravel road which is connected to the bund is located across the spillway.

2.10.2.5 Agriculture
 Only cultivated in Maha season (Kanna) due to low tank capacity.
elevated.
outlet.
 Left and right sluices to be renovated.
 Turnout structures to be renovated.
 Introduction of a footbridge for the road across the spill canal.
 Introduction of concrete bathing steps in several locations to access the tank.
Recommended insecticide can be applied under the supervision of entomologist
/ecologist.
2.11 Meegaha Wewa Scheme Description
2.11.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Meegaha Wewa Rehabilitation Project
126. Almost all the tank area is covered with “Kekatiya” (Aponogeton crispus) (Fig.8) and
some other aquatic plants (Fig.7). Pitch of the tank is less than 500m (Fig.9). Even at
Full Supply Level (FSL) the depth of the tank is less than 8 ft. maximum.

Table 2.8 Scheme Description of Meegaha Wewa
Tank Name-Meegaswewa EXISTING DESIGN

Akkarawewa, Thalakolawewa,
Feeding stream Kudakumbugollawa
Gross 1.49
Net 0.65
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(ft above) 100
Full supply depth(ft) 8'
BUND
Length(m) 857
BTL(ft above) 100.75 101.03
Top width(m) vary 2m-3m 3
Max hight in feet 10'
Free board (ft) 2'6" 3'
Side slope U/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 ½ 1:2
Side slope D/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 ½ 1:2
SPILL
Location R/B
Type C O spill
Length(m) 30m
Crest level (ft above MSL) 100 100.13
SLUICE
Location R/B and L/B L/B
Type Hume pipe tower sluce H.W.T
Size of opening 12" 9"
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch (ft)

Length of Br.Ch (ft) 900m RB /840m LB
Length of D.Ch.(ft)
AREA
Irrigable(Command )area in Acre 45
Population 600
No of families 100

Average yield 90-120 Bu/Acs

Basic overlay plan
Means of access
Proceed along Anuradhapura - Madawachchiya-manar road up
to Thekkawaththa Junction and turn left and proceed 3 Km after
proceed 600m and proceed on kulikkada tank bund after
proceed 630 m reach the meegaswewa tank bund
The location of Meegaha Wewa is shown in Figure 2.1f
2.11.2.1 Bund
127. Bund width is about 2 -2.5m (Fig.10). Bund surface is extensively rugged due to
frequent cattle movements (Fig.11 & 12). Bund lopes have been subjected to erosion
(Fig.13) though it is covered with grass.
128. The bund was cut at several locations for various purposes. The right-most section of
the bund has been cut and is used as a temporary spill (Fig.15). The other cuts
present were for small roads (Fig.16).
129. No properly constructed access points to the tank are present. However there are
several locations, from which cattle were accessing the tank (Fig.17).
130. Small and medium size trees have been grown along the slope of the bund without
disturbing the bund stability. Almost all the bund slopes are covered with grass
(Fig.14).
131. Many numbers of anthills were on the bund (Fig.18) and at some of these locations
seepage is visible.
132. The tank distribution system consists of only one tower type sluice and is in good
condition (Fig.3). Outlet of the sluice (Fig.4) is also in good condition.
133. The distribution canal is completely earthen and has been partially destroyed (Fig.5).
The canal system crosses the railroad at several locations about 150m downstream
from the bund (Fig.22).
134. A New sluice is to be introduced as the left sluice of the tank (Fig.6).

2.11.2.3 Spill
135. Spill is properly constructed and is in good condition (length about 5m) (Fig.19).
About 20m upstream of the spill, a temporary spill has been constructed using sand
bags by the local farmers (Fig.21).
136. The spill way canal and the area upstream of the spill are blocked due to the heavy
growth of wild bushes.
137. Fishing, cattle farming & Agriculture.

 Small cultivation of “Undu” (Black gram) (Vigna mungo) is present near the spill

elevated.
 Distribution canals are to be lined using concrete for a designed length from the
sluice outlet.
 Left sluice to be introduced.
 The heavy growth of aquatic plants should be removed.
 Spillway area should be cleared and excavated if necessary.
 Alternative path for cattle movement to be introduced in the buffer zone to protect the
bund.
 If the tank is to be used for bathing and washing, concrete bathing steps to be
introduced.

2.12 Kuda Koongaskada Wewa Scheme Description
Table 2.9 Scheme Description of Kuda Koongaskada Wewa
Tank Name-Kudakoongaskada EXISTING DESIGN

Feeding stream Kulikkadamahawewa
Gross 0.41
Net 0.41
RESERVOIR DATA
FSL(ft above) 100.05
Full supply depth(ft) 8'
BUND
Length(m) 855 m
BTL(ft above) 100.900 101.00m
Top width(m) vary 2m-3m 3m
Max hight in feet 12
Free board (ft) 3' 1m
Side slope U/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 1/2 1:2
Side slope D/s vary 1:1 - 1:1 1/2 1:2
SPILL
Location L/B
Type Natural spill
Length(m) 15 m
Crest level (ft above MSL) 100 100.05
SLUICE
Location R/B
Type Hume pipe tower sluce
Size of opening 12"
Head of water in ft 10'
CHANNEL
Length of M.Ch (ft)

Length of Br.Ch (ft) R/B-900m , L/B-840
Length of D.Ch.(ft)
AREA
Irrigable(Command )area in Acs 95


Population 325
No of families 65
Average yield 100 Bu/Acs
Basic overlay plan
Means of access Proceed along Anuradhapura - Madawachchiya -
manar road up to Rammbakulama Junction and turn
right and proceed 2 Km and turn left 0.5 Km reach
command area of the tank bund
GPS Coordinates: 162563E 375943N
Fig 2.1g Location and Accessibility Map of Kuda Koongaskada Wewa
2.12.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kuda Koongaskada Wewa Rehabilitation
Project
139. More than three quarter of the surface area of the tank is covered by Salvinia, (Fig.3)
“Nelum”(Nelumbo nucifera) and many other plants (Fig.4) belong to the

“Nymphaeaceae” family. There is no buffer zone between tank and cultivated

catchment.
140. Pitch of the tank is reduced due to the paddy cultivation carried within the tank. A
house is also built within the tank area (Fig.5) close to the spill. However, according
to a special study carried out by the NCPID and CECB, it has been found that the
house will not be affected though it is within the reservation. Therefore, no
resettlement will take place.
2.12.2.1 Bund
141. Bund width is about 3-3.5m (Fig.7) and is utilized for vehicle movement. Bund is well
preserved and at some points there were insignificant erosion due to the recent
heavy rains. Gravel road accessing a small village is connected to the bund at the
middle of the bund (Fig.9 & 10).
142. There are several locations to access the tank made by the users (Fig.11), but none
of them are properly constructed and subjected to erosion.
143. Bund slopes are entirely covered with small bushes (Fig.12) and several medium
size trees were grown on the bund slopes (Fig.13) without disturbing the bund
stability.
144. Tank distribution system consists of two tower type sluices (Fig.14 & 18) and they are
in good condition. Sluice outlets are also in good condition (Fig.15 & 19).
145. None of the outlet canals were concrete lined and the regulators were completely
damaged (Fig.16, 17, 20, 21 & 22).
146. It is to be introduce a new Sluice and a canal system (Fig.24) from about 150m from
the left sluice due to the difficulty of distributing water properly from the LBC.
2.12.2.3 Spill
147. Spill is in good condition (about 30m) (Fig.25) but the wooden gates were destroyed
and sand bags were placed as an alternative. About 15 m ahead the spill small
cofferdam built with sandbags could be observed (Fig.27).

148. Road connecting the bund to a village crosses the spill canal about 20m down the
spill and it is not protected (Fig.26).
149. A large Banian tree and small Shrine for God Ganesh (Pilleyar) is located by the
bund close to the spill (Fig.29).

 Renovation of damaged locations of the Bund and some parts should be elevated.
 Introduction of Concrete bathing steps.
Recommended insecticide can applied to kill the termites under the supervision of
entomologist.
outlet.
 Turnouts of both RBC and LBC are to be renovated.
 Installation of Spill gates.
 Introduction of Footbridge for the spill canal crossing of the road.
 Buffer zone to be introduced for the protection of the bund.

2.13 Material Resources
151. Depending on Contractor preference, materials will be sourced from various sites so
as to reduce haulage costs. The principal materials required for rehabilitation works
of the tank includes soil, gravel and crushed rock. Earth is used for embankment
construction. Gravel is used for filter construction. Crushed stone, requiring blasting,
crushing, screening, and at times blending, is used for concrete work construction.
Earth will be acquired mostly from the reservoir impounding area or selected borrow
pits, mainly located in Government and private lands in the project area. The existing
borrow pits, which can be used to obtain earth, and their location are given below.
Gravel - Anuradhapura / Madawachchiya

Crushed stone - Madawachiciya / Vavuniya
Cement - Through suppliers in Anuradhapura / Tricomalee
2.14 Labour Force
152. Many unskilled labourers will be required for earthworks and other construction work
for a 18 month construction period. The labour force in the project area is very high
and readily available. Therefore workers would be drawn from the surrounding
villages. Equal opportunity will be provided for both men and women. Local people
will be benefited by hiring labor in project construction and there will be a boost in
micro economic level. This will be an added source of income for the local people.
2.15 Main Beneficiaries of the Project
153. The main beneficiaries of the project under the 9 respective tanks considered in this
report is discussed in detail in section 3.4.3.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Existing Land Use
154. The North Central Province, comprising the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa district
extends over 10,723 sq. kilometers of Sri Lanka's North-Central plains. Known over
the centuries as Rajarata (which means land of kings), it was the seat of Sri Lanka's
ancient kingdoms from pre-Christian times to the mid-12th century A.D. Sri Lanka's
highly sophisticated ancient irrigation system of networked storage reservoirs and
feeder and distribution channels (many still in everyday use), a timeless engineering
marvel, reached its zenith in the NCP during its ancient golden age. It transformed
the dry-Zone plains of the NCP into a fertile land of plenty. These include the
Tissawewa, Nuwarawewa, Basawakkulama, Kalawewa, Minneriya and Parakkrama
Samudra with ingenious networks of channels which feed and regulate water levels
155. The Anuradhapura District located in the North Central Province, has an area of
717,900 Ha or 7,179 km2. Agriculture is a main land use in the district amounting to
18.9 % (135,805 Ha). 12 large tanks along with 80 medium and 2334 small tanks are
present.
3.2 Physical Environment
3.2.1 Topography, Climate and Weather
156. The north central region of the country has a generally flat and undulating terrain.
The entire area belongs to the dry zone of Sri Lanka where the annual rainfall is less
than 1750mm, with the highest rainfall recorded during the north-east monsoon
period from October to March. The evapo-transpiration is also higher in the dry zone.
Therefore surface water resources are very low compared to that of the wet zone.
There are some natural and man- made surface water resources. The Malwathu oya,
Yan oya and Kala oya comprise the major rivers in the Anuradhapura District.
3.2.2 Geography, Geology and Soil
157. More than 90 percent of Sri Lankan rocks are metamorphic rocks, which are
metamorphosed in high grades such as granulite and amphibolites facies. The north,
north western segment from Puttalum to Trincomalee consists mainly of Miocene age
limestone, sedimentary formations deposited in Tertiary and Quaternary periods.
158. Most of the Sri Lankan crystalline rocks belong to Precambrian ages (older than 570
Million years) while others are of more recent origin. This Precambrian age
metamorphic rocks are sub divided into three major lithological groups as Highland

complex, Wanni complex and Vijayan complex. Therefore according to this

categorization, a majority of the Anuradhapura District belongs to the Wanni complex
where Precambrian (about 1.1 Ga) metamorphic rocks are prominent.
Metasediments, charnockitic gneisses, basic rocks, migmatites and graniticgneisses,
granites and peamatites are particularly present in this region.
159. Biotite gneiss, Hornblende-biotite gneiss and granitic gneisses are present in the
region where package 01 tanks are present. Charnockitic gneisses and granitic
gneisses are the most common rock types along with some quartzite bands in the
region where of package 02 and package 03 tanks are situated.
Package 02 Tanks
Package 03 Tanks
Package 01 Tanks
Fig 3.1a: Geology Map of Anuradhapura
160. Reddish brown earth is the prominent soil type in the entire dry zone of the country.
Sri Lanka has been sub divided into different agro-ecological zones considering soil
type, rainfall and land use etc. In the area around package 01 tanks, Reddish Brown

Earth, Low Humic Gley soils and Grumusol soils are present, while at package 02
and 03 regions, Reddish Brown Earth and Low Humic Gley soils are present.
oo
Fig. 3.2: General Soil Map of the Area
3.2.3 Air Quality and Noise
161. There are no recent data available for the evaluation of such conditions. Thus the
current situation must be different from than that of the available data. However as
there are no extensive earthworks foreseen, current air quality measurements need
not be obtained. Similarly, the noise levels too may be increased during day time
once construction commences. But this too will be limited to the construction
period.

3.2.4 Hydrology and Water Resources
162. Surface water resources are very low compared to that of the wet zone. There are
some natural and man- made surface water resources. The Malwathu oya, Yan oya
and Kala oya comprise the major rivers in the Anuradhapura District. A few large
tanks like Padaviya, Mahakanadarawa, Mahawilachchiya, Hurulu wewa,
Nachchaduwa wewa, Wahalkadawewa etc. are also present together with a number
of large and small tanks or tank cascade systems. However most of these surface
water bodies dry up during the dry period from June to August.
3.3 Biophysical Environment
3.3.1 Methodology for Ecological Assessment
163. The environmental study was limited to the bund that is identified for rehabilitation of
the nine tanks and the additional inundation area that will result once the bund is
rehabilitated to its original state (the direct impact zone).
164. The principal habitat types found within the direct impact zone was investigated and
the fauna and flora present was documented. Interviews were held with officials and
communities in the area of influence to discuss safety issues, technical aspects,
disruptions during project implementation, proposed remedial measures, and to
identify environmental impact of proposed rehabilitation interventions. The type of
information collected during the field investigation included.
165. Type of habitats/ land use types present in the direct impact zone to determine
whether there are environmentally sensitive habitats present and the types of
mitigation measures needed to minimize or prevent negative impacts if such
environmentally sensitive habitats are present in the direct impact zone.
166. The predominant types of fauna and flora present in each of these habitats. All
groups of vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and mammals and
selected invertebrate groups namely butterflies and dragonflies were the main types
of fauna focused in this survey. A floristic survey of the higher plants and selected
lower plants namely ferns were also studied. The species inventories compiled in this
manner was used to identify endangered, rare, endemic or economically important
species that are present at the site. If such species are present the impact of the
project on these species were ascertained and the types of mitigation measures
required to minimize or prevent such impacts were proposed. The observed animal
and plant species were identified with the aid of published descriptions and

taxonomic keys provided by D’Abrera (1998), Bedjanic et al., (2007), Harrison

(1999), Phillips (1935), Kotagama (2005), Goonatilake (2007), Manamendra-
Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2006), Das and De Silva (2005), Somaweera (2007),
Somaweera and Someweera (2009), Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980 - 1991),
Dassanayake, Fosberg and Clayton (1994 - 1995), Dassanayake and Clayton (1996
- 2000), Dassanayake, Clayton and Shaffer-Fehre (2006). The national conservation
status of the species was recorded according to the 2007 Red List of Threatened
Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (IUCN SL and the ME&NR, 2007). The global
conservation status of the species was evaluated based on most recent listings made
available by the IUCN (www.redlist.org). Nomenclature of flowering plant is based on
Senaratna (2001) and nomenclature of fauna is based on Bambaradeniya (2006).
167. Presence of alien invasive species and the potential for these species to spread in to
other areas and the type of mitigation measure required to prevent such invasions.
168. Information necessary to identify all significant direct, indirect and cumulative
environment impacts that may arise due to he proposed developmental activity and
the nature and magnitude of these impacts. The major environmental impacts
considered under this task are,
• Presence of invasive species - First whether invasive species are present or

absent was recorded. If invasive species are present their ability to spread
into other areas due to the project such as spread of seeds through workers
or construction related vehicular movement was assessed. Further the
invasiveness of the species present was also evaluated based on information
available for the rate of spread of such invasive species
• Noise and Vibration - The noise and vibrations generated by construction

vehicles and construction activities were considered with relation to
disturbance to wildlife as well as human settlers
• Dust - As in the above case generation of dust was considered with respect to
wildlife as well as human settlers as well as the distance of material transport
taking into consideration the dust generated during transportation
• Spread of Invasive species - This impact was assessed based on the

potential for establishment of spread of invasive species which can arise due
to presence of invasive species in the sites from where the construction
equipment is brought over. Excessive need for filling where soil imported
might contain seeds of invasive species etc., Since many of the lagoons in

the Northern province are already being invaded by alien invasive species
such as Prosopis juliflora this is an important aspect that needs to be
assessed
• Erosion and Siltation – Since the project activities take place around habitats
that are sensitive to sedimentation the impact was given due consideration
• Potential for pollution of Natural Water Bodies - Since the project activities
take place around habitats that are sensitive to sedimentation the impact was
given due consideration
• Disturbance to Natural habitats
• Generation of waste and spoil - This impact was assessed based on potential
to generate soil or other waste such as plant debris in addition to normal
waste that can be generated from the development project
• Vegetation Clearing - This impact was assessed based on vegetation removal

required during rehabilitation of the bunds
• Removal of trees that are of ecological (major breeding or roosting sites),

cultural or archaeological value
• Pollution due to transport of raw materials and waste
3.3.2 Existing Floristic Habitats, Fauna and Flora
169. All nine tanks that were investigated in this project are located in the Anurhadhapura
District of the Northern Province. However since these tanks are located far apart
from each other, baseline conditions of each tank is described separately in this
section. However impacts and mitigation are discussed commonly as these are
common to all nine tanks.
170. Biogeographically, the proposed tanks (Sandamal Eliya Wewa, Dematamal Gama
Maha Wewa, Koongollawa Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda Koongaskada Wewa)
lie within the low country dry zone and within the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone.
wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are the typical vegetation formations that occur

in the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone. However, the tank ecosystems are highly
influenced by humans as the tanks are designed to support agriculture. The
downstream areas of the tank ecosystem is the area that comes mostly under the
human influence while the catchment area of most tanks contain remnants of forests
that are representative of the typical vegetation formation in the area.
3.3.2.1 Sandamal Eliya Wewa
171. Five major habitats types were observed in association with the tank. These include
floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of the tank, vegetation in the
catchment area of the tank, vegetation on the tank bud, open scrublands located
downstream of the bund and vegetation associated with downstream waterlogged
areas.
172. The floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of the tank included
species such as Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Ipomoea
aquatica (Kankung), Marsilia quadrifolia, Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Ludwigia perennis, Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia aurea, Cyperus spp.,
Fimbristylis spp., Limnophyton obtusifolium. The fauna observed in this habitat
includes freshwater fish species such as Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia),
Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia), dragon flies such as Ceriagrion
coromandelianum (Yellow Waxtail), Orthetrum sabina (Green Skimmer),
Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet), Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), the water
snake Xenochrophis cf. piscator (Checkered Keelback) and aquatic or semi aquatic
birds such as Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck), Halcyon smyrnensis
(White-throated Kingfisher), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana),
Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen), Anhinga melanogaster Oriental Darter) and
Egretta garzetta (Little Egret).
173. Vegetation present in the catchment area of the tank comprised of species such as
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira),
Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Diospyros malabarica
(Timbiri), Holoptelea intergrifolia (Godakirilla), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Gmelina
asiatica (Demata), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),
Oxystelma esculentum, Passiflora foetida, Ipomoea sepiaria (Rasa Tel Kola). The
fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Papilio crino (Banded
peacock), Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon), Euploea core (Common crow), one
species of skink Eutropis sp. and bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka

Jungle fowl), Hemiprocne coronata (Crested Tree swift), Treron pompadora

(Pompadour Green-pigeon), Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) and Orthotomus
sutorius (Common Tailorbird).
174. Vegetation on the tank bund comprised mostly of weedy shrubs and herbs that are
commonly seen in such a disturbed habitat. The common weedy shrubs and herbs
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),
Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), Ageratum
conyzoides (Hulan Tala), Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Abutilon indicum, Sida acuta
(Gas Bavila), Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Hyptis suaveolens
(Madurutala), Cynodon dactylon, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Lantana
camara (Gandapana), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal
Heba), Sida cordifolia (Wal Bavila), Boerhavia diffusa, Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha
Epala), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila). Several species of trees such as Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), and Ficus racemosa (Attikka) was
also observed around the tank bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Leptosia nina (Psyche), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Colotis
amata (Small salmon Arab), Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy), Junonia almana
(Peacock pansy) and bird species such as Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed
Barbet Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet
Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker), Anthus rufulus (Paddy field
Pipit), and Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia.
175. The scrubland habitat located downstream of the tank comprise mostly of species
such as Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Ficus benghalensis (Nuga), Borassus flabellifer
(Tal), Panicum maximum (Rata Tana), Premna tomentosa (Seru), Abutilon indicum,
Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya),
Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Mitragyna parvifolia
(Helamba), Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Holoptelea intergrifolia (Godakirilla). The
fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Danaus chrysippus (Plain
tiger), Danaus genutia (Common tiger), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Mycalesis
perseus (Common bush brown), Azanus jesous (African Babul Blue), Castalius
rosimon (Common Pierrot), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue) and bird species such as
Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet),
Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet), Cypsiurus balasiensis (Asian Palm Swift),
Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora), Copsychus

malabaricus (White-rumped Shama), Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin),

Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul),
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker) and mammal species such as
Funambulus palmarum (Palm squirrel) and Elephas maximus (Elephant)
176. The vegetation in the waterlogged area downstream of the tank comprised mostly of
Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp. and Oxystelma
esculentum. The fauna observed in this habitat included the dragon fly species
Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling) and bird species such as Amaurornis
phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing),
Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardeola grayii
(Indian Pond Heron).
177. Tree species Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) that was observed in the catchment
area of the tank is listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU) plant species (IUCN &
MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included one
endemic reptile Xenochrophis cf. piscator (Checkered Keelback) nationally
vulnerable (VU) Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant) and nationally near threatened
bird species Anhinga melanogaster (Oriental Darter) (IUCN & MENR, 2007)
3.3.2.2 Dematamal Gama Wewa
178. Four major habitats types were observed in association with the Dematamal Gama
Wewa. These include floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of the
tank, vegetation in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation on the tank bud, and
vegetation associated with downstream waterlogged areas.
species such as Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Marsilia
quadrifolia, Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul
Wenna), Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia aurea, Limnophyton obtusifolium,
Ipomoea aquatica (Kankung), Schoenoplectus articulatus, Cyperus spp., Lemna
perpusilla (Diya Pansi). The fauna observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish
species such as Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia), Puntius bimaculatus (Redside barb),
Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Channa striata (Murrel), dragon fly
species such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail), Pseudagrion
microcephalum (Blue Sprite), Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flange tail),
Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer, Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling),

Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet), Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), Trithemis

aurora (Crimson Drop wing), Rhyothemis variegate (Variegated Flutter) and aquatic
bird species such as Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck), Alcedo atthis
(Common Kingfisher), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Amaurornis
phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed
Jacana), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered
Tern), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian
Cormorant), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Bubulcus
ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Threskiornis melanocephalus
(Black-headed Ibis), Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill), Ciconia episcopus
(Woolly-necked Stork),
Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Syzygium cumini
(Madan), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Terminalia
arjuna (Kumbuk), Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila),
Schleichera oleosa (Koon). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies
such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose) bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri
Lanka Junglefowl), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Treron
pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle),
Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird) and mammal species such as Funambulus
palmarum (Palm squirrel), Pteropus giganteus (Flying fox)
Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), Achyranthes
aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Tephrosia purpurea
(Pila), Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Ageratum conyzoides (Hulan Tala),
Cassia tora (Pani Tora), Ipomoea sepiaria (Rasa Tel Kola), Eupatorium odoratum
(Podisinnamaran), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Sida
cordifolia (Wal Bavila), Ocimum gratissimum (Gastala), Boerhavia diffusa, Hibiscus
vitifolius (Maha Epala), Abutilon indicum. Further, tree species such as Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Lannea coromandelica (Hik),
Tamarindus indica (Siyabala), Acacia melanoxylon was also observed on the
downstream side of the tank bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross),
Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow),

Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy), Junonia almana (Peacock pansy), Ypthima

ceylonica (White four-ring) and bird species such as Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted
Prinia), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler).
Typha angustifolia (Hambupan), Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Mikania cordata
(Wathu Palu), Cyperus spp., Syzygium cumini (Madan), Acacia leucophloea (Maha
Andara), Calamus rotang (Heen Wewel). The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger),
Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Acraea violae
(Tawny coastor), Castalius rosimon (Common Pierrot), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass
Blue), Papilio domoleus (Lime butterfly), and bird species such as Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Merops orientalis
(Green Bee-eater), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus xanthornus
(Black-hooded Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Terpsiphone paradisi
(Asian Paradise- flycathcher), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora), Acridotheres tristis
(Common Myna), Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented
Bulbul).
183. Tree species Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) that was observed in the catchment
area and Calamus rotang (Heen Wewel) that was observed in the waterlogged areas
downstream of the bund are listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU) plant species
(IUCN & MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank
included one endemic bird Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl) one endemic
dragon fly species Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flangetail), nationally vulnerable
(VU) Ratufa macroura (Giant squirrel) and nationally near threatened bird species
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis), Ciconia episcopus (Woolly-necked
Stork) (IUCN & MENR, 2007)
3.3.2.3 Dunumadalawa Wewa
184. Four major habitats types were observed in association with the Dunumadalawa
species such as Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya), Nymphaea pubescens (Olu),

Marsilia quadrifolia, Utricularia aurea, Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),

Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo), Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Cyperus spp.,
Ludwigia perennis. The fauna observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish
species such as Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia),
Channa striata (Murrel), Heteropneustes fossilis (Stinging catfish), Anabas
testudineus (Climbing perch), dragon fly species such as Pseudagrion rubriceps
(Red-headed Sprite), Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling), Bradinopyga
geminate (Indian Rockdweller), Rhyothemis variegate (Variegated Flutter) and
aquatic or semi aquatic bird species Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck),
Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted
Waterhen), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana), Vanellus indicus
(Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern), Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret).
Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Azadirachta indica
(Kohomba), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Syzygium
cumini (Madan), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya),
Vitex leucoxylon (Nabada), Streblus asper (Nitulla), Derris scandens (Bo Kala Wel),
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Dambu), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Bauhinia racemosa
(Maila). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Pachliopta
hector (Crimson rose), Euploea core (Common crow) bird species such as Gallus
lafayetii (Sri Lanka Junglefowl), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet),
Hemiprocne coronata (Crested Treeswift), Treron bicincta (Orange-breasted Green-
pigeon), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Ducula aenea (Green
Imperial Pigeon), Parus major (Great Tit), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird),
Phylloscopus magnirostris (Large-billed Leaf Warbler), Rhopocichla atriceps (Dark-
fronted Babbler) and mammal species such as Funambulus palmarum (Palm
squirrel), Ratufa macroura (Giant squirrel).
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Vernonia cinerea (Monara
Kidumbiya), Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Achyranthes
aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha
Epala), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Sida cordifolia (Wal
Bavila), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Boerhavia diffusa, Eupatorium odoratum
(Podisinnamaran), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Ocimum americanum (Heen

Madurutala), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Ocimum gratissimum (Gastala). In

addition tree species such as Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Samanea saman (Para
Mara), Chloroxylon swietenia (Buruta), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba) was observed
in the downstream area of the tank bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Leptosia nina (Psyche), Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Cepora nerissa
(Common gull), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Eurema hecabe (Common grass
yellow), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), the reptile species Calotes versicolor
(Common garden lizard) and bird species such as Cisticola juncidis (Zitting Cisticola),
Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia), Lanius cristatus (Brown Shrike), Oriolus xanthornus
(Black-hooded Oriole), Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Small Minivet), Aegithina tiphia
(Common Iora).
Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Streblus asper
(Nitulla), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Dambu), Syzygium
cumini (Madan), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu). The fauna
observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger),
Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Azanus jesous
(African Babul Blue), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue) and bird species Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Centropus sinensis
(Greater Coucal), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Copsychus saularis
(Oriental Magpie Robin), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus
(White-browed Bulbul), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird).
189. Plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) that was observed among the vegetation
associated with the tank bund is endemic to Sri Lanka. The faunal assemblage
observed in and around the tank included one endemic bird Gallus lafayetii (Sri
Lanka Jungle fowl), and one nationally vulnerable (VU) mammal species Ratufa
macroura (Giant squirrel) (IUCN & MENR, 2007).
3.3.2.4 Kaduru Wewa
190. Four major habitats types were observed in association with the Kaduru Wewa.
These include floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of the tank,
vegetation in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation on the tank bud, and
vegetation associated with rock outcrops.

Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Utricularia aurea, Marsilia quadrifolia, Persicaria
attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Cyperus spp., Ludwigia perennis, Limnophyton
obtusifolium, Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Schoenoplectus articulatus. The fauna
observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish species such as Oreochromis
mosambicus (Tilapia), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia), Puntius bimaculatus (Redside
barb), Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Puntius sarana (Olive barb),
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Common spiny loach), Awaous melanocephalus
(Scribbled goby) dragon fly species such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow
Wax tail), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer, Brachythmis contaminate (Asian
Groundling), Bradinopyga geminate (Indian Rockdweller), Trithemis aurora (Crimson
Drop wing) and aquatic or semi aquatic bird species such as Nettapus
coromandelianus (Cotton Pygmy-goose), Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher),
Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled
Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian
Cormorant), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret),
Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron).
Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Vitex leucoxylon (Nabada), Derris parviflora (Kala
Wel), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru),
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Premna tomentosa (Seru), Manilkara hexandra (Palu),
Vitex altissima (Milla), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya),
Streblus asper (Nitulla), Derris scandens (Bo Kala Wel), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila),
Chloroxylon swietenia (Buruta). The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Papilio domoleus (Lime
butterfly) and bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Junglefowl), Megalaima
haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey
Hornbill), Hemiprocne coronata (Crested Treeswift), Treron pompadora (Pompadour
Green-pigeon), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird), Pellorneum fuscocapillum
(Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler).
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Sida acuta (Gas Bavila),
Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Achyranthes
aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Eupatorium odoratum

(Podisinnamaran), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),

Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala). In addition tree species such as Azadirachta indica
(Kohomba), Tamarindus indica (Siyabala) was observed in the downstream side of
the bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Appias
paulina (Lesser albatross), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Ypthima
ceylonica (White four-ring) and bird species such as Cisticola juncidis (Zitting
Cisticola), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia), Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia),
Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler), Anthus rufulus (Paddyfield Pipit), Lonchura
striata (White-rumped Munia).
194. Vegetation present in the rocky outcrops comprised of species such as Vitex
altissima (Milla), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Chloroxylon swietenia (Buruta),
Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Sida
acuta (Gas Bavila), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Abutilon indicum, Tephrosia
purpurea (Pila), Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu),
Derris scandens (Bo Kala Wel), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Ziziphus oenoplia
(Heen Eraminiya), Wrightia angustifolia, Drypetes sepiaria (Wira), Drypetes gardneri
(Gal Wira), Premna alstoni, Chionanthus zeylanica (Geriata), Phyllanthus polyphyllus
(Kuratiya), Merremia tridentata (Heen Madu), Memecylon umbellatum (Korakaha),
Reissantia indica, Hugonia mystax (Bugetiya). The fauna observed in this habitat
includes butterflies such as Danaus genutia (Common tiger), Appias paulina (Lesser
albatross), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow) and bird species such as Pavo
cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Merops
orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Columba livia
(Rock Pigeon), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-
hooded Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Dicrurus caerulescens
(White-bellied Drongo), Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise- flycathcher), Aegithina
tiphia (Common Iora), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus
(White-browed Bulbul), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird).
195. Plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) Wrightia angustifolia, Drypetes gardneri
(Gal Wira), Premna alstoni, Derris parviflora (Kala Wel) are endemic to Sri Lanka.
The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included three endemic bird
species Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka
Grey Hornbill), Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler) of which
later is also listed as a nationally near threatened species (IUCN & MENR, 2007).

3.3.2.5 Kadadeka Wewa
196. Four major habitats types were observed in association with the Kadadeka Wewa.
These include floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of the tank,
vegetation in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation on the tank bud, and
Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Cyperus spp., Ipomoea aquatica (Kankung), Crinum
defixum (Heen Tolabo), Neptunia oleracea (Diya Nidikumba), Nymphoides
hydrophylla (Kumudu), Marsilia quadrifolia, Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul
Wenna). The fauna observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish species such as
Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia), Puntius bimaculatus (Redside barb), Rasbora
microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), dragon fly species such as Pseudagrion
microcephalum (Blue Sprite), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer, Brachythmis
contaminate (Asian Groundling), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet), Pantala
flavescens (Wandering Glider) and aquatic or semi aquatic bird species Alcedo atthis
(Common Kingfisher), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Amaurornis
phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed
Jacana), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered
Tern), Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant),
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron),
Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Threskiornis
melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis), Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Derris scandens (Bo Kala Wel), Chloroxylon swietenia
(Buruta), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Holoptelea intergrifolia (Godakirilla),
Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Ziziphus oenoplia
(Heen Eraminiya), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira), Vitex altissima (Milla), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba),
Ventilago madraspatana (Yakkada Wel), Ficus hispida (Kota Dimbula), Grewia
orientalis, Haldina cordifolia (Kolon), Bridelia retusa (Ketakala), Syzygium cumini
(Madan), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Derris
parviflora (Kala Wel). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as
Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon), Euploea core
(Common crow) bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Junglefowl),
Dendrocopus nanus (Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker), Megalaima

haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Cacomantis passerinus (Grey-bellied Cuckoo),

Hemiprocne coronata (Crested Treeswift), Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), Spilornis
cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle) and one species of reptile Hemidactylus Spp..
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Eupatorium odoratum
(Podisinnamaran), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Flueggea
leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),
Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Hibiscus
vitifolius (Maha Epala), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila),
Cynodon dactylon, Cassia tora (Pani Tora), Sida cordifolia (Wal Bavila),
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta). In addition tree species such as
Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Tamarindus indica
(Siyabala) was observed in the downstream area of the tank bund. The fauna
observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Appias
paulina (Lesser albatross), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Colotis amata
(Small salmon arab), Junonia almana (Peacock pansy), Ypthima ceylonica (White
four-ring) and bird species such as Cisticola juncidis (Zitting Cisticola), Prinia
hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia), Prinia socialis (Ashy Prinia), Prinia inornata (Plain
Prinia), Anthus rufulus (Paddyfield Pipit), Lonchura striata (White-rumped Munia),
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Small Minivet), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora),
Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul),
Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed
Flowerpecker), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird), Nectarina lotenia
(Loten’s Sunbird).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Phyllanthus reticulatus
(Kaila), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Typha angustifolia (Hambupan), Cyperus
spp., Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Margaritaria indicus (Karawu). The fauna
observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger),
Danaus genutia (Common tiger), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis hylas
(Common sailor), Mycalesis perseus (Common bush brown) and bird species Pavo
cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Merops
orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Cypsiurus
balasiensis (Asian Palm Swift), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus

xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Dicrurus caerulescens (White-bellied Drongo),

Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise- flycathcher).
201. Plant assemblage recorded in and around the tank included two species Vernonia
zeylanica (Pupulu) and Derris parviflora (Kala Wel) that are endemic Sri Lanka.
Further three species of plants, Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Haldina cordifolia
(Kolon), Margaritaria indicus (Karawu) listed as nationally vulnerable (VU) (IUCN &
MENR, 2007) was also recorded from the site. The faunal assemblage observed in
and around the tank included one endemic bird Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle
fowl), and two nationally near threatened bird species, Dendrocopus nanus (Brown-
capped Pygmy Woodpecker) Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis)
(IUCN & MENR, 2007).
3.3.2.6 Rambakapu Wewa Maha Wewa
202. Three major habitats types were observed in association with the Rambakapu Wewa
Maha Wewa. These include floating or rooted vegetation on the open water areas of
the tank, vegetation in the catchment area of the tank and vegetation on the tank bud
species such as Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya),
Marsilia quadrifolia, Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Neptunia oleracea
(Diya Nidikumba), Ipomoea aquatica (Kankung), Cyperus spp., Utricularia aurea,
Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Salvinia
molesta, Limnophyton obtusifolium. The fauna observed in this habitat includes,
freshwater fish species such as Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia), Oreochromis
niloticus (Tilapia), Puntius bimaculatus (Redside barb), Rasbora microcephalus
(Carverii Rasbora), Awaous melanocephalus (Scribbled goby), Channa striata
(Murrel), dragon fly species such as Agriocnemis pygmaea (Wandering Wisp),
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer,
Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling) and aquatic or semi aquatic bird
species Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-
tailed Jacana), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida
(Whiskered Tern), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle
Egret), Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill).

Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Diospyros
malabarica (Timbiri), Holoptelea intergrifolia (Godakirilla), Azadirachta indica
(Kohomba), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Ventilago madraspatana (Yakkada
Wel), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Manilkara
hexandra (Palu), Cassia roxburghii (Ratu Wa), Limonia acidissima (Divul),
Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Schleichera oleosa (Koon), Streblus asper (Nitulla),
Ficus hispida (Kota Dimbula), Madhuca longifolia (Mi). The fauna observed in this
habitat includes butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Euploea core
(Common crow), Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Azanus jesous (African Babul Blue),
Catochrysops strabo (Forger-me-not) bird species such as Megalaima
haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Chalcophaps indica (Emerald Dove), Treron
pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird)
Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet),
Merops orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Eudynamys scolopacea (Asian Koel),
Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet),
Cypsiurus balasiensis (Asian Palm Swift), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove),
Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo),
Dicrurus caerulescens (White-bellied Drongo), Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise-
flycathcher) and mammal species such as Funambulus palmarum (Palm squirrel),
Pteropus giganteus (Flying fox).
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Hyptis suaveolens
(Madurutala), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Cassia tora
(Pani Tora), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Lantana camara (Gandapana),
Cynodon dactylon, Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Calotropis gigantea
(Wara), Cassia occidentalis (Ath Tora), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Tephrosia purpurea
(Pila). In addition tree species such as Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Schleichera
oleosa (Koon), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Ficus sp. (Nuga), Ficus religiosa (Bo) was
observed in the downstream area of the tank bund. The fauna observed in this
habitat includes butterflies such as Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Eurema
hecabe (Common grass yellow), a reptile species Eutropis Spp and bird species
such as Cisticola juncidis (Zitting Cisticola), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia),
Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler), Pericrocotus
cinnamomeus (Small Minivet), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora), Pycnonotus cafer

(Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Nectarina

zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird).
206. None of the plant or animal species recorded in the habitats in and around the tank
are endemic to Sri Lanka or listed as threatened species.
3.3.2.7 Koongollawa Wewa
areas.
species such asNymphaea pubescens (Olu), Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya),
Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Limnophyton obtusifolium, Persicaria
attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Cyperus spp.,
Utricularia aurea, Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo), Salvinia molesta. The fauna
observed in this habitat includes freshwater fish species such as Rasbora
microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Common spiny
loach), Channa striata (Murrel), dragon flies such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum
(Yellow Wax tail), Libellago Spp. Orthetrum luzonicum (Marsh Skimmer), Orthetrum
Sabina (Green Skimmer, Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling), Diplacodes
trivialis (Blue Percher), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Drop wing), Tramea limbata
(Sociable Glider), and aquatic or semi aquatic birds such as Alcedo atthis (Common
Kingfisher), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana), Porphyrio porphyrio
(Purple Swamphen), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida
(Whiskered Tern), Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
(Indian Cormorant), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron), Casmerodius albus (Great
Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-
headed Ibis).
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Manilkara hexandra (Palu),
Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Ventilago madraspatana (Yakkada Wel), Ziziphus
oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Ixora coccinea (Ratambala),
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Dambu), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Azadirachta

indica (Kohomba), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Holoptelea intergrifolia

(Godakirilla), Streblus asper (Nitulla). The fauna observed in this habitat includes
butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Graphium Agamemnon (Tailed
jay), Euploea core (Common crow), one species of skink and bird species such as
Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Junglefowl), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith
Barbet), Clamator jacobinus (Pied Cuckoo), Treron bicincta (Orange-breasted Green-
pigeon), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Coracina macei (Large
Cuckooshrike), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird).
observed in this habitat comprised of species such as Eupatorium odoratum
(Podisinnamaran), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Ocimum gratissimum (Gastala),
Abutilon indicum, Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila),
Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha
Epala), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Cassia tora (Pani Tora). Several species of trees
such as Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Tamarindus indica (Siyabala) was also observed around the tank
bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Leptosia nina
(Psyche), Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Catopsilia
pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Pareronia ceylanica (Dark wanderer), Colotis amata
(Small salmon arab), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Junonia almana
(Peacock pansy), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring)and bird species such as
Cisticola juncidis (Zitting Cisticola), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia), Prinia
inornata (Plain Prinia), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler).
such as Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Hibiscus
vitifolius (Maha Epala), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba),
Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Phyllanthus polyphyllus (Kuratiya), Holoptelea
intergrifolia (Godakirilla), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Grewia orientalis, Ventilago
madraspatana (Yakkada Wel), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Chloroxylon
swietenia (Buruta). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as
Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger), Danaus genutia
(Common tiger), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis hylas (Common sailor),
Azanus jesous (African Babul Blue), Castalius rosimon (Common Pierrot), Lampides
boeticus (Pea Blue), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue) and bird species such as Pavo
cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Merops orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Merops philippinus

(Blue-tailed Bee-eater), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Streptopelia chinensis

(Spotted Dove), Lanius cristatus (Brown Shrike), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black
Drongo), Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise- flycathcher), Aegithina tiphia
(Common Iora), Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin), Acridotheres tristis (Common
Myna), Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul),
Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped
Sunbird), Nectarina lotenia (Loten’s Sunbird).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Typha angustifolia
(Hambupan), Cyperus spp., Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Lepisanthes tetraphylla
(Dambu), Ixora coccinea (Ratambala), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Crinum defixum
(Heen Tolabo), Cassine glauca (Neralu), Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya). The fauna
observed in this habitat included the dragon fly species such as Diplacodes trivialis
(Blue Percher), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Drop wing) and bird species such as
Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed
Ibis),Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing).
213. Two plant species that are endemic to Sri Lanka Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) and
Cassine glauca (Neralu) was observed among the plants recorded in and around the
tank. The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included one endemic
bird Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl) and one nationally near threatened bird
species Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis) (IUCN & MENR, 2007)
3.3.2.8 Meegaha Wewa
areas.
Limnophyton obtusifolium, Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Neptunia
oleracea (Diya Nidikumba), Marsilia quadrifolia, Aeschynomene aspera (Maha Diya
Siyambala), Utricularia aurea. The fauna observed in this habitat includes freshwater
fish species such as Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Oreochromis

mosambicus (Tilapia), dragon flies such as Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer,

Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental
Scarlet), Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Drop wing),
and aquatic or semi aquatic birds such as Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-
tailed Jacana), Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen), Egretta garzetta (Little
Egret), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardeola grayii
(Indian Pond Heron), Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis), Anastomus
oscitans (Asian Openbill).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Phyllanthus reticulatus
(Kaila), Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Vitex leucoxylon (Nabada), Schleichera
oleosa (Koon), Ixora coccinea (Ratambala), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Ziziphus
oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies
such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Papilio polytes (Common mormon),
Euploea core (Common crow), and bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka
Junglefowl), Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), Orthotomus sutorius (Common
Tailorbird), Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Dinopium benghalense (Black-rumped
Flameback), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Phaenicophaeus
viridirostris (Blue-faced Malkoha), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Streptopelia
chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole).
Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala), Abutilon
indicum, Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Vernonia
zeylanica (Pupulu), Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Cassia
tora (Pani Tora), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Mimosa
pudica (Nidikumba), Cynodon dactylon, Crotalaria verrucosa, Tephrosia villosa (Bu
Pila). Several species of trees such as Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk) was also observed around the tank
bund. The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Leptosia nina
(Psyche), Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Cepora nerissa (Common gull), Appias paulina
(Lesser albatross), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Pareronia ceylanica (Dark
wanderer), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Junonia almana (Peacock
pansy), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring) and bird species such as Cisticola

juncidis (Zitting Cisticola), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia), Turdoides affinis

(Yellow-billed Babbler).
such as Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Lantana camara (Gandapana),
Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala), Ventilago madraspatana (Yakkada Wel), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Ficus racemosa (Attikka), Ficus
sp. (Nuga), Phyllanthus polyphyllus (Kuratiya), Schleichera oleosa (Koon),
Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Ziziphus oenoplia
(Heen Eraminiya), Lannea coromandelica (Hik). The fauna observed in this habitat
includes butterflies such as Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus genutia (Common
tiger), Phalantha phantha (Leopard), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis hylas
(Common sailor), Acraea violae (Tawny coastor), Azanus jesous (African Babul
BlueLampides boeticus (Pea Blue), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue) bird species such
as Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Dinopium benghalense (Black-rumped
Flameback), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Phaenicophaeus
viridirostris (Blue-faced Malkoha), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Streptopelia
chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Aegithina tiphia
(Common Iora), Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented
Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-
rumped Sunbird) and mammal species such as Funambulus palmarum (Palm
squirrel).
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Cyperus spp., Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Ficus
racemosa (Attikka), Vitex leucoxylon (Nabada). The fauna observed in this habitat
included the dragon fly species such as Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet),
Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Drop wing), and birds
such as Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret),
Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill)
220. One plant species that is endemic to Sri Lanka Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) was
observed among the plants recorded in and around the tank. The faunal assemblage
observed in and around the tank included one endemic bird Gallus lafayetii (Sri
Lanka Jungle fowl) and one nationally near threatened bird species Threskiornis
melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis) (IUCN & MENR, 2007)

3.3.2.9 Kuda Koongaskada Wewa
221. Four major habitats types were observed in association with the Kuda Koongaskada
species such asNymphaea pubescens (Olu), Pistia stratiotes (Diya Paradel), Salvinia
molesta, Nymphoides hydrophylla (Kumudu), Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya),
Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Marsilia quadrifolia, Typha angustifolia (Hambupan),
Utricularia aurea, Neptunia oleracea (Diya Nidikumba), Ceratopteris thalictroides.
The fauna observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish species such as
Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia), Puntius bimaculatus (Redside barb), Rasbora
microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Common spiny
loach) dragon fly species such as Agriocnemis pygmaea (Wandering Wisp),
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail), Brachythmis contaminate (Asian
Groundling), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet), Diplacodes trivialis (Blue
Percher), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Drop wing), Rhyothemis variegate (Variegated
Flutter) and aquatic bird species such as Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-
duck), Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen), Hydrophasianus
chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana), Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen),
Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern),
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Ardea
purpurea (Purple Heron), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian
Pond Heron).
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen
Eraminiya), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Lantana
camara (Gandapana), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Flueggea leucopyrus
(Katu Pila), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila). The fauna
observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Papilio polymnestor (Blue
mormon), Euploea core (Common crow) bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri
Lanka Junglefowl), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Cacomantis
passerinus (Grey-bellied Cuckoo), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon),
Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle), reptile

species such as Hemidactylus Spp. Geochelone elegans (Indian star tortoise) and
mammal species such as Herpestes edwardsii (Grey mongoose)
Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala), Hyptis
suaveolens (Madurutala), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Ageratum conyzoides (Hulan
Tala), Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Eupatorium
odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Vernonia zeylanica
(Pupulu), Tridax procumbens, Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), Achyranthes
aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Ocimum gratissimum
(Gastala) Abutilon indicum. Further, tree species such as Azadirachta indica
(Kohomba), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Madhuca
longifolia (Mi) was also observed on the downstream side of the tank bund. The
fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Leptosia nina (Psyche),
Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow) and bird species such as Prinia hodgsonii
(Grey-breasted Prinia), Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed
Babbler), Anthus rufulus (Paddyfield Pipit), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove),
Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo),
Dicrurus caerulescens (White-bellied Drongo), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora),
Copsychus saularis (Oriental Magpie Robin), Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Mikania cordata (Wathu
Palu), Typha angustifolia (Hambupan), Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Ixora
coccinea (Ratambala), Streblus asper (Nitulla), Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Ficus
racemosa (Attikka), Ficus hispida (Kota Dimbula), Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Dambu),
Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo), Cassine glauca (Neralu), Hygrophila schulli
(Niramulliya), Azima tetracantha, Colocasia esculenta (Gahala), Pandanus sp.
(Wetake). The fauna observed in this habitat includes butterflies such as Danaus
chrysippus (Plain tiger), Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Castalius rosimon (Common
Pierrot), Zizula hylax (Tiny Grass Blue), and bird species such as Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Centropus sinensis
(Greater Coucal), Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet), Columba livia (Rock
Pigeon), , Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted
Dove), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black
Drongo).

226. Plant assemblage recorded in and around the tank included two species Vernonia
zeylanica (Pupulu) and Cassine glauca (Neralu) that are endemic Sri Lanka. The
faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included one endemic bird
Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl) and one nationally vulnerable (VU) reptile
species Geochelone elegans (Indian star tortoise) (IUCN & MENR, 2007).
3.4 Water Quality Testing
227. As a part of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and as a primary requirement
prior to implementing the rehabilitation activities of Dunumadalawa Wewa, Meegaha
wewa, Sandamaleliya Wewa, Rambakepu wewa, Kaduru Wewa, Dematamal Wewa,
Kadadeka Wewa, Kuda Koongaskada Wewa and Koongollewa Wewa in the North
Central Province of Sri Lanka, the water quality study was carried out.
228. Surface water of the tanks was monitored to review the existing water quality. These
baseline data is essential to estimate potential water quality impacts on the ambient
water due to the renovation activities.
229. Sampling program was conducted during a slightly rainy period. Samples were
collected using the grab sampling method. The sample preservation, transportation
and analysis were performed in accordance with the Standard methods for the
Examination of water and waste water (1998).
230. Some basic water quality parameters which are given in Sri Lankan Standard (SLS
614) for portable water were monitored in accordance with the standard methods
given the Table 3.1
Table 3.1-Monitored Parameters, Method of Analysis and their Maximum Permissible Levels
Permissible
Parameter Method Unit
Levels
pH ASTM D 1293-99 - 6.5-9.0
Electrical Conductivity at APHA 2510-B μS/cm 3500
Turbidity USEPA 180.1 NTU 8
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) By TDS meter mg/L
Chloride ion (Cl-) content ASTM D 512-04 mg/L 1200
Sulfate ion (SO42-) content ASTM D 516-07 mg/L 400

3.4.1 Results
231. All the samples collected are clear and special odder was not felt at the sampling.
The temperature of collected water was very within 25 ºC - 29ºC. Results of in situ
and laboratory parameters are tabulated in Table 3.2a and 3.2b.
Table 3.2a: Baseline Water Quality Status of the Tank

Tank
Parameter Unit Kuda
Kaduru Dematamal Kadadeka
Koongaskada Koongollewa
Wewa Wewa Wewa
Wewa Wewa
7.5 7.5 7.9 7.1 7.2
pH - (at 28.7 0C) (at 27.6 0C) (at 28.2 0C) (at 25.5 0C) (at 27.9 0C)
Electrical 127.2 463 214 209 167
Conductivity μS/cm (at 28.7 0C) (at 27.6 0C) (at 28.2 0C) (at 25.5 0C) (at 27.9 0C)
Turbidity NTU 2.6 4.1 1.1 2.5 2.1
Total Dissolved
80
Solid (TDS) mg/L 70 220 100 70
Chloride ion (Cl-)
10.2
content mg/L 14.6 22.7 19.4 13
Sulfate ion (SO42-)
<1
content mg/L <1 4.7 3.3 <1
Table 3.2b: Baseline Water Quality Status of the Tank

Tank
Parameter Unit Dunumadalawa Meegaha Sandamaleliya Rambakepu
Wewa wewa Wewa wewa
7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4
pH - (at 25.6 0C) (at 28.5 0C) (at 26.4 0C) (at 27.0 0C)
Electrical 382 215 205 149
Conductivity μS/cm (at 25.6 0C) (at 28.5 0C) (at 26.4 0C) (at 27.0 0C)
Turbidity NTU 1 0.35 5.5 0.6
Total Dissolved
Solid (TDS) mg/L 200 110 110 70
Chloride ion (Cl-)
content mg/L 42.1 22.7 25.9 8.1
Sulfate ion (SO42-)
content mg/L <1 2.9 <1 <1
3.4.2 Comparison of Water Quality With Reference To Guideline values
232. Results of insitu and laboratory parameters of all samples tested are within the
maximum permissible level for the portable water and irrigation water, defined by Sri
Lankan Standard (SLS 614).
233. The water quality reports for each tank are found in Annex 4 along with GPS points.

3.5 Social Environment
234. The tanks in the area have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate
rehabilitation and therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some of tanks have
become incapable of storing water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the
head works and canal system. Dilapidation of this livelihood related infrastructure
facility has created significant negative impacts on the lives of the people in these
villages. These village tanks are not mere water storages used for growing crops but
they play more significant roles in the entire livelihood system of the village. Water
stored in tanks is used by multiple users including flora and fauna environment.
People also use water for other purposes such as bathing and washing. In this
context these tanks should not be considered as mere agriculture tanks but they are
part and parcel of the livelihood system of each village. It has been observed that no
human settlement in NCP can be seen without village tank.
235. The proposed project therefore, can be viewed as significant intervention in the
process of reestablishing the disturbed livelihood systems in NCP.
236. Altogether 39 Tanks in the North Central Province are considered for rehabilitation
under the CARE Project. However only 9 of these tanks are considered in this report.
This study aims at assessing the impacts of proposed tank rehabilitation project on
the communities. It also intends to identify both positive and negative impacts and
make suggestions to mitigate the negative impacts. The report also includes the
suggestions of stakeholders on the tank rehabilitation program. Finally, the
consultant makes suggestions to enhance the positive impacts of the tank
rehabilitation project proposed.
3.5.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analyses of Impacts

and Agriculture research and production assistants were interviewed and the
collected data related to each tank studied.
238. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank were also interviewed and
information collected in relation to each candidate tank. The general farmers from
the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were met in groups in most
cases to obtain the information on local knowledge they possess. List of persons
formally interviewed is attached as Annexure 4D.

3.5.2 The Socio-economic Condition in the Area
3.5.2.1 The Socio-Economic Background of the Divisional Secretary Areas Under The
Proposed Project
239. The proposed 39 tanks are located in 5 Divisional Secretary Divisions.

Madawachchiya, Central Nuwaragam Palatha and Maha Villachchiya are in the
boundary of Northern Province while other two, Kabithigollawe and Padaviya are
bounded by Eastern province. The socio-economic features in Kebithigollawe,
Madawachchiya and Central Nuwaragam Palatha are centered on traditional villages
where village tanks play critical roles in the livelihood systems. Except about 10%-
15% employable persons involved in government jobs others are depending on
agriculture under small tanks, Chena and agro-wells. Considerable percentages of
youths in these villages are involved in Army and also work as home guards. The
home guards are reported only from the villages that are close to the boundary of
Northern Province. Most of the villages where candidate tanks are located come
under this category.
240. A considerable percentage of families in Padaviya and Maha Villachchiya are settlers
of two major irrigation systems, Padaviya tank in Padaviya and villachchiya tank in
Maha villachchiya. Even in these two DS divisions there are some rural villages in
which people depend on Chena cultivation and some limited paddy cultivation under
small tanks.
241. In terms of severity of the impact Kabithigollawe and Padaviya can be mentioned as
two DS division of 5 studied as mostly impacted areas due to long prevailed war.
Massacre in Yakawewa village in Kabithigollawe DS division is the ideal example to
indicate the negative impact. The entire livelihood system including economic
activities like agriculture, education activities of children and most of other normal
functions of government and private sector institutions were nearly paralyzed in all
these villages.
242. Except Maha villachchiya Tank command area in all other areas of Candidate DS
divisions, water scarcity is common and most critical problem. Although Padaviya is a
major tank it has serious water scarcity related problems. Tail end areas of land
under Padaviya tank are experienced with serious water scarcities. Small tanks are a
common feature of the man made environment in all the 5 DS divisions. Even in
Padaviya and Maha Vilachchiya areas out side of major tank command are Purana
villages that are depending on small tanks for the maintenance of the livelihood
systems. These small tanks have been established as “cascades” to harvest and use
rain water in most productive manner. About 24 of 39 candidate tanks studied are
located in cascades. Tanks in cascades have better access to water than tanks in

isolation. This is because the tanks in cascades are fed by other tanks in the net
work system.
243. Finally, the consultants observed the needs for rehabilitation of the 39 tanks studied.
Almost all these tanks are physically dilapidated due to long term negligence. The
institutional mechanisms/systems in the areas are inactive and nearly paralized. The
communities need the improved tanks in the process of reestablishment of their
disturbed livelihood systems. Therefore, it can say that small tanks are the most
critical and most needed infrastructure in the process of rehabilitation programs in
war affected areas (of course together with other related infrastructure facilities such
as rural roads etc).
3.5.2.2 The Population In Tank Related DS and GN Divisions
244. The central Nuwaragam Palatha is the DS division where larger population is
reported from 5 divisions. This is because a significant area of the division falls under
urban areas. About 2-9, GN divisions benefit from the proposed project in each DS
division. The population in DS and GN divisions can be mentioned as people living
in the periphery of the candidate tank areas. About 16% of total population in project
related DS divisions are living in the 26 project related GN divisions. The information
on population in each DS division, GN division is given in Annex 4 A. The table 3.3
includes the summarized information of population in DS and GN divisions related
to the candidate tanks.
Table 3.3- Population in DS and GN Divisions Related to The Proposed Project
Tank DS Division POPULATION GN Division Population

IN DS in GN
Sandamaleliyawewa Maha Vilachchiya 23483 369 Sandamaleliya 1555

Dematamalgamawewa Maha Vilachchiya 23483 367, 1090
Dematamalgama
Dunumadalewawewa Maha Vilachchiya 23483 56, Dunumadalewa 815
Rambakapuwewa Kebithigollewa 23048 30, Nalawewa 853
Kaduruwewa Kebithigollewa 23048 38, 332
Punchimudagama
Kadadekawewa Kebithigollewa 23048 38, 332
Punchimudagama
Koongollewa Medawachchiya 49586 53, Lolugaswewa 1303
Kudakoongaskada Medawachchiya 49586 51, Lolugaswewa 1187
Meegaswewa Medawachchiya 49586 64, Kulikkada 1180

3.5.2.3 The Direct Beneficiary Population of the Proposed Project
245. The information on direct beneficiary families in each tank is given in Table 3.4.
About 5-15 numbers of tanks have been proposed for rehabilitation in each DS
division. Therefore, the number of tank beneficiary villages ranges from 4-14 in the 5
DS divisions. These villages are small in terms of number of families. The total
families benefit from each DS division ranges from 320 – 1197 in the 5 DS divisions.
The population of these project beneficiary villages ranges from 1000 to 3000 in
average. The population in the entire village can be regarded as tank beneficiary
people. This is because these tanks are not catering only to the farmer families
cultivating crops in the command areas but they cater the entire livelihood systems in
the village. Therefore, the total population in the village directly or indirectly benefit
from the tank. The consultants have observed that almost all the families in these
small villages have at least small piece of land in the command areas of the
candidate tanks. The information summarized on this aspect is given in table 3.4.
Table 3.4- The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project
Tank No of No of Population in Beneficiary

beneficiary families in the village families
villages the village

3.5.3 The Diversity of the Tank Beneficiary Population
246. Except Madawachchiya and Central Nuwaragam Palatha, the project beneficiary
population in other tanks located in the 3 DS Divisions are mainly Sinhala. The ethnic
diversity of project beneficiary population in candidate villages is shown in table 3.5.
Table 3.5 - Ethnic diversity of project beneficiary population
Tank Sinhala Tamil Muslim total
3.5.4 The livelihood activities in the project beneficiary villages
3.5.4.1 Income generation activities in the project related DS divisions
247. The dominant income generation activities (mostly apparent) are agriculture in all the
project related DS divisions. In the areas coming under the project are mainly
confined to paddy under small tanks in Maha seasons and Chena cultivation in the
same season but with different crops, mainly grains. Maize and other cash crops are
cultivated in small scales in Chenas.
248. In Mahavillachchiya DS division the farmers can cultivate in both Maha yala seasons
under the tank command (major tank called Villachchiya). But in Padaviya some
areas in the command can not be cultivated in most Yala seasons due to water
scarcities. In addition to agriculture under Padaviya and Villachchiya tanks these 2
major tanks are very famous for inland fishery in NCP. The fishing can be done
throughout the year in these two tanks. In addition to agriculture related employments
about 15% of families in all 5 DS divisions are involved in government and private
sector employments, mainly in Arm forces.

249. The communities in candidate villages are somewhat remote from the service
delivery institutions. Most of these institutions were inactive or disappeared from the
services for considerable times due to War. However, most of these service delivery
institutes are located in the main townships in each DS division (each DS division
has a township where most of the service delivery institutes in the divisions are
located). The types of institutions commonly located in each DS division are as
follows:
 Divisional secretariat office
 Irrigation Department
 Agrarian Services Department
 Government and Private sector Banks
 Post offices
 Police station
 Electricity Board
250. The institutes mentioned above are providing various services related to the
livelihood activities, mainly for income generation activities.
3.5.5 The health and education facilities’ available in the area
3.5.5.1 Health condition
251. The general hospital located in Anuradhapura is the hospital available with most of
the facilities to the project related communities. In addition to general hospital in
Anuradhapura city each DS division has a divisional hospital. Further, in about 5km
radius of village there are rural hospitals located in the district. These hospitals are
providing treatments to the general diseases like fever, cough etc. Some of the rural
hospitals are having residential wards. The health clinics are held in centers
established in village area (at least one centre is available for 2-3 villages). These
centers provide services to pregnant women and infants.
252. The most critical illness in project related villages is kidney diseases. It is more
critical in DS divisions such as Madawachchiya, Kebithigollawe and Padaviya. There
are special clinics exclusively established for kidney diseases attached to
Madawachchiya divisional hospital. Water quality is a problem in all these DS

divisions. In some villages coming under the proposed project ground water is not at
all suitable for drinking according to the communities. For example hardness and
high concentration of fluoride are the two main quality related problems in ground
water in Villachchiya and Central Nuwaragampaltha DS areas.
253. Respiratory diseases including Asthma are common among communities in all 5 DS
divisions. Long standing dry spell in every year and its related diseases are the
perceived reasons for these sicknesses according to the communities. They attribute
the dust to the gravel roads in the interior areas of the villages.
3.5.5.2 Education Condition
254. Anuradhapura city has rich infrastructure facilities for education in the district. It has
several national schools and provincial schools with all the facilities. Each project
beneficiary DS division has one Maha Vidyalaya and several provincial schools.
According to the observations of the social impact assessment team, at least a
school is available for any community within 3km radius
255. However, it has been observed that health and education infrastructure facilitates in
the project beneficiary villages have been severely affected due to 2 to 3 decades
prevailed war. The Government is slowly rehabilitating some of these infrastructure
facilities and therefore proposed tank rehabilitation program also can be viewed as
part of the ongoing programs for reestablishing the disturbed livelihood system.
3.5.5.3 Other infrastructure facilities in the project beneficiary areas
256. The infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity, telephone and drinking water
are discussed here. These facilities would provide supplementary inputs for the
ongoing livelihood rebuilding process.
257. Roads: A9 is the main road traverse across all 5 project beneficiary DS divisions it is
being used by communities in these 5 DS divisions to reach desired destination in
Northern Province.
258. A main road from Anuradhapura to Vilachchiya through Thanthirmale traverses

across Maha vilachchiya and Central Nuwaragampalatha DS divisions. This road is
being rehabilitated and this will become a beneficial facility for the farmers in these
two DS divisions
259. Similarly, a main road runs from Medvachchiya to Padaviya through Kebeithigollawa
providing access facilities to the farmers in the 3 DS divisions. Another main road,
Vauniya - Horawapathana also falls across Medvachchiya.

260. Electricity: Except Kalavedhiulpotha village in Kebithigollewa DS division all other

project beneficiary villages have access to electricity facilities. In most of the project
beneficiary villages nearly 95% of the households have obtained power connections.
261. Telephone; All the DS divisions have access to telephone facilities although majority
of the households have not obtained wire telephone lines (land lines).
262. Drinking water: Almost all the project beneficiary villages have access to pipe water
that has been provided by community water supply schemes. In addition to
community water supply schemes the house holders in these villages have access to
drinking water from shallow wells.
3.5.6 Poverty in the Project beneficiary area
263. According to the national poverty survey carried out by the government in 2002 the
highest poverty was reported from Padaviya DS divisions (Poverty headcount ratio
34). The second highest poverty was reported from Mahavilachchiya DS division
where 31 poverty headcount ratio was reported. The information on poverty
headcount ratio and population below poverty line in 5 project beneficiary DS division
is shown in table 3.6
Table 3.6 – Poverty Related Information in Project Relevant DS Divisions
DS Division Poverty Headcount ratio Population below poverty
Medavachchiya 21 8113
Kebithigollewa 28 5127
Padaviya 34 6893
Mahavilachchiya 31 5566
Central Nuwaragampalatha 20 9745
Source: National Poverty survey 2002
264. Percentage of families in project beneficiary villages entitled for benefits under
Samurdhi program is used as an indicator to measure the poverty in the area. It
ranges from 4% to 15% among beneficiary villages. The low percentage of families
entitled for Samurdhi benefits is shown mainly due to small number of families
resettled in these war affected villages. Some families who left the villages have not
yet returned to their original residences. The consultants carried out social impact
assessment are of the view that poverty in project related villages is more acute than
the indication of the percentage of Samurdhi families. However, information related to
benefits under Samurdhi program is shown in table 3.7

Table 3.7 – Percentage of Samurdhi Beneficiary Families in Project Related Villages
DS Divisions No of villages Population in No of % of

related to beneficiary Samurdhi Samurdhi
candidate village beneficiary Families
tanks families
Medavachchiya 7 3220 294 9
Kebithigollewa 14 2879 444 15
Padaviya 4 1087 44 4
Mahavilachchiya 4 1207 105 9
Central 6 1897 131 7

Nuwaragam
palatha
Data collected by the social Impact Assessment Team -2010
265. Access to irrigation water is used as another indicator to measure the level of poverty
in the area. It is assumed that people who have no access to irrigated land are
poorer than the people have irrigated land. The information on tanks those have
water to cultivate both Maha and Yala seasons is shown in table 3.8 to indicate the
poverty of the beneficiaries under those candidate tanks.
Table 3.8 – Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks
DS divisions Crops in Crops in Total no of No of tanks that have

Yala Maha Tanks cultivation in both seasons
- - - - Yala Maha
Medavachchiya Paddy Paddy 9 2 9
Kebithigollewa Paddy Paddy 15 2 14
Padaviya Paddy Paddy 5 1 5
Mahavilachchiya 0 Paddy 5 0 5
Central 0 Paddy 6 0 6
Nuwaragampalatha
Note: one candidate tank in Kebithigollewa has been completely neglected due to
dilapidation

266. Extent of irrigated land per family is also used as an indicator in the assessment of
poverty. The lowest per capita family land is reported from the candidate tanks in
central Nuwaragampalatha. And the second lowest per capita family land is reported
from Padaviya DS division. The information on per capita family land of villages
under the proposed project is shown in table 3.9
Table 3.9 – Extent of Land Per Family in Candidate Tanks
DS Division No of families Command area - Extent of land per

Acres families - Acres
Medavachchiya 1758 880 2
Kebithigollewa 1197 1486 0.8
Padaviya 320 455 0.7
Mahavilachchiya 683 658 1.03
Central 467 724 0.64

Nuwaragampa
latha
3.5.7.1 Physical Problems to be Solved by the Rehabilitation Project
267. Most of the tanks have been neglected for nearly 30 years and therefore, they are
physically dilapidated. The communities depending on these thanks had been
severely affected by the war and therefore, they too left the villages from time to time.
This behavior of community movement as response to war created incidents
contributed for the negligence of these candidate tanks. The farmers and the farmer
leaders consulted indicated the main physical problems their tanks are faced with at
the stakeholder consultation meetings. The information on nature physical problems
expressed by communities is shown in tables 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 & 3.14

Table 3.10 - Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Medavachchiya DS Division
Nature of physical problem No of tanks have such % of

problems tanks
Dilapidated tank bund 9 100
Damaged tank spill 9 100
Dilapidated canal system 9 100
Problems with sluices 9 100
Poor access to tank and command area 1 11
Need culvert to use tank bund as access 1 11

road
Silted tank bed 1 11
Non availability of pipe outlets 1 11
Non availability of bathing spots 1 11
Table 3.11 - Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Kebithigollewa DS Division
Nature of physical problem No of tanks have such % of tanks

problems
Non availability of riprap 1 6

(ralapanawa)
Non availability of an anicut 1 6
Need to augment natural 2 13

stream
Non availability of access 1 6

road to tank and the paddy
fields
Non availability of facilities to 1 6

take tractors to the paddy
lands
Non availability of pipe 1 6

outlets
Silted tank bed 1 6

Table 3.12 - Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Padaviya DS Division

problems
Damaged spillway 4 80
Problems with the sluices 3 60
Silted tank bed 1 20
Wastage of water 1 20
Tank bund is completely 1 20

damaged
Table 3.13 - Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Mahavilachchiya DS Division

problems
Dilapidated spill 5 100
Dilapidated sluices 5 100
Non availability of service 1 20

roads
Non availability of pipe 1 20

outlets
Poor inflow to the tank 1 20
Full of salvinia on tank bed 1 20

Table 3.14- Physical Problems of Candidate Tanks in Central Nuwaragampalatha DS

Division

problems
Dilapidated spill 6 100
Dilapidated canal 5 83
Dilapidated sluices 5 83
Full of salvinia on tank bed 1 16
Need to construct the culvert 1 16

in spill
Lack of anicuts 1 16
Need to construct inflow 1 16

feeder canal
3.5.7.2 Management Related Problems in Candidate Tanks
268. According to the farming community including farmer leaders and the general
farmers they have series of management problems that hinder the performance of
the tanks. The details of the management problems /issues in each candidate tank
studied are shown in Annex 1B. The table 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18 and 3.19 include the
information on management issues and the number of tanks that issues are reported
in each candidate DS division.
Table 3.15 – Management issues in Tanks in Madawachchiya DS division
Management issue Number of Tanks %
Delay in cultivation to the 7 77

correct season
The problems in 7 77
implementing rotational water
issues
Problems due to leakages of 7 77

water from canal system
Lack of inputs available in 1 11

the correct time for cultivation
Weak Farmer organizations 1 11
Non-availability of fertilizer at 1 11
the correct time
Non-availability of 1 11
association/organization for
fishermen in the tank
Table 3.16 – Management issues in Tanks in Kabithigollawe DS division

correct season
In adequate water in the tank 10 66
Low yield 5 33
Significant fluctuation of 1 6
paddy price
Non-availability of good seed 1 6

paddy
Weak farmer organizations 3 20
Problems in irrigating the 1 6

additional land developed in
the tank command
Poverty among farmers 1 6

Table 3.17 – Management issues in Tanks in Padaviya DS division

correct season
Siltation of tank bed 2 40
Problems in on farm water 1 20

management ( weak )
Low yield 1 20
Demotivated farming 1 20
community due to long
prevailed war ( still continuing
as constraint even in the
post-war period)
Weak Farmer organizations 1 20
Table 3.18 – Management issues in Tanks in Maha Vilachchiya DS division
Low yield 3 60
Lack of inputs to cultivate on 2 40

time
Weak Famer organization 1 20
Marketing problems of 1 20
products at reasonable price
Non-availability of fertilizer on 1 20
time

Table 3.19 – Management issues in Tanks in Central Nuwaragam Palatha DS division

correct season
Water scarcity in the tank 3 50
Problems due to leakages of 3 50
water from canal system
Siltation of tank bed 1 16
Non-availability of a 1 16
community hall for Farmer
organization
Non- capturing of rain water 1 16
for land preparation
Poverty in obtaining inputs at 1 16
the correct time
3.5.7.3 Current Performance of Candidate Tanks
269. The current extent of command area and farming families under each tank, Cropping
intensity, Crop pattern and Yield are used as indicators to measure the current level
of performance. Though there is no significant difference among 39 candidate tanks
the performance in of all the tanks in general is rather low.
270. The highest extent of command area (1486 Acers) is reported from the tanks in
Kebithigollawe DS division. The largest number of farmer families is reported from
candidate tanks in Madawachchiya DS area. The situation of this aspect in each
candidate tank is shown in Annex 4A. The table 3.20 includes a summary of the
studied tanks in Each DS division.
Table 3.20 The Command Area and Farmer Families in Candidate Tanks In DS Divisions
DS division Command area-Acers Farmer families

Madawachchiya 880 1758
Kabithigollawe 1486 1197
Padaviya 455 320
Maha Villachchiya 658 683
Central Nuwaragam Palatha 724 467

3.5.7.3.1 Cropping Intensity
271. The data on cropping intensity is a good indicator of the level of agriculture
performance of candidate tanks. The cropping intensity of tanks in Yala in
Mahavillachchiya and Central Nuwaragam Palatha DS divisions is zero and it is due
to water scarcity of these tanks. Even in other DS divisions cropping intensity in Yala
season is negligible (ranges from 3% to 17%). In all the tanks in all the DS divisions
entire command area under each tank is cultivated during Maha seasons. The data
on this aspect is shown in table 3.21.
Table 3.21- Cropping intensity in candidate tanks in 5 DS divisions
DS division Yala Cropping Maha cropping Intensity-%

intensity-%
Madawachchiya 17 92
Kebithigollawe 4 100
Padaviya 3 100
Maha Vilachchiya 0 100
Central Nuwaragam Palatha 0 100
3.4.7.3.2 Cropping Pattern
272. The paddy is the only crop cultivated in the command area of these tanks. Not only in
Purana wela (original command under the tank) but also the Akkarawela, area
developed at the later stage is also cultivated with paddy. There is no attempt made
by the farmers to do other field crops in possible lands under the tank command. If
there is no adequate water to do paddy cultivation in Yala they prefer to neglect the
entire command area in Yala season. The potential on cultivating other field crops
are not tapped by the communities.
3.4.7.3.3 Yield
273. Paddy yield in general in all the tanks is good. In most of the tanks the average yield
is more than 80 Bushels /acre (about 4.5 Tons/ha). The yield performance in tanks in
each DS division is shown in table 3.13.

Table 3.22 - Crop Yield in tanks in DS divisions
DS division Total tanks 60-80 Bushels/acre More than

80/bushels/acre
Madawachchiya 9 1 8
Kebithigollawe 15 2 13
Padaviya 5 0 5
Maha Villachchiya 5 0 5
Central 6 0 6
Nuwaragampalatha
3.5.8 The Measures to Address the Current Problems In the Tanks
274. As discussed in the earlier section, there are a significant number of physical and
management problems faced by the communities depending on the tanks for their
livelihoods. The solutions they proposed for addressing the physical problems are
summarized in tables 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26 and 3.27. The solutions for individual
tanks are shown in Annex 4 C.
Table 3.23 -Solutions for The Physical Problems In Madawachchiya DS Division
Solution Number of %
tanks
Strengthening the tank bund 9 100
Repairs to the tank sluices 6 66
Improvements to the canal system 9 100
Improvements to the service roads to the agriculture 6 66

lands
Installation of pipe outlets 5 55
Establishment of bathing steps in the tank 3 33
Repairs to the spillway 6 66
Installation of new sluice/s 3 33
Establishment of new spill 1 11
Construction of FC with concrete ( 100 feet long) 1 11

Table 3.24 – Solutions for the Physical Problems in Kebithigollawe DS Division
Solution Number of tanks %
Repairs to the spillways 9 60
Improvements to the sluice/s 10 66
Installation of new sluice 6 40
Filling the breach of the tank bund 2 13
Establishment of rip-rap 1 6
Change the location of the spill way 1 6
Establishment of a new anicut 2 13
Establishment of feeder canal system ( to 2 13

increase the inflows to the tank)
Installation f pipe out lets and access to take 5 33

tractors to the paddy lands
Table 3.25 – Solutions for the Physical Problems in Central Nuwaragam Palatha
DS Division
tanks
Repairs to the sluice 5 83
Improvements to the spill ways 4 66
Removing salvenia weeds 1 16
Bridge to the spill with culverts 1 16
Improve the surface of the tank bund that is being used 1 16

as access road
Establishment of feeder canal system ( to increase the 2 33

inflows to the tank)

Table 3.26– Solutions for the Physical Problems in Maha Villachchiya DS

Division
Solution Number of tanks %
Improvements to the slices 5 100
Improvements to the spillways 3 60
Installation of pipe outlets 1 20
Establishment of feeder canal system ( to increase 1 20

the inflows to the tank)
Removing Salvinia weeds 1 20
Table 3.27– Solutions for the Physical Problems in Padaviya DS Division
tanks
Improvements to the slices 4 80
Improvements to the spillways 3 60
Filling the breach of the tank bund 1 20
Raising the level of the spillways 1 20
275. Unless management related problems are solved, the proper returns on investment
in tank rehabilitation projects cannot be expected. The rehabilitated infrastructure
needs to be put into proper use to gain the benefits. In many rural infrastructure
improvement projects this aspect has been greatly neglected and therefore, the
physical infrastructure has not gone into creating desired benefits and impacts.
The solutions suggested by the communities in all the tanks are uniform. The
magnitude of each problem in tanks in candidate DS divisions can be found in Annex
4 B. The uniform solutions suggested are mentioned below:

 Social mobilization program attached to cultivation activities should be

implemented to motivate farmers to establish crops on correct time of the
season
 Program to desilt the tank bed need to be carried out (in possible tanks).
 Program to improve water management including on farm water

management activities is essential
 Farmers are to be given new technologies and test such technologies in

their lands
 Motivate the government agencies to provide fertilizer on time
 Farmers are to be empowered to reach government banks for assistance
 Establishment of fishery associations and intervention for aquaculture

development in each possible candidate tank.
 Program for strengthening of Farmer Organizations
 Motivate farmers to capture the rain fall to do land preparation.
 Establishment of new farmer organizations where there are no farmer

organizations established yet.
 Construction of community halls
 Program to cultivate positive attitudes among farmers for their own progress
in the post war period
 Interventions to solve land disputes
276. The stakeholders including agriculture research and production assistants, Samurdhi
Niyamakas and Farmer leaders further suggested and highlighted measures to be
seriously considered in establishing useful production systems in the rehabilitated
tanks. They are included in the table 3.28.

Table 3.28- Measures to be Implemented in the Post-Rehabilitation Phase
Measure Number of %
Tanks
Motivate farmers to cultivate other field crops ( non-rice) 23 57
Program to monitor the cultivation activities in the rehabilitated tanks 22 55
Explore possibilities to construct agro-wells in suitable locations 18 45
Introduce drought tolerance seeds in the tanks where water scarcity is 30 75

a serious problem
Program for providing some assistance to farmers for about 2-3 28 70

cultivation seasons in the post-rehabilitation phase
Programs to make the fertilizer subsidies on time for the farmers 35 87
Program for establishing aquaculture development in all possible tanks 15 37
Augmentation of natural streams to increase the water availability of 1 2

some tanks
Well developed program for improving water management in the tanks, 32 80

canals and on-farms
Motivate farmer organizations to plan and implement input supply 34 85

program
Desilting programs for increasing the water availability in the tanks 35 87
Increased number of seed paddy demonstrations and improve the 21 52

government service delivery programs, make arrangements to provide
effective seeds to the farmers
Make arrangements to establish program for proper O&M to be 15 37

implemented by the Farmer organizations

3.5.10 Considerations in Working in the Conflict Affected Areas
277. Stakeholders, consultants and community leaders are of the view that following
issues must be considered in working with communities in the war affected areas.
Such issues are mentioned below:
 The agency staff and all other interventionists should understand the local
culture and also they need to build the harmony with the local communities
 Local youths must be given all the opportunities to work in the tank
rehabilitation construction sites
 Possibilities must be explored to use the local material in the rehabilitation

sites
 The local knowledge must be used in rehabilitation project and the

productivity improvements of the tanks

4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION

MEASURES
4.1 Pre-construction & Construction Period
278. Under this project the existing bunds of nine tanks will be rehabilitated. The proposed
construction activities involve rehabilitating the bund and making other minor repairs
to irrigation structures. Under the project several activities have to be implemented
during pre-construction and construction period for instance land preparation that will
result in pollution of surface water bodies, noise and vibrations and emission of dust;
transportation of construction material and waste; establishment of temporary
storage areas for construction materials and disposal of construction waste, and
establishment of labour camps, etc.
4.2 General Impacts of the Project
279. The impacts that may arise due to the project can be categorized into two groups,
general impacts and significant impacts. As the project involves rehabilitation of pre-
existing structures to their original state most of the impacts are of generalized
nature. These impacts include:
280. Impacts due to recruitment of labour force for construction activities that will lead to
establishment of campsites, generation of sewage, waste water and solid waste. It is
therefore recommended that workers should be recruited from the local
communities, especially in non-skilled positions whenever possible. Employing
local people will not only benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of
constructing new huts and providing logistics and reduce on influx of people and
tensions that come with it. Wherever it is necessary to put up campsites, solid
waste disposal, sanitation and sewage disposal facilities are to be provided.
Adequate supply of water to be provided to the worker camps as well.
281. Awareness on HIV Aids is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV Aids are not
construction sites. The project developer with the involvement of NPID should launch
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV Aids and steps
to be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer should educate
the entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the different locations in the
project areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness sessions to raise the

understanding of the communities as well as construction staff on the potential social,

environmental and health related problems.
282. Land clearing and preparation has to be carried out during the construction phase.
This will result in removal of native flora and increase the potential for spread of weed
as well as generate dust and increase the erosion affect. Very few endemic or
threatened fauna and flora were recorded in the study and none of them will be
directly impacted due to the proposed development.
283. No major invasive plant species was observed at the nine project sites. However, two
plant species, Lantana camara (Gandapana) and Eupatorium odoratum
(Podisinnamaran) were observed among the tank bund vegetation of all nine tanks
are also listed as alien invasive plant species. However, at present these plants do
not pose a serious threat to the surrounding environment.
284. Noise and vibrations will arise due to activities such as excavation, cutting, filling,
compaction work, as well as operation of construction related vehicles. However, this
will last only for a short duration and therefore is not a significant impact.
285. The particulates generated due to land preparation, transport of construction

material, emission from construction related vehicles etc., can adversely affect public
health as particulates can cause lung irritation and aggravate diseases such as
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Spraying of water at the construction
site during very dry periods / high dust levels could be carried out to mitigate the
impact. Construction and waste material to be covered when transporting. However,
all twelve project sites are located in low human use areas and therefore these
mitigation measures may only be required if prolonged dry conditions occur during
the construction period.
286. Excessive erosion of soil and water containing pollutants such as cement, concrete,
lime and chemicals used for construction could contaminate the tank ecosystem.
Therefore, mitigatory measures such as construction of bunds to prevent run off
should be taken to prevent these surface water bodies from becoming contaminated
with construction waste.
287. Land preparation and construction will result in clearing of land exposing it to high
level of wind or water erosion. Further storage of construction material and spoil
arising due to construction work is also able to erode away resulting in sedimentation
of water ways. Since all the work is carried in close proximity to surface water bodies,
mitigation measures has to be taken to prevent erosion and sedimentation of streams

and canals. Use of silt traps where possible and positioning stockpiles away from the
tank to be carried out. The status of the stockpiles is to be monitored daily and water
sprays and screens to be placed where wind erosion is high.
288. The project will result in clearing of land for various project related activities. If these
areas are not rehabilitated they can be invaded by weed species and alien invasive
species which are already there in the sites. Further, construction vehicles if not
washed down before being brought to the site can introduce seeds of weeds from
other areas where it has been used previously. Seeds of weeds can also be brought
into the project area with raw material such as soil and gravel that are brought into
the project site from areas where such weed infestations exist. Therefore, the
contractor must take steps to keep the weed risk low by ensuring that all construction
related vehicles are cleaned before they are being brought to the site and carry out
regular inspections of material storage areas and construction areas for possible
weed or alien invasive species infestations.
289. The construction work will not result in a significant impact to fauna and flora as the
species recorded here are common species. Therefore no special mitigation
measures are required for fauna and flora.
290. During the construction period if dangerous and hazardous material are used for
construction purposes that can pose a risk to the environment they should be stored
and used according to standard safety measures defined by the manufacturer.
Therefore, safety measures should be followed by the contractor in storing such
hazardous chemicals as well as using them to minimize the risk from such hazardous
materials especially since all selected projects are located closer to sensitive
environments.
291. The project will involve the usage of various type of vehicles for transport,
excavation, drilling, levelling etc., These vehicles can cause number of negative
environmental effects such as increased emission, noise and vibration, introduction
of seeds of invasive plant species, etc., Further, during maintenance of these
vehicles number of issues can arise as to disposal of waste water at washdown
areas, used lubricants collected as service areas etc. Therefore, the contractor must
draw up a maintenance plan to prevent such impacts.
292. All temporary constructions related structures have to be decommissioned at the end
of the construction phase and these areas have to be rehabilitated to prevent these
areas being invaded by unwanted weed species.

293. Extraction and transportation of construction materials and construction materials

processing plants can result in wide suite of impacts. People who live around the
mining and quarrying sites become vulnerable to the nuisance from noise and
vibration. Operation of the metal quarries and gravel mining sites around residential
areas can cause health and social hazards to people due to noise, vibrations and
straying rock particles. Stagnation of the water in borrow pits will provide breeding
grounds for mosquitoes that could lead to spread of vector borne diseases, and can
also cause accidents to people and wild animals. Crusher sites can generate dusts
becoming a health hazard to the workers and the neighbourhoods. Further, soil
erosion, destruction of the river banks and intrusion of sea water through the river
during the dry season can result due to mining of sand. Transportation of the
construction materials from the mining and quarrying sites to the material storage
yard or constriction sites will increase local traffic congestion, generate dust and
create noise. Damage to the local road network will also be a problem due to wear
and tear. Storage of the materials on the sides of the roads can also cause road
accidents, traffic congestions, hazards to drivers and pedestrians. Therefore, the
measures needed to mitigate these impacts related to the extraction, transportation
and the storage of construction material has to be clearly laid down in the
environment management plan. Further, such material must be purchased from
vendors that have a valid Environment Protection Licence to operate such facilities.
Extraction of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for construction
purposes from a protected ecosystem (Forest Reserve, Conservation Forest, World
Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National Park, Strict Natural Reserve
etc.,) is prohibited.
294. Project activities in construction sites, construction material processing plants,

quarrying, mining sites and crusher sites can cause accidents to general public and
to the construction workers. Therefore measures should be taken to enhance
personal safety at construction sites and resource extraction and processing sites.
295. There will be some difficulties for the communities who use tank bunds as access
roads to reach schools, work places etc. Alternative access routes where possible to
be provided (eg. Downstream side of the bund, etc.) or clear signage to be put up for
users to know at which times/periods the road will be closed.
296. If construction work is planned to be carried out during rainy seasons there will be
difficulties in carrying out quality construction and rehabilitation work and also delays
to the project activities will result. Thus timing of the main construction activities to be
carefully planned to minimize losses and delays.

297. Hindrances to cultivation activities under the tank during the rehabilitation period
could result. Compensation via the Grievance Redress Mechanism to be provided
and the mechanism to be made known to the public through local government
authorities. Timely completion of planned construction activities would greatly
minimize this impact.
4.3 Resettlement Issues
298. According to the technical staff of the consultants, NCPID and stakeholders in the
local area and observations of the social development and resettlement specialist,
the proposed project will not create any resettlement issues. In Kuda Koongaskada
Wewa, a house is built in the tank reservation. However, after carrying out an
additional detailed study, the NCPID along with CECB has concluded that by carrying
out a slight improvement/modification to the tank bund, the house will not be affected
and so no resettlement will be required. It is expected to use/develop the existing
roads for accessing the tanks to carry out the improvement activities. Therefore,
private properties will not be affected. This situation also has helped to prevent
potential acquisition or private or common land for rehabilitation activities. Therefore,
evacuation of any households or common institutions and private houses will not be
a problem in the proposed project. Hence there is no need to prepare any type of
separate resettlement plan. Indigenous communities are not residing in influential
areas of any of the project areas.

5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION & PARTICIPATION
299. Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives, consultations
were conducted with randomly selected individuals around the respective tank
considered during the field inspection. An opportunity was so provided to express
their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The
objective of the consultation was to take into consideration the views & suggestions
of the locals, in the early stages of the project cycle, in order to avoid or minimize
conflict situations during the project implementation phase. General public were in full
agreement with the proposed rehabilitation of the tank and irrigation schemes while
they also expressed their appreciation.
300. Consultation during Detailed Design:

- Focus-group discussions with office bearers of farmer organizations, Agriculture
Research and Production Assistants and other stakeholders (including NGOs and
CBOs) were carried out to hear their views and concerns, so that these can be
addressed in subproject design where necessary;
- Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders (government
bodies and NGOs) to discuss and approve key aspects of the project.
301. Consultation during Construction:

- Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programmes
and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started;
- Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual
communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a mechanism
through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring and evaluation;
302. Information Disclosure

- Information disclosure to the public, on project objectives, project activities, and
expected outcome will be essential in the pre-construction period in order to ensure
community awareness, avoid misinformation and minimize potential conflict
situations at the later stages of the project. The relavant DS Divisions were met
during the Social study and awareness provided in order for locals to be educated
on the project. Farmer organizations tto were educated in this manner.t
303. Project Disclosure:

- Public information campaigns (via newspapers, posters, etc) to explain the project
to the population in each town and prepare them for disruption they may
experience once the construction programme is underway; This is to be carried out
by the NCPID before construction activities commence.
- Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress
and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in Sinhalese, Tamil
and English which include the major impacts and disturbances to the public
especially before site mobilization and commencement of the major construction
activities such as use of heavy machinery etc. This is to be carried out by NCPID
with the involvement of the DS Division.
- Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at

NCPID offices in each town, informing the public of their availability, and providing
a mechanism through which comments can be made.

6 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS
304. Project Administration Manual of Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project states
that GRM to be formulated to address the issues raised by the public with regard to
the project implementation since a GRM provides a predictable, transparent, and
credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective,
and lasting. Accordingly, Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) to be appointed to
take necessary steps in order to harmonize project activities as well as the well being
of the General Public.
305. The social structure of project implementing region is severely affected by the conflict.
This caused to number of adverse social and cultural impacts to the community. As a
result it could be identified that number of psycho – social issues have been taken
place. On these grounds, more attention has to be paid to the community for the
successful implementation of the project.
306. Also, in implementation of GRM is required to follow the gender policy of ADB.
Accordingly, there should be equal opportunities for men and women to be given at
any stage of GRM and to encourage women’s participation in the decision-making
process in development activities.
307. ADB guide for Designing and implementing GRM for Transport projects in Sri Lanka
has been applied for this GRM model also. However, considering the scope and
nature of CARE Project, some changes have been taken place for the implementing
system of this GRM.
6.1 Objectives Of GRM
308. The main objective of establishing GRM to solve problems in an efficient, timely and
cost effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all
stakeholders including affected parties. Under the grievance redress mechanism, it
shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. The
identification of eligible people for compensation, the valuing and compensation and
any other complaints may have with the entire process. The PCQAU shall indicate
how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that
should be clear and comprehensible to the IAs also. The grievance redress
mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on
responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving
the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going

through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in
case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances
and complaints.
309. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by
setting up following objectives:
 Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level.
 To create effective communication between the project and affected parties.
 To build – up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including

affected parties.
 Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and
policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them.
 Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and

produces appropriate corrective or preventive action.
 To harmonize both project and affected parties activities.
6.2 Implementation
310. It has been observed that there is a prerequisite of awareness of stakeholders of the
project especially General Public, Public Officers, Social Organizations, Contractors
and Divisional Secretaries in respective areas in order to successful implementation
of the project and this awareness should be focused to the objectives, expected end
results; implementation and grievance redress mechanism of the project.
311. Also, according to the National Resettlement Policy approved by the Cabinet of
Ministers on 24th May 2001 “make all affected persons aware of processes available
for the redress of grievances that are easily accessible and immediately responsive”.
312. There are eight multi-disciplinary Implementation Agencies (IA) function under the
CAREP. Accordingly, GRC will be formulated for each Divisional Secretariats in the
project area. (Also, it has been noticed that maximum four projects will only be
functioning parallel in the same Divisional Secretariat division).

313. GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2. Accordingly,
Contractor and the representative from the general public of the respective area.
314. Divisional Secretary/Assistant Divisional Secretary will be the Chairman and the
Representative of IA will be the Secretary of Step 1 GRC.
315. Step 1 GRC could be represented more than one IAs. Accordingly IA’s
representative will be the Secretary to the GRC in their relevant part of the meeting
and all IAs are requested to participate for the GRC meetings with their contractors.
316. The Step 1 GRC is given three weeks time to address ground level issues. Any
issues that cannot be addressed at this stage to be referred to Step 2 GRC within 07
days with a full report comprising suggestions and observations of Step 1 GRC to
review in policy point of view.
6.3 Awareness of GRM
317. GRMs should be given a wide publicity among stakeholder groups such as affected
parties, government agencies, and civil society organizations. Effective awareness of
GRM process makes people better understanding about their options, depending on
the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria
for eligibility need to be communicated and also awareness campaign launched to
give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRMs.
318. Awareness should include the following components:
 Scope of the project, planned construction phases, etc.;
 Types of GRMs available; purposes for which the different GRMs can be
accessed, e.g., construction-related grievances, land acquisition and
compensation-related grievances,
 Types of grievances not acceptable to the GRMs.
 Who can access the GRMs.

 How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal
and email addresses, and websites of the GRMs as well as information that
should be included in a complaint;
 Procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress
process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and roles of
different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.
 A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the

relevant stakeholders: display of posters in public places such as in government
offices, project offices, community centers.
6.4 Steps of Awareness
319. Awareness Programme has been designed in two steps to cover all stakeholders
such as general public, government officers, implementing agencies, contractors and
other interested groups.
320. STEP 1 - Step 1 Awareness Progeamme is designed for all Divisional Secretaries in
respective area with the coordination of relevant GAs (District Secretaries). This
programme will be conducted by PCQAU and the Representatives of Implementing
Agencies at relevant District Secretariat office to provide information with regard to
the GRM and how it acts on Project Implementation.
321. STEP 2 - Step 2 Awareness is designed especially for grama niladari, community
organizations, community leaders, religious leaders, rep. of contractor (site manager)
and other related government official. PCQAU and IA (Regional Office) to be
conducted awareness programme at the all relevant Divisional Secretariat offices
with the assistance of Divisional Secretary. At this stage printed materials (posters,
leaflets etc.) containing the information about GRM and project will be distributed
among the community.
6.4.1.1 Methodology – STEP 1 GRC
322. There should be at least three places to lodge public complains for each Divisional
Secretariat division. Accordingly it is suggested to have one place in the respective
Grama Niladari Office and next one at the Construction Site and the Divisional
Secretariat office. In addition to the above two places public may submit complains to
the Divisional Secretariat and Social Organizations in the respective area also.

Considering the importance of efficient functioning of GRM, Step 1 GRC is accepted

to resolve complains within three weeks time. In this stage it is expected to get the
advantage of existing divisional administrative network with the assistance of
Divisional Secretaries.
323. Following time frame is given to respective focal points to act accordingly.
 1.Grama Niladari - Should inform AGA(Divisional Secretary) with a full report

within 5 working days from the date of receiving a grievance or complain.
 2. Site Manager - Should inform Regional Office of the Implementing Agency with
a report within 3 working days from the date of receiving.
 3. Social Organizations - Should inform GN/DS within 3 working days.
 4. Regional Office of the Implementing Agency - Should inform DS within 2

working days receiving complaints from Site Manager.
 5. AGA (Divisional Secretary) - Complains come from GN, to be informed to the

RO of IA within 2 working days for observations. Complains come through RO of
IA/ Social Organizations, report to be called from GN within 5 working days.
 Any complaints through the web will be forwarded to Chairman/Secretary of Step

1 GRC to take appropriate action.
 GRC meetings will be held at the Divisional Secretariat office and APs should be
invited for GRC meetings to get their views also they should be informed by
GRC, seven days prior to its meeting.
 Secretary of GRC is requested to coordinate relevant parties to get necessary

information. In addition to that all complaints, reports, should be copied to the
Secretary of GRM by respective focal points and other parties, in order to
facilitate the Secretary. All complaints should be in written form also.
 AGA (Divisional Secretary) is requested to convey a committee meeting of GRC

and decisions to be taken within the given three weeks time and convey the
decision to APs (with a copy to R.O of IA) immediately.
 Regional Office of IA should inform the decision to Site Manager without any
delay.

324. Step 1 GRC is comprised by following members:
 AGA (Divisional Secretary) - Chairman
 Rep. of Implementing Agency (Reg. Office) - Secretary
 Grama Niladari - Member
 Reps. of Social Organizations (Male/Female) - Member
 Official Rep.of Relevant Local Authority (If necessary) - Member
 Rep. of Contractor (Site) - Member
 Rep. of the community - Member
 Divisional Secretary is expected to take appropriate action with the consultation

of other committee members within the given three weeks time and inform
PCQAU accordingly.
6.4.1.2 Methodology – STEP 2 GRC
325. The issues could not be addressed by Step 1 GRC, within three weeks time it is
requested to refer to Step 2 GRC within next 07 days with a copy to the Head Office
of Implementing Agency. Step 2 GRC is comprised by following members.
326. Step 2 GRC is considered as the National Level committee.
 Secretary /Add. Secretary – MED - Chairman
 Representative of IA’s Head Office - Secretary
 Project co-ordinator (CAREP – PCQAU) - Member
 Social, Gender and Resettlement Specialist (CARAP) - Member
 Social/Gender/Resettlement Specialist - Member
 Environment Specialist - Member

327. The main objective of Step 2 GRC is to review the issues in policy point of view and
to take appropriate policy measures to overcome such issues. Accordingly Step 2
GRC is requested to convey its decisions to Step 1 GRC and other relevant parties
within three weeks time (from the date of receiving issues from Step 1 GRC) without
further delay to take immediate actions. (Step 1 GRC - 3 weeks + Step 2 GRC 3 -
weeks = 6 weeks)
6.4.2 Guidelines and Implementing Steps
328. The process of implementing a GRM involves the following steps:
a) Assign focal points.
b) Receive and register complaints.
c) Screen and refer the complaints.
d) Coordinate with other GRMs.
e) Assess the complaint.
f) Formulate a response.
g) Select a resolution approach.
h) Implement the approach.
i) Settle the issues.
j) Track, document, and evaluate the process and results.
6.4.2.1 Assign Focal Points
329. The focal points for receiving and registering complaints from APs in each GRM
should be clearly identified and established. GRMs can have multiple focal points to
receive and register grievances. Accordingly, ledgers have to be maintained at the
focal points. It is equally important to have someone who has overall responsibility for
tracking and following up on issues and complaints raised. The descriptions of the
GRM functions should clearly stipulate the official designations and the roles of the
focal points so that they can really be held accountable for performing their functions.

330. In addition APs are allowed to lodge complaints through CARE project website which
will be activated soon.
6.4.2.2 Receive and Register Complaints
331. Grievances may be reported to local police stations. If this is the case, they should be
referred to project staff, registered by the designated focal point, and referred to the
appropriate GRM.
332. Complaints can be presented in a variety of forms ranging from verbal

communications to formal and written complaints. A GRM may also receive
complaints directly from APs or via third parties. Whatever the source and the form in
which the complaint is received, it should be accepted by the focal points and
registered in a grievance/complaint register. It is also recommended that uniformity
be maintained in the complaint registration systems across different sections and
agencies of the project.
333. A complain register includes;
 Reference Number
 Data of the complaint
 Name of the complainant/s
 Gender
 National Identity Card number
 Address
 Summary of the complaint
 Signature of the complainant/s

6.4.2.3 Screen and Refer the Complaints
334. Having received and registered a complaint, the next step in the complaint-handling
process is for the focal points to establish the eligibility of the complaint received. The
following criteria can be used to assess and verify eligibility:
 The complainant is identifiable and has provided a name and contact details.
 The complainant is affected by the project.
 The complaint has a direct relationship to the project.
 The issues rose in the complaint fall within the scope of the issues that the GRM is
mandated to address.
335. If the complaint is not eligible, the complainant should be informed of the reasons. If
the complaint can be referred to another GRM, the complainant should be informed
accordingly.
6.4.2.4 Coordinate with Other Grievance Redress Mechanisms
336. GRMs do not operate in a vacuum. They are embedded in networks of agencies and
actors, and in the course of their operations may relate to APs, GRM implementers,
their executing and support agencies, project implementers, intermediaries used for
presenting complaints, and funding agencies. On the other hand, APs may relate to
GRMs in diverse forms. For example, APs might seek redress from more than one
single GRM, or else they might decide to appeal to a higher level of the same GRM
or to a different GRM if they are dissatisfied with the resolutions made by a lower
level GRM.
337. Coordination among different GRMs, as well as among other external agencies and
actors with whom the GRMs interact in their operations, is an important aspect of
good GRM design. It is necessary to identify and establish a central point to carry out
these coordinating and communication functions. The coordination functions of such
a central body could include,
 Facilitation of case referrals to appropriate agencies.

 Tracking and monitoring grievance resolution processes and their outcomes by

different agencies.
 Maintaining a central database of complaints received and their current status.
 Analyzing data and preparing regular updates and progress reports for involved
agencies with proposed follow-up activities.
 Establishing feedback loops with relevant agencies and the APs to communicate
and report case progress and status.
 Identifying capacity-building needs of the GRM members, and overseeing the

conduct of such capacity-building training.
 Identifying awareness-creation needs among relevant agencies and

communities, and overseeing the conduct of such awareness-building programs.
 Liaising with media and monitoring media reports; and
 Giving feedback to project management.
6.4.2.5 Assess the Complaint
338. If the initial assessment establishes the eligibility of the complaint to be pursued, a
further assessment is recommended of the seriousness of the complaint—classified
in terms of high, medium, or low—and its impact on both the complainant and the
project. Assessing the seriousness of a complaint is not easy, as it could be subject
to biases. Criteria should be established and could include the following:
 Severity of the problem.
 Potential impact on the well-being of an individual or group.
 Potential impact on the project, and
 Public profile of the issue.
 Assessing the severity of a complaint will require additional data collection

through field visits to the sites, discussions and interviews with complainants and
other relevant persons or groups in the community, and cross-checking the
information already provided.

6.4.2.6 Formulate a Response
339. Having completed the complaint assessment, a response can be formulated on how
to proceed with the complaint. This response should be communicated to the
complainant. The response should include the following elements:
 Acceptance or rejection of the complaint.
 Reasons for acceptance or rejection.
 Next steps—where to forward the complaint.
 A time frame; and
 Further documents or evidence required for investigation, e.g., field

investigations.
6.4.2.7 Select a Resolution Approach
340. GRMs should always present multiple approaches for grievance redress.
Approaches that are difficult or culturally and socially alien to APs should be avoided
as much as possible. People should be able to participate in the grievance redress
process comfortably and without any fear of intimidation. The grievance redress
approaches should also create adequate space for the active participation of the
APs, including vulnerable groups. Possible approaches to grievance redress include;
 Mediation through local and traditional institutions such as village elders, temple
priests, or community-based organizations that have a close understanding of the
issues affecting their community members; these local institutions can be
integrated into the formal GRMs,
 Facilitation of settlements among disputants through mediation boards (samatha

mandala),
 Direct negotiations and dialogue between the APs and the relevant agency or
agencies,
 Facilitated negotiations through a third party,
 Investigation of a complaint through review of documents, field investigation,
assessments from technical agencies, and/or interviews of different parties; and,

 Refer to other judicial and administrative processes.
 APs should be informed of the following:
 Who constitutes the GRM?
 Where is the GRM located?
 How should the complaint be reported or referred to the GRM?
 Who can accompany the complainant to the GRM?
 What steps are followed in the inquiry or resolution process?
 What documents and evidence are needed in support of the complaint?
 How much time is needed to initiate and conclude the grievance redress
process?
 This information should be part of a simple brochure that explains the different
grievance redress possibilities for APs.
6.4.2.8 Implement the Approach
341. The following are important aspects to be considered in the implementation of a

project- based GRM:
 Creating a conducive environment for the APs to relate their grievances without
fear and intimidation;
 Allowing the APs (if necessary) to be accompanied by a third party, e.g., a family
member or a fellow villager with whom they feel comfortable to present their
grievances;
 Undertaking field inspections (if necessary) to assess and verify the grievances
reported;
 Referring the complaints for technical assessments (if necessary) to validate and
establish the real causes of the grievances.
 Minimizing investigative processes and unnecessary referrals to other parties;
 Avoiding delays,

 Referring to the relevant laws, rules, and regulations that bind the decision-
making processes,
 Inviting other relevant agencies or persons, e.g., grama niladharis, technical

officers, to provide additional information required;
 Creating opportunities for negotiation and exchange;
 Setting clear and objective criteria for decision making, e.g., different
compensation rates for people living in different evacuation zones.
 Assuring the APs that decision-making processes are independent and fair.
 Documenting the grievance redress process and its outcome; and
 Communicating the grievance redress outcome to the AP and the relevant

agencies.
6.4.2.9 Settle the Issues
342. Project-based GRMs may propose a variety of strategies to settle grievances,

including;
 Requesting the relevant agencies responsible for the grievance to take

appropriate measures to remove the cause of grievance, e.g., contractors to clear
access roads or provide alternative roads, clear canals and other irrigation
systems, desilt rice fields, and/or remove garbage.
 Determining reasonable compensation for acquired land, property damage, loss

of livelihood, temporary evacuations, resettlement, etc. either from the project
executing agency, e.g., the RDA, or from contractors;
 Signing agreements between APs and the project for solutions mutually agreed
upon;
 Assuring the APs to address their grievances at the end of completing the
project-related work, e.g., repairing the houses; the assurance letters are issued
by the contractors or the project executing agency in both English and Tamil or
Sinhala.

 Initiating a monitoring process (after addressing the causes of the problem or

paying compensation) to assess any further impacts of project-related work on
the properties and livelihoods of the APs.
6.4.2.10 Track, Document, and Evaluate the Process and Results
343. The GRMs have the responsibility for tracking and monitoring the process of
grievance redress and the implementation of the decisions made and of seeing that
redress is granted to APs in a timely and efficient manner. They also have the
responsibility for giving regular feedback to the complainants about the progress of
the grievance redress process. The monitoring should include the progress of
implementation of grievance resolutions and the timeliness of grievance redress,
follow up grievances to be sure they are attended to, and document details of
complaints received and the progress in solving them. Grievances provide
information to project managers about project implementation and actual and
potential problems.
344. An evaluation system should assess the overall effectiveness and the impact of the
GRMs. Such evaluations can take place either annually or biannually, and their
results should contribute to improving the performance of the different GRMs and
provide valuable feedback to project management. The following questions can be
addressed in such evaluations:
 How many complaints have been raised?
 What types of complaints have been raised?
 What is the status of the complaints (rejected or not eligible, under assessment,
action agreed upon, and action being implemented or resolved)?
 How long did it take to solve the problem?
 How many APs have used the grievance redress procedure?
 What were the outcomes?
 Are the GRMs effective in realizing the stated goals, objectives, and principles?
 Are the GRMs capable of responding to the range of grievances specified in their
scope?

 Are the GRMs equipped with an adequate and diverse set of resolution
approaches?
 Have the GRMs adopted measures to improve the resolution approaches, e.g.,
capacity building, consultation, with technical experts, etc.
 Are the GRMs effectively integrated into overall project management?
345. This information is important for project management to see trends of complaints,
detect flaws in implementation, take timely corrective action, and make strategic
changes where needed. It also provides valuable feedback about APs' satisfaction
with the project and thus contributes to a good reputation for the implementing and
executing agencies.
GENERAL
346. Chairmen of all GRCs are responsible to convey GRC meetings, decision making
with the consultation of other members and communicate with Step 2 GRC.
347. Secretaries of GRCs are requested to keep records, minutes of GRC meetings and
communicate with relevant governmental and non- governmental organizations.
348. The Chairman of Step 1 GRC is requested to submit monthly report to PCQAU of
CAREP. If there are no issues ‘NIL’ report to be submitted.
349. As per the guild lines given in the Project Administrative Manual of CAREP the
maximum processing time of GRM is limited to 6 weeks.

Complaints by individuals, Complaints by People’s

Groups, or institutions representatives: political,
religious, community
Step 1 GRC Secretary
(Complaints to GRC in written form

Decision to be
taken within 3
Ground level
week of receipt
issues
of complaint
Step 1 GRC
meeting
6 Weeks
Step 2 GRC
meeting
Decision to be
taken within 3
week of receipt Policy issues
of complaint
Policy decision – Convey the decision to APs / IA

Chairman and other members of Step 1GRC
GRC process ends
Fig 6.1: Structure of Grievance Redress Mechanism

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
350. The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a set of
tasks. In the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on the
project proponent, the contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies) are
assigned. These tasks should be implemented within a specified time/period by
the agency responsible and as per the specifications set out in the EMP.
351. The EMP is an integral part of this IEE. The main objective of the EMP is to identify
and summarize adverse environmental impacts of project on–the-ground activities for
which mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation
measures and supervise.
7.1 Management of Site Preparation for Construction
352. Clearing in vegetation should be kept to the minimum required. During the
construction of the tank bund and rehabilitation of irrigation canals, disturbance to the
forest habitats must be avoided. Construction of temporary access roads by clearing
these habitats must be avoided unless it is absolutely necessary. Permits should be
obtained prior to clearing large trees. Cleared vegetation should be stockpiled
outside of watercourses and must be disposed in at a location agreed upon with local
government authorities.
353. Soil stockpiles or other construction material should not be placed within the bed or
banks of the tank/s. Further, silt traps should be placed to avoid sediment runoff to to
the tank during construction.
354. Water trucks should be used on the construction site to reduce dust generation and
excessive surface deterioration.
7.2 Management of Air Quality at the Site
355. Vehicles and machinery should be fitted with exhaust systems and devices and
vehicles should have emission licenses.
356. Minimize the quantity and duration of soil exposure.
357. Watering of construction sites as required to minimize the potential of dust, causing
inconvenience to nearby residents. Watering frequency should be increased during
periods of high risk (e.g. high winds).
358. All vehicles transporting construction material should have coverings to prevent dust
generation

7.3 Management of Noise and Vibration Causing Events
359. Blasting and drilling, if necessary should be carried out in accordance with current
practice standards
360. Adequate community notice of any scheduled, atypical noise events will be provided
Noise generating work should be restricted to 7 am - 6 pm. Noise limit for

construction equipment, and vehicles should not exceed 55 dB (A). Noise events
should be scheduled for appropriate times to avoid disturbance to schools, religious
centers
361. Vehicles should be subjected to periodic maintenances to ensure adherence to noise

standards
362. All motor-driven generators, compressors, pumps, etc., must be silenced
363. Minimize the quantity and duration of soil exposure. Use of silt traps
364. The timing of construction to occur predominantly in the dry season minimizing
likelihood of construction sedimentation events. Rehabilitation to be scheduled to be
completed prior to the first storms of the wet season.
365. Re-contouring landforms to their original condition as soon as practicable, including

any erosion controls established prior to construction.
7.5 Management of Construction Related Waste
366. Reusable and recyclable wastes should be stockpiled or salvaged
367. Waste oil, solvents and other toxic materials from site should be collected and
removed (via a contractor licensed to transport such wastes) for recycling, reuse or
disposal at a facility licensed to accept such wastes. Waste oil and chemical storage
areas must be bunded to prevent accidental run off.
368. Spoil must only be disposed of in Local Authority approved spoil disposal sites
369. Seeds, oil and other debris should be captured from vehicle washdown water using
traps and destroyed on site to prevent introduction of weeds
370. Refuse containers should be located at each worksite. All general refuse and food
wastes (taking into account health and hygiene issues where practicable) should be

collected and transported to approved disposal sites. No on-site disposal of waste

without prior approval.
7.6 Management of New Weed Infestations at the Project Site
371. The invasive alien plant if present should be removed and destroyed on site. The
plants should not be dumped at disposal sites at any time.
372. Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed infestations and take appropriate
actions to manage them
373. All vehicles, plant and equipment (including hand tools such as shovels) will be
inspected by nominated personnel before being certified clean. Equipment and
vehicles will be cleaned in designated washdown sites before leaving weed infested
areas or entering weed free areas.
7.7 Management of hazardous material
374. Dangerous goods should be stored, handled, separated and signed as required by
the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Regulations. Hazardous goods, where
appropriate be stored in bunded areas away from watercourses.
375. Waste dangerous goods which cannot be recycled should be transported to a

designated disposal site as approved by the Government.
7.8 Pollutant Spill Contingency Plan
376. A pollutant spill contingency plan is to be followed to handle recovered oil, oily debris,
and contaminated sand/dirt resulting from an oil spill so that the wastes do not cross-
contaminate other areas that are clean. The plan will ensure that all recovered oil and
oiled debris are managed in accordance with applicable regulations, while keeping
operating costs at minimum levels.
Decanted Water- Water that is decanted from waste oil collection pits in the service-
bay is to be released back to the surface soil within the operational area.
Recovered Oil- Recovered oil will be managed as a recovered product, and not a
waste. It is to be sent to be used/reused as raw material as part of processes in other
industries.
Solid Oily Debris - If non-hazardous (oiled dirt/sand, PPE, trash, wood, etc.); it is to
be transported to the approved land fill locations or any other appropriate location. If

hazardous, it will be transported to de-contamination locations and disposed as per

local regulations.
Oily Sand/Dirt -Sand and/or dirt that is oiled is to be placed in bins stored at the
temporary waste storage area (if no bins area available, the sand/dirt can be
stockpiled at the staging areas and adequately covered with suitable material) and is
to be managed in the same manner as Soiled Oily Debris
Segregation of Contaminated and Non-Contaminated Wastes -when a spill

occurs, contaminated waste/debris is to be collected in separate containers/locations
clearly marked as “Contaminated Debris” to avoid any cross-contamination with non-
contaminated waste.
Gauging of Recovered Oil - The amount of oil accumulated in the barrels/cans at

the temporary storage sites is to be recorded. These containers are not to leave the
temporary storage sites until this has been completed.
Transportation - Suitable haulers are to be used to transport spilled waste material.

Recovered oil that is not considered a waste, but a material to be used/ reused is to
be transported from the spill site to the re-processor. When transporting hazardous
wastes from the spill site, it must be done to conform and comply with the local rules
and regulations.
7.9 Management of Borrow, Quarry, Sand Mining Sites
377. The contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/ guidelines issued
by the CEA/GSMB and LA with respect to locating and operating borrow or quarry
areas as well as transportation of material from such sites. In the event Gravel, sand
and rock are to be purchased by the contractor, the required material for construction
should be obtained from operators that carry proper EPL issues by CEA or GSMB.
378. Extraction of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for construction
Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National Park, Strict Natural Reserve
etc.,) must be avoided.
7.10 Health and Safety Plan
379. A health and safety plan is to be prepared by the IA along with the Medical Officer of
Health (MOH) of the area. The following components need to be addressed under
this plan:
 The role of the Health and Safety Officer as well as the workers in respect to the
project

 Audits/Inspection Schedules
 Accident Management – as described in Section 7.11
 Available Safety Assistance
 Records & Documentation
 Safety Meetings- to be carried out prior to commencement of construction
activities and according to a schedule (eg. Fortnightly,monthly etc.)
 Project Safety Guidelines
 Medical/First Aid Availability- locations and nearest hospital with telephone
numbers, etc.)
 Fire Protection
 Housekeeping
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
i. PPE for specific activities
ii. PPE to be used at all times
iii. PPE storage, etc.
 Hot Work
 Signs and Barricades
i. Signs demarcating project area and details of the activities
ii. Signage to direct traffic (in case of road closures)
 Heavy Machinery and Motorized Equipment Operation & Inspection
 Physical Health Hazards
 Hazardous Materials Management
 Explosives- storing and use
 Spill Prevention – Methods of transporting and handling and reference to section
7.8
 Excavations
 Drilling & Blasting (if required) etc.
7.11 Emergency Procedures

The first worker who notices that a medical emergency or personal injury has
occurred shall immediately make a subjective decision as to whether the emergency
is life threatening and/or otherwise serious and act according to the procedures given
below.
Life-Threatening and/or Otherwise Serious Incident

380. If a life-threatening incident occurs, those persons recognizing the situation should do
whatever actions in their capabilities to reduce the threat and then the Contractor’s
representative - Environmental Officer (if such is present) or Site Engineer /

Supervisor shall be contacted. The Contractor’s representative shall immediately

notify the nearest hospital / medical facility in the area and take necessary action to
move the injured person/s to the medical facility through the most appropriate means
(use of an ambulance if required) as soon as possible. The Contractor and Client
shall be notified of the incident as early as possible.
Non-Life-Threatening Incident
381. Should it be determined that no threat to life is present, a co-worker will assist the
injured person/s and contact the Contractor’s representative - Environmental Officer
(if such is present) or Site Engineer / Supervisor as soon as reasonably possible.
The Contractor’s representative shall notify the Contractor and Client of the incident.
Should the victim be injured in a contaminated zone, a rapid decontamination
consisting removal of relevant personnel protective equipments etc. shall be carried
out.
7.12 Cleanup and Rehabilitation of All Temporary Structures, Storage Areas, Site
Office Etc., After Construction Work is Completed
382. All Work areas should be ripped or scarified to relieve compaction caused by
construction vehicles and equipment and to trap water and seed. Permanent Erosion
and sediment control measures should be installed where necessary
383. All waste materials and equipment should be removed from the construction area
384. Periodic monitoring and environmental audits should be carried out to ensure
compliance by the contractor and non compliance should be strictly dealt with. During
the contract formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so that they
can be enforced effectively.
7.13 Management of Social Concerns
385. Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate all
the likelihood negative impacts on women and children. A certain code of conduct
needs to be developed and imposed on the construction crew. Hiring of school
children for the project activities by Contractors is to be prohibited. Even the youths
who are above 18 years of age should be hired with proper working conditions and
remuneration. The construction crew should be educated to behave in such away to
avoid getting any children from the local area involved in their entertainment activities

in the evenings at their labor camps. Awareness on HIV aids is necessary. Although
the incidents on HIV aids are not frequently reported, there will be potential for such
problems taking place in the construction sites. The project developer with the
involvement of NCPID should launch programs to educate communities on the
potential danger of the HIV aids and steps to be taken as precautions.
7.14 Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Management Plan
386. The EMP is presented in a format that distinguishes the tasks involved with
monitoring of: (a) compliance with environmental mitigation measures and (b) the
environmental effects. It is further sub-divided according to the phase of the
project. Projects such as these consist of three distinct phases. They are:
planning, investigation and designing; construction; and, operational.
387. During the implementation of the project the Contractor is responsible for carrying out
all the mitigation measures specified in the EMPs. Monitoring will ensure that the
Contractor complies with the terms and conditions of the EMP. For this purpose an
Environmental Officer should be appointed under the Resident Engineer / Project
Engineer to carry out routine monitoring and an independent Environmental
Specialist should be involved in periodic review of the work carried out by the
Environmental Officer. The Environmental Specialist should be mobilized at the
beginning of the project where he/she shall carry out initial monitoring and at the
same time provide necessary training to the environmental officer on data collection
and report preparation. Thereafter it is the responsibility of the Environmental Officer
to conduct routine monitoring. The Environmental Specialist will have to carry out a
mid-term review and again at the end of the project a final review to ensure that all
the mitigation measures proposed have been carried out as specified in the EMP.
388. Both the Environmental Officer as well as the Environmental Specialist will directly
report to the Resident Engineer / Project Engineer who has the final responsibility of
ensuring that the Contractor complies with EMP requirements of the project who in
turn will report to the Project Director.
389. The Contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan in
consultation with a professional (Environmental Specialist) to highlight the mitigatory
construction phase. The EMAP must include all the permits / approvals to be
obtained from the relevant Government Institutes/ Authorities, measure to be taken to
prevent environmental pollution, methods of disposal of solid waste and other
hazardous materials to comply with the National rules and regulations.

390. The North Central Province Irrigation Department (IA) is responsible for implementing
the project and to see that the Contractor complies with the overall Environmental
Management Plan (EMP). The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will reside within
the IA. The PIU is responsible for administrating and supervising of the Contractor
regarding the implementation of mitigatory measures stipulated in the EMP and any
other Special Environmental conditions included in Contract Document. The EMP
should be a part of the bid document.
391. All costs for environmental protection, prevention & implementation of Contractors
Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) should be covered under BOQ item
separately. The Contractor has to submit a statement regarding the cost for
environmental management & protection and this should be approved by the
Environmental Officer.
392. The Contractor/s must implement all the mitigation measures described in the EMP
during the construction period to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with
the construction activities. The responsibilities of the Environmental Officer include
overseeing the overall implementation of the EMP, provide expertise knowledge,
suggestions and recommendations when and where necessary to
minimize/avoid/prevent any adverse environmental impacts during the pre-
constructions & construction phase while coordinating with institutional, governmental
and other relevant bodies., The Environmental Officer is to produce separate monthly
progress reports and submit them to the Resident / Project Engineer who in turn is to
provide necessary copies to all relevant organizations. Quarterly progress reports are
also to be provided to the funding agency by the Environmental Officer through the
Project Director or Project / Resident Engineer.
7.15 Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)
393. Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signaling
required for both construction and operation phases of the project.
The main objectives of the EMoP are:

 To assess the changes in environmental conditions
 To monitor the effective implementation of proposed mitigatory measures
394. EMPs for the respective irrigation tanks were prepared as in Table 7A to 7E, followed
by a detailed EMoP in Annex 7F. In order to meet the above objectives the
monitoring activities of the project such as site supervision, verification of permits,
monitoring of water quality, noise and air, monitoring of solid waste disposal and

dumping sites should be carried out as specified in the EMoP. The Contractor must
be responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the
construction phase (if deemed necessary by the Environmental Officer). Consultants
and the appointed staff from the IA will supervise the Contractor. An environmental
monitoring report should be submitted to the Environmental Specialist Consultant.
395. A monitoring committee should be established to oversee whether the monitoring

actions specified in the EMoP are carried out by the Contractor as well as to make
certain decisions regarding the operations of the project based on the monitoring
results. The composition of the committee should be decided by the implementing
agency and the approving authority, but should include the Environmental Specialist,
Environmental Officer, Project Engineer and a representative of the Contractor. The
committee should be given a clear TOR and a mandate to take necessary actions as
deemed appropriate.

Table 7 A- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – SANDAMALELIYA

CATEGORY IMPACT ACTION / MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY
During Construction
Carry out rehabilitation work during low water

levels in tank. Timing of rehabilitation works to Contractor / NCPID
avoid the rainy season.
Construction and rehabilitation work on tank
during high water levels could provide a Vegetation removal to be carried out carefully
serious threat to the safety and functioning and completely in order to prevent decomposing
Safety Contractor / Site
of the dam/bund. (Excavations, drilling work, roots, etc. from being left behind. Proper
etc. as well as removal of vegetation Engineer
compaction to be followed after such removal
especially those with deep roots)
Carry out all activities on the tank bund under a
site engineer's supervision Site Engineer
Topsoil should be graded and stored separately

for re-spreading during reinstatement. All areas Contractor under
Earth work Removal of top soil and excavations excavated for reconstruction of tank bunds Site Engineer's
should be properly compacted Supervision
The activities should be carried out under an

engineer’s supervision. Transporting demolished
waste to be carried out immediately to prevent Contractor under
Demolishing Demolishing existing damaged structures
wastes leaching into paddy fields. Alternative Site Engineer's
activities such as pipes and canal lining, etc.
access routes to be provided where access Supervision
roads are blocked.
Dust due to land clearing, bund construction,

Air Quality Soil should be covered during transportation Contractor
service / access road construction, vehicle

movements and other construction activities Watering of construction sites especially during
especially during dry seasons dry season
Rumble grids at construction vehicle exit points
Water sprays to be installed to carry out watering

of construction sites. Watering frequency to be
Dust from stockpiles
increased during periods of high risk (eg. High
winds).
Contractor
Dust from service road construction along Water sprays to be used to carry out daily
Main Channel. watering.
Proper maintenance and timely service of

Emission of harmful exhaust gases
vehicles and machinery
All new sites to be located atleast 500m from

residential areas, schools, hospitals, etc. and
Emission of dust and fine particles from
environmentally sensitive areas. All new sites to Contractor
quarry sites, crushers, etc.
obtain permits (where necessary) and adhere to
relevant environmental regulations
Limit maximum noise level at residential areas

Noise & and close to public places to 55 dB. Vehicles &
A public nuisance Contractor
Vibrations other equipment to be properly maintained to
maintain noise levels.

Restriction of noise generating activities close to

residential areas and public places to time period
between 7 am and 6 pm.
Impacts on aquatic and water dependent

flora and fauna Discharge to water ways should not be carried
Water Quality out unless the discharge quality complies with Contractor
Degradation of water quality in sensitive standards
water bodies
Soil stockpiles and other construction material

should not be placed within the bed or banks of Contractor
the tanks.
Erosion of soil into water ways during
Erosion Installing and maintaining temporary (sand bags)
construction
and permanent erosion and sediment control
measures such as silt traps to avoid sediment Contractor
runoff into tanks. These should be placed where
excessive earthworks are carried out on the bund
Provision of access during designated times of

day or where possible, provide temporary access
Difficulties to community using tank bund as
Social paths for pedestrians on the downstream side of Contractor
access road.
the bund. If road is closed completely for a
period, signage to be put up at both ends.

Relevant compensation for the growing season/s

to be provided to the respective farmers through
Temporary loss of livelihood due to inability
the respective Divisional Secretariat. NCPID and Divisional
to grow crops during tank rehabilitation and
Carrying out rehabilitation activities to a strict Secretariat
channel construction and repairs
time table to prevent excessive losses to the
farmers
Educating truck drivers on safety requirements Contractor
Following a traffic management plan and

Traffic jams in congested areas due to diverting traffic where required through Contractor & Police
construction vehicles alternative routes
Designated parking areas for construction /
Contractor & NCPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety
Appropriate signage to be set / Speed bumps /
Contractor & NCPID
Speed limits for all road vehicles
Vehicle breakdowns, accidents and
community disturbances Maintenance activities of cars and trucks and
other mobile machinery to be carried out on a
Contractor
regular basis with regular inspection of lighting
system brakes and tires.
Damage to local road network due to

Damage to Coordinating with RDD to prevent hindrance to
construction vehicles and disturbance to NCPID and RDD
infrastructure road rehabilitation works
ongoing road rehabilitation work

Reusable and recyclable wastes such as timber

skids, scrap metals, etc. should be stockpiled till
Disposal of debris and construction waste Contractor & NCPID
transportation to disposal sites. Disposal at
locations approved by relevant local authorities.
Localized impairment of air quality due to
Solid Waste collection/burning of solid non oil Burning of wastes on site to be prohibited. Contractor
contaminated waste
Waste oils and other wastes to be removed via

Impact on water quality & sedimentation of
contractor for recycling, reuse or disposal at a
tanks and other small water bodies from Contractor
facility. Waste oil and chemical storage areas
leaching of waste
must be suitably bunded.
Provision of adequate toilets and methods of

sanitary disposal. Refuse containers should be
Spread of disease vectors, formation of
Sanitary Waste located at each worksite. No onsite disposal of Contractor
mosquito breeding sites, odours
waste to be carried out without prior approval
from the PC/MC/UC. Prevention of water logging.
Adherence to a Health & Safety Plan Contractor
Awareness campaigns on HIV and other health

Contractor & NCPID
issues and general safety
Accidents, health risks, dangerous working
Health and Safety
conditions Personnel Protective Equipment Contractor
On-site First Aid Officer Contractor
Safety Meetings Contractor

An Emergency Response Plan must be prepared

for each active site to cope with accidents and
emergencies. The most probable accidents
should be identified. The plan should include Contractor
details for all emergency services, hospital/clinic
and senior management. Actions to be taken
should be specified.
Dangerous goods to be stored, handled,

separated and signed as required by the
Hazardous &
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Contaminating Accidents, health risks Contractor
Regulations. Hazardous goods to be stored in
Material
bunded areas away from the tanks and water
courses.
Suitable filtration systems to be present to collect
drained oil from vehicles at vehicle service bays.
Pollution and degradation of soil and Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in bins in a
Pollutant Spills Contractor
waterways including irrigation canals temporary waste storage area or to be stockpiled
and covered with suitable covers till they are
disposed to a designated dump site.
All construction related work must be carried out
outside the National Park boundary including
Adverse impact on the Wilpattu National locating any stock piles, vehicle washdown
Contractor
Park which is < 1km from site. facilities, labor camps, etc. High noise emanating
Flora & Fauna works should be prohibited close to the Park
boundary.
Establishment of weed species (invasive
Nominate appropriate washdown facilities and
plant species) in the project area due to Contractor
locations for vehicles and equipment
introduction through imported raw material,

construction equipment or unplanned
dumping of cleared weed species. Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed
infestations and take appropriate measures to Contractor
manage them
Elephants and other wildlife approach tank The tank should not be made completely dry for Contractor and
during very dry periods for water any construction activity. NCPID
Operational Phase
Irrigation canals will suddenly be flooded Warnings to be given and a system to create
with water giving rise to risk to inhabitants awareness to the public on the times when the
Risk to public NCPID
and especially children on the banks of the tank gates will be open. Announcements to the
canals public prior to opening of gates to be carried out.
The NCPID is to carry out periodic monitoring
Negligence resulting in jungle growth on and maintenance of the structures and canals.
tank bunds and siltation of canals, etc. The use of locals for meeting labour
Maintenance NCPID
resulting in loss of efficiency of irrigation requirements and supervision could be initiated
schemes and failure of project. in addition to the present maintenance activities
undertaken by the NCPID.
NCPID = North Central Province Irrigation Dept RDD = Road Development Department / Provincial Road Development Authority

TABLE 7B - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – DEMATAMALWEWA

During Construction

Engineer
etc. as well as removal of vegetation compaction to be followed after such removal


roads are blocked.




winds).
Contractor






water bodies

the tanks.
construction
access road.


farmers

Contractor & NCPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety
Contractor & NCPID
Contractor



contaminated waste
leaching of waste


Contractor & NCPID
Health and Safety Personnel Protective Equipment Contractor
conditions


Hazardous &
Material
courses.
drained oil from vehicles. Sand or dirt that is oiled
Pollution and degradation of soil and to be placed in bins in a temporary waste storage
waterways including irrigation canals area or to be stockpiled and covered with
suitable covers till they are disposed to a
designated dump site.
All construction related work must be carried out

outside the National Park boundary including
Adverse impact on the Wilpattu National locating any stock piles, vehicle washdown
Contractor
Park which is < 1km from site. facilities, labor camps, etc. High noise emanating
Flora & Fauna works should be prohibited close to the Park
boundary.
plant species) in the project area due to Contractor


Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed
dumping of cleared weed species.
manage them
Elephants and other wildlife approach tank The tank should not be made completely dry for Contractor and
during very dry periods for water any construction activity. NCPID
Operational Phase

Maintenance NCPID

ANNEX 7 C - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – DUNUMADALAWA TANK

During Construction



roads are blocked.



winds).
Contractor





Impacts on aquatic and water dependent Discharge to water ways should not be carried
flora and fauna out unless the discharge quality complies with
Water Quality Contractor
standards. Silt traps to be placed at erosion
Degradation of water quality in sensitive
prone sites.
water bodies

the tanks.
construction

access road.


farmers

Contractor & NCPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety
Contractor & NCPID
Contractor




contaminated waste

leaching of waste

Accidents, health risks, dangerous working Awareness campaigns on HIV and other health
Health and Safety Contractor & NCPID
conditions issues and general safety
Personnel Protective Equipment Contractor


should be identified. The plan should include
Contractor

Hazardous &
Material
courses.

Pollution and degradation of soil and
Pollutant Spills Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in bins in a Contractor
waterways including irrigation canals
temporary waste storage area or to be stockpiled


Contractor

plant species) in the project area due to
Flora & Fauna introduction through imported raw material, Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed
construction equipment or unplanned infestations and take appropriate measures to
dumping of cleared weed species. Contractor
manage them
Operational Phase
Maintenance NCPID

ANNEX 7 D - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – PACKAGE 2 TANKS - KADURU WEWA, KADADDEKA WEWA AND
RAMBAKEPUWEWA MAHA WEWA

During Construction



roads are blocked.

Soil should be covered during transportation

service / access road construction, vehicle Watering of construction sites especially during
Contractor
movements and other construction activities dry season
especially during dry seasons

winds).
Air Quality
Contractor




and close to public places to 55 dB. Vehicles &
other equipment to be properly maintained to
Noise & maintain noise levels.
Vibrations

water bodies

the tanks.
construction
access road.


farmers

Contractor & NCPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety
Contractor & NCPID
Contractor




contaminated waste

leaching of waste


Health and Safety
conditions
Contractor & NCPID



Hazardous &
Material
courses.


Establishment of weed species (invasive Contractor
Flora & Fauna introduction through imported raw material,
manage them
Operational Phase

Maintenance NCPID

ANNEX 7 E - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – PACKAGE 3 TANKS – KOONGOLLAWA WEWA, MEEGAHAWEWA,
AND KUDA KOONGASKADA WEWA

During Construction



roads are blocked.


service / access road construction, vehicle Watering of construction sites especially during
Contractor

winds).
Air Quality
Contractor




Vibrations

water bodies

the tanks.
construction
access road.


farmers

Contractor & NCPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety
Contractor & NCPID
Contractor




contaminated waste

leaching of waste

Accidents, health risks, dangerous working Awareness campaigns on HIV and other health
Health and Safety Contractor & NCPID
conditions issues and general safety



Hazardous &
Material
courses.



Establishment of weed species (invasive locations for vehicles and equipment
Flora & Fauna introduction through imported raw material, Contractor
infestations and take appropriate measures to
manage them
Operational Phase

Maintenance NCPID

Annex 7 F - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP)
CHECK /
MONITORING
CATEGORY IMPACT COST REPORT RESPONSIBILITY
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
During Construction
Traffic Vehicle breakdowns, No. Of accidents and Inspection cost Daily / Weekly Environmental Officer
accidents and community public complaints
disturbances
No. Of breakdowns
Dust due to land clearing Visual Inspections and Weekly Environmental Officer
Air Quality in and around tank, access public complaints
road construction, vehicle Checking for tyres Every-time a
movements and other carrying excessive construction
construction activities volumes of mud on to the vehicle leaves
road the site
Emission of harmful Visual Inspections and Inspection cost Daily Contractor’s supervisor and
exhaust gases public complaints where applicable
Environmental Officer
Dust from stockpiles Unacceptable status of Daily / Contractor’s supervisor and
stockpiles Weekly Environmental Officer
Very High levels of dust Public complaints and Air Quality testing Where necessary Contractor and
and vehicle emissions official complaint made by cost. / As Environmental Officer
Environmental Officer (PM 10, SPM, recommended by
Nitrogen dioxide Environmental
Sulphur dioxide Expert
Carbon monoxide
Ozone)
Approx. Rs.
20,000*
CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
Solid Waste Localized impairment of air Visual inspections / public Inspection cost Weekly Contractor’s supervisor and
quality due to complaints on burning Environmental Officer
collection/burning of solid
non oil contaminated
waste including
construction waste
Impact on water quality & Visual inspections and Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
sediments in lagoon or status of stockpiles after
coastal water bodies from rains. Also locations of
stockpiles.
leaching of waste
Presence of
contaminated pools of
water and evidence of
erosion at stock piles.
Sediment in tanks and

canals.
If very high levels are Cost for water Where necessary Contractor
suspected, water quality quality tests by
tests competent
authority.
(Conductivity, pH,
Total Dissolved
Solids, Turbidity,
Chloride and
Sulphate)
Approx. Rs. 7500*
Sanitary waste Spread of disease vector, Checks on the status of

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
odours hygiene maintained Inspection cost Weekly Contractor & Environmental
within site and worker Officer
camps
Occurrence of disease/
illness/ hospitalization of
workers
Noise and vibrations Public nuisance Public complaints Inspection and As recommended
noise testing by Environmental Contractor
Audit/Inspection Approx. Rs. 8000 Officer
schedules – 10,000*
Health and safety Accidents, health risks, Records of all accidents Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
dangerous working and health issues
conditions including
Audit/ Inspection
schedules Monthly
Hazardous & Accidents, health risks Records of all accidents Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
Contaminating and health issues
Material
Audit/ Inspection Decontamination Weekly Contractor
schedules cost
Pollutant Spills Pollution and degradation Checks and records of Inspection cost Environmental Officer
of soil and waterways any spills and Weekly
decontamination
activities.
Contaminated soils Decontamination
and transportation Contractor
costs
Erosion and siltation Silt accumulation during Silt accumulation in silt Inspection cost Monthly / just Contractor and

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
construction traps after a heavy Environmental Officer
Suspended particulates in rainy season
the tank and water bodies
Establishment of weed Spread of species to new Inspection cost Weekly Contractor and
species (invasive plant locations and labor cost for Environmental Officer
species) weeding
Flora & Fauna
Lack of water for wildlife Drying up of tank to very Inspection cost Weekly during Contractor and
during very dry periods low levels dry periods Environmental Officer
due to construction
activities
Blocking of access roads Public complaints Inspection cost Daily Contractor and
Social Environmental Officer
Loss of livelihood Public complaints Compensation Every time GRC GRC / DS
cost meets
GRC = Grievance Redress Committee DS = Divisional Secretary
*Costs for water quality, air quality and noise testing are an estimate for one set of samples at one location. The cost does not
include transport.
Periodic monitoring and environmental audits should be carried out to ensure compliance by the contractor and non compliance should be
strictly dealt with. During the contract formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so that they can be enforced effectively.

8 CONCLUSION
396. The proposed Environmental Management Plan reports all relevant actions that will be
taken by the developer including monitoring of impact and establishing capacity for
ongoing management during the implementation of pre-construction stage, construction
stage and post construction stages of the project including the liability period. The
proposed Rehabilitation of the 9 tanks- Sandamaleliya, Dematamalgama,
Dunumadalawa, Kaduru Wewa, Kadadeka Wewa. Rambakepu Wewa, Koongollewa
Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda Koongaskada Wewa under the CARE Project
indicates a number of positive impacts on social development which directly support to
national economy and empowerment through the employment, increased market,
infrastructure upgrading and development and social conveniences in the North Central
Province. The number of negative impacts that have also been identified include soil
erosion, rise in dust levels, disturbances to day today activities, noise generation during
construction etc.
397. The Anuradhapura District located in the North Central Province, has an area of 717,900
Ha or 7,179 km2. Agricultural land a main land use in the district amounting to 18.9 %
(135,805 Ha). 12 large tanks along with 80 medium and 2334 small tanks are present.
398. Biogeographically, the proposed tanks (Sandamal Eliya Wewa, Dematamal Gama
Maha Wewa, Koongollawa Wewa, Meegaha Wewa and Kuda Koongaskada Wewa) lie
within the low country dry zone and within the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone.
wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are the typical vegetation formations that occur in
the Dry and arid lowland floristic zone. However, the tank ecosystems are highly
influenced by humans as the tanks are designed to support agriculture. The downstream
areas of the tank ecosystem is the area that comes mostly under the human influence
while the catchment area of most tanks contain remnants of forests that are
representative of the typical vegetation formation in the area.
399. The principal habitat types found within the direct impact zone was investigated and the
fauna and flora present was documented detail under the existing biological
environment. Interviews were held with officials and communities in the area of influence

to discuss safety issues, technical aspects, disruptions during project implementation,

proposed remedial measures, and to identify environmental impact of proposed
rehabilitation interventions. The type of habitats/ land use types present in the direct
impact zone were identified to determine whether there are environmentally sensitive
habitats present and the types of mitigation measures needed to minimize or prevent
negative impacts if such environmentally sensitive habitats are present in the direct
impact zone.
400. The proposed project areas lie within the low country dry zone. The most abundant
habits/ landuse types observed direct impact zone of the nine projects include open
water and associated vegetation of the tank, riparian vegetation of the upstream
periphery and areas immediately downstream from the tank bund and vegetation on the
tank bund.
401. The area supported mostly common plant or animal species associated with such
human influenced habitats Six species of endemic plants Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu),
Wrightia angustifolia, Drypetes gardneri (Gal Wira), Premna alstoni, Derris parviflora
(Kala Wel) Cassine glauca (Neralu), one species of endemic dragon fly Ictinogomphus
rapax (Rapacious Flangetail) one species of snake Xenochrophis cf. piscator
(Checkered Keelback) and three species of endemic birds Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka
Junglefowl), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill) and Pellorneum
fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler) were observed in the project area.
Four species of nationally vulnerable (VU) plants Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba)
Calamus rotang (Heen Wewel) Haldina cordifolia (Kolon), Margaritaria indicus (Karawu)
were also observed during the study period. The fauna also included three Nationally
Vulnerable species, Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant), Geochelone elegans (Indian
star tortoise), and Ratufa macroura (Giant squirrel), and six species of animals, Colotis
amata (Small salmon arab), Dendrocopus nanus (Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker),
Threskiornis melanocephalu (Black-headed Ibis), Anhinga melanogaster (Oriental
Darter), Ciconia episcopus (Woolly-necked Stork), Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka
Brown-capped Babbler) listed as Nationally Near Threatened. This low numbers of
endemic and threatened species in the area is consistent with the distribution pattern of
endemic and threatened species in Sri Lanka, where majority of these species are
restricted to the natural habitats in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. None of these endemic or
threatened species are restricted to the project area or adversely affected by the project.

402. No major invasive plant species was observed at the nine project sites. However, two
(Podisinnamaran) were observed among the tank bund vegetation of all nine tanks are
also listed as alien invasive plant species. However, at present these plants do not pose
a serious threat to the surrounding environment.
403. Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate all the
the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Even the
youths who are above 18 years of age should be hired with proper working conditions
and remuneration. The construction crew should be educated to behave in such away to
avoid getting any children from the local area involved in their entertainment activities in
the evenings at their labor camps.
404. Since the project involved rehabilitation of the existing tank, few significant environment
impacts are anticipated other than the general impacts that are associated with any
development project such as noise and vibrations, dust, solid waste, clearing of
vegetation, disturbance to fauna, flora and communities living closer to the
developmental activity, air pollution due to emissions, erosion and sedimentation,
siltation and contamination of surface water bodies etc.,
405. It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the 9 tanks mentioned
impacts identified and can be viewed as a significant intervention in the process of
reestablishing the disturbed livelihood systems in NCP.

9 RECOMMENDATION
406. In the IEE study appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and post
407. There is a need for the developer to collaborate and involve local government and the
lead agencies during the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures.
408. Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction to
minimize social expectations and other issues of employment, health and safety.
409. It is recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities,
410. Further, suggestions made by the locals should be given due consideration. The
implemented where possible by the NCPID.
411. Awareness on HIV aids is necessary. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not
construction sites. The project developer with the involvement of NCPID should launch
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids and steps to
412. As a way of ensuring sustainable development, it is recommended that the developer

and all the responsible parties take measures to implement the identified mitigation
measures.
413. The project is highly recommended for implementation.

IEE for the Rehabilitation of 9 Tanks in Anuradhapura District , Sri Lanka
ANNEXURES
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011

Annexure 1
Drawings
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/SAND/LA 01 Improvements of Sadamaleliya Tank Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/SAND/LS 01 Improvements of Sadamaleliya Tank Longitudinal Section of

the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/DEMA/LA 01 Improvements of Dematamalwewa Tank Layout

`
Plan
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/DEMA/LS 01 Improvements of Dematamalwewa Tank Longitudinal

Section of the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/DUNU/LA 01 Improvements of Dunumadalawa Tank -Layout Plan
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/DUNU/LS 01 Improvements of Dunumadalawa Tank Longitudinal Section

of the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ KADU/LA 01 Improvements of Kaduruwewa Tank Layout Plan
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/KADU/LS 01 Improvements of Kaduruwewa Tank Longitudinal Section of

the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ KADA /LA 01 Improvements of Kadadeka Wewa Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/KADA/LS 01 Improvements of Kadadeka Wewa Longitudinal Section of

the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ RAMB /LA 01 Improvements of Rambakapu Wewa Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/RAMB/LS 01 Improvements of Rambakapu Wewa Longitudinal Section of

the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ KOON /LA 01 Improvements of Koongollawa Wewa Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/KOON/LS 01 Improvements of Koongollawa Wewa Longitude Section of

the Tank
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ MEEG/LA 01 Improvements of Meegaha Wewa Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/MEEG/LS 01 Improvements of Meegaha Wewa Longitude Section of the
Tank Bund
Drawing No. CARE/NCP/TK/ KOON/LA 01 Improvements of Kudu koongaskada Wewa Layout
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/KOON/LS 01 Improvements of Kudu koongaskada Wewa Longitude

Section of the Tank Bund

Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/BS 01 Typical Section of Bund
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/BS 02 Typical Section of Bund
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 14 Typical head wall type sluice detail
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 01 Typical Details – Type Canal lining for distributor & field
Canals
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 02 Typical Details – Type farm turnout (one way) with canal
Regulation
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 03 Typical Details – Type farm turnout (Two way) with canal
Regulation
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 04 Typical Details – Type field canal culverts & Improvements
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 05 Typical Details – Type field Access across field canal
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 06 Typical Details – Type divider , farm outlet and lean drop
for field canals
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 07 Typical Details – Type vertical drop structure (up to 600
mm drop)
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 08 Type drop cum farm outlet for field canals
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 09 Type two way divider structure in field canal
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 10 Type turnout structure – 1 to 5 cusecs ( General Plan)
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 11 Type pipe culvert structure
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 12 Plan & Elevation of Causeway
Drawing No. CARE/ NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 10 Tractor Crossing

N
ALE
IRIM
NTH
THA
A
IY
CH
ACH
L
VI
TO
RA
HAPU
RAD
ANU
SANDAMALELIYA TANK
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/SAND/LA 01
CENTRAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BUREAU CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY PROJECT

MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT
DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS COLOMBO 05, CHECKED BY
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF SANDAMALELIYA TANK APPROVED BY
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL LAYOUT PLAN
E-Mail crd.cecb@gmail.com, crd@cecbsl.com
COUNCIL Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk
NO REVISION DATE
TH
AN
TH
IRI N
M AL
E
AN
UR
AD
NA L
H AP
IN CA
RB
UR
DC
1
A
RB MA
RB DC FC
SP
I
LL
RB DC
W
A
Y
CA
MAIN
1
N
A
LB
L
D C1
DRA
LB
MA
1
IN C
IN
FC
AN
AL
LB
.
ce
ui
Sl
er
8 ow 88m
50 . T 2
1. ice e .
ip 98
10 lu
e P /S
/L rS
,R e
ow 77m um D
10 m aH m&
tN e T .1 4 i
36 d 297
in ip 98
25
9
Po e PD/S at mm 98. 64
4
26
9
00
6
1. l um ce 5 l 0. 1. 0.
10 nt
ro m H & at l ui g 37 eve 10 10 10
4 ia 1m 0m S in l L m
R /L Co 36 d 8 48 ep
s t
RBxis Sil ,R
/ L
R/
L
R/
L
l 39
2, t mm 98.1 St o6 3, nt 2, pil o 12
N1
a at g E /S
No kme t No S t
nt i ce 375 vel s h in U tN t O m
i u
Sl ting l Le ep Ba
t in oi
n
ba
n oin C/ 95
Po St lP
o
l P Em ol P ting : 11
ro
l LB xis Sil in
g in
g
ro ro r a
nt E /S th ist nt nt ill nt xis Ch
Co U Ba Ex 55m Co Co Sp Co E T
6 A
102 m
101 m
100 m
99 m
98 m
Datum Above 97.00m RL
Design B.T. Levels

101.581
101.533
101.497
101.485
101.553
101.568
101.450
101.435
101.414
101.421
101.354
101.395
101.458
101.502
101.493
101.476
101.561
101.616
101.552
101.354
101.402
101.354
101.431
101.483
101.454
101.462
101.548
101.538
101.508
101.471
101.495
101.599
101.682
101.624
101.569
101.528
101.409
101.475
101.514
101.461
1000 101.483
1025 101.458
1050 101.457
1075 101.397
1100 101.207
1125 101.110
1150 101.151
1175 101.268
1180 101.267
101.506
101.640
101.082
100.396
100.147
100.396
100.146
100.146
100.146
100.146
100.146
100.146
101.152
101.749
101.739
101.078
101.132
101.408
Existing B.T. Levels
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
100
125
150
175
200
225
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
Meterage(m)
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
1205
1210
1215
1220
1225
1230
1235
1240
1245
1250
1355
1380
1185
1190
1195
1200
600
25
50
75
0
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF TANK BUND
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/SAND/LS 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF SANDAMALELIYA TANK APPROVED BY
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL LONGITUDE SECTION OF TANK BUND
NO REVISION DATE
0+343 N
5
0+37
0+300
5
0+77
0+.300
LB FC 3
0
0+70
0+200
RB FC
LB FC 4
3
0+6 0+200
00
0
0+60
0+100
LB DC 1
0+5
0+57
00 0+5
00
0+50
5
0
5
0+27
0+
0
00
0+4
00
0+200 0+400
0+400
FRO
MT
HAN
THI
RIM
LB MAIN CANAL
ROAD
ALE 0+300
0
0+10 0+300
0+300
0
20
0+
0+2
00 0+200
0
10
0+
0+1
00
0
10
0+
0+000
0+000
DEMATAMALWEWA TANK
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/DEMA/LA 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF DEMATAMALWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
N
PLAN VIEW
ce ice
ui lu
r Sl rS
we m owe m
m To .376 m m T 47
m 1 p e 7 7 16 pe .9
70
m 97 .1
1 Pi /S 9 0.58 .7 Pi 96
.2 1 .1 1 e 0 .5
m e
m D/ S
01 10 10 m D 10 10 77
t1 at at m Hu & at at Hu
el 67 ng 6m vel el - 4 0 m ed m &
la ve
l v 2 i v m s 7
ts ve ill Le Le t ist .46 Le Le 5 50 po 02
en Le Sp m m e a Ex 97 m m 47 at Pro 97.
O n k m m
9 79 220 luic dia vel 284 364 at ice ia. vel
C/ ba 2 at 3
at at S
4 LB mm ill L 05
e at
6
at p u d
ste Sl m l Le
ng Em -0 -0 -0 5 S -0 ng RB25m Sil
si ti l
i Nl N N 2
2 /S TN
-
N th
i
2 /S
Ex Sp ST ST ST U S ST Ba U
102 m
101 m
100 m
99 m
98 m
97 m
Design B.T. Levels

101.303
100.453
101.116
101.157
100.899
100.455
100.950
101.120
101.260
101.206
101.040
101.120
101.044
101.064
100.966
100.962
101.073
101.191
101.392
101.281
101.346
101.317
101.178
101.124
100.998
101.045
101.048
100.839
100.774
100.626
100.592
100.737
100.672
100.455
101.366
101.664
100.013
100.014
100.250
100.970
100.015
100.015
100.015
100.015
100.015
100.015
100.014
100.005

100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
812
25
50
75
Meterage (m)
0
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-5
LONGITUDE SECTION OF TANK BUND
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/DEMA/LS 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF DEMATAMALWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
0+
81
0+ 3
80
0
0+6
00
0+700
0
0+500 0+ +610
59
6
AQUADUCT OVER THE

EXISTING SPILL CHANAL
0+
50
0
0+40
0
NAL
CA
5
0+400
07
IN
1+
MA
1+105
0
05
0+
1+
30
0
LB
5
02
1+
000
1+
75
0+9
0+
30
0
0 5
0+9
0+2
00
25
0
0+00
0+9
0+
5
0+02
2 00
0
0+05
0+075
0
0+100
90
0+
L
5
NA
87
0+
CA
25
0
0
85
0+0
0+00
0+
50
IN
0+0
0+100
25
MA
8
075
0+
0+
0+10
0
RB
0
75
80
00
0+7
25
0+
1
50
0+
0+
0+7
25
0
15
0+7
0+
5
17
0+ 0
70
675
0+ 0+
0 0 0+000
0+2 650
5
0+
0+350
22
0+325
0+375
0+
0+275
0+250
0+000
5
0+425
0+300
62
0+450
0+
0
0+475
0+40
0+575
0+550
0+525
0
0+60
0+500
DUNUMADALAWA TANK
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/DUNU/LA 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF DUNUMADALAWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
N
5
07
1+
5
0
05
1+10
1+
5
02
1+
00 0
75 1+
0+9
50
0+9
5 2
0+9
0
90
5
87 0+
0+
25
0
00
85
0+0
0+
50
0+0
0+0
5
82
075
0+
CANAL
0+
0
75
80
AL
0
0+7
5
10
12
0+
LB MAIN
0
CAN
0+
5
0+
0+7
25
0
15
0+7
0+
AIN
5
17
0+ 0
RB M
5 70
67
0+ 0+
0
20
0+ 650
5
0+
0+350
22
0+325
0+375
0+
0+275
0+250
5
0+425
0+300
62
0+450
0+
00
0+475
0+575
0+550
0+525
0+4
+600
0+500
0
PLAN VIEW
ce ce
ui ui
Sl Sl
er er
T ow 0m Tow 81m h
2 7 t
pe .1 pe 7. ng
Pi 97 Pi 9 Le
m me /S m e /S
00 Hum & D 0m
3 75 Hu & D 6
- g m 13
- ng m s ill 7m
CH sti 10 CH tin 71 ep Sp 116
at Exi 7.2 at xis 7.8 St l
ce E 9 g et ra to
ice ia. el 9 ui dia evel in m tu m
u
Sl m d Lev
l
S m L ath nk Na 30
RB 25m Sill
B ba ng : 11
LB 25m Sill sed Em t i
is ha
2 /S 2 /S
U o po ill Ex T C
U Pr Sp A
102 m
101 m D.B.T.L. - 101.05 m
100 m D.F.S.L. - 100.05 m
99 m
98 m
Design B.T. Levels

101.037
100.934
101.151
101.068
650 101.127
675 101.031
101.060
101.010
101.062
100.930
100.890
100.888
100.963
101.112
100.933
100.880
100.848
101.153
1000 101.191
1025 101.278
1050 101.169
1075 100.976
1100 100.849
1125 101.153
101.135
100.960
1210 101.145
101.127
101.197
101.073
100.993
101.077
100.981
100.864
100.969
100.864
100.789
100.936
100.911
100.787
100.941
100.950
100.998
101.148
101.209
101.135
101.107
100.034
100.014
101.060
100.007
100.026
100.005
100.160
100.283
100.406
100.555
99.795
99.795
99.796
99.797
99.821
99.822
99.823
Existing B.T. Levels 700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
925
950
975
1130
625
1135
1140
1150
1155
Meterage (m)
1145
1160
1165
1170
1175
1180
1185
100
125
150
25
50
75
0

THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/DUNU/LS 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF DUNUMADALAWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
CARE/NCP/TK/KADU/LA 01
1+66
0+1650
0
2011 FEB
CHANNAL
0+1625
1+60
0
0+1575
1+676
0+1675
APPROVED BY
CHECKED BY
0+1550
0+1650
DRG. NO
0+1525
DATE
0+1625
1+500
CHANNAL
1+600
0+1475
0+1575
CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY PROJECT
T
0+1450
R
0+1550
CULVE
0+1425
0+1525
1+400
0+1375
IMPROVEMENTS OF KADURUWEWA TANK
CULVER
T 0+1350
0+1475
ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT
0+1325
0+1450
0+1425 1+300
LAYOUT PLAN
ROAD
0+1275
1+400
IRRIGATION
PROPOSED
CHANNAL
0+1250
0+1375
0+1225
0+1350
0+1325
1+200
0+1175
1+300
0+1150
0+1275
0+1125
0+1250
0+1225 1+100
1+200 0+1075
0+1050
0+1175
CHANNAL
0+1150
0+1025
0+1125
1+000
DATE
1+100
0+975
0+1075
CHANNAL
0+950
0+1050
ROAD 0+925
0+1025
0+900
1+000
0+875
0+975
0+850
0+950
REVISION
0+825
0+925
0+800
0+900
0+775
L
CHANNA
0+875
0+750
0+850
KADURUWEWA
0+725
0+825
0+700
0+800
0+675
0+775
0+650
NO
0+750
0+625
N ROAD

0+725
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215

0+600

CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
0+700 0+575
0+675
0+550
IRRIGATIO
ROAD
ROAD
0+650
0+525
Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk

0+625
0+500
0+600
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
0+475
COLOMBO 05,
0+575
0+450
SRI LANKA.
PROPOSED
0+550
0+425
0+525
0+4
00
0+500
0+375
0+475
0+350
0+325
& ARCHITECTS
0+450
0+300
ENGINEERS
0+275
0+425
0+250
0+400
0+225
CHANNAL
0+375
0+200
0+350
CHANNAL
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA

0+175
0+325
0+ 0+150
30
0
0+125
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL

0+275
0+
10
0
MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC
0+250
0+075
0+100
0+050
DEVELOPMENT
00 0+175 0+150
0+125
0+2
0+075
0+000
0+050
0+025
0+025
COUNCIL
ROCK
00
BUND
0+000
0+3
0+100
0+000
00
ROCK
0+4
0+200
0-146
0-239
00
0 +5
31
0+5
ROCK
N
00
0+3
0+100
0+000
4 00
ROCK
0+
0+200
0-146
PLAN
0-239
500
1
0+
53
0+
m
28 c k 5 m
gt
h Ro t 19
len in
g
ea
ill ist u ic
Sp Ex Sl
D.B.T.L. - 92.037 m
D.F.S.L. - 90.837 m
Design B.T. Levels

92.041
92.115
91.810
91.442
93.664
93.664
92.342
94.433
95.526
97.794
98.096
92.501
92.187
91.466
91.507
91.917
92.011
91.784
91.813
91.703
91.813
91.770
91.639
91.455
90.684
91.418
91.784
91.481
91.576
91.702
91.951
92.021
92.144
92.572
90.664
90.541
90.417
90.293
90.149
90.742
91.209

-146
-246
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
531
-221
-196
-171
-94
-84
-64
-25
-18
-142
-137
-132
-127
-122
-117
-114
Meterage (m)
-9

THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KADU/LS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KADURUWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
0+000
0+075
0+125
0+150
0+050
0+025
0+
17
0+1
0
75
0+185 AQUADUCT
0+225
0+250
0+3
0+275
LB MAIN CANAL
03
0+408
0+25
0+013
0+036
0+089
1
0+151
0+190
0+325
0+350
KADADEKAWEWA TANK
0+473
0+
87 4
0+375
0+53
3
0+425
0+450
0+608
0+48
0
0+531
0+55
6
0+58
1
5
0+63
60
0+6
85
0+6
35
0+7
60
0+7
RB MAIN CANAL
0+94
0+857
5
0+770
0+72
0+027
5
0+81
0+638
1+015
1+075
0+116
0+189
0+270
5
0+335
0+550
0+500
0+420
0+840
0+865
0+915
0+940
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KADA/LA 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KADADEKAWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
Meterage (m)
Existing Levels
F.S.L. - 99.250m
Design B.T. Levels

B.T.L. - 100.250m
Datum above 96.0 RL

-70 -99.816 100.250
0+000
0+075
0+
0+125
0+150
0+050
0+025
17
0
0+1
75
-45 99.250
-40 99.250
99.250
-35
-30 99.250
-25 99.250 0+185
-20 99.250
-15 99.250
Na
99.250
-10
tu
-5 99.250
ra
COUNCIL
0 99.560 100.250
lS
pi
5
ll
Sp
0+22
DEVELOPMENT
il l
wa
25 99.533
y
100.250
Em
0+250
99
ba
.2
nk
50
m
50 99.648
m
100.250
en
B

0+275
t s
75 100.090 100.250

100 99.974 100.250
0+325
Ba
th
i n
125 100.015 100.250
St
0+350
ep
a t 17
ENGINEERS
150 99.990 100.250
3.
0+375
& ARCHITECTS
6m
N
E
ST Lev
175
e
100.012 100.250
l
(
Po at 1
PLAN
in 00
ts .
200 100.129 100.250 0+425
C) 061
15
2
at m
Ba
m
th
i
SRI LANKA.
n
225 99.960 100.250 0+450
COLOMBO 05,
St
ep
a t
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
250 99.976
27
100.250 0+48
6. 0

6m
ST Lev
e
E
275 100.313 100.250
Po l at
(
in 10
ST
ts 0.
Le N P
D) 167
300
24
100.191 100.250 ve oin

at m
4
0+53
l a ts 1
m
CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

t 9 (E

S
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215

LB /S
l
9.9 ) a

S i
325
31 t 2
100.042 100.250 m 8 6m 0+5
56
uicll Le
NO
e a ve
0
350 100.260 100.250

t 3l 9
0+58
1
6
0 m.335
x
375 100.081 100.250

T
Bom &
D
yp /S
ST L
400 100.318 100.250

e 2 96
N ev
m
25 .23
Po el a
5
(
m 5
0+63
F
in t 1
)
m
Ou
425
ts 00
100.266 100.250
.
tle
2
t
38
B
60
0+6
at 38m
2m
450 100.250
100.110 100.250
100.110
REVISION
85
0+6
475 100.029 100.250
500 100.028 100.250

35
0+7
ST
525
N
99.849 100.250 Lev Poin
60
0+7
el a ts (G
t 99 ) a
550
.92 t 49
100.081 100.250 5m 6m
DATE
575 100.102 100.250
5
0+81
600
100.079 100.250 Ro
ck 0+840
ST at 60
N 2
625
100.165 100.250 0+865
Lev Poin .5m
el a ts (
t 10 H) a
0.2 t 59
650 00m 3m
100.323 100.250
0+915
N
0+940
675
100.362 100.250
700
100.339 100.250
725
100.382 100.250
750
100.355 100.250
LONGITUDE SECTION OF TANK BUND
ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT
775
100.334 100.250
IMPROVEMENTS OF KADADEKAWEWA TANK
800
100.560 100.250
R
825
100.273 100.250
U/ B S
S lu
S i
New
Br ill Lce a
850 ea t
Replace
100.106 100.250
DATE
ch eve 80
No Repair
Legend
In l 97 1 m
DRG. NO
Th .0
Major Repair
Minor Repair
875 100.250
e T 40mBox
99.588
CHECKED BY
APPROVED BY
an & Ty
k
Bu D/ pe 2
E
900
C
B
D
A
nd S 9 25
99.661 100.250 at 6.9 mm
ST 82 43 O
.0 m ut
925
Le N P
o m
100.250
2011 FEB
let
B
99.463
ve i
n
B
l a ts
t 9 (K
9. )
82 at
Existing Profile
950 99.462 100.250

Designed Profile
1m 88
957 99.098 100.250 7m
CARE/NCP/TK/KADA/LS 01
RAMBAKEPUWEWA TANK
0
0+30
0
0+20
LB MAIN CANAL
NAL
0+100
C HAN
D ING
FEE
0+5
70
0+200
0+
0+
42
500
0+
0+000
400
0+000
0+300
0+400
0+300
0+2
00
0+10
0
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/RAMB/LA 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF RAMBAKEPUWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
N
0+30
0
0+20
PLAN VIEW
0+000
7
.26
99
ice
lu
at
rS
el
1m
.85
e
7m
8m
w 2m
Le
.10
To .99
99
.17
.03
m
pe 6 3
00
22 54
00
28
00
at
3 Pi /S 9 9.
t1
78 8
t1
t4
9.
t1
vel
. e t9 e
la
m m D
99 t9 r Sluic
la
)a
la
1 u a
Towe
Le
ve
at la 5 & l
ve
4m
ve
(F
- 2 ng H 0m ve H- 43 Hume Pipe 6.830m
Le
el ve
Le
Le
Le
M
t C
v Le CH sti 82 luice
a
ting /S 9
m
Le
95
TB
7m
2m
at Exi 97.0 2m RB S dia. Exis .920m & D
30
8m
at 3
m e 0
61
59
m
t5
7 t8 c . t3 6 99
ui ia el 225m ill Level 9
M pill
at )a )a -100.0
)a
at
at
Sl m d Lev v l at
(E)
) S e
TB l S
U/S m Le
(H
(J)
(I)
(Y (Y LB 5m Sill (D
at 443
ra
M
M
M M M )
tu
2 (G 1
TB TB TB
TB
2 /S
TB
TB
TBM
Na
U
101.00m
F.S.B.T.L -100.148
100.00m
99.00m F.S.B.L -99.048
98.00m
Design B.T. Levels

100.177
100.004
100.058
100.042
100.012
100.014
96.849
99.911
99.841
99.811
99.967
99.928
99.448
99.789
99.807
99.632
99.497
99.358
99.410
99.623
99.318
99.675
99.959
99.783
99.879
625 100.176
635 100.172
645 100.257
663 100.371
96.783
99.057
99.066
99.076
99.085
99.095
525
550
575
600
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
Meterage (m)
602
604
606
608
610
612
100
125
150
25
50
75
0
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/RAMB/LS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF RAMBAKEPUWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF TANK BUND
NO REVISION DATE
N
LB
M
AI
N
LB FC
CA
NA
L
1
RB M
AIN C
ANA
AG
LB DC 1
RI
L
RO
AD
LB F
C
2
LB
MA
IN
CA
NA
KOONGOLLEWA TANK
L
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KOON/LA 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KOONGOLLEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
Legend
N
No Repair A
Minor Repair B
Major Repair C
Replace D
New E
Designed Profile
Existing Profile
PLAN
& e
pe
m yp
& Ty
31 T
.9 er
m er
m
00 9m
1m
7
m
97 w
7m
36 w
38
v. To
65
.8 o
0. 99
46
.
32
0m
97 e T
01
4
Le ipe
10 9.
0.
0.
0.
L. ip
1
L t9
10
10
10
at
.L e p
R. p
R. L a
at
ll e
at
at
lR m
.L
m Si um
B
.L
ay .
.L
m Sil Hu
,R
w ,R
m
64 , R.
36 S H
,R
,R
ill 1m
7
m
.8 U/ m
.7 U/ m
0m
73
49
3m
97 t, 18
Sp 5
97 t, 6
ep 618
2
9
L tle 39
at
50
31 S
t7
at
L tle t 8
al at
ep
)a
R. Ou e at
at
0)
R. u e a
g ) at
ur )
at
St
at (2
12
1)
(1 m
/S O ic
c
th t (7
.3
ng
t(
D mm lui
t
t(
nt
D m lu
. N in
21
St
in
i
hi
5m S
in
Ba in
5 S
o
Po
EX P
Po
at
Po
22 . RB
Po
th
22 LB
in
N
.B
N ng
N
N
ST
/S
ST . Le
EX
EX
ST
EX
ST
ST
D.B.T.L - 101.00 m
D.F.S.L - 100.00 m
Design B.T. Levels
Meterage (m)

THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KOON/LS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KOONGOLLEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
N
RB
M
AI
N
CA
NA
L
AGRI. R
OAD
A
NIY
V AV
TO
RB
FC
1
E
LIN
AG
Y
WA
RI
IL
.R
RA
OA
D
PROPO
SE
LB DC 1 D
RA
PU
HA
AD
UR
AN
M
FRO
FE
ED
IN
G
MEEGAHAWEWA
CA
NA
L
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/MEEG/LA 01

DATE 2011 JAN
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF MEEGAHAWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
N
Designed Profile
Existing Profile
AGRI. ROAD
PLAN
B.T.L - 101.030m RL
F.S.L - 100.130m RL
Datum 97.00m RL
101.179 101.030
101.431 101.030
101.345 101.030
101.168 101.030
101.151 101.030
101.242 101.030
101.188 101.030
100.379 101.030
100.977 101.030
101.014 101.030
100.936 101.030
100.820 101.030
100.684 101.030
100.661 101.030
100.733 101.030
100.626 101.030
100.646 101.030
100.682 101.030
100.717 101.030
100.518 101.030
100.524 101.030
100.573 101.030
100.458 101.030
100.408 101.030
100.501 101.030
100.727 101.030
100.851 101.030
101.203 101.030
100.955 101.030
100.919 101.030
100.880 101.030
100.856 101.030
101.073 101.030
100.506 101.030
100.669 101.030
101.222 101.030
101.341 101.030
Design B.T. L.
Existing Level
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
894
Distance(m)
25
50
75
0

THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/MEEG/LS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF MEEGAHAWEWA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
P
CA ROP
US OS
EW ED
N
AY
Ch
AY
.87
W
ILL
5
SP
Ch
.80
0
0
.70
Ch.0
Ch
L
CANA
AIN
Ch.100
RB M
Ch.100
Ch.3
0
.60
00
Ch
Ch.400
Ch.600
Ch.700
Ch.500
Ch
.80
Ch
Ch.500
0
.8
17
BUN
D
00
Ch.4
Ch.300
Ch.
Ch.400
300
Ch.5
Ch.2
Ch.0
Ch.100
0
0
0
0
Ch.6
Ch.6
00
75
ANAL
LB MAIN C Ch
.20
0
Ch.2
00
Ch.
.1
Ch.7
Ch
00
300
Ch.600
Ch.400
00
Ch.100
Ch.500
Ch.7
89
.0
Ch
KUDAKOONGASKADA WEWA
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KUDA/LA 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KUDAKOONGASKADA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
Designed Profile
N Existing Profile
CA RO
P
Ch.0
US PO
Ch
E W ED
Ch.
.10
AY
S
0
0
Ch.7
Ch.0
Ch
Ch.
00
800
.2
SP
00
IL
Ch
LW
.60
AY
BUN
Ch
0
Ch.500
D
.30
Ch.
875
Ch.40
0
0
m
30
PLAN sp
il ll
en
gth
tu ral
Na
D.B.T.I - 101.00 m
D.F.S.L - 100.00 m
Datum above 96.0 RL

101.00
100.581 101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
100.851 101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
101.00
100.908 101.00
100.761 101.00
100.749 101.00
100.742 101.00
100.947 101.00
100.808 101.00
100.669 101.00
100.735 101.00
100.881 101.00
100.898 101.00
Design B.T. Levels
100.693
100.622
100.631
100.747
100.752
100.926
100.889
100.833
100.786
100.801
100.827
100.828
100.903
100.769
100.810
100.614
100.767
100.755
100.868
100.808
100.899
101.047
100.765
101.041
100.925
101.073
Existing Levels
700
725
750
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
Meterage (m)
25
50
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
75
0

THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/KUDA/LS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 IMPROVEMENTS OF KUDAKOONGASKADA TANK APPROVED BY
NO REVISION DATE
UP STERAM DOWN STREAM
OF BUND
150mm Tk.GRAVEL WEARING SURFACE
3.0000
BTL
TURFING
HFL
FB
1
FSL 1
2 2
TYPICAL SECTION OF BUND

SCALE - 1:100
FSL - FULL SUPPLY LEVEL
HFL - HIGH FLOOD LEVEL
BTL - BUND TOP LEVEL
FB - FREE BOARD
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/TYP/BS 01

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 APPROVED BY
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPICAL SECTION OF BUND
NO REVISION DATE
UP STERAM DOWN STREAM
OF BUND
150mm Tk.GRAVEL WEARING SURFACE
TURFING 3.0000
TURFING
300mm Tk.RUBBLE RIPRAP BTL
0.3000
FB
HFL 1
1
FSL 2
2
1.2000
TYPICAL SECTION OF BUND

SCALE - 1:100
FSL - FULL SUPPLY LEVEL
HFL - HIGH FLOOD LEVEL
BTL - BUND TOP LEVEL
FB - FREE BOARD
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/TYP/BS 02

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPICAL SECTION OF BUND
NO REVISION DATE
20x 20x 6 ANGLE IRON
HAND RAIL
Y3-300 C/C T.B
38 x 38 x 6 ANGLE IRON Y3-150 C/C T.B
10mm T.S R/F -225 C/C 1:2:4 (19mm) CT.CONC
10mm T.S R/F -150 C/C
1:2:4(19mm)R/F CT.CONC
1:3:6(40mm)CT.CONC
1:3:6(40mm)CT.CONC
1:3:6(40mm)
CT.CONC
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DRG. NO CARE/NCP/TK/TYP/STRU 14

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPICAL HEAD WALL TYPE SLUICE DETAIL
NO REVISION DATE

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPICAL DETAILS
TYPE CANAL LINING FOR DISTRIBUTARY & FIELD CANALS
NO REVISION DATE
GL
SECTION X-X SECTION Z-Z

ELEVATION - A
SCALE :- 1:20 SCALE :- 1:20
SCALE :- 1:20
1.5
1
GL
DETAIL OF "D"
SCALE :- 1:5
SECTION Y-Y ELEVATION - B

SCALE :- 1:20 SCALE :- 1:20
16 mm DIA 250 mm
LONG MS ROD
DETAIL OF "C"
SCALE :- 1:5
8 mm
HOLES
38X6 mm NOTE :-
VARIES
MS FLAT
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
2. ALL CONCRETE MIX SHALL BE 1:3:6 (25mm)

12 mm NUT & BOLT
1:3 MS CT. SAND

25 mm ,THICK FERRO
CEMENT GATE
R6 MS WELDED
TO ANGLE IRON
PRAME
2 LAYERS OF
CHICKEN MESH
PLAN
SCALE :- 1:20
DETAIL OF "E" DETAIL OF GATE

SCALE :- 1:10 SCALE :- 1:10

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215
TYPICAL DETAILS APPROVED BY
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPE FARM TURNOUT ( ONE WAY )
COUNCIL Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk WITH CANAL REGULATION
NO REVISION DATE
GL
SECTION X-X SECTION Z-Z

ELEVATION - A
SCALE :- 1:20 SCALE :- 1:20
SCALE :- 1:20
GL
1.5
1
DETAIL OF "D"
ELEVATION - B
SCALE :- 1:5
SCALE :- 1:20
SECTION Y-Y
SCALE :- 1:20
16 mm DIA DETAIL OF "C"

250 mm
LONG MS ROD SCALE :- 1:5
DETAIL OF "E"
SCALE :- 1:10
5 Nos, 8 mm
HOLES
38X6 mm
MS FLAT NOTE :-
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
12 mm
NUT & BOLT 2. ALL CONCRETE MIX SHALL BE 1:3:6 (25mm)
1:3 MS CT. SAND
25 mm ,THICK
FERRO
CEMENT GATE
R6 MS WELDED
TO ANGLE IRON
PRAME
2 LAYERS OF
CHICKEN MESH
PLAN
SCALE :- 1:20
DETAIL OF GATE
SCALE :- 1:10

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPE FARM TURNOUT ( TWO WAY )
WITH CANAL REGULATION
NO REVISION DATE

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
COUNCIL TYPE FIELD CANAL CULVERT & IMPROVEMENTS
NO REVISION DATE
RCC SLAB RCC SLAB
1:2:4 (20 mm) 1:2:4 (20 mm)
L = Length of Culvert (min 3.5 m)

125 125
5 5 300 125 L 125 300
495 495
125
125
125
1 ON 1.5
1 ON 1.5
Max 750mm
(FSD+FB)
(FSD+FB)
(FSD+FB)
200
200
BW+{2x1.5(FSD+FB)}+600
CEMENT CONCRETE CEMENT CONCRETE

1:3:6 (25 mm) 1:3:6 (25 mm)
SECTION - AA SECTION - BB
CANAL BW SPAN
(BW) (L)
500
L = Length of Culvert (min 3.5 m) 300 450

5Y12@125 (B)
150 150
450 550
300
300
B
600 700
1 ON 1.5
1 ON 1.5
Y10@125 (T)
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
125 125
R/F DETAILS
A FLOW A
BW
BW
L
125 125
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
1 ON 1.5
1 ON 1.5
B
300
300
PLAN
SCALE: 1: 25

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 TYPICAL DETAILS APPROVED BY
E-Mail crd.cecb@gmail.com, crd@cecbsl.com TYPE FIELD ACCESS ACROSS FIELD CANAL
NO REVISION DATE

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPE DIVIDER,FARM OUTLET
COUNCIL Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk AND LEAN DROP FOR FIELD CANALS.
NO REVISION DATE
200 L 200 200
DROP (mm)
L
1 ON 1.5
(d)
FSD+FB
150 BW 150
250 1000
200 1500
150
150
300 1000
Ass
ume 350 1200
1 ON 1.5
G.L
FSD+FB
FSD+FB
d+100
400 1200
d
150
450 1500
100
500 1500
300
200
550 1800
350
600 1800
150
150
2x1.5(FSD+FB)+2x300+BW
1:3:6 ( 25 mm )
CEMENT CONCRETE
SECTION - AA SECTION - CC
300 1.5(FSD+FB) BW 1.5(FSD+FB) 300
FSD+FB
150 150
B C D
200 L 200 1500 25
150
25
300
300
35
DETAIL AT "A"
d+450
1 ON 1.5
1 ON 1.5
( STOP LOG GROOVE )
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
SCALE - 1:5
200
100
150
150
2x1.5(FSD+FB)+2x300+BW
A FLOW A
BW
BW
BW
BW
SECTION - BB
150
150
(1.5FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
200
1 ON 1.5
1 ON 1.5
DETAIL AT "A"
300
300
B C D 300 1.5(FSD+FB) BW 1.5(FSD+FB) 300
1.5 1.5
1 1
FSD+FB
PLAN
SCALE - 1:25
300
SECTION - DD

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPE VERTICAL DROP STRUCTURE
COUNCIL Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk (upto 600mm Drop)
NO REVISION DATE

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
E-Mail crd.cecb@gmail.com, crd@cecbsl.com TYPE DROP CUM FARM OUTLET FOR FIELD CANALS
NO REVISION DATE
BW+2*200
200
750 150 150 375 BW 375 750 150 1000
250
250
(FSD+FB)-100
FSD+FB
FSD+FB
FSD+FB
FSD+FB
FSD+FB
150 100
100
150 100
150
150
225
225
225
250
100
100
450
300
225
225
200
200
150
50X50X6 mm ANGLE IRON

BAR FIXED TO HEAD WALL
WITH 4 Nos. OF 10 mm &
150 mm LONG WELDED
ANCHORS 150 BW 150
BW+2*200 2 Nos. 6 mm RODS
1.5(FSD+FB) BW 1.5(FSD+FB) 25X25X5 mm ANGLE VELDED TO
IRON FIXED 25X25X5 mm
TO GROOVE ANGLE IRON
FSD+FB
350 mm LONG
250
50
450+(FSD+FB)
300 300
40
150 100 (FSD+FB)-100
250+FSD+FB
40
450
1000
{2x1.5(FSD+FB)}+BW+2*300
150 150 BW 150 150

150
300 1.5(FSD+FB) BW 1.5(FSD+FB) 300

150 150 BW 150 150
16 mm, 250 mm
LONG MS ROD
FSD+FB
WELDED TO TOP
750
DETAIL AT "A"
300
300
150 BW 150
225
8mm
HOLES
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
275
38X6 mm MS
FLAT
150
375
150
150
1:3 CT. SAND 25 mm ,

BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
THICK FERRO
CEMENT GATE
150
150
25X25X5 mm
375
ANGLE IRON FRAME

150
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
R6 MS WELDED
TO ANGLE IRON
225
FSD+100
150
FSD+100
FRAME
600 200 2 LAYERS OF

CHICKEN MESH
300
300
25 BW+2*30
1000 150 150 1000

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
E-Mail crd.cecb@gmail.com, crd@cecbsl.com TYPE TWO WAY DIVIDER STRUCTURE IN FIELD CANAL
NO REVISION DATE

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215
NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCIAL TYPE TURNOUT STRUCTURE - 1 TO 5 CUSECS
COUNCIL Web Site: www.crdcecbsl.lk (GENERAL PLAN)
NO REVISION DATE
2*{1.5(FSD+FB)}+BW+2*300
150 150 150
GUARD STONE
ROAD SURFACE
225
225
2.5 2.5
100 100
450
450
225 150 COMPACTED EARTH FILL
1:3:6 (25 mm)
CEMENT CONCRETE
750
750
(H)mm
150
150
1.5 1.5
750
750
1 1
FSD+FB
d
150
225
200
W+75(mm)
(W+75)mm
(W+75)mm
RCC PIPE 1:3:6 (25 mm)
CEMENT CONCRETE
300
150 W
Lp
200
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)
200
BW
BW
d
200
1.5(FSD+FB)
1.5(FSD+FB)

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
COUNCIL TYPE PIPE CULVERT STRUCTURE
NO REVISION DATE
SECTION
ELEVATION
C C
B B
SECTION SECTION
DETAIL OF GUARD STONE
PLAN A

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
PLAN & ELEVATION OF CAUSEWAY
NO REVISION DATE
450mm dia. HUME PIPE COLLAR
SECTION - X-X ELEVATION
X X
PLAN
TYPE PLAN FOR 450mm dia. HUME PIPE TRACTOR CROSSING

DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
TRACTOR CROSSING
NO REVISION DATE
Conflict Afffected Region Em
mergency (CARE)) Project CAREEP2010
IEE for the Reha
abilitation of 9 Tanks
Ta in Anuradhapura District , SSri Lanka
ANNE
EXURE
E2
A
Admini
istrativve Bou
undariees &
Photo
ograph hic Proffiles
CRD/CECB//CAREP‐NCP‐Tan
nks‐Pkg 1,2 & 3 ‐ 2011
IEE for the Rehabilitation of 9 Tanks in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka
Administrative Boundaries
Drawing No-: IEE/CARE/ANU-001 Administrative Boundaries, Anuradhapura District
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2 & 3 - 2011

ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT Administrative Map
Drawing No -: IEE/CARE/ANU-001
Photographic Profiles
A. Sandamaleliya Wewa
Package No: 01 B. Dematamal Wewa
C. Dunumadalawa Wewa
D. Kaduru Wewa
Package No: 02 E. Kadadeka Wewa
F. Rambakepu Wewa
Package No: 03 G. Koongollewa Wewa

H. Meegaha Wewa
I. Kuda Koongaskada Wewa

Package N0-:01
A. Sandamaleliya Wewa
B. Dematamal Wewa
C. Dunumadalawa Wewa

Photographs: SANDAMALELIYA TANK
Fig. A-1: Overview of the Tank Fig. A-2 : Overview of the Tank (from the
middle of the bund)
Fig.A-3: Kankun growth on the Tank Fig. A-4: View of the Bund
Fig. A-5: Anthills located on the Bund Fig.A-6: Trees standing on the Bund
Fig.A-6: Concrete steps to access the Tank Fig. A-7: view of the Right Sluice
Fig. A-9 : Outlet of the Right Sluice Fig. A-10 : Right Bank Canal
Fig. A-11: view of the Left Sluice Fig.A-12 : Left Bank Canal
Fig. A-13 : RBC and a Turnout Fig.A-14 : A Turnout of RBC

Fig.A-15 : Outlet of the Left Sluice Fig.A-16 : A Turnout of LBC
Fig. A-17 : LBC and Turnouts Fig. A-18 : A Damaged Section of the bund
Fig. A-19 : Agro Road parallel to the Bund Fig. A-20 : Culvert over the LBC
Fig. A-21 : Spill of the Tank Fig. A-22 : Spillway canal (Not defined
properly)
Fig. A-23 : Footbridge across Spillway canal

Photographs: DEMATAMAL WEWA
Fig.B-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the right Fig.B-2 : View of the Tank Bund
end of the Bund)
Fig.B-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.B-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.B-5 : Right Bank Canal Fig.B-6 : View of the left sluice

Photographs: DEMATAMALWEWA TANK
Fig.B-7 : Outlet of Right Sluice Fig.B-8 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.B-9 : Bathing Steps to access the Tank Fig.B-10 : Banian Tree by the Spill
Fig.B-11 : Small Shrine Under Banian Yree Fig.B-12 : Soil Shrinkage Cracks on the Bund
Surface
Photographs: DEMATAMALWEWA TANK
Fig.B-13 : Spillway of the Tank Fig.B-14 : Supply Canal From a nearby Tank
Fig.B-15 : Road Across the Spill Canal Fig.B-16 : Cultivated Area From the Tank
Fig.B-17 : Trees on the Bund Fig.B-18 : Bushes covering the Bund Slopes
Photographs: DUNUMADALAWA TANK
Fig C-1: Overview of the Tank (from the Fig C-2: View of the Tank Bund at
right end of the Bund) undamaged section
Fig C-3: View of the Tank Bund at a Fig C-4: View of the Tank Bund at a
damaged location damaged location
Fig.C-5 : Left Sluice Fig.C-6 : Plant growth on the Tank

Fig.C-7 : Left Bank Canal & the cultivated Fig.C-8 : Right Sluice
area
Fig.C-9 : Outlet of Left Sluice Fig.C-10 : Right Bank Canal
Fig.C-11 : An abundant aqueduct located

Fig.C-12 : End part of the RBC
at middle part of RBC (across the Spillway)
Fig.C-13 : View of the Spill (Tank side of the Fig.C-14 : Old section and the elevated
spill is blocked by a patch of bushes) section of the Spill
Fig.C-15 : View of the road section running Fig.C-16 : An access point to the Tank
across the Spillway
Fig.C-17 : Pipe-line laid across the Bund Fig.C-18 : Cultivated area

(Gravity flow)
Package N0-:2
D. Kaduru Wewa
E. Kadadeka Wewa
F. Rambakepu Wewa

Photographs: KADURU WEWA
Fig.D-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the Fig.D-2 : Overview of the Tank (From the rock)
current Spill)
Fig.D-3 : View of the Bund Fig.D-4 : Sluice of the Tank
Fig.D-5 : Outlet of the Sluice Fig.D-6 : Main distribution canal

Photographs: KADURUWEWA TANK
Fig.D-7 : Growth of “Nymphaeaceae” family Fig.D-8 : “Kekatiya” Growth

plants
Fig.D-9 : Typical Bund section Fig.D-10 : Rock mass separating the Bund
Fig.D-11 : Elevated area by the middle of the Fig.D-12 : Road through the Bund
Bund
Fig.D-13 : Access Point to the Bund Fig.D-14 : Trees on the Bund
Fig.D-15 : Bund covered with bushes Fig.D-16 : Protective structure near the rock
Fig.D-17 : Buried Spill (Structure cannot be Fig.D-18 : Spillway Canal

seen)
Fig.D-19 : New Spill location Fig.D-20 : Left-most section of the Bund
Fig.D-21 : Paddy cultivation Fig.D-22 : Paddy cultivation
Fig.D-23 : Turnout structure Fig.D-24 : Tank covered with trees (near the
new Spill Location)
Photographs: KADADEKAWEWA
Fig.E-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the left Fig.E-2 : View of the Tank Bund
sluice)
Fig.E-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.E-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.E-5 : Right Bank Canal Fig.E-6 : View of the left sluice

Photographs: KADADEKAWEWA TANK
Fig.E-7 : Outlet of Left Sluice Fig.E-8 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.E-9 : Aqueduct in the LBC Fig.E-10 : Aquatic plants by the spill
Fig.E-11 : “Kekatiya” growth Fig.E-12 : Access point to the tank by vehicles

Fig.E-13 : Damaged section of the bund Fig.E-14 : Bund surface
Fig.E-15 : Bund Covered with bushes Fig.E-16 : Trees on the bund

Fig.E-17 : Stone shrine near the bund Fig.E-18 : Foundation for a “Kovil” on the bund
Fig.E-19 : Overtopping Location Fig.E-20 : A Pipe used to take water from tank
Fig.E-21 : Area supplied by the Pipe Fig.E-22 : Spill

Fig.E-23 : Stone level gauge at the spill Fig.E-24 : Ahead of the spill covered with plants
Fig.E-25 : Spillway canal Fig.E-26 : Paddy cultivated from the tank
Fig.E-27 : “Hena” cultivation Fig.E-28 : An Auqeduct down the LBC

Fig.E-29 : Discontinuation in the rear side of the

Spill
Photographs: RAMBAKEPU WEWA
Fig.F-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the left Fig.F-2 : Overview of the Tank (From the
end of the Bund) middle of the Bund)
Fig.F-3: “Kekatiya” growth on the Tank Fig.F-4: Agro-well down the LBC
Fig.F-5: View of the Tank Bund Fig.F-6: Bund subjected to heavy erosion
Photographs: RAMBAKEPUWEWA TANK
Fig.F-7 : Bund eroded due to overtopping Fig.F-8 : Tank access point
Fig.F-9 : Bund Slope covered with bushes Fig.F-10 : “Bo” (Ficus religiosa) tree on the Bund
Fig.F-11 : A visible leakage Fig.F-12 : High Seepage

Fig.F-13 : Left Sluice Fig.F-14 : Left Sluice Outlet
Fig.F-15 : Left Bank Canal Fig.F-16 : Right Sluice
Fig.F-17 : Right Sluice Outlet Fig.F-18 : Right Bank Canal

Fig.F-19 : Spill Fig.F-20 : Spillway Covered with dense growth
Fig.F-21 : Road & the Spillway canal Fig.F-22 : Adjoining abandoned Tank
Fig.F-23 : Paddy cultivation supplied by Tank Fig.F-24 : Culvert of the feeding canal
Fig.F-25 : Supply canal near the Tank Fig.F-26 : Supply canal near the Anicut
Fig.F-27 : Bund of the Anicut Fig.F-28 : Anicut
Fig.F-29 : Middle Sluice to be demolished Fig.F-30 : Outlet of the Middle Sluice

Package N0-:3
G. Koongollewa Wewa
H. Meegaha Wewa
I. Kuda Koongaskada Wewa

Photographs: KOONGOLLEWA WEWA
Fig.G-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the right Fig.G-2 : View of the Tank Bund
end of the bund)
Fig.G-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.G-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.G-5 : Right Bank Canal Fig.G-6 : View of the Left Sluice

Photographs: KOONGOLLEWA TANK
Fig.G-7 : Outlet of Left Sluice Fig.G-8 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.G-9 : Dense Salvinia Growth Fig.G-10 : Aquatic plants covering the Tank
Fig.G-11 : Agro-well near LBC Fig.G-12 : Paddy cultivation within the Tank
Fig.G-13 : Tank Bund Fig.G-14 : Damaged Bund temporarily rectified

using sandbags
Fig.G-15 : Surface distortions in the Bund Fig.G-16 : Damaged Bathing Steps
Fig.G-17 : Access point to the Tank Fig.G-18 : Bund Slopes covered with bushes
Fig.G-19 : Well-grown tree on the Bund Fig.G-20 : Hole on the Bund surface
Fig.G-21 : Anthill on the Bund Fig.G-22 : Spill
Fig.G-23 : Entirely blocked Spillway Fig.G-24 : Small shrine near Right Sluice
Photographs: MEEGAHA WEWA
Fig.H-1 : Overview of the Tank (From the right Fig.H-2 : View of the Tank Bund
end of the Bund)
Fig.H-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.H-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.H-5 : Right Bank Canal Fig.H-6 : Proposed Left Sluice location

Photographs: MEEGASWEWA TANK
Fig.H-7 : Outlet of Right Sluice Fig.H-8 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.H-9 : Maximum pitch of the tank Fig.H-10 : Preserved section of the bund
Fig.H-11 : Damaged Bund surface Fig.H-12 : Damaged bund slopes

Fig.H-13 : Bund slope subjected to erosion Fig.H-14 : Bund entirely covered with bushes
Fig.H-15 : Alternative Spill made by farmers Fig.H-16 : A road made by cutting the Bund
Fig.H-17 : Access point to the Tank Fig.H-18 : Anthill on the Bund

Fig.H-19 : Spill Fig.H-20 : Spillway canal
Fig.H-21 : Temporary Spill 20m above the spill Fig.H-22 : Culvert across the railroad
Fig.H-23 : “Undu” Cultivation Fig.H-24 : Paddy cultivation

Photographs: KUDA KOONGASKADA TANK
Fig.I-1: Overview of the Tank Fig.I-2: Overview of the Tank

(From Left Bank End) (From Middle of the Bank)
Fig.I-3: Dense Salvinia Growth Fig.I-4: Growth of “Nymphaeaceae” family
Fig.I-5: House built within the tank Boundary Fig.I-6: Paddy Cultivation inside the tank
Fig.I-7: View of the Tank Bund Fig.I-8: Road Connected to the Bund
( Access to a “Dewalaya”)
Fig.I-9: Access Road to the Village Fig.I-10: Road Access to the Village
Fig.I-11: Access Location to the Tank Fig.I-12: Bund Slopes Covered with Bushes
Fig.I-13: Small Trees Grown on the Bund Fig.I-14: Left Sluice Gate
Fig.I-15: Left Sluice Outlet Fig.I-16: Left Bank Canal
Fig.I-17: Damaged Regulator in LBC Fig.I-18: Right Sluice Gate

Fig.I-19: Right Sluice Outlet

Fig.I-20: Right Bank Canal
Fig.I-21: Right Bank Canal Fig.I-22: Damaged Regulator in RBC
Fig.I-23: Anthill on the Bund Fig.I-24: New Middle Sluice canal Location
Fig.I-25: Spill Fig.I-26: Road Across the Spill Canal
Fig.I-27: Cofferdam Ahead of the spill Fig.I-28: Banian Tree by the Spill
Fig.I-29: “Pilleyar Kovil” By the Spill Fig.I-30: Cultivated Area by the Tank
Annexure 3
IEE Check List
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2 ,3 - 2011

IRRIGATION
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Instructions:
(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It
is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and
Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief
Compliance Officer.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and
Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and
participation; and (d) gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Country/Project Title: Sri Lanka - Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project (Project No: 44065)
Sector Division: Irrigation
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting
Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following
environmentally sensitive areas?
√ Sandamaleliya and Dematamalwewa

are within 1 km outside the Wilpattu
National Park boundary. However as
 Protected Area
this is a rehabilitation project, no large
impacts are fore-seen.
 Wetland √
 Mangrove √
 Estuarine √
√ √ Sandamaleliya and Dematamalwewa
are within 1 km outside the Wilpattu
National Park boundary. However as
 Buffer zone of protected area this is a rehabilitation project, no large
impacts are fore-seen.
All other tanks are located close to

more rural areas.
 Special area for protecting biodiversity √
B. Potential Environmental Impacts
Will the Project cause…
IRRIGATION

 loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of √ Sandamaleliya and Dematamalwewa
encroachment into forests/swamplands or are within 1 km outside of the Wilpattu
historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology National Park boundary. Adherence to
of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage the EMPs would prevent any likely
hazards)? adverse impacts.
 conflicts in water supply rights and related social √

conflicts?
 impediments to movements of people and animals? √

 potential ecological problems due to increased soil √
erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream
capacity?
 Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion? √
 over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and √
ground subsidence?
 impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, √

impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water?
 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? √

 disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and √
children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
 potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land √ These tanks are cascade tanks and
use issues? the catchment areas of most of the
tanks are paddy cultivation supplied
from a tank upstream. It is difficult to
identify the boundary of the tank and
the cultivated area.
 soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? √
 noise from construction equipment? √ The noise levels are low and the
construction locations are away from
houses or any other public place such
as schools or a religious place
 dust during construction? √ Dust is common in these areas
especially during the dry season.
During construction, the levels would
increase due to the movement of
heavy construction vehicles and
construction activities. However the
impact is limited to the construction
period and to the immediate
surroundings of the tank. No
residential areas are in close
proximity and therefore, the impact
would be minimal. Access roads need
to be watered as specified in the EMP
 waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate √
drainage and farm management?
 leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil √

characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation
water?
IRRIGATION

 reduction of downstream water supply during peak √
seasons?
 soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and √
public health risks due to excessive application of
fertilizers and pesticides?
 soil erosion (furrow, surface)? √
 scouring of canals? √
 clogging of canals by sediments? √
 clogging of canals by weeds? √
 seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? √
 introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or √
water related diseases?
 dangers to a safe and healthy working environment due to √
physical, chemical and biological hazards during project
construction and operation?
 large population influx during project construction and √
operation that causes increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as water supply and
sanitation systems)?
 social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries √

are hired?
 risks to community health and safety due to the transport, √
storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction
and operation?
 community safety risks due to both accidental and natural √

hazards, especially where the structural elements or
components of the project (e.g., irrigation dams) are
accessible to members of the affected community or
where their failure could result in injury to the community
throughout project construction, operation and
decommissioning?
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks

The following questions are not for environmental
categorization. They are included in this checklist to help
identify potential climate and disaster risks.
 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as √

earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds,
storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate
changes (see Appendix I)
 Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme √
events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical
or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt
affect delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise
increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot
be used for some or all of the year).
IRRIGATION
 Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of √

the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high
incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban
migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or
children)?
 Could the Project potentially increase the climate or √
disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by
diverting water in rivers that further increases salinity
upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake
zones)?
Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events
Social Environmental Assessment Data /

Tank User Consultations Data and
Water Quality Reports
CRD/CECB/ CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2 & 3 - 2011

ANNEX 4A - Socio Economic Information on Candidate Tanks
Table 4a – Basic Socio Economic Information on Candidate Tanks
Tank DS Division Populat GN Division Populati Farm Command Fisheries Crops Croppin Cropping Is tank in If Yes No of
ion in on in GN Families area acres families g intensity – cascade which Samurd
DS intensity Yala - % – Yes / Tank in hi
– Maha - No the benefici
% cascade ary
families
Sandamaleliya Maha 23483 369 Sandamaleliya 1555 140 98 6 Paddy 100 0 Yes 3 50
wewa Vilachchiya
Dematamalgama Maha 23483 367, Dematamalgama 1090 48 100 0 Paddy 100 0 Yes 4 20
wewa Vilachchiya
Dunumadalewa Maha 23483 56, Dunumadalewa 815 80 120 0 Paddy 100 0 No 0 13

wewa Vilachchiya
Kaduruwewa Kebithigollewa 23048 38, Punchimudagama 332 54 74 0 Paddy 100 0 No 0 20
Kadadekawewa Kebithigollewa 23048 38, Punchimudagama 332 26 72 0 Paddy 100 0 Yes 3 12
Rambakapuwewa Kebithigollewa 23048 30, Nalawewa 853 170 100 0 Paddy 100 0 Yes 2 100
Koongollewa Medawachchiya 49586 53, Lolugaswewa 1303 200 88 0 Paddy 100 0 No 0 135
Meegaswewa Medawachchiya 49586 64, Kulikkada 1180 52 122 4 Paddy 100 0 Yes 6 50
Kudakoongaskada Medawachchiya 49586 51, Lolugaswewa 1187 100 90 0 Paddy 90 0 Yes 3 27

ANNEX 4B – Physical & Management Problems
Table 4b – Physical & Management Problems, Proposals for Productivity Increase
Tank Physical problems Management problems Suggestion to improve

productivity
Sandamaleliyawewa Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cultivating to the time, Possibilities are there to develop
dilapidated canal system & damaged difficulties in implementing agro wells to cultivate high value
sluice, lack of pipe outlets rotations, waste of water due to crops
physical problems, weak farmer
organization
Dematamalgamawewa Dilapidated tank bund, silted tank bed, Low yield, lack of water, lack of Providing fertilizer on time
dilapidated canal system & access money to buy inputs
difficulty
Dunumadalewawewa Problem with dilapidated canals, Lack of water, low yield, not Possibilities are there to improve
damaged tank bund, full of salvenia & cultivating on time yield & expand the command area
other weeds
Kaduruwewa Spill at low level, dilapidated canal Lack of water in the entire season Possibilities are there to improve
system, inadequate tank capacity the yield
Kadadekawewa Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Low yield, poor farmer Possibilities are there to improve
dilapidated canal system & damaged organization the yield
sluice,
Rambakapuwewa Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Lack of water, low yield Take action to improve the feeder
dilapidated canal system & damaged canal from Hillakandawewa
sluice
productivity
Koongollewa Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cultivating to the time, If the tank & canal system are
dilapidated canal system & damaged difficulties in implementing improved, productivity
sluice. Access difficulty to the tank. rotations, waste of water due to improvement will not be a problem
physical problems, lack inputs in this tank
Meegaswewa Access difficulty to the tank. Not cultivating to the time, Explore possibilities to construct
difficulties in implementing agro wells, drought tolerance
rotations, waste of water due to seed, providing of inputs at
physical problems, weak farmer subsidized prices,
Organization, non application of
fertilizer on time
Kudakoongaskada Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cultivating to the time, Introduce other field corps during
dilapidated canal system & damaged difficulties in implementing Yala, monitoring of the
sluice rotations, waste of water due to rehabilitation process
physical problems
Annex 4C – Solutions Suggested by the Communities and Other Stakeholders to Address Management Problems
Table 4c- Solutions to the Management Problems of Selected Tanks in Maha-Vilachchiya DS Division under CARE Project
Solutions Number of tanks %
Social mobilization program attached to Cultivation activities to motivate farmers to 3 60

establish crops on Correct time of the season
Program to desilt the tank bed 3 60
Program to improve on farm water management 3 60
Farmers are to be given new technologies and test them with the farmers in their 3 60
lands
Motivate the government agencies to provide fertilizer on time 3 60
Establishment of fishery associations and intervention for aquaculture 1 20
Establishment of new Farmer organization 1 20

Table 4d- Solutions to the Management Problems of Selected Tanks in Kebithigollewa DS Division under CARE Project
Social mobilization program attached to Cultivation activities to motivate farmers to 12 80

establish crops on Correct time of the season
Program to desilt the tank bed 9 60
Program to improve on farm water management 11 73
Farmers are to be given new technologies and test them with the farmers in their 10 66
lands
Farmers are to be empowered to reach government banks for assistance 8 53
Establishment 1of new farmer organization 1 6
Program for strengthening of Farmer organizations 2 13
Motivate famers to capture the rain fall 1 6

Table 4e- Solutions to the Management Problems of Selected Tanks in Madawachchiya DS Division under CARE Project
Social mobilization program attached to Cultivation activities to motivate farmers

8 100
to establish crops on Correct time of the season
Program to desilt the tank bed

8 100
Program to improve on farm water management

6 75
Farmers are to be given new technologies and test them with the farmers in their
6 75
lands
Motivate the government agencies to provide fertilizer on time

5 62.5
Farmers are to be empowered to reach government banks for assistance

4 50
Establishment of fishery associations and intervention for aquaculture

3 37.5
Program for strengthening of Farmer organizations

1 12.5
Motivate famers to capture the rain fall

3 37.5
Annex 4D – Stakeholder Consultations
Table 4f - List of Different Stakeholders Consulted
Serial # Name Position Address
1 A Piyadasa Secretary, Farmer Organization Kudakoongaskada, Medawachchiya
2 G Kusumalatha Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Namadaranewa, Poonewa
3 Rupasinghe Member, Farmer Organization Koongollewa Medawachchiya
4 Nandana Grama Niladari Koongollawa, Etawiragolla
5 T B Abeyratna Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Kadawathgama, Medawachchiya
6 P Noor Mohamed President, farmer Organization Udumbugala, Geriyakulama
7 I B Wijekoon Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Weearamuruppuwa, Medawachchiya
8 K Senaviratna Grama Niladari Katuwela, Medawachchiya
9 G Ariyadasa Home Guard Tinhettigama, Geriyakulama
10 K B Piyadasa Member farmer Organization Tinhettigama, Geriyakulama
11 Vasanta Dissanayake President, Farmer Organization Rambakapuwewa, Tittagonewa
12 Priyanta Senaratna Member farmer Organization Rambakapuwewa, Tittagonewa
13 B M A Piyasena Grama Niladari Galawewa, Kebithigollewa
14 M Senaviratna Member farmer Organization Galawewa, Tittagonawa
15 U B Ilangratna Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Farmer Organization center, Kebithigollewa
16 Dutuwewa Police Station Special Force, Army Dutuwewa, Kebithigollewa
17 G B Senaratna President, Farmer Organization Gonameriyawa, Kebithigollewa
18 K Ilangatilake Grama Niladari Gonameriyawa, Kebithigollewa
19 B Chandradasa Farmer Representative Medawewa, Kebithigollewa
20 B Piyasena President, Farmer Organization Yakawewa, Halmillakutiya
21 M Ratnayake Farmer Representative Yakawewa, Halmillakutiya
22 B Banda President, Farmer Organization Halmillawetiya, Kebithigollewa
23 S Wijesiri Secretary, Farmer Organization Viharahalmillawe, Kebithigollewa
24 A Punchibanda Farmer Representative Olugaskada, Herathagalmillawe
25 G M Dissanayake Grama Niladari Hearathhalmillawa, Kebithigollewa
26 M Appuhamy Secretary, Farmer Organization Siyambalagaswewa, Tittagonewa
27 T B H D S Senanayake Grama Niladari Tammennawa, Kebithigollewa
28 B M S N Senanayake President, Farmer Organization Kalabendiulha, Kebithigollewa
29 Indu Basnayake Community Leader Kalabendiulha, Kebithigollewa
30 Rajakaruna Farmer Representative Kalabendiulha, Kebithigollewa
31 H S P Wijetilake Farmer Representative Viharahalugama, Anuradhapura
32 P R Shanthi Secretary, Farmer Organization Viharahalugama, Anuradhapura

33 J Asoka Chandrasiri President, Farmer Organization Viharahalugama, Anuradhapura
34 Upali samarasena Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Elayapattuwa, Agrarian Services
35 Gamini Nissanka President, Farmer Organization Maddumayagama, Udunkulama
36 Gemunu Hemakumara Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Elayapattuwa, Agrarian Services
37 Savahul Hameed President, Farmer Organization Helambagaswewa, Anuradhapura
38 Vasanta Jayatilake Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Elayapattuwa, Agrarian Services
39 W A B Wijenayake Secretary, Farmer Organization Puliyankulama, Elayapattuwa
40 Chintaka Sadeepa Silva Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Elayapattuwa, Agrarian Services
41 D P Noordeen President, Farmer Organization Asirithgama , Anuradhapura
42 J Hamshadeen Secretary, Farmer Organization Asirithgama, Anuradhapura
43 Nimal Jayakody President, Farmer Organization Dematamalgama, Tanthirimale
44 P Samaraweera Farmer Representative Dematamalgama, Tanthirimale
45 G Ratnaweera Secretary, Farmer Organization Sandamaleliya, Tantirimale
46 G B Ranbanda Secretary, Farmer Organization Ilandagahawea, Ilachchiya
47 Yamuna Jayewardene Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Elayapattuwa, Agrarian Services
48 D A Dayananda Secretary, Farmer Organization Dunumadalawa, Wilachchiya
49 Gamini Dissanayake Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Tanthirimale, Agrarian Services
50 G Nalaka Farmer Representative Kudaratmale, Bogahawewa
51 M S Gunatilake Secretary, Farmer Organization Kudaratmale, Bogahawewa
52 S G Appuhamy Farmer Representative Aluth Halmillewa, Bogahawewa
53 A Jinadasa Agriculture Research & Production Assistant Wahalkada, padaviya, Agrarian Services
54 Ranjith Dissanayake President, Farmer Organization Aluth Halmillewa, Bogahawewa
55 M M Senaviratna President, Farmer Organization Navagaswewa, Padaviya, Mahasenpura
56 G M Malalasekera Farmer Representative ,Padaviya, Mahasenpura

Water Quality Test Reports

Water Quality Sampling locations
Coordinates
Name of Tank
N E
Sadamaleliya wewa 140650 368700
Dematamalgama wewa 142531 376700
Dunumodalewa wewa 138300 856050
Rambakepuwewa Mahawewa 194956 386732
Kaduru wewa 204918 396704
Kada deka wewa 204918 396704
Koongollewa wewa 164007 371115
Kuda Koongaskada wewa 162495 376319
Meegaha wewa 163769 368025

Annexure 5
List of Preparers Including Their

Work Allocation

List of Preparers and Work Allocation

Name Specialty Position Work Allocation
1 Eng. A. A. V. Dias Civil Engineering Team Leader All coordination functions
Tank design, planning and construction related
Eng. G.R.A.S. Gunathilake Civil Engineering Coordinator design team
2 issues
3 Mr. P.V.I.P. Perera Environmental Management Environmental Scientist/ Coordinating all field activities for the
Deputy Team Leader Environmental Studies
4 Mr. Jinapala Kiribandage Sociology Sociologist Socio-economic / Cultural study
5 Dr. D. K. Weerakoon Fauna & Ecological Studies Ecologist Fauna studies
6 Mr. Nalinda Peris Flora Studies Flora Specialist Flora studies
7 Mr. M. D. T. Asela Fauna Studies Assistant Ecologist Assist Fauna studies
8 Eng. S. S. I Kodagoda Civil/ Geotechnical Engineering Civil / Structural Engineer Geotechnical aspects
9 Ms. H.M.J. M .K. Herath Geology, Water Resources Hydrogeologist Geological / Hydrological Assessment
10 Eng. R.M.M T. Rathnayake Earth Resources Engineering, Soil Specialist Soil /Landslide related studies
Slope Engineering
11 Mr. S. P. Kannangara Agriculture, Agro Economics, Bio Agricultural Scientist Assessment of Agricultural Impact
systems Engineering
12 Mr. A. G. P. Aravinna Chemical Analysis, Environmental Environmental Chemist Environmental Parameter Testing and
Studies Studies
13 Eng. Lalithya Gamaethige Civil Engineering Civil Engineer Structural/ geotechnical studies
14 Ms. P. B. I. N. De Silva Computer Programming, Computer Programmer Numerical Analysis
Numerical Analysis
16 Eng.T.G.D.H.Wijesinghe Civil Engineering Civil Engineer Surveying and engineering aspects
Annexure 6
References

References
1. Ecology
1. Identification of flora
 Dassanayake, M. D. and Fosberg, F. R. (eds.) (1980). A Revised Handbook to the
Flora of Ceylon, Vol. I, Amerind Publishing, New Delhi;
 Dassanayake, M. D. and Fosberg, F. R. (eds.) (1981 - 1991). A Revised Handbook to
the Flora of Ceylon, Vols. II - VII, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi;
 Dassanayake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. and Clayton, W. D. (eds.) (1994 - 1995). A
Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Vols. VIII - IX, Oxford & IBH Publishing,
New Delhi;
 Dassanayake, M. D. and Clayton, W. D. (eds.) (1996 - 2000). A Revised Handbook to
the Flora of Ceylon, Vols. X – XIV, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi;
 Dassanayake, M. D., Clayton, W. D. and Shaffer-Fehre, M. (eds.) (2006). A Revised
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Vols. XV Part A & Part B, Science Publishers, USA.
2. The taxonomic nomenclature for flora

 Senaratna, L.K. (2001). A check list of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. National
Science Foundation, Colombo 451pp.
3. Identification of fauna
 Bedjanic, M., Conniff, K. & G. de S. Wijeyeratne (2007) Dragonflies of Sri Lanka.
Jetwing Eco holidadays.248p.
 d’ Abrera B., (1998), The Butterflies of Ceylon, wildlife Heritage trust, Sri Lanka
 Goonatilake, S. de A. (2007) Freshwater Fishes of Sri Lanka. (Sinhala text)
Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and natural Resources. 134p.
 Harrison, J. 1999. A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press.
 Kotagama S. & Fernando, P. (1994) A field guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. WHT
Publications, Sri Lanka. 224 pp.
 Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2006). Amphibians of Sri Lanka. (text
in Sinhala). Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.440p.+ 88pls.
 Pethiyagoda R., Silva, A., Maduwage, K. and M. Meegaskumbura. (2008) Puntius
kelumi, a new species of cyprinid fish from Sri Lanka (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Ichthyol
Explor Freshwaters. 19(3):201-214.
 Phillips, W.W.A. 1935. Manual of the Mammals of Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science,
Dulau and Company, London.
 Silva, A., Maduwage, K. and R. Pethiyagoda (2008) A review of the Genus Rasbora in
Sri Lanka; with description of two new species (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Ichthyol Explor
Freshwaters. 21(1):27-50.`
 Somaweera, R. (2006) Sri Lankave Sarpayan. Wildlife Heritage Trust (Privet)
Company Limited, Colombo, Sri Lanka. (Sinhala text). 297p.
 Somaweera, R. and N. Somaweera (2009) Lizards of Sri Lanka, A colour guide with
Field Keys. Andreas S. Brahm , Heddernheimer Landstre. Germany. 303p.
 Wijeyeratne, G, De S. (2008) A Photographic guide to Mammals of Sri Lanka. New
Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. 128p.
4. The taxonomic nomenclature for fauna

 Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Editor), 2006. Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy,
Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka &
Government of Sri Lanka. viii + 308pp
5. The Global and National conservation status of the species

 IUCN (2009). The list of threatened species. WWW.IUCN.redlist.org
 IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007) The
2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
xiii+148pp.
2. Geology and Geotechnical

 Cooray, P.G., “An Introduction to the Geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon)”, National
Museums of Sri Lanka, 1984.
 Geotechnical Manual for slopes, Geotechnical Control Office, Engineering
Development Department, Hong Kong
 Panabokke C.R, Moormann F.R,(1961) ”Soils of Ceylon - A New Approach to the
Identification and Classification of the Most Important Soil Groups of Ceylon” ,
Government Press , Ceylon.
Annexure 7
Copy of CEA Guidelines

GUIDELINES
1. LAND FILLING/ SPOIL DISPOSAL
1.1 If the Project activities involve in reclamation of paddy lands prior

approval should he obtained from the Agrarian Development Department.
1.2 Excavated material, excess top soil of material generated due to tie
demolishing of structures should not be dispersed at road sides or into water
ways or at a site where it is likely to enter u water body, These materials shall
be stockpiled at suitable locations and removed from the site to suitable
disposal grounds/landfill sites in nuisance free manner.
1.3 Suitable disposal grounds land fill sites should be identified and approval
should be obtained from the relevant Local Authority and other relevant
authorities before commencing any kind of clearing activity.
1.4 Loading and unloading of materials such as soil, boulders etc. should be
restricted to the time between 6.00hrs to 22.00 hrs only.
2. EXCAVATION. HANDLING, PROCESSING OF MATERIALS
2.1 For operation of quarry sites and borrow areas approvals should be obtained
from relevant authorities such as Geological Survey & Mines Bureau (GS &
MO). Local Authority. Divisional Secretariat and CEA.
2.2 Al blasting/ quarrying activities shall be carried under approval and

supervision of GS & MB.
2.3 Required approval for operation of asphalt plants crusher plants and concrete
bathing plants should be obtained from thecae.
3. AIR QUALITY
3.1 All the materials (sand. soil. rubble. metal. cement exc.) required for the
construction shall be stored with proper covers to minimize to dust emissions.
3.2 The loaded trucks should be covered while on transport in order to

reduce the possibility of dust emission.
3.3 During dry periods it is necessary to dampen the exposed areas of roads at
regular intervals to prevent emission of dust.
4. NOISE & VIBRATIONS
4.1 Appropriate mitigatory measures should be adopted. in order to maintain noise
levels within the standards stipulated by the CEA is Gazette 1 Extra Ordinary No.
924!12 dated 2J" May 1996.
4.2 a) Compaction activities and heavy vehicle movements should be espied out in
such a way that Ground Vitiation (GV) peak particle velocity should not exceed the
valve of 02mm/s at any building due to construction awls hits.
b) Mitigatory measures should be taken to avoid Ground Vibration (GV)

peak particle velocity exceeding the value of 02 m m / s mentioned in above
4.2 (a) _
5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT
5.1 Movement of heavy loads on public roads for project purposes shall be done with
the concurrence of the concerned authorities such as local Authority, Road
Development Authority ect., and stall be done at non-peak traffic times.
5..2 The routes for transport shall be done in consultation with the appropriate traffic
authorities.
5 . 3 Action should be taken to minimize the disturbance to existing traffic due to
project activities
6. HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE ASPECT
6,1 Natural drainage pattern of the surrounding area of the road should not be disturbed
due to the project activities and adequate drainage facilities should be
maintained in order to avoid water logging, flooding etc.
6.2 Prior approval should be taken from relevant authorities such as Irrigation
Department Provincial Irrigation Department and local Authority etc., for type
and site etc. of any cross drainage structures.
7. SOIL CONSERVATION AND STABILIZIATIOS OF ROAD

EMBANKMENT
7.1 Precautionary measures should be taken to ensure slope stability especially from
unstable rock boulders of the road embankment where cut and fill operations are
carried out.
Project No : 44065

(CARE) Project
Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER)

for the Rehabilitation Of Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam,
Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai, & Kalvilankulam
In Vavuniya & Mullaithivu Districts, Sri Lanka
Prepared by :-
Sri Lanka
May 2011
CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY (CARE) PROJECT, SRI LANKA

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF KOMBUVAITHAKULAM, VELANKULAM,
ALIYAMARUTHAMADU, PERIYATHAMPANAI & KALVILANKULAM,
IN VAVUNIYA & MULLAITHIVU DISTRICTS, SRI LANKA
Executive Summary
A. Background
The villages in Northern Province (NP) were severely affected due to the long prevailed
war. The main livelihoods in many of these villages were centered on agriculture
activities. These villages are also traditional villages in NP. Most of these villages are
located in dry zone where rainfall is limited to few months in wet seasons called “Maha”.
By knowing this constraint in the environment the ancient people had constructed a
large number of tanks of different scales for storing water that comes from Maha rains.
Some of these tanks have been established in cascades where spill water of one tank
gets in to other.
These tanks have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate rehabilitation
and therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some tanks have become incapable of
storing water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the head works and canal
system. Dilapidation of this livelihood related infrastructure facility has created
significant negative impacts on the lives of the people in these villages. These village
tanks are not mere water storages used for growing crops but they play more significant
roles in the entire livelihood system of the village. Water stored in tanks is used by
multiple users including flora and fauna environment. People also use water for other
purposes such as bathing and washing. In this context these tanks should not be
considered as mere agriculture tanks but they are part and parcel of the livelihood
system of each village. It has been observed that most of the human settlements in NP
cannot be seen without a village tank.
The proposed Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project will support the
Government of Sri Lanka's (GoSL) efforts in rehabilitating and constructing essential
physical infrastructure damaged by the conflict in the Northern and Eastern Provinces
as well as selected villages in the North Central Province, bordering the Northern
Province. The Project also aims to strengthen the civil administration and restart
livelihoods of returning IDPs and conflict-affected persons, and over time, to create
sustainable employment for their benefit.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev i

The key components of the overall CARE Project include: (i) Re-establishing
connectivity through rehabilitation of damaged municipal, provincial, and national roads;
(ii) Providing basic services such as drinking water and electricity supply; (iii) Improving
services, and restarting livelihoods through rehabilitation of a number of small to
medium irrigation schemes, rebuilding administrative offices and related facilities, and
rehabilitating selected vocational training centers; and (iv) Providing legal assistance
and improving governance through reconstruction of court buildings, and providing
legal aid to IDPs and conflict-affected persons.
B. Candidate Tanks for Rehabilitation

The Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam and Aliyamaruthamadu Tanks are located in the
Vavuniya DS Division and Periyathampanai in Vengalachedikulam DS Division, all
within the Vavuniya District. Kalvilankulam is located in the Thunukkai DS Division in the
Mullaithivu District. The command area under Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam,
Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai and Kalvilankulam are 200,224,228,366 and 400
acres respectively. Similar to other infrastructure facilities, tanks in these districts got
seriously damaged due to the long prevailed war and also long time negligence of the
tanks in rehabilitation and routine maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks are a
significant hindrance for implementing successful livelihood reestablishment programs
in the war torn areas. Therefore, the proposed project will be a significant
complementary and supplementary input in successful implementation of the livelihood
restoration program.
C. Objectives of the Proposed Project

The objective of the tank rehabilitation program is to improve the water availability in the
dry zone areas to provide irrigation facilities to the farming communities who are being
resettled in their original settlements. In this context, rehabilitation of the 5 tanks will
also act as one of the essential inputs of the resettlement process. Resettlement without
creating necessary conditions for active involvement of livelihood activities will be a
fruitless effort.
Rehabilitation of medium and small scale tanks in the Northern Province is a part of the
Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project No.44065 carried out
by the Northern Province Irrigation Department. Central Engineering Consultancy
Bureau, an institution under the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Management has been
contracted by the Government as Consultants to the project.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev ii

D. IEE Study
The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EA) a
legal requirement for a range of development projects. Rehabilitation, improvement and
maintenance of existing tanks are not listed as prescribed projects by the Central
Environmental Authority (CEA). However, according to ADB requirements, projects
financed through the Bank resources are required to undertake an environmental
assessment to identify the potential environmental impacts that may arise. ADB’s
Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 was used to classify the significance of the project’s
potential environmental impacts and the project was classified as a Category B project,
one requiring environmental assessment.
E. Scope and Objective of the Study

Scope of the study includes the documentation of the existing physical, biological,
ecological and sociological conditions of the study area and identification of potential
changes that may arise in the area due to the construction and subsequent operation of
the project. For the purpose of this Environmental Assessment (EA), the area within
200m has been identified as the direct impact zone. Further, indirect impact areas such
as transportation routes, temporary facilities, raw material storage areas and debris
disposal sites also have been taken into consideration.
The objective is to ensure that the proposed works will respect the environment and will
comply with the environmental standards required by the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and GoSL. Key tasks will be:
1. To conduct baseline surveys around the areas of the 5 Tanks.
2. Identify the types of landscapes present on either side of each utility areas of the
tank and assess their current ecological status.
3. Based on the information gathered during the baseline surveys and proposed
project interventions assess the environmental impacts that will arise due to the
proposed development and to develop mitigation measures.
4. To prepare a report containing the findings of the baseline study.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev iii

F. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements

Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the Act (not
applicable in this project); (2) Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of
1937 (amended in 1993) implemented by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This
act specifies that any development activity that takes place within the one mile of the
boundary of a National Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE; (3)
The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995
- Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No.
84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection and
management of forest and forest resources. In addition to National Environmental Act
(NEA) the following acts are applicable to this type of rehabilitation project.
1.) The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954,
22 of 1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and
13 of 1986). (No acquisition of land is foreseen in the project. However, the
act is mentioned here as a safeguard.)
and spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner
4.) Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its
own quarries or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction
must be procured from quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining
license obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or
Environmental Protection License (EPL) from Central Environmental
Authority (CEA).
5.) Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30
of 1953 – If some trees have to be removed, a permit will have to be
obtained from the Divisional Secretary. (However, no large trees are
proposed to be felled in this project)
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev iv

water sources.
course or bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon,
creek, canal, or aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation
of water supplies.
8.) Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil
resources for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of
land against damage by floods and droughts.
1993 and 2009).
10.) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts
up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979;
No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
12.) Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990
as this is a project under the NPID.
G. Methodology for Environmental Assessment

Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant and
sampling method was carried out about 50-100m from either side of the dam/bund.
holders. Wildlife surveys also were carried out up to about 100m from either side of the
dam/bund and the banks of the tank. Floral species were surveyed using line transect
methods about 100m from the both side of the dam. Some plant species could not be
identified in the field. Aquatic surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand
species were evaluated using IUCN Red Data List 2007. Environmental impacts were
identified and suitable mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail EMP. The
Basic Information Questioner (BIQ) and the Initial Environmental Examination(IEE)
checklist ; Annexure 3 were prepared according to the CEA and ADB Guidelines.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev v

The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related divisions and
Agriculture research and production Assistants were interviewed and collected data
related to each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank
were also interviewed and collected information related to each candidate tank. The
general farmers from the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were
met in groups in most cases to obtain the information on local knowledge they posses.
List of persons formally interviewed is attached in Annexure 5 of the report.
H. Physical Environment
The 5 Tanks are located in the Northern Province which falls in the dry zone of the
country, where annual rainfall is less than 1500mm and the average maximum
temperature ranges between 29 and 38° C. The convectional cyclonic period (late
September to late November) begins with the weakening of the southwest monsoon.
This period can include cyclones and may result in heavy rainfalls. The northeast
monsoon, though weak compared to southwest monsoons, brings agriculturally
important rainfall to northern and eastern parts of the island. However, on the whole,
January is the coolest month and May is the hottest month. Relative Humidity varies
from 70% during the day to 90% at night.
The major rock types in the area are Charnockite gneiss,charnockite biotite gneiss,
biotite gneiss, hornblend-biotite gneiss, granitic gneiss with pinkish microcline.
Quartzite, undifferentiated metasedimentary rocks and red earth are also present in
small percentages (Source; Geological map of Sri Lanka- P.G.Cooray, 1984). The most
common rock types in the Mullaithivu district are undifferentiated vijayan gneisses,
Alluvial and lagoonal clay, silt, sand, Charnockite/ charnockitic gneiss, granites with pink
microcline, biotite gneiss and hornblende biotite gneiss
I. Biophysical Environment
Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies within the low country dry zone. All
five tanks fall within the floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands). Tropical dry mixed
evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community (Chloroxylon-Vitex-Berrya-
Schleichera series)}, tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-Salvadora-Randia
series), damana and villu grasslands, flood-plain wetlands, riverine and gallery forests
are the typical vegetation formations found in this floristic zone. However, the proposed
tanks are mostly surrounded by highly human influenced habitats. The environmental
study was limited to the bund that is identified for rehabilitation of the five minor tanks
and the inundation area that will result once the bund is rehabilitated to its original state
(the direct impact zone).
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev vi

The area supported mostly common plant or animal species associated with such
human influenced habitats. Two species of endemic plants Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu)
and Derris parviflora (Kala Wel), one species of endemic dragon fly Ictinogomphus
rapax (Rapacious Flangetail) three species of endemic birds Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka
fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler), two species of proposed endemic
birds and two species of endemic mammals Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) and
Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey) were observed in the project area. The
species bserved in and around the tank habitats also included two species of nationally
vulnerable (VU) plants Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) and Margaritaria indicus
(Karawu), one Nationally Vulnerable species, Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced
leaf monkey), and five species of animals, Colotis amata (Small salmon arab),
Cirrochroa thais (Tamil yeoman), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican),
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur), Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey) that are
listed as Nationally Near Threatened. This low numbers of endemic and threatened
species in the area is consistent with the distribution pattern of endemic and threatened
species in Sri Lanka, where majority of these species are restricted to the natural
habitats in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. None of these endemic or threatened species are
restricted to the project area or adversely affected by the project.
No major invasive plant species was observed at the five project sites. However, two
(Podisinnamaran) were observed among the tank bund vegetation of all five tanks are
None of the five projects fall within or closer to any protected area declared by the
Department of Wildlife Conservation or Department of Forest Conservation. Therefore,
the project will not have any impacts on protected areas or natural forests.
J. Social Environment
In Vavuniya, the resettlement process is in full swing and there are less than 74,616
people sheltered in the Welfare centres in Cheddikulam, Vavuniya. Within Vavuniya
district 151 persons of 43 families were resettled during August 2009 and in October
2009, 9,962 persons of 3,104 families and another 10,809 persons of 3,755 families in
November 2009 and in December 2009 3,057 persons belonging to 693 families were
resettled. With the addition of recent figures a total of 23,979 persons have been
resettled in Vavuniya District. Vavuniya resettlement is nearing completion.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev vii

The progress of resettlement in the Thunukkai DS Division in Mullaitivu is not at a

satisfactory level. It is about 50%. The commands of tanks have been severely affected
with war. Almost all the infrastructure facilities have been dilapidated and landmine
clearance is not yet completed. A large number of livelihoods are centered on
agriculture and livestock. About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the
production of livestock is converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they
involve include mainly cattle and goat keeping.
The command area under Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu,

Periyathampanai and Kalvilankulam are 200, 224, 228, 366 and 400 acres respectively.
Together, about 11 villages having a total of 1540 families according to the Sociological
survey will benefit from the rehabilitation of these 5 tanks. The population data in DS
offices indicate that 100% of the project related population is Tamil. There has been a
small percentage of Muslim and Sinhala population in Vavuniya District. There are no
other major social diversities in the project related population. Almost all are Hindu
except for a small percentage of Tamil Catholics.
K. Anticipated Environmental Impacts

In general, the anticipated negative environmental impacts are mainly short-term and
arise during construction period. The anticipated negative impacts on the physical
environment during the period of civil work will be due to change in air, dust and water
quality, operation of quarry sites, crusher plant, concrete batching plant, spoil disposal
and also transportation of materials and construction waste. The proposed construction
activities involve rehabilitating the bund. Under the project several activities have to be
implemented during pre-construction and construction period, for instance land
preparation that will result in pollution of surface water bodies, noise and vibrations and
emission of dust; transportation of construction material and waste; establishment of
temporary storage areas for construction materials and disposal of construction waste,
and establishment of labour camps, etc.
Awareness on HIV AIDS is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV AIDS are not
frequently reported there will be potential for such problems taking place in the
construction sites. The project developer, Northern Province Irrigation Department
should launch a program to educate communities on the potential danger of HIV AIDS
and steps to be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer should
educate the entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the different locations
in the project areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness sessions to raise the
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev viii


the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Similar to
children there may be tendency for contractors to hire war impacted women at
potential negative implications on women are required.
Extraction of sand, gravel and metal will cause soil erosion and lowering of the river
beds, destruction of the river banks and natural habitat at the quarry sites. Water
stagnation in excavated areas such as borrow pits will provide breeding sites for
mosquitoes and other disease causing vectors. This will create accidental health
hazards to general public and wild animals.
Use of heavy vehicles should be restricted to off peak hours. After the constructions
borrow pits must be restored by the contractor. The restoration should include re-
vegetation of the sites with landscaping and facilitating to re-growth of natural
vegetation. Material storage sites should not be established close to residential areas,
beside the roads, around the water bodies etc. Specific mitigatory measures are
discussed in the EMP for easy reference as well.
According to the technical staff of the consultants, NPID and stakeholders in the local
existing roads for accessing the tanks to carry out the improvement activities. Therefore,
private properties will not be affected.
L. Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation

consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals in the tank area during
the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and concerns freely on the
proposed development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into
consideration of their views & suggestions in the early stages of the project cycle in
order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project implementation phase.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev ix
General public were in full agreement with the proposed rehabilitation project &
expressed their appreciation. Therefore, focus-group discussions with affected persons
and other stakeholders (including NGOs and CBOs) were carried out to hear their views
and concerns, so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary.
M. Grievance Redress Mechanisms

The main objective of establishing a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is to solve
problems in an efficient, timely and cost effective manner in a cordial environment with
the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties.
The GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2. Accordingly,
Contractor and the representative from the general public of the respective area. The
issues that could not be addressed by Step 1 GRC within three weeks time is requested
to be referred to Step 2 GRC within 07 days with a copy to the Head Office of the
Implementing Agency.
N. Environmental Management Plan

The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a set of
tasks. In the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on the project
proponent, the contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies) are assigned.
These tasks should be implemented within a specified time/period by the agency
responsible and as per the specifications set out in the EMP.
mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation measures
and supervise.
The contractor must prepare a detailed Environmental Management Action Plan

(EMAP) in consultation with a professional (Environmental Manager) to highlight the
mitigatory measures to minimize the anticipated environmental impacts, which arise
during the construction phase. The EMAP must include all the permits / approvals to be
obtained from the relevant Government Institutes/ Authorities, measure to be taken to
prevent environmental pollution, methods of disposal of solid waste and other
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev x
hazardous materials comply with the National rules and regulations. EMP & EMoP
should be a part of the bid document & implementation of the EMP will be the
responsibility of the contractor.
O. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signaling
required for both construction and operation phases of the project. A detailed EMoP
was prepared in order to meet the objectives of monitoring activities of the project such
as site supervision, verification of permits, monitoring of water quality, noise and air,
monitoring of solid waste disposal and dumping sites. The contractor must be
responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction
phase (where required). Consultants and the appointed staff from the NPID will
supervise the Contractor. An environmental monitoring report should be submitted to
the Consultant.
P. Conclusions
This IEE discusses in detail the baseline situation in respect to climate, topography, air
quality, soils and geology, hydrology, terrestrial ecology, cultural heritage sites and
socio-economic structure as well as proposed development activities of the project.
Appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and post construction
activities of the rehabilitation of the Tanks. Once these measures are implemented,
then the impact may either be eliminated or minimized. It is expected that, over all,
there will be few negative impacts from this development or the project. There is a
need for the developer to collaborate and involve local government and the lead
agencies during the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures.
Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction

to minimize social impacts and other issues of employment, health and safety. It is
recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities,
only benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of constructing new huts
and providing logistics and reduce influx of people and tensions that comes with it.
likelihood negative impacts on children and war affected women. There should be
some imposed conditions on the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the
project activities. Even the youths who are above 18 years of age should be hired with
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev xi
proper working conditions and remuneration. Sexual harassment may be another

potential negative impact on women in the project implementing area. Similar to
potential negative implications on women are required. Apart from awareness
sessions, certain code of conduct should be developed and imposed on the
construction crew.
The immediate beneficial impacts from the project are apparent in the construction
phase, as there will be various employment opportunities (skilled and unskilled) for the
local population and transfer of technical know-how of construction work to the local
workers. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse
impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the project and
minimize the negative impacts.
It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the 5 tanks will not have a
significant impact on the environment other than the general impacts that can be easily
mitigated through a well designed Environment Management Plan. The benefits
perceived from the project implementation far outweighs the negative impacts identified
and can be viewed as a significant intervention in the process of reestablishing the
disturbed livelihood systems in NP.
Q. Recommendations
Given that the environmental impacts will be fully addressed under the Project, it is
possible to satisfactorily meet the environmental protection requirements provided that
the mitigation, monitoring, and reporting programs are carried out. It is highly
recommended that mitigation measure be properly implemented.
The IEE study of the proposed 5 tanks under the Northern Province Provincial Council
reveals that the benefits from the implementation of the proposed project are more
significant and long term in nature against the short term negative impacts most of
which could be mitigated. Therefore, proposed development project can be categorized
as “Category B” under ADB guidelines. Hence, a detailed EIA study is not required and
this IEER is sufficient for approval and can be considered as a final Environmental
Assessment for the 5 tanks namely, Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam,
Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai and Kalvilankulam in the Northern Province under
the CARE project. Thus the project is highly recommended for implementation.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev xii

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai & Kalvilankulam,
in Vavuniya & Mullaithivu Districts, Sri Lanka

CONTENTS
Page
Executive Summary i
Contents xiii
List of Tables xix
List of Figures xx
List of Annexures xxi
Abbreviations xxii
1 INTRODUCTION 01

1.5 Rehabilitation of 5 Tanks 07

1.7 Applicable Environmental Legislations and Institutional Capacity 08

2.4 Kombuvaithakulam Scheme Description 13
2.4.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kombuvaithakulam Rehabilitation

Projetct 15
2.4.2.1 Bund 15
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xiii

2.4.2.3 Spill 16
2.4.2.6 Area where the improvements are needed 16
2.5 Velankulam Scheme Discription 17

2.5.2 Size and Magnitude of Velankulam Rehabilitation Project 19

2.5.2.1 Bund 19
2.5.2.3 Spill 20
2.6 Aliyamarathamadu Scheme Discription 20
2.6.2 Size and Magnitude of Aliyamarathamadu Rehabilitation Project 23

2.6.2.1 Bund 23
2.6.2.3 Spill 24
25
2.6.2.6 Area where improvements are needed
2.7 Periyathampani Scheme Discription 25
2.7.2 Size and the Magnitude of Periyathampani Rehabilitation project 27

2.7.2.1 Bund 27
2.7.2.3 Spill 28
2.7.2.6 Area where improvements needed 28
2.8 Kalvilankulam Wewa Scheme Discription 28
2.8.2 Size and Magnitude of Kalvilankulam Rehabilitation Project 30
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xiv

2.8.2.1 Bund 30
31
2.8.2.3 Spill
31
2.8.2.4 Utility Value
2.10Labor Force 32
32
2.11Main beneficiaries of the Project

3.2.1 Topography 35
3.2.2 Climate and Weather 35
3.2.3 Geology 36
3.2.4 Soils 37
3.2.6 Hydrology 39
3.2.7 Water Resource 39

3.3.2 Existing Floristic Habitats , Fauna and Flora 42
3.3.2.1 Kombuvaithakulam 43
3.3.2.2 Velankulam 45
3.3.2.3 Aliyamarathamadu 48
3.3.2.4 Periyathampani 50
3.3.2.5 Kalvilankulam 52

3.4.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analyses of Impacts 55
3.4.2 The Socio-economic Condition of the Tank related Communities 55
3.4.2.1 Situation in the Vavuniya District 55
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xv

3.4.2.2 Situation in the Mullaitivu District 56

3.4.3 The Project Beneficiary Population 57
3.4.3.1 The Diversity of the Tank Beneficiary Population 57
3.4.3.2 Income Generation Activities in the Project Related DS Divisions 58
3.4.3.3 The Health and Education Facilities Available in the Area 59
3.4.3.3.1 Health Condition 59
3.4.3.3.2 Education Condition 59
3.4.3.4 Other Infrastructure Facilities in the Project Beneficiary Areas 60
3.4.3.4.1 Roads 60
3.4.3.4.2 Electricity 60
3.4.3.4.3 Telephone 60
3.4.3.4.4 Drinking Water 60
3.4.3.5 Poverty In the Project Beneficiary Area 60
3.4.4 The Proposed Tank Rehabilitation Project 62

3.4.4.1 Physical Problems to be Solved by the Rehabilitation Project 62
3.4.4.2 Management Related Problems in the 5 Tanks 63
3.4.4.3 Current Performance of the 5 Tanks 64
3.4.4.4 Cropping Intensity 64
3.4.4.5 Cropping Pattern 65
3.4.4.6 Yield 65
3.4.5 The Measures to Address the Current Problems In the Tanks 66
3.4.6 Solutions to the Management Problems 66
3.4.7 Considerations in Working in the Conflict Affected Areas 68

MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Pre-construction & Construction Period 69
4.2 General Impacts and mitigation methods 69

5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION & PARTICIPATION 73
6 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 75

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xvi

6.4.2.4 Coordinate with Other Grievance Redress Mechanisms 82
6.4.2.5 Asses the Complaints 83
6.4.2.6 Formulate Response 84
6.4.2.7 Select a Resolution Approach 84
6.4.2.8 Implement the Approach 85
6.4.2.9 Settle the Issues 86
6.4.2.10Track the Document and Evaluate the Process and Result 86

7.4 Management of Erosion at the Site 91
7.5 Management of Construction related waste 92
7.6 Management of New Weed Infestations at the Project Site 93

93
7.8 Pollutant Spill Contigency Plan

7.10Health and Safety Plan 94
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xvii

7.11Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures,

Storage Areas, Site Office, Etc.,After Construction Work 95
is Completed
7.12Management of Social Concerns 95
7.13Emergency Procedures 96
7.14Institutional Arrangments for Environmental Management plan 97
7.15Environmental Monitoring Plan 98
8 CONCLUSIONS 149
9 RECOMMENDATIONS 153
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xviii

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1: Summary of Scheme 14

Table 3.1a:Land use in Vavuniya District 33
Table 3.1b:Land use in Mullaitivu District 33
Table 3.2a:Agricultural Parcels in Vavuniya District by D.S. Divisions-2008 34
Table 3.2b:Agricultural Parcels in Vavuniya District by D.S. Divisions-2008 34
Table 3.3:Population in DS and GN Divisions Related to the proposed project 57
Table 3.4:The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project 57
Table 3.5:Ethnic Diversity of Project Bebeficiary Population 58
Table 3.6:Extend of Land per Family in the Candidate Tanks under the Project 61
Table 3.7:Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks under Overall Project 61
Table 3.8:The Command Area and Farmer Families in the 5 Tanks 64
Table 3.9:Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks in 7 DS Divisions 65
Table 3.10:Crop Yeild of Tanks in DS Divisions 65
Table 7.1:Environmental Management Plan(EMP)-Kombuvaithakulam 100
Table 7.2:Environmental Management Plan(EMP)-Velankulam 109
Table 7.3:Environmental Management Plan(EMP)-Aliyamaruthamadu 118
Table 7.4:Environmental Management Plan(EMP)-Periyathampani 127
Table 7.5:Environmental Management Plan(EMP)-Kalvilankulam 134
Table 7.6:Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 143
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xix

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig 1.1:The Northern Province Project Districts 2

Fig 1.2:The Location of the 5 Tanks 4
Fig 1.3:Google Image of Kombuvaithakulam 5
Fig 1.4: Google Image of Velankulam 5
Fig 1.5: Google Image of Aliyamaruthamadu Tank 6
Fig 1.6: Google Image of Periyatampani Tank 6
Fig 1.7: Google Image of Kalvilankulam 7
Fig 2.1: Location and accessibility Map of Kombuvaithakulam 15
Fig 2.2: Location and accessibility Map of Velankulam 18
Fig 2.3: Location and accessibility Map of Aliyamarathamadu 23
Fig 2.4: Location and accessibility Map of Periyathampani 27
Fig 2.5: Location and accessibility Map of Kalvilankulam 30
Fig 3.1a:Geology Map of Vavuniya 36
Fig 3.1b:Geology Map of Mullaithivu 37
Fig 3.2: General Soil Map of the area 38
Fig 6.1:Structure of Grievence Redress Mechanism 89
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xx

LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure -1 :Drawings
Annexure-2 : Administrative Boundaries and Photographic Profiles
Annexure-4 : Social & Environmental Assessment Data / Tank User Consultation Data
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xxi

ABBREVIATIONS
3R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AP Affected Parties
BOQ Bill of Quantities
CEB Ceylon Electricity Board.
CO carbon monoxide
DoAS Department of Agriculture services
DoF Department of Forestry
DoI Department of Irrigation
EA Executing Agency
EE Executive Engineer (Divisions)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMoC Environmental Monitoring committee
EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan
EPL Environmental Protection License
GA Government Agent
GN GramaNiladari
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
GSMB Geological Survey and Mining Bureau
HC Hydrocarbons
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IML Industrial Mining License
LA Local Authority
LB Left Bank
LPG Liquid petroleum Gas
MC Municipal Council
MED Ministry of Economic Development
MOH Medical Officer of Health
MOHRD Ministry of Highways and Road Development
NAAS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NBD National Budget Department
NCP North Central Province
NCPA National Child Protection Authority
Nox Oxides of nitrogen
NP Northern Province
NPID Northern Province Irrigation Department
NRCP Northern Roads Connectivity Project
NWP North Western Province
NWS&DB National Water Supply & Drainage Board
PHI Public Health Inspector
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xxii

PIU Project implementation Unit

PM10 particulate matter<10micrometers diameter
RO Regional Office
Rs Sri Lanka Rupee
RB Right Bank
SIEE Summary Initial Environmental Examination
SLT Sri Lanka Telecom
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SWE Salt Water Exclusion
TOR Terms of Reference
UC Urban Council
VOC Vehicle Operating Costs
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev xxiii

SRI LANKA

1 INTRODUCTION

01. For nearly three decades, Sri Lanka has been severely affected by an internal armed
conflict.' While the entire country suffered because of the conflict, Northern Province
bore the brunt of it. The conflict intensified from February 2007, and the government
forces gained full control of the entire land area by 18 May 2009. The conflict has had
a devastating impact in the war-affected northern region; much of the infrastructure
has been damaged or destroyed, and the livelihood of the population has been
severely affected. The incidence of poverty in Northern Province is estimated at 37%
(compared with 15% for the country as a whole), which is probably an underestimate
of the actual poverty. The province contributed a mere 2.9% of the country's gross
domestic product over 2005–2007, despite having 14% of the country's land mass,
40% of the coastal belt, and 6% of the population.
02. A presidential task force was appointed in July 2009 with the task of formulating a
strategic framework for revitalizing the economy of the northern region. A needs
assessment was conducted by the government and a medium-term strategy was
formulated. The Government has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) for a
Conflict Affected Region Emergency Loan (the Project). ADB fielded three missions to
the conflict affected regions in the Northern Province, Eastern Province and the
adjoining areas of the North Central Province. Extensive discussions were held with
the representatives of the Provincial Councils, District officials, Central line Ministries,
Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of Finance and Planning.
03. As a main component of the CARE project which is funded by the ADB and GOSL, 17
Irrigation schemes in the Northern Province are to be fully rehabilitated in 4 Districts
(Fig 1.1). This report covers 5 of these tanks, namely Kombuvaithakulam,
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev Page 1

Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai in the Vavuniya District and

Kalvilankulam in the Mullaithivu District. Once the project is completed, the
beneficiaries will be able to cultivate their lands with an assured supply of irrigation
water for the full extent in Maha and partially for Yala seasons.
Fig 1.1: The Northern Province – Project Districts
development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design
process, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is
done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral
part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.
05. Based on preliminary information, the Project is classified as Category B.

Government of Sri Lanka's (GoSL) efforts in rehabilitating and constructing essential
physical infrastructure damaged by the conflict in the Northern Province, Eastern
Province, and selected villages in the North Central Province, which border the

Northern Province. The Project also aims to strengthen the civil administration and
restart livelihoods of returning IDPs and conflict-affected persons, and over time, to
create sustainable employment for their benefit.
create livelihood and sustainable employment opportunities in the conflict affected
areas by supporting the recovery of the region's economy. The project will focus
primarily on the war affected Northern Province and some components will also focus
on the Eastern Province and some adjoining villages in the North Central Provinces,
which were affected by the conflict.
08. The key components of the overall Project include: (i) Re-establishing connectivity
through rehabilitation of damaged municipal, provincial, and national roads; (ii)
Providing basic services such as drinking water and electricity supply; (iii) Improving
services, and restarting livelihoods through rehabilitation of small to medium
irrigation schemes, rebuilding administrative offices and related facilities, and
rehabilitating selected vocational training centers; and (iv) Providing legal
assistance and improving governance through reconstruction of court buildings, and
providing legal aid to IDPs and conflict-affected persons.
09. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 was used to classify the significance of the
project’s potential environmental impacts. As mentioned in Paragraph 5, the Project is
classified as Category B.
10. The objective of this lEE report is the preparation of an environmental account to the
ADB and the CEA, including relevant environmental issues pertaining to the
proposed project to facilitate the necessary decision-making. The IEE report
comprises baseline data on existing conditions of physical, ecological, economical
and social conditions of 5 tanks, namely Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam,

Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai and Kalvilankulam in the Vavuniya and

Mullaitivu Districts. (Refer Fig. 1.2) together with the anticipated environmental
impacts and proposed mitigation measures.
Fig. 1.2 The Location of the 5 Tanks

Fig 1.3: Google Image of Kombuvaithakulam
Fig 1.4: Google Image of Velankulam

Fig 1.5: Google Image of Aliyamaruthamadu Tank
Fig 1.6: Google Image of Periyathampanai Tank

Fig 1.7: Google Image of Kalvilankulam
11. Rehabilitation of medium and small scale tanks in the Northern Province is a part of
the Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project No.44065
carried out by the Northern Province Irrigation Department. Central Engineering
Management has been contracted by the Government as Consultants to the project.
The layouts of the tanks which are rehabilitated under this project are shown in the
drawings found in Annex 1.
1.5 Rehabilitation of the 5 Tanks
12. The main objectives of the project are to improve the operational efficiency which will
lead to increased agricultural and functional utility level of the tanks. A detailed
description of the existing conditions and proposed rehabilitation activities are given in
section 2.

13. The IEE report covers a core area based on the existing tank and project influencing
area, borrow sites, and contains the full range of topics, required purpose and need
for the proposed action, environmental setting, environmental impact analysis for
short- and long-term, direct and indirect impacts, as well as mitigation measures and
a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
14. Environmental assessment requirements stipulated by GoSL, for Projects outside

the Coastal Zone' are found in the National Environmental Act (NEA) No.47 of 1980,
amended by Act No.56 of 1988 and Act. No. 53 of 2000. Development activities
within the coastal zone are governed by the Coast Conservation Act, No 57 of 1981
amended by Act No. 64 of 1988. In accordance with the NEA environmental
assessments are required for prescribed projects. Under the National Environmental
Act, Prescribed projects are stipulated in three parts listed in the schedule of the
respective Gazette. Part I identifies prescribed projects based on type and
magnitude; Part II identifies prescribed projects as, all subprojects identified in Part I,
irrespective of their magnitude and selected high-polluting industries, if near culturally
and/or environmentally sensitive areas defined in Part III of the schedule Gazette
Extraordinary of. 772/22 of 24 June 1993.
15. The requirement for Environmental Assessment in Sri Lanka is established by the
National Environment Act (1981), and the procedures are defined in the EIA

- Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (1924, 1955)
and any Flood Protection Area declared under the Sri Lanka Land

under the National Heritage and Wilderness Act (1988): the Forest Ordinance;
- Areas within or less than 100 m from the boundaries of, any area declared as
a Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937);
- Areas within, or less than 100 m from the high flood level contour of, a public
lake as defined by the Crown Lands Ordinance (1947, 1949, 1956) including
those declared under Section 71 of the Ordinance;
- Areas 60 m or less from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown
Lands Ordinance, with a width of more than 25 m at any point.
Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the Act; (2) Fauna
and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993 and 2009)
implemented by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This act specifies that any
development activity that takes place within the one mile of the boundary of a National
Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE; (3) The Forest Ordinance
of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951,
No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and
new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection and management of
forest and forest resources. In addition to National Environmental Act (NEA) the
following acts are applicable to this type of rehabilitation projects:

1.) The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954, 22 of
1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and 13 of 1986).
(No acquisition of land is foreseen in the project. However, the act is mentioned
here as a safeguard.)
Sabha Act No 15 of 1987 and by laws).The project will generate solid waste and
spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner as
4.) Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its own
quarries or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction must be
procured from quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining license obtained from
the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or Environmental Protection
License (EPL) from Central Environmental Authority (CEA).
1953 – If some trees have to be removed, a permit will have to be obtained from
the Divisional Secretary. (However, no large trees are proposed to be felled in this
project)
6.) Water Resources Act - Prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water
sources.
course or bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon, creek,
canal, or aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation of water
supplies.
8.) Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for
prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage
by floods and droughts.
9.)Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993
and 2009).
10.) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts
up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No.
13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
12.) Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 as
this is a project under the NPID.


18 Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant and
holders. Wildlife surveys also were carried out up to 100m from either side of the
dam/bund and banks of the tank. Floral species were surveyed using line transect
methods about 100m from the both side of the dam. Some plant species could not be
identified in the field. Aquatic surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand
species were evaluated using IUCN Red Data List 2007. Environmental impacts
were identified and suitable mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail
EMP. The Basic Information Questioner (BIQ) and the Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) checklist ; Annexure 3 were prepared according to the CEA and
ADB Guidelines.
19 The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related divisions
and Agriculture research and production Assistants were interviewed and collected
data related to each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in
each tank were also interviewed and collected information related to each candidate
tank. The general farmers from the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate
tanks were met in groups in most cases to obtain the information on local knowledge
they posses. List of persons formally interviewed is attached in Annex 4C of the
report.

implementation. As the Project will be funded by a loan, ADB procedure requires that
an IEE is conducted for each project to identify and mitigate the impacts of
subprojects, and to determine whether further study or a more detailed EIA may be
required. Based on the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of the ADB
classification, the project is categorized as environmental category B. Thus the IEE
serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.
21. Four of the five tanks considered are located in the Vavuniya District
(Kombuvaithakulam,Velankulam and Aliyamaruthamadu in Vavuniya DS Division and
Periyathampanai in Vengalachedikulam DS Division). Kalvilankulam is located in the
Mullaithivu District in in the Thunukkai DS Division. (Refer Figures 1.2 – 1.7)
22. Similar to other infrastructure facilities, tanks in the district got damaged due to long
maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks are a significant hindrance for
implementing successful livelihood reestablishment programs in the war torn areas.
Therefore, the proposed project will be significant complementary and supplementary
input in successful implementation of livelihood restoration program.
23. Agriculture is the key economic activity employing a majority of the population in
Northern Province. There are 62 major and medium-sized irrigation schemes
servicing about 41,000 hectares (ha), and 2,524 small and minor irrigation schemes
servicing about 75,000 ha in the province. Of these, nine major and medium-sized
schemes are interprovincial schemes servicing about 15,500 ha. The province is in
the dry zone, and rains from the southwest monsoon are limited and irregular. The
cropping intensity in most of these schemes in the province remains low due to
shortage of water. There are also no major perennial rivers that can be tapped to
provide irrigation for cultivation in the Mullaitivu and Jaffna districts. Rainwater and lift
irrigation are the major sources of irrigation available in the province.

24. The villages in Northern Province (NP) were severly affected due to long prevailed
war. The main livelihoods in many of these villages were centered on agriculture
activities. These villages are also traditional villages in NP. Most of these villages are
located in dry zone where rainfall is limited to few months in wet seasons called
“Maha”. By knowing this constraint in the environment the ancient people had
constructed large number of different scale of tanks for storing water that comes from
Maha rains. Some of these tanks have been established in cascades where spill
water of one tank gets in to other.
25. These tanks have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate rehabilitation
and therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some of tanks have become
incapable of storing water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the head works
and canal system. Dilapidation of this livelihood related infrastructure facility has
created significant negative impacts on the lives of the people in these villages. These
village tanks are not mere water storages used for growing crops but they play more
significant roles in the entire livelihood system of the village. Water stored in tanks is
used by multiple users including flora and fauna. People also use water for other
purposes such as bathing and washing. In this context these tanks should not be
considered as mere agriculture tanks but they are part and parcel of the livelihood
system of each village. It has been observed that most of the human settlements in
NP cannot be seen without a village tank.
26. The objective of the tank rehabilitation program is to improve the water availability in
the dry zone areas to provide irrigation facilities to the farming communities who are
being resettled in their original settlements. In this context, rehabilitation of the 5 tanks
will also act as one of the essential inputs of the resettlement process. Resettlement
without creating necessary conditions for active involvement of livelihood activities will
be a fruitless effort.
2.4 Kombuvaithakulam Scheme Description
2.4.1 Basic Details
Name of scheme : Kombuvaithakulam – C/9 (10.70x3.65)
D.S.Division : Vavuniya
IE’s Division : Vavuniya
Benefits : Irrigation facilities to 220 acres
No.of Families benefited : 40 farm families
River Basin : Paranki Aru.

27. Kombuvaithakulam is situated in the upper reaches of paranki aru tributary. A right
bank canal 5000’ long conveys water to fields of 220 acres.
28. The main river basin is paranki aru and the catchment is 2.40 sq. miles at
Kombuvaithakulam Tank.
Table 2.1 Summary of Scheme

Catchment Area 20.20 sq.Mls.
Storage capacity 1037.0 Acre ft.
F.S.L 222.5 ft.M.S.L
H.F.L 224.0 ft.M.S.L
F.S.D 10.0 ft.
Bund length 4200.0 ft. (8’BTW)
Maximum Height 15.57 ft
B.T.L 222.8 ft.M.S.L
Spill Length C.O. Type 400 ft
Crest level 222.5 ft.M.S.L
Sluice R.B
Type H/P Tower
Location. 25.0 chs.
Size of opening 2 ft. dia.
Sill level 212.43 ft. M.S.L
Command area 400.0 Acrs
Source:NPID

Fig 2.1: Location and Accessibility map of Kombuvaithakulam
2.4.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kombuvaithakulam Rehabilitation Project
29. Under the project, the proposed tank rehabilitation works are briefly outlined below. A
supplementary photographic profile is found in Annexure 2.
2.4.2.1 Bund
30. Bund width is about 2-2.5m (Fig.A-2) and is not utilized for movement of vehicles.
Bund surface and the slopes are moderately eroded and damaged due the lack of
maintenance and in some locations surface cracks due to soil shrinkage is visible. No
steps were constructed to access the tank for washing and bathing.
31. Large and medium size trees have been grown along the bund without disturbing the
bund stability. Most of places of the bund are covered with bushes and grasses
(Fig.A-2) specially at RB end. Two abandoned toilet pits were observed near RB end
of the bund.

32. Tank distribution systems consist of only one tower type sluices and is to be
renovated (Fig.A-1). The total distribution canal system is completely earthen and to
be renovated (Fig.A-3).
33. Regulatory structures along the distribution canal system had been damaged.
2.4.2.3 Spill
34. The original spill of the tank is located at RB end of the tank and is in average
condition. Spill water goes across the gravel road downstream through a causeway
(Fig.A-4). Length of Spill is 220 ft.
35. There is an additional natural ‘spill’ near LB end of the tank with a cause way across
the bund(Fig.A-5).
2.4.2.5 Agriculture
 Major crop cultivated is paddy

 Total Cultivatable Area – 220Acres
 Damaged locations of the bund should to be renovated.


2.5 Velankulam Scheme Description
2.5.1 Basic Details
D.S. Division : Vavuniya

IE’s Division : Vavuniya
Benefits : Irrigation facilities to 224 acres
No.of Families benefited : 35 farm families
River Basin : Nay Aru.
37. Velankulam is situated in the upper reaches of Nay aru basin. The length of bund is
3040’. Two canals 3000’ and 2000’ convey water to fields 134 acres and 90 acres
respectively.

Hydro Data.
Catchment Area 1.90 sq.Mls.
Catchment slope 0.37%
Storage capacity 735.0 Acre ft.
Longest water course 2.00 Mls.
Rainfall NEM 44.78 inches
Rainfall SWM 15.86 inches
Reservation data
Capacity gross 735.0 ac.ft
Capacity net 648 ac.ft
F.S.L 264.0 ft.M.S.L
H.F.L 266.0 ft.M.S.L
F.S.D 9 ft. 6 inch
Bund
Bund length 3040.0 ft. (6’BTW)
Maximum Height 12.5 ft
B.T.L 267.0 ft.M.S.L
Spill Length (LB) C.O. Type 100 ft
Crest level 264.0 ft.M.S.L

Sluice L.B R.B

Type H/P Tower H/P Tower
Location. 6.75 chs. 17.85 chs.
Opening 1.25 ft. dia. 1.25 ft. dia.
Sill level 254.40 ft. M.S.L 255.74 M.S.L
Command area 134.0 90.0
Canal RB LB
Length 2000’-0” 3000’-
0”
Source:NPID
Fig 2.2: Location and Accessibility map of Velankulam

2.5.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Velankulam Rehabilitation Project
39. The Tank has been abandoned for about 20 years due to the prevailing war. The
buffer zone of the Tank (Kattakaduwa) extends up to about 150 meters (Fig.B-20).
40. More than half of the tank area is covered with aquatic plants such as “Kekatiya”
(Fig.B-27) and “Nelum” (Fig.B-28). At Full Supply Level (FSL) the depth of the tank is
9.5 ft. and the High Flood Level (HFL) is 11.5 ft.
2.5.2.1 Bund
41. Bund width is about 2 -2.5m (Fig.B-9). Bund surface and the slopes are damaged due
the lack of maintenance and in some locations surface cracks due to soil shrinkage
are visible.
42. The tank has not been used for recreational activities in many years and hence no
signs of access locations to the tank except for a one location where security forces
access the tank for bathing (Fig.B-10).
43. Large and medium size trees have been grown along the bund (Fig.B-14) without
disturbing the bund stability. The top of the bund in some areas is covered with
bushes (Fig.B-13).
44. Tank distribution systems consist of two tower type sluices and are to be replaced
(Fig.B-3 & B-6). Outlets of the sluices (Fig.B-4 & B-7) are also damaged and are to be
replaced.
45. Left Bank Canal and Right Bank Canal are completely earthen and are in poor
condition (Fig.B-5, B-8, B-23 & B-25).
Length of LBC – 5900 ft.
Length of RBC – 3000 ft.
46. Both LBC and RBC cross the road parallel to the bund at about 150 meters
downstream of the outlets (Fig.B-22 & B-24).
47. All other regulatory or turnout structures along the distribution canal system have
been completely destroyed.

2.5.2.3 Spill
48. Spill of the Tank is damaged and the wooden gates are completely destroyed (FigB-
17 & B-18). The openings in the Spill are blocked using sandbags.
49. On the right most end of the Bund, a Culvert cum Regulator (Fig.B-19) is located for
the purpose of discharging water in high floods.

50. Washing, bathing, fishing & agriculture (Currently used only for agricultural purposes)
2.5.2.5 Agriculture
 Before abandonment, cultivated was carried out in both seasons
 Cultivated Area – 50 - 60 Acres

elevated.
outlet.
 Left and right sluices and outlets to be repaired.
 Bathing steps to be introduced.
 Spill and the Culvert cum Regulator are to be repaired.
 Turnouts and regulatory structures to be introduced where necessary in the
distribution canal system.
2.6 Aliyamaruthamadu Scheme Description
2.6.1 Basic Details
Name of Tank Aliyamaruthamadu Tank

DDI's Range Vavuniya Range
IE's Division Vavuniya Division

District Vavuniya
Div. Secretary's Division Vavuniya
Location/Co-ordinate C/13 (12.40 x 1.80)
Feeding stream Nai Aru

HYDROLOGICAL DATA
Catchment Area in (sq. miles) 3.20 Sq.Mls
Catchment Slope 0.32 %

Catchment Detention in (ac. ft)
1.20
Longest water course in miles
Rainfall – NEM in mm 1137.41 mm
Rainfall – SWM in mm 402.84 mm
Effective Yield –NEM in (ac. ft) 720.0

Evaporation Station Vavuniya
Agro. Eco. Region D.L.1
Hydrological Zone 2
RESERVOIR DATA
Capacity, Gross in (ac. ft) 454.0
Capacity, Nett in (ac. ft) 404.0

FSL (ft. above MSL) 245.43 M.S.L
HFL (ft. above MSL) 247.43 M.S.L
Area at FSL in (acres) 182.78

Area at HFL in (acres)
9'-6"
Full Supply Depth in feet
Duty (ac. ft/ac)

BUND Main Bund
Length in feet 3030.0 ft
BTL (ft. above MSL) 249.43
Top width in feet 8'-0"
Max. height in feet 13.50
Free Board in feet 2'-0"
Side Slope, U/S 1 on 2
Side Slope, D/S 1 on 2

SPILL 1 2 3
Location R.B End
Type C.O
Length (ft) 200.0

Crest Level (ft. above MSL) 245.43 M.S.L

Afflux in feet 2'
D/S Tail Chl. Gradient
No. and Type of Gate
SLUICE LB Central RB
Location 20'-O" 1080'-0 1800'-0
Type H/P Tower H/P Tower H/P Tower
Size of opening 15" ∅ 15" ∅ 15"∅
Sill Level (ft. above MSL) 236.68 235.93 237.60
Head of water in feet 8.75' 9.5' 7.83’
Length of Barrel in feet
No. of Barrels
Maximum Discharge 17.00 C.F.S 20.33 C.F.S 18.44 C.F.S
Command Area in acres 40.0 160.0 28.0
CHANNEL LB Central RB
Length of Main Chl. in feet 2600.0 ft 4000.0 ft 3500 ft
Length of Br. Chl. in feet
Length of F. Chl. in feet
Length of D. Chi. in feet
AREA GI LI Total
Irrigable Area in acres 228.0 228.0
ROAD Tarred Gravel Cart. Tract
Access Road in feet NIL 8250 ft NIL

No .of Farm families 40
Source:NPID

Fig 2.3: Location and Accessibility map of Aliyamaruthamadu
2.6.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Aliyamaruthamadu Rehabilitation Project
51. The Tank has been abandoned for about 20 years due to the prevailing war. From the
leftmost section of the Bund to the Middle Sluice, the downstream area is an elevated
area and hence it is not used for cultivation.
52. Almost all the tank area is covered with aquatic plants such as “Kimbulwenna” (Fig.C-
14) and “Nelum” (Fig.C-15). At Full Supply Level (FSL) the depth of the tank is 13.5 ft.
and the High Flood Level (HFL) is 15.5 ft.
53. Small Kovil is located on the middle section of the bund (Fig.C-12 & C-13).
2.6.2.1 Bund
54. Bund width is about 2.5 - 3m (Fig.C-16) and utilized for movement of vehicles. Bund
surface and the slopes are damaged (Fig.C-17 & C-18) due the lack of maintenance
and in some locations surface cracks due to soil shrinkage are visible.
55. Access points to the tank are not properly constructed and hence subjected to erosion
(Fig.C-19).

56. Large and medium size trees have been grown along the bund (Fig.C-22) without
disturbing the bund stability. Almost all of the bund slopes are covered with bushes
and grass (Fig.C-21).
57. Near the left sluice heavy leakage is visible (Fig.23).

58. Tank distribution systems consist of three tower type sluices and are to be renovated
(Fig.C-3, C-6 & C-9). Outlets of the sluices (Fig.C-4, C-7 & C-10) are also damaged
and need to be replaced.
59. The total distribution canal system is completely earthen and is in poor condition
(Fig.C-5, C-8 & C-11). There is no water flow in the RBC.
Length of LBC – 2600 ft.
Length of MC – 4000 ft.
Length of RBC – 3500 ft.
60. All other regulatory or turnout structures along the distribution canal system have
been completely destroyed.
2.6.2.3 Spill
61. During the war period a temporary Bund had been introduced about 25 meters
upstream of the spill (Fig.C-24) and by the Spill, a gravel road (Fig.C-25 & C-26) has
also been constructed. Recently the road and the Spill had been damaged in two
locations (Fig.C-27 & C-28) and two Hume pipes were introduced to discharge the
excess water.
62. Length of Spill – 200 ft.
63. The Spill discharges the water in to a lowland area (Fig.C-29). To prevent the spill
water entering the paddy lands, the Bund continues about another 400m downstream
(Fig.C-30).

2.6.2.5 Agriculture
 Before abandonment, cultivation in both seasons were carried out.
 Cultivated Area – Not cultivated at present


elevated.
 Identifying leakages and rectification.
 RBC, MC and LBC are to be lined using concrete for a designed length from the
sluice outlet.
 Left, Middle and right sluices and outlets to be repaired.
 Spill has to be repaired.
 If the road through the spill is functioning, downstream causeway or a culvert
structure should be introduced.
 Growth of the aquatic plants may have to be controlled.
2.7 Periyathampanai Scheme Description
2.7.1 Basic Details
DDI’s Range: Vavuniya Range

IE's Division: Cheddikulam Division
Div. Secretary's Division: V.S.S.D
Location/Co-ordinate : C/13(9.70 x 3.30)
Feeding stream: Nay Aru


HYDROLOGICAL DATA
Catchment Area in (sq. miles) 32.52 Sq. Mls
Catchment Slope Gentle slope
Catchment Detention in (ac. ft) 18.0
Longest water course in miles 0.75
Evaporation Station Murunkan
Agro. Eco. Region D.L.1
Hydrological Zone 1
I
RESERVO R DATA
Capacity, Gross in (ac. ft) 1095.0
Capacity, Nett in (ac. ft) 1077.0
FSL (ft. above. MSL) 111.5 M.S.L
Area at FSL in (acres) 250.0 Acs
Area at HFL in (acres) Acs
Full Supply Depth in feet 9'5"
BUND Main Bund
Length in feet 5300.0 ft
BTL (ft. above MSL) 118.0 M.S.L
Top width in feet 10'
Max. height in feet 15'
Free Board in feet 2.45'
Side Slope, U/S 1 on 2.5
Side Slope, D/S 1 on 2.5
SPILL 1 2
Location L.B R.B
Type C.O C.O
Length (ft) 300.0 ft 300.0 ft
Crest Level (ft. above MSL) 111.5.18 M.S.L 111.5 M.S.L
HFL (ft. above MSL) 115.0 M.S.L 115.0 M.S.L
D/S Tail Chl. Gradient 0.004 0.004
No. and Type of Gate Nill Nill
SLUICE LB RB
Location L.B End R.B End
Type H/P Tower H/P Tower
Size of opening 18"Ø 18"Ø
Sill Level (ft. above MSL) 102 102
Head of water in feet 9.5' 9.5'
Length of Barrel in feet 72' 72'
No. of Barrels 9 9
Maximum Discharge 24 Cusecs 24 Cusecs
Command Area in acres 180Acs 162Acs
CHANNEL LB RB
Length of Main Chl. in feet 7600 ft 4800 ft
Length of F. Chl. in feet 4220 11850
Length of D. Chl. in feet 725
ROAD Tarred Gravel Cart. Tract
Access Road in feet - - -
No. of Farm families 114
Source:NPID

Fig 2.4: Location and Accessibility map of Periyathampanai
2.7.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Periyathampanai Rehabilitation Project
2.7.2.1 Bund
66. Bund width is about 5-6m and it is not utilized for movement of vehicles. Bund surface
and the slopes are in comparatively good condition. A surface crack (about 8m long
along the bund) and a place with seepage were observed between LB and RB canals.
Two bathing steps have been constructed to access the tank and those are in good
condition. The bund is totally covered with weeds. (Fig.D-2)

67. Tank distribution systems consist of two tower type sluices. LB sluice is in good
condition while RB sluice need small repairs (Fig.D-5 & D-6). Right side of LB canal
and left side of RB canal are lined about 100m initially.

2.7.2.3 Spill
68. Two spills are available in this tank and those are located at LB and RB ends of the
tank. LB spill is in good condition while RB spill has small damages(Fig.D-3 & D-4).
Length of each Spill is 91m.
2.7.2.5 Agriculture

 Damaged locations of the bund should be renovated especially where cracks are
present.
 Identify the leakages and rectification.
 RB sluice needs to be repaired.
 RB Spill has to be repaired.
2.8 Kalvilankulam Scheme Description
2.8.1 Basic Details
Name of tank Kalvilan Kulam
Location/Co-ordinate A/23 (8.00*.1.70)
Feeding Stream Pali Aru


HYDROLOGICAL DATA
Catchment Area (sq.miles) 5.75
Catchment slope 0.45
Long water course 2.75 miles
RESERVOIR DARA
Capacity gross 1513.20
FSL (ft.above MSL) 491.65
HFL (ft.above MSL) 540
Full supply Depth 10-‘0”
Duty (ac.ft) Maha 3 Yala 5
BUND MAIN BUND FLANK BUND
Length (ft) 2900 275
BTL (ft.above MSL) 114.50 RL 104.5RL
TOP.width (ft) 10-‘0” 4-‘0”
Max. height (ft) 14-0” 3’-‘0”
Free Board (ft) 2.15 -
Side Slope, U/S 1:3 1:1.5
Side Slope, D/S 1:2 1:1.5
SPILL 01
Location LB
Type CO
Length (ft) 542+200
Crest Level (ft.above MSL) 111.0
HFL (ft.above MSL) 112.35
D/S Tail chl.Gradient 1:100
SLUICE 01 02
Location LB RB
Type Tower Tower
Size of opening 1’-0 Dia 1’-0 Dia
Sill level (ft.above MSL) 101.0 101.0
Head of water (ft) 10-‘0” 10-‘0”
Affex 1.35 1.35
CHANNEL LB RB Centre
Length of main chl (ft) 2700 - 5480
Length of Br.Chl (ft) - - -
Length of F.Canal (ft) 5280 - 9600
AREA GI LI TOTAL
Irrigable Area (Acres) 400 - 400
ROAD Tarred Gravel Cart Track
Source:NPID

Fig 2.5: Location and Accessibility map of Kalvilankulam
2.8.2 Size and the Magnitude of the Kalvilankulam Rehabilitation Project
71. Almost the whole surface of the tank is covered with aquatic plants (Fig.E-1)
2.8.2.1 Bund
72. Bund width is about 3-4m and is not utilized for movement of vehicles. Bund surface
and the slopes are moderately damaged due to erosion. Two war trenches, about
5’×3’×2’ each, were found on the bund between RB canal and the spill. Some surface
cracks were also observed along the bund. No bathing steps have been constructed
to access the tank.
73. The bund is totally covered with weeds and large trees are also present at some
places along both sides of the bund. (Fig.E-2)

74. Tank distribution systems consist of two tower type sluices. Both LB and RB sluices
are in working condition (Fig.E-3 & E-4). LB canal (Fig.E-5) is not lined while initial
50m (aprox.) of the RB canal is lined.
2.8.2.3 Spill
75. The spill is located at RB end of the tank (Fig.E-6). Spill is in good condition. Spill
continues as a concrete wall, which is about 50cm higher than spill level, up to RB
end of the tank.
2.8.2.5 Agriculture

 Damaged locations of the bund should be renovated

 Lining of initial section of LB canal.
 Growth of the aquatic plants may have to be controlled.
77. Depending on Contractor preference, materials will be sourced from various sites so
as to reduce haulage costs. The principal materials required for rehabilitation works of
the tank includes soil, gravel and crushed rock. Earth is used for embankment
construction. Gravel is used for filter construction. Crushed stone, requiring blasting,
crushing, screening, and at times blending, is used for concrete work construction.
Earth will be acquired mostly from the reservoir impounding area or selected borrow
pits, mainly located in Government and private lands in the project area. The existing
borrow pits, which can be used to obtain earth, and their location are given below.

Gravel - Vavuniya, Mannar
Crushed stone - Madawachichiya, Vavuniya
Cement - Trincomalee
Concrete Mixing Plant- Kokavil (new)
2.10 Labour Force
78. Many unskilled labourers will be required for earthworks and other construction work
for a 18 month construction period. The labour force in the project area is very high
and readily available. Therefore workers would be drawn from the surrounding
villages. Equal opportunity will be provided for both men and women. Local people
will be benefited by hiring labor in project construction and there will be a boost in
micro economic level. This will be an added source of income for the local people.
79. The main beneficiaries of the project under the 5 respective tanks considered in this
report is discussed in detail in section 3.4.3.

Table 3.1a Land Use in Vavuniya District
Table 3.1b Land Use in Mullaitivu District

80. Vavuniya District located in the Northern Province, has an area of 196,700 Ha or
1967 km2. The Vavuniya DS Division under which Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam
and Aliyamaruthamadu Tanks fall, has a total area of 590.3 km2. (Refer Table 3.1
above). Agricultural land is the main land use in the DS Division amounting to 47%
followed by forest land (38%), wetland (6.9%) and rangeland (6.5%). Agriculture is the
main landuse in the DS Division. Vengalacheddikulam under which Periyathampanai
Tank falls, has a total area of 394.8 km2 of which 53% constitutes agricultural land.
(Refer Table 3.1 above). Table 3.2a below shows the agricultural parcels in the
district.
81. Mullaitivu District is located in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has
an area of 261,690 Ha or 2616.9 km2. Considering Thunukkai DS Division, where
Kalvilan Kulam Tank is located, the total land area is 325.7 km2. Forest land
constitutes a major portion of the land, up to 62%. Agricultural land follows as the 2nd
major landuse followed by range land. Table 3.2b below shows the agricultural
parcels in the district.
Table 3.2a: Agricultural Parcels in Vavuniya District by D.S. Division - 2008
Table 3.2b: Agricultural Parcels in Mullaitivu District by D.S. Division – 2008

3.2.1 Topography
82. Vavuniya District is in the Northern Province of the Sri Lanka which covers an area
about 1966 km2.. The entire area is generally a flat terrain. There are no perennial
rivers in the area. Groundwater reserves which are fed by rain are the main sources
of water for drinking, agriculture and industry. There are number of major & minor
tanks present in the area some belonging to minor irrigation schemes. Land is
covered with various crops; paddy being the most prominent. There are a number of
major & minor tanks present in the area some belonging to minor irrigation schemes.
The district covers 102 GN Divisions in 4 Divisional Secretariat Divisions.
83. The Mullaithivu District is located in the North-East of Sri Lanka in the Northern
Province. The area belongs to the lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka, where the average
ground elevation is less than 30m and it has an area of 2,617 km2. The Indian Ocean
demarcates the north eastern to south eastern boundary of the district. More than
50% of the land is covered by forest and scrub lands. Paddy cultivation is the major
cultivations in the district, in addition other field crops and livestock farming is also
present. The District covers 127 GN Divisions in 5 Divisional Secretariat Divisions.
3.2.2 Climate and Weather
84. The Northern Province tends to be hot and dry in the dry season (February to
September), and moderately cool and wet in the wet season (October to January).
The convectional cyclonic period (late September to late November) begins with the
weakening of the southwest monsoon. This period can include cyclones and may
result in heavy rainfalls. The northeast monsoon (November to February), though
weak compared to southwest monsoons, brings agriculturally important rainfall to
northern and eastern parts of the island.
85. In the lowlands the climate is typically tropical with the average temperature is around
28º to 30º for the year. However, on the whole, January is the coolest month and May
is the hottest month.
86. Relative Humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night. The Dry Zone of
the Sri Lanka is the north and east of the island, this region is affected by the north
east monsoon (December to March) and southwest monsoon (June to October). It is
thought to be dry because most of the rains fall during the northeast monsoon.

3.2.3 Geology
87. According to the geological classification of the Sri Lanka rocks, bed rock of Vavuniya
district which is in the Wanni complex consists of metamorphosed in granulite facies.
These rocks are about 1000 million years old.
88. The major rock types in the area are Charnockite gneiss,charnockite biotite gneiss,
biotite gneiss, hornblend-biotite gneiss, granitic gneiss with pinkish microcline.
Quartzite, undifferentiated metasedimentary rocks and red earth are also present in
small percentages (Source; Geological map of Sri Lanka- P.G.Cooray, 1984).
(Source: An Introduction to Geology of Sri Lanka –P.G. Cooray)
Fig 3.1a: Geology Map of Vavuniya
89. The most common rock types in the Mullaithivu district are undifferentiated vijayan
gneisses, Alluvial and lagoonal clay, silt, sand, Charnockite/ charnockitic gneiss,
granites with pink microcline, biotite gneiss and hornblende biotite gneiss (Source;
Geological map of Sri Lanka- P.G.Cooray, 1984). (Refer Figure 3.1 below)


Fig 3.1b: Geology Map of Mullaithivu
3.2.4 Soils
90. Vavuniya and Mullaithivu Districts are in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where the annual
rainfall is less than 1500 mm, the average maximum temperature ranging between
290 to 38 0C depending on the Agro-ecological Regions. The highest temperatures
are recorded between late February and late September irrespective of the location.
The highest rain fall is received during the North- Eastern (October to February)
monsoon period.
91. The Vavuniya District is divided in to two agro ecological regions as DL1e, DL1b. High
fertile soils are recorded in this area. The major soil types found in the area are
reddish brown earth, low humic clays and alluvial soil. Red-Yellow latosoil, a more
fertile soil which has a better ground water potential is found in the Northern part of
the district. The colour of the surfacing soil is dark brown to reddish brown. The
subsoil is distinctively redder. Also a prominent limestone gravel layer of varying
thickness is present at some depths of the subsoil. Low humic-gley soils are
characterized by wetness and gleying below the surface A horizon which is dark
grayish brown in colour. The subsoil or B horizon is yellowish brown in colour with
distinct mottles and gleying cause by water logging. Next to the reddish brown earths
light brown or ash colour soil is the most extensive great soil group in the dry zone.
These are essentially hydromorphic soils which occur in the lower aspects of the

undulating landscape and have a periodically high water table during the wet season (
Arjuna’s Atlas, 1997). The engineering classification of sub soil of the project area is
generally classified as Silty Sand (SM) and Clayey Silty Sand(CSM).
92. The Mullaitivu District is divided in to three agro ecological zones as DL3, DL 1f and
DL 1e. Reddish brown earth, Red yellow latosols, regosols and alluvial soil are the
main soil types present in the region. The colour of the surfacing soil is dark brown to
reddish brown. The subsoil is distinctively redder. The engineering classification of
sub soil of the project area is generally classified as Silty Sand (SM) and Silty Sand
with clay or gravel (CSM/ GM).
oo
(Source: Generalize Soil Map of Sri Lanka – Moorman and Panabokke, 1961)
93. There are no recent data available for the evaluation of such conditions. Thus the
current situation must be different from than that of the available data. However as
there are no extensive earthworks foreseen, current air quality measurements need
not be obtained. Where there is a provision, obtaining air quality measurements is
however encouraged. The noise levels too may be increased during day time once
construction commences. But this too will be limited to the construction period.

3.2.6 Hydrology
94. The Vavuniya District is within the country and is not bounded by the ocean as is the
case with other districts. There are a number of large and small surface water tanks
which are rain fed. Most of these run dry during the extensive dry period in June to
August. There are few small streams and tributaries; however most of them are
seasonal water bodies. The average rainfall of the district is around 1310mm.
95. Mullaithivu District belongs to the dry zone of the Sri Lanka, which has low average
rainfall and high evapotranspiration. Therefore rain water is the main source for the
surface water bodies like streams and tanks and as well as for groundwater
resources.
3.2.7 Water Resource
96. The Northern Province as a whole has a supply of fresh water from aquifers and this
has supported successful cultivation. These only exist in the areas where Red Yellow
Lato soil are present. These types of aquifers do not exist where Reddish Brown
Earth is found. The rest of the Vanni area is void of perennial supply of fresh water.
97. The main water resources in the Vavuniya District are Kal aru, a tributary of Aruvi aru,
Kanakarayan aru and some small streams. No perennial rivers are present. There are
major tanks such as Ulukkulam, Iratperikulam, Vavuniya kulam, Muhathan kulam,
Periya Thampanai kulam and Mamaduwa. There are also a number of small tanks
which go dry during the dry period.
98. The Mullaithivu District consists of major lagoons present along the eastern boundary
of the district such as Nanthikaddal, Alampil & Kokilai where marshy lands are also
present. There are major tanks such as Iranamadu, Kanakarayan kulam, Kolomadu
kulam, Vavuni kulam, Udayarkatta kulam and Thannimurippu kulam etc. Most of the
other small surface water bodies go dry during the dry period of the year. Pali Aru and
Nethi Aru are the major rivers in the district. But these are not perennial rivers.

99. Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies within the low country dry zone. All
five tanks fall within the floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands). Tropical dry mixed
evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community (Chloroxylon-Vitex-
Berrya-Schleichera series)}, tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-Salvadora-
Randia series), damana and villu grasslands, flood-plain wetlands, riverine and
gallery forests are the typical vegetation formations found in this floristic zone.
However, the proposed tanks are mostly surrounded by highly human influenced
habitats.
100. The environmental study was limited to the bund that is identified for rehabilitation of
the five minor tanks and the inundation area that will result once the bund is
rehabilitated to its original state (the direct impact zone).
101. The principal habitat types found within the direct impact zone was investigated and
the fauna and flora present was documented. Interviews were held with officials and
communities in the area of influence to discuss safety issues, technical aspects,
disruptions during project implementation, proposed remedial measures, and to
identify environmental impact of proposed rehabilitation interventions. The type of
information collected during the field investigation are described below:
102. Type of habitats/ land use types present in the direct impact zone to determine
whether there are environmentally sensitive habitats present and the types of
mitigation measures needed to minimize or prevent negative impacts if such
103. The predominant types of fauna and flora present in each of these habitats. All groups
of vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and mammals and selected
invertebrate groups namely butterflies and dragonflies were the main types of fauna
focused in this survey. A floristic survey of the higher plants and selected lower plants
namely ferns were also studied. The species inventories compiled in this manner was
used to identify endangered, rare, endemic or economically important species that are
present at the site. If such species are present the impact of the project on these
species were ascertained and the types of mitigation measures required to minimize
or prevent such impacts were proposed. The observed animal and plant species were
identified with the aid of published descriptions and taxonomic keys provided by
D’Abrera (1998), Bedjanic et al., (2007), Harrison (1999), Phillips (1935), Kotagama

(2005), Goonatilake (2007), Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2006), Das and

De Silva (2005), Somaweera (2007), Somaweera and Someweera (2009),
Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980 - 1991), Dassanayake, Fosberg and Clayton (1994
- 1995), Dassanayake and Clayton (1996 - 2000), Dassanayake, Clayton and Shaffer-
Fehre (2006). The national conservation status of the species was recorded
according to the 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (IUCN SL
and the ME&NR, 2007). The global conservation status of the species was evaluated
based on most recent listings made available by the IUCN (www.redlist.org).
Nomenclature of flowering plant is based on Senaratna (2001) and nomenclature of
fauna is based on Bambaradeniya (2006).
104. Presence of alien invasive species and the potential for these species to spread in to
other areas and the type of mitigation measure required to prevent such invasions.
105. Information necessary to identify all significant direct, indirect and cumulative
environment impacts that may arise due to the proposed developmental activity and
the nature and magnitude of these impacts. The major environmental impacts
considered under this task are:
 Presence of invasive species - First whether invasive species are present or

absent was recorded. If invasive species are present their ability to spread into
other areas due to the project such as spread of seeds through workers or
construction related vehicular movement was assessed. Further the invasiveness
of the species present was also evaluated based on information available for the
rate of spread of such invasive species
 Noise and Vibration - The noise and vibrations generated by construction vehicles
and construction activities were considered with relation to disturbance to wildlife
as well as human settlers
 Dust - As in the above case generation of dust was considered with respect to
wildlife as well as human settlers as well as the distance of material transport
taking into consideration the dust generated during transportation
 Spread of Invasive species - This impact was assessed based on the potential for
establishment of spread of invasive species which can arise due to presence of
invasive species in the sites from where the construction equipment is brought
over. Excessive need for filling where soil imported might contain seeds of
invasive species etc. Since many of the lagoons in the Northern province are
already being invaded by alien invasive species such as Prosopis juliflora this is
an important aspect that needs to be assessed

 Erosion and Siltation – Since the project activities take place around habitats that
are sensitive to sedimentation, the impact was given due consideration
 Potential for pollution of Natural Water Bodies - Since the project activities take
place around habitats that are sensitive to sedimentation the impact was given
due consideration
 Disturbance to Natural habitats
 Generation of waste and spoil - This impact was assessed based on potential to
generate soil or other waste such as plant debris in addition to normal waste that
can be generated from the development project
 Vegetation Clearing - This impact was assessed based on vegetation removal

required during rehabilitation of the bunds
 Removal of trees that are of ecological (major breeding or roosting sites), cultural
or archaeological value
 Pollution due to transport of raw materials and waste
106. Four of the five tanks that were investigated in this project are located in the
Vavunia District while the remaining tank is located in the Mullativu District of the
Northern Province. However, since these tanks are located far apart from each
other, baseline conditions of each tank is described separately in this section.
107. Biogeographically, the proposed tanks (Kalvilan Kulam located in the Mullativu
District and Kombuvaitha Kulam, Velan Kulam, Aliyamaruthamadu or Madu Kulam,
Periyathampanai tanks located in the Vavuniya District) lie within the low country
dry zone. This area comes under the Dry and arid lowlands floristic zone. Tropical
dry mixed evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community
wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are the typical vegetation formations found in
Dry and arid lowlands floristic zone.

3.3.2.1 Kombuvaithakulam
108. The vegetation present in and around the Kombuvaittha Kulam can be classified in to
four major types. These include vegetation present on the open waters, vegetation
present in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation present on the tank bud and
109. The vegetation observed on open water habitat comprise of aquatic and semi aquatic
(Amphibious) plant species such as Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Nymphoides indica
(Kumudu), Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Nymphaea nouchali (Manel), Schoenoplectus articulatus, Crinum defixum (Heen
Tolabo), Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp., Utricularia aurea, Hygrophila schulli
(Niramulliya), Panicum repens (Etora). The fauna observed in this habitat included,
freshwater fish species such as Labeo dussumieri (Common labeo), Puntius Spp.
Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Oreochromis mosambicus (Tilapia),
Channa striata (Murrel), Anabas testudineus (Climbing perch), dragon fly species
such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail), Ictinogomphus rapax
(Rapacious Flange tail), Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling) and aquatic or
semi aquatic bird species such as Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck),
Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), , Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing),
Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant), Egretta
garzetta (Little Egret), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron).
110. The vegetation seen on the tank bund comprised of weedy shrubs, herbs and grasses
such as Panicum maximum (Rata Tana), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran),
Synedrella nodiflora, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),
Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Imperata cylindrica (Iluk), Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba),
Phyllanthus polyphyllus (Kuratiya), Sida cordifolia (Wal Bavila), Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Grewia orientalis, Ficus hispida (Kota Dimbula), Ziziphus
oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Passiflora foetida, Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Lantana
camara (Gandapana), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), , Urena sinuata (Heen
Epala), Derris scandens (Bo Kala Wel), Mukia maderaspatana (Gon Kekiri),
Syzygium cumini (Madan), Derris parviflora (Kala Wel), Cynodon dactylon,
Schleichera oleosa (Koon), Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Bauhinia racemosa
(Maila), Barringtonia acutangula (Ela Midella), Elephantopus scaber (Ath Adi),
Canthium coromandelicum (Kara), Cassia fistula (Ehela), Cyclea peltata (Kehi Pittan),
Carissa spinarum (Heen Karamba), Murraya koenigii (Karapincha), Ichnocarpus
frutescens (Garadi Wel), Polyalthia korinti (Ulkenda), Walsura trifoliolata (Kiri Koon),
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia (Wewarana. Few species of trees such as Terminalia
arjuna (Kumbuk), Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Vitex altissima (Milla), Vitex
leucoxylon (Nabada) was also observed on the tank bund. The fauna seen on this
habitat included butterflies such as Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Hebomoia

glaucippe (Great orange tip), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Eurema hecabe
(Common grass yellow), Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus chrysippus (Plain
tiger), Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Neptis
hylas (Common sailor), Mycalesis perseus (Common bushbrown), Ypthima ceylonica
(White four-ring), a species of reptile Hemidactylus Spp, and birds such as
Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Cypsiurus balasiensis (Asian Palm
Swift), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded
Oriole), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Copsychus saularis (Oriental Magpie
Robin), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Anthus rufulus (Paddyfield Pipit),
Lonchura striata (White-rumped Munia), Lonchura punctulata (Scaly-breasted Munia).
111. The water logged areas downstream of the dam contained plant species such as
Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo), Typha angustifolia
(Hambupan), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Imperata cylindrica (Iluk) Terminalia
arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan). The fauna observed in this habitat
includes dragon fly species such as Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), Rhyothemis
variegate (Variegated Flutter), the frog species Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Skipper
frog) and bird species such as Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Ardeola grayii
(Indian Pond Heron), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-
throated Kingfisher).
112. The vegetation on the catchment of the tank was dominated by Terminalia arjuna
(Kumbuk). Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Vitex leucoxylon (Nabada), Syzygium
cumini (Madan), Barringtonia acutangula (Ela Midella), Manilkara hexandra (Palu),
Drypetes sepiaria (Wira), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu) are the other plant species
associate with upstream surrounding vegetation. The fauna observed in this habitat
included butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Papilio crino (Banded
peacock), Papilio polytes (Common mormon), Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon),
Euploea core (Common crow), bird species such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle
fowl), Pavo cristatus (Indian Pea fowl), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith
Barbet), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill), Cacomantis passerinus
(Grey-bellied Cuckoo), Phaenicophaeus viridirostris (Blue-faced Malkoha), Centropus
sinensis (Greater Coucal), Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet), Treron
pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise-
flycathcher), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Pycnonotus melanicterus
(Black-crested Bulbul), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird), Pellorneum
fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped) Babbler), Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-
billed Flowerpecker), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird) and mammals
such as Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur).
113. Two endemic plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Derris parviflora (Kala Wel)
was observed in and around the tank, One of the plant species Mitragyna parvifolia

(Helamba) observed in and around the tank is listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU)
plant species (IUCN & MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage included one endemic
dragon fly species, Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flange tail), three endemic bird
species Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey
Hornbill), Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped) Babbler) and two
proposed endemic bird species Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon) and
Pycnonotus melanicterus (Black-crested Bulbul). One species of mammal,
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) that was observed in and around the tank is
listed as a Nationally Near Threatened species.
3.3.2.2 Velankulam
114. The vegetation present in and around the Velan Kulam can be classified in to four
major types. These include vegetation present on the open waters, vegetation present
in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation present on the tank bud and vegetation
associated with downstream waterlogged areas.
(Amphibious) plant species such as Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Aponogeton natans
(Kekatiya), Nymphoides indica (Kumudu), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Utricularia aurea, Neptunia oleracea (Diya Nidikumba), Limnophila aquatica, Ottelia
alismoides, Blyxa auberti (Diya Hawari), Ludwigia perennis, Ludwigia adscendens
(Beru Diyanilla), Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp., Marsilia quadrifolia, Crinum defixum
(Heen Tolabo). The fauna observed in this habitat included, freshwater fish species
such as Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis
(Common spiny loach), Channa striata (Murrel), Anabas testudineus (Climbing
perch), dragon fly species such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail),
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Blue Sprite), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer) and
aquatic or semi aquatic bird species such as Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher),
Ceyx erithacus (Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher), Pelargopsis capensis (Stork-billed
Kingfisher), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana), Chlidonias hybrida
(Whiskered Tern), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Egretta garzetta
(Little Egret), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron).
116. The vegetation seen on the tank bund comprised of weedy shrubs and herbs such as
Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Ageratum conyzoides (Hulan Tala), Eupatorium
odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Hyptis suaveolens
(Madurutala), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Cassia fistula (Ehela), Elephantopus
scaber (Ath Adi), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu

Nakuta), Premna tomentosa (Seru), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), Leucas

zeylanica (Thumba), Urena sinuata (Heen Epala), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen
Eraminiya), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Ventilago
madraspatana (Yakkada Wel), Alseodaphne semecarpifolia (Wewarana), Ocimum
americanum (Heen Madurutala), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Lannea coromandelica
(Hik), Evolvulus alsinoides (Vishnu Kranthi), Hemidesmus indicus (Iramusu),
Alysicarpus vaginalis (Aswenna), Coldenia procumbens, Gomphrena celosioides,
Desmodium triflorum (Undupiyaliya), Richardia brasiliensis, Mitracarpus hirtus,
Dipteracanthus prostratus (Nil Puruk), Oplismenus sp., Scutia myrtina, Cissampelos
pareira (Diya Mitta), Clausena indica (Migon Karapincha), Ixora pavetta (Maha
Ratambala), Hibiscus vitifolius (Maha Epala), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Carissa
spinarum (Heen Karamba), Borassus flabellifer (Tal). Few species of trees such as
Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Schleichera oleosa (Koon)
was also observed on the tank bund. The fauna seen on this habitat included
butterflies such as Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Cepora nerissa (Common gull), Appias
paulina (Lesser albatross), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), Pareronia
ceylanica (Blue wanderer), Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Eurema hecabe
(Common grass yellow), Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus genutia (Common
tiger), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Prosotas nora (Common Lineblue), Zizina
otis (Lesser Grass Blue), Taractrocera maevius (Common Grass Dart), two species of
reptiles Hemidactylus Spp., Itropus Spp., and birds such as Chloropsis jerdoni (Blue-
winged Leaf bird), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Aegithina tiphia
(Common Iora), Copsychus saularis (Oriental Magpie Robin), Saxicoloides fulicata
(Indian Robin), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-
breasted Prinia), Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia), Megalaima haemacephala
(Coppersmith Barbet), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird).
Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk),
Ixora coccinea (Ratambala), Ficus hispida (Kota Dimbula), Vitex altissima (Milla),
Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Ficus sp.
(Nuga), Cyperus spp., Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu). The fauna observed in this
habitat includes dragon fly species such as Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher),
Rhyothemis variegate (Variegated Flutter), the frog species Fejervarya limnocharis
(Common paddy field frog) and bird species such as Halcyon smyrnensis (White-
throated Kingfisher),Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron),
Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing),
Vanellus malabaricus (Yellow-wattled Lapwing).

(Kumbuk). Syzygium cumini (Madan), Memecylon umbellatum (Korakaha), Vitex
leucoxylon (Nabada), Barringtonia acutangula (Ela Midella), Ixora coccinea
(Ratambala), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri), Manilkara
hexandra (Palu), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Ficus sp. (Nuga), Mitragyna
parvifolia (Helamba), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu) are the other plant species
observed in this vegetation type. The fauna observed in this habitat included
butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose), Papilio crino (Banded peacock),
Papilio polytes (Common mormon), Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon), Euploea core
(Common crow), Ariadne ariadne (Angled castor), Cirrochroa thais (Tamil yeoman),
Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Neptis jumbah (Chestnut-streaked sailor), bird species
such as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Pavo cristatus (Indian Pea fowl),
Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed
Barbet), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill), Merops orientalis (Green
Bee-eater), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed
Parakeet), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite),
Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle), Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka
Brown-capped Babbler), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler), retiles species,
Calotes versicolor (Common garden lizard), Ptyas mucosa (Rat snake) and mammals
such as Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur), Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced
leaf monkey), Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey), Herpestes edwardsii (Grey
mongoose).
119. One endemic plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), was observed in and around
the tank. Two species of plants Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) and Margaritaria
indicus (Karawu) that was observed in and around the tank are listed as a nationally
vulnerable (VU) plant species (IUCN & MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage
included three endemic bird species Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Ocyceros
gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill), Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-
capped) Babbler) and two species of endemic mammals Semnopithecus vetulus
(Purple-faced leaf monkey) and Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey), of which
Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey) is listed as a Nationally
Vulnerable species. In addition, two species of mammals, Semnopithecus priam
(Grey langur), Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey) and two species of butterflies
Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Cirrochroa thais (Tamil yeoman) observed in this
habitat are listed as Nationally Near Threatened.

3.3.2.3 Aliyamaruthamadu
120. The vegetation present in and around the Aliyamaruthamadu tank or Madu Kulam can
be classified in to five major types. These include vegetation present on the open
waters, vegetation present in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation present on
the tank bud scrublands present in the downstream area, and vegetation associated
with downstream waterlogged areas.
121. The vegetation observed on open water habitat comprised of aquatic and semi
aquatic (Amphibious) plant species such as Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Nymphaea
nouchali (Manel), Nymphoides indica (Kumudu), Schoenoplectus articulatus,
Limnophyton obtusifolium, Limnophila aquatica, Marsilia quadrifolia, Ceratophyllum
demersum, Neptunia oleracea (Diya Nidikumba), Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo),
Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya), Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Blyxa auberti
(Diya Hawari), Ottelia alismoides, Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya), Nymphaea
pubescens (Olu), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Ludwigia perennis,
Monochoria vaginalis (Jabara), Ipomoea aquatica (Kankung). The fauna observed in
this habitat included, freshwater fish species such as Rasbora microcephalus
(Carverii Rasbora), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Common spiny loach), dragon fly
species such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Waxtail), Ictinogomphus
rapax(Rapacious Flangetail), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer) and aquatic or semi
aquatic bird species such as Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), Halcyon smyrnensis
(White-throated Kingfisher), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana),
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret).
Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Ocimum americanum
(Heen Madurutala), Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Hyptis suaveolens (Madurutala)
Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Flueggea
leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Phoenix pusilla (Indi), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu
Nakuta), Ipomoea sepiaria (Rasa Tel Kola), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya),
Ageratum conyzoides (Hulan Tala), Heliotropium indicum (Ath Honda), Sida acuta
(Gas Bavila), Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Hibiscus
vitifolius (Maha Epala), Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Abutilon indicum,
Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Lannea
coromandelica (Hik), Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Gomphrena celosioides, Hibiscus
micranthus (Bebila), Grewia orientalis, Cassia fistula (Ehela), Vanda tessellata,
Cordia dichotoma (Lolu). Few species of trees such as Borassus flabellifer (Tal),
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Schleichera oleosa (Koon) was
also observed on the tank bund. The fauna seen on this habitat included butterflies
such as Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Junonia almana (Peacock pansy), Neptis

hylas (Common sailor), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Chilades lajus (Lime
Blue), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue), Iambrix salsala (Chestnut Bob), two species of
reptiles Hemidactylus Spp., Calotes versicolor (Common garden lizard), and birds
such as Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian
Robin), Merops orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Corvus levaillantii (Large-billed Crow),
Anthus rufulus (Paddy field Pipit).
123. The vegetation seen in the scrubland was dominated by plant species such as
Lantana camara (Gandapana), Phyllanthus polyphyllus (Kuratiya), Borassus flabellifer
(Tal), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Syzygium cumini
(Madan), Gmelina asiatica (Demata) are. The fauna observed in this habitat included
butterfly species such as Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Eurema hecabe
(Common grass yellow), Parantica aglea (Glassy tiger), Danaus chrysippus (Plain
tiger) and bird species such as Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora), Acridotheres tristis
(Common Myna), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Orthotomus sutorius
(Common Tailorbird), Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker),
Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove).
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Monochoria vaginalis (Jabara),
Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Cyperus spp.,
Fimbristylis spp., Acrostichum aureum (Karen Koku) are common plant species
associated with downstream waterlogged areas. The fauna observed in this habitat
includes dragon fly species such as Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling),
Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), Pantala flavescens (Wandering Glider), the frog
species Fejervarya limnocharis (Common paddy field frog) and bird species such as
Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern),
Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Anastomus
oscitans (Asian Open bill), Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck).
(Kumbuk). Madhuca longifolia (Mi), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Borassus
flabellifer (Tal), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Lantana camara (Gandapana), Flueggea
leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya),Mikania cordata (Wathu
Palu) are the other plant species observed in this vegetation type. The fauna
observed in this habitat included butterflies such as Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose),
Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon), Euploea core (Common crow) bird species such
as Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Pavo cristatus (Indian Pea fowl), Ocyceros
gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill), , Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal),
Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-

pigeon), Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle) and mammals such as

Funambulus palmarum (Palm squirrel) and Herpestes edwardsii (Grey mongoose).
126. One endemic plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) was observed in and around
the tank. One species of plant, Margaritaria indicus (Karawu) that was observed in
and around the tank is listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU) plant species (IUCN &
MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage included one endemic dragon fly species,
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flange tail), two endemic bird species Gallus
lafayetii (Sri Lanka Jungle fowl), Ocyceros gingalensis (Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill) and
one proposed endemic bird species Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon).
The funal assemblage did not incuded ny threatened or near threatened species.
3.3.2.4 Periyathampanai
127. The vegetation present in and around the Periyathampanai Tank can be classified in
to four major types. These include vegetation present on the open waters, vegetation
present in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation present on the tank bud and
128. No vegetation on the open water of the tank except for few aquatic and semi aquatic
species observed on the open water such as. Nymphoides hydrophylla (Kumudu),
Nymphoides indica (Kumudu), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Ceratophyllum demersum, Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya) seen mostly at the edges
of the tank. The fauna observed in this habitat included, freshwater fish species such
as Rasbora microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis
(Common spiny loach), dragon fly species such as Ischnura senegalensis (Common
Blue tail), Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Wax tail), Ictinogomphus rapax
(Rapacious Flange tail), Anax indicus (Elephant Emperor), Brachythmis contaminate
(Asian Groundling) and aquatic or semi aquatic bird species such as Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis (Indian Cormorant), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican),
Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern),
Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Abutilon
indicum, Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Lantana camara (Gandapana),
Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Sida cordifolia (Wal Bavila), Vernonia
zeylanica (Pupulu), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Limonia acidissima (Divul),
Mimosa pudica (Nidikumba), Cassia occidentalis (Ath Tora), Cassia tora (Pani Tora),
Ipomoea sepiaria (Rasa Tel Kola), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Stachytarpheta

jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Boerhavia diffusa, Derris

scandens (Bo Kala Wel), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Cynodon dactylon, Aerva lanata
(Pol Pala), Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Leucas
zeylanica (Thumba), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila),
Triumfetta pentandra (Epala), Premna latifolia, Tribulus terrestris. Few species of
trees such as Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk) was also
observed on the tank bund. The fauna seen on this habitat included butterflies such
as Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow),
Phalantha phantha (Leopard), Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy), Junonia iphita
(Chocolate soldier), Junonia almana (Peacock pansy), Neptis hylas (Common sailor),
Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Chilades lajus (Lime Blue), Prosotas nora
(Common Line blue), Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue), Caprona ransonnettii (Golden
Angle), Leptosia nina (Psyche), Cepora nerissa (Common gull), Appias paulina
(Lesser albatross), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant), one species of reptile
Calotes versicolor (Common garden lizard), and birds such as Megalaima zeylanica
(Brown-headed Barbet), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Aegithina
tiphia (Common Iora), Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin), Hirundo rustica (Barn
Swallow), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-breasted
Prinia), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird).
Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Typha angustifolia (Hambupan), Limnophyton
obtusifolium, Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara),
Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu). The fauna observed in
this habitat includes dragon fly species such as Crocothemis servilia (Oriental
Scarlet), Neurothemis tullia (Pied Parasol), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Dropwing),
Rhyothemis variegate (Variegated Flutter), the frog species Fejervarya limnocharis
(Common paddy field frog) and bird species such as Alcedo atthis (Common
Kingfisher), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret),
Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret).
(Kumbuk). Syzygium cumini (Madan), Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Strychnos nux-
vomica (Goda Kaduru), Ficus sp. (Nuga), Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara),
Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu) are the other plant species observed in this vegetation
type. The fauna observed in this habitat included butterflies such as Pachliopta hector
(Crimson rose), Papilio crino (Banded peacock), Papilio domoleus (Lime butterfly),
Papilio polymnestor (Blue mormon), Graphium agamemnon (Green jay), Pareronia
ceylanica (Blue wanderer), Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger), Danaus genutia
(Common tiger), Euploea core (Common crow), bird species such as Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Psittacula krameri (Rose-

ringed Parakeet), Hemiprocne coronata (Crested Treeswift), Streptopelia chinensis

(Spotted Dove), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon), Haliastur indus
(Brahminy Kite), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Terpsiphone paradisi
(Asian Paradise- flycathcher), Copsychus malabaricus (White-rumped Shama),
Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler),
Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird), Nectarina lotenia (Loten’s Sunbird) and
mammals such as Funambulus palmarum (Palm squirrel), Herpestes edwardsii (Grey
mongoose).
132. One endemic plant species Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), was observed in and around
the tank. One species of plant Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) that was observed in
and around the tank are listed as a nationally vulnerable (VU) plant species (IUCN &
MENR, 2007). The faunal assemblage included one endemic dragon fly species,
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flange tail), and one proposed endemic bird
species Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-pigeon) was observed in and around
the tank. Furthermore, the faunal assemblage also included two species of butterflies
Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Cirrochroa thais (Tamil yeoman) and one species
of bird Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican) that are listed as Nationally Near
Threatened.
3.3.2.5 Kalvilankulam
133. The vegetation present in and around the Kalvilan Kulam can be classified in to four
major types. These include vegetation present on the open waters, vegetation present
in the catchment area of the tank, vegetation present on the tank bud and vegetation
associated with downstream waterlogged areas.
(Amphibious) plant species such as Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Persicaria attenuata
(Sudu Kimbul Wenna), Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya), Marsilia quadrifolia,
Nymphaea pubescens (Olu), Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp., Lemna perpusilla (Diya
Pansi), Aeschynomene aspera (Maha Diya Siyambala), Neptunia oleracea (Diya
Nidikumba), Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya), Limnophyton obtusifolium. The fauna
observed in this habitat includes, freshwater fish species such as Oreochromis
niloticus (Tilapia), Channa striata (Murrel), dragon fly species such as Agriocnemis
pygmaea (Wandering Wisp), Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Waxtail),
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Blue Sprite), Orthetrum Sabina (Green Skimmer),
Brachythmis contaminate (Asian Groundling) and aquatic or semi aquatic bird species

such as Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis(Indian

Cormorant), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron),
Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Nycticorax
nycticorax (Black-crowned Night Heron), Anastomus oscitans (Asian Openbill),
Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern), Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed
Jacana), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher).
135. The vegetation seen on tank bund comprised of weedy shrubs and herbs such as
Xanthium indicum (Urukossa), Ocimum americanum (Heen Madurutala), Vernonia
cinerea (Monara Kidumbiya), Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Leucas zeylanica (Thumba),
Ageratum conyzoides (Hulan Tala), Ipomoea sepiaria (Rasa Tel Kola), Eupatorium
odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Cynodon dactylon, Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal
Heba), Ocimum gratissimum (Gastala), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu), Mimosa
pudica (Nidikumba), Hygrophila schulli (Niramulliya), Lantana camara (Gandapana),
Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Limonia
acidissima (Divul), Cassia occidentalis (Ath Tora), Cassia tora (Pani Tora), Urena
sinuata (Heen Epala), Mukia maderaspatana (Gon Kekiri), Cardiospermum
halicacabum (Penela Wel), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Passiflora foetida,
Tephrosia purpurea (Pila), Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Divi Adiya), Mitragyna parvifolia
(Helamba), Ziziphus mauritiana (Masan), Leonotis nepetiifolia, Abutilon indicum,
Synedrella nodiflora, Aerva lanata (Pol Pala). Few species of trees such as Borassus
flabellifer (Tal), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Manilkara hexandra (Palu) was also
observed on the tank bund. The fauna seen on this habitat included butterflies such
as (Lesser albatross), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Danaus chrysippus
(Plain tiger), Euploea core (Common crow), Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy), two
species of reptiles, Hemidactylus Spp., Itropus Spp., and birds such as Saxicoloides
fulicata (Indian Robin), Cisticola juncidis (Zitting Cisticola), Prinia hodgsonii (Grey-
breasted Prinia), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailorbird), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-
billed Babbler), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole).
Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum), Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp., Hygrophila schulli
(Niramulliya), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu). The fauna observed in this habitat
includes dragon fly species such as Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Yellow Waxtail),
Orthetrum sabina (Green Skimmer), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet),
Diplacodes trivialis (Blue Percher), the frog species Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Six toed
green frog) and bird species such as Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed
Ibis), Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen), Dendrocygna javanica
(Lesser Whistling-duck) and Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher).

(Kumbuk). Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba), Syzygium
cumini (Madan), Schleichera oleosa (Koon), Barringtonia acutangula (Ela Midella),
Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Streblus asper (Nitulla), Mikania cordata (Wathu Palu),
Xanthium indicum (Urukossa) are the other plant species associate with upstream
surrounding vegetation. The fauna observed in this habitat included butterflies such
as Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Appias galane, Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier) Neptis
hylas (Common sailor), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Panara bada (Smallest
Swift), bird species such as Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Haliastur indus
(Brahminy Kite), Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet), Megalaima
haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal),
Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green-
pigeon), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Dicrurus caerulescens (White-bellied
Drongo), Corvus levaillantii (Large-billed Crow), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented
Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Acridotheres tristis (Common
Myna), , Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker), Nectarina zeylonica
(Purple-rumped Sunbird) and mammals such as Herpestes edwardsii (Grey
mongoose), Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur).
138. None of the plant species observed in and around the Kalavilan tank is endemic to Sri
Lanka. One of the plant species Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) that was observed
among the vegetation seen on the catchment and the tank bund is listed as a
nationally vulnerable (VU) plant species (IUCN & MENR, 2007). The faunal
assemblage included one proposed endemic bird species Treron pompadora
(Pompadour Green-pigeon) and one species of mammal, Semnopithecus priam (Grey
langur) listed as Nationally Near Threatened.

139. The Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam and Aliyamaruthamadu Tanks are located in the
Vavuniya DS Division and Periyathampanai in Vengalachedikulam DS Division, all
within the Vavuniya District. Kalvilankulam is located in the Thunukkai DS Division in
the Mullaithivu District. Similar to other infrastructure facilities, tanks in these districts
got seriously damaged due to the long prevailed war and also long time negligence of
the tanks in rehabilitation and routine maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks
are a significant hindrance for implementing successful livelihood reestablishment
programs in the war torn areas. Therefore, the proposed project will be a significant
complementary and supplementary input in successful implementation of the
livelihood restoration program.
3.4.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analysis of Impacts
and Agriculture research and production assistants were interviewed and the
collected data related to each tank studied.
141. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank were also interviewed and
information collected in relation to each candidate tank. The general farmers from the
villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were met in groups in most
cases to obtain the information on local knowledge they posses. List of persons
formally interviewed is attached as Annexure 4.
3.4.2 The Socio-economic Condition of the Tank related Communities
3.4.2.1 Situation in the Vavuniya District
142. Except about 20 % employable persons involved in government jobs, business and
private sector others are depending on agriculture under small tanks, Chena and
agro-wells. Normal civil activities took place to some extent in Vauniya DS division
even during war period in NP. Considerable percentages of youths in the candidate
DS division in Vavuniya are disabled due to the long prevailed war (about 1.5 %).
The candidate tank proposed for improvement is located in areas declared as high
security zone in Vavuniya district.

143. The resettlement in Vavuniya DS division as a whole shows satisfactory condition.

About 85% of the Internally Displaced Families (IDPs) have been resettled according
to the data in the DS office. This situation is significantly different in the villages/ GN
divisions where candidate tanks are located. Only about 20%-40% of IDP s has come
back to the area in the post-war period. Even in these families only male members
have come and therefore, they have not been ready to establish their permanent stay
in the villages.
3.4.2.2 Situation in the Mullaitivu District
144. The progress of resettlement in Thunukkai and Manthai East DS Divisions in

Mullaitivu is not at a satisfactory level. It is about 50%. The commands of tanks have
been severely affected with war. Almost all the infrastructure facilities have been
dilapidated and landmine clearance in the DS Divisions as a whole is not yet
completed. A large number of livelihoods are centered on agriculture and livestock.
About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the production of livestock is
converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they involve include mainly
cattle and goat keeping.
145. The cultivation under most of the tanks in all the DS divisions in NP is confined to wet
seasons (Maha). The rainfall is mainly used for meeting crop water requirements and
water in the tanks is used as supplementary resources. In some tanks a portion of the
command area is cultivated in Yala depending on the water availability but it has not
gone beyond 50% in any of the candidate tanks proposed for rehabilitation. This
situation on agriculture prevailed prior to destruction of the infrastructure during the
War.
146. About 8% of the employable population in Thunukai and Manthai East are
government employees.
147. The resettled families in the areas of candidate tanks under the overall project are
living under extreme poverty condition. Except for government and other NGOs
assistance they do not have their independent and reliable income sources. The
resettled communities have been able to do 1-2 cultivations (seasons) in the
candidate tank areas under the dilapidated conditions. This was also carried out
mainly depending on rainfalls. The yield was not at all good and the limited production
was used for household consumption and even the small quantities left could not be

sold at good prices in urban centers due to disturbed conditions prevailing in the
areas. Table 3.3 below and Annexure 4 provide the socio-economic details in regard
to the project.
Table 3.3: Population in DS and GN Divisions Related To the Proposed Project

DS division Population Project Population % of Population % of
related in project Resettlement
GNDs related GNDs in DS Area
Vavniya ( Vauniya 115335 05 2685 2 85
District)
Vengalacheddikulam ( 17616 01 600 3 82
Vauniya District)
Thunukkai ( Mulative 10271 02 1179 11 75
District)
Source: DS Division
3.4.3 The Project Beneficiary Population

148. The information on direct beneficiary families is given in Annex 4. The command area
under Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai and
Kalvilankulam are 200,224,228,366 and 400 acres respectively. The information on
beneficiary population for the overall CARE Project in each DSD is summarized in
Table 3.4
DS Division No of No of Families No of % of The

Tanks villages in families beneficiar population
project benefitin y families in the
related g from project
villages the tanks beneficiar
y families
Vavuniya 05 08 985 985 100 2685
Vengalacheddikulam 01 01 285 285 100 600
Thunukkai 02 02 270 270 100 1179
Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November/December 2010
3.4.3.1 The Diversity of the Tank Beneficiary Population

149. The population data in DS offices indicate that 100% of the project related population
is Tamil. There has been a small percentage of Muslim and Sinhala population in
Vavuniya District. The ethnic diversity of project beneficiary population in candidate

villages in the respective DS Divisions are shown in Table 3.5. There are no other
major social diversities in the project related population. Almost all are Hindu except
for a small percentage of Tamil Catholics.
Table 3.5 - Ethnic Diversity of Project Beneficiary Population
DS division No of Total Sinhala Tamil Muslim

Tanks Families population Population Population
Vavuniya 05 985 - 2685 -
Vengalacheddikulam 01 285 - 600 -
Thunukkai 02 270 - 1179 -
3.4.3.2 Income Generation Activities in the Project Related DS Divisions
150. The present population has been resettled in the last one year. They have been in the
current locations under difficult conditions. The infrastructure facilities such as roads,
electricity and drinking water are not yet available in most of the resettled areas.
151. Only about 50% of the IDP families have been resettled so far in these areas. Even in
these families only the male chief householders have come to do some cultivation in
most cases. All other female family members are left behind in the refugee camps or
with other relatives. The main reason for the communities to avoid settling
permanently in the areas with the family members is lack of infrastructure facilities
essential to reestablish livelihood system as a whole.
152. The dominant income generation activity (mostly apparent) is agriculture. The areas
coming under the project are mainly confined to paddy especially in ‘Maha’ season
and chena cultivation in the same season but with different crops, mainly grains.
Maize and other cash crops are cultivated in small scales in chenas. Livestock also
had played a key role in the livelihood systems in these areas but all these activities
have not been satisfactorily reestablished. There are no other diversified income
generation activities commenced in the project relevant area.
153. The communities in the candidate villages are somewhat remote from the service
delivery institutions. Most of these institutions were inactive or disappeared from the

services for considerable times due to War. However, majority of these service
delivery institutes are located in the main townships in the DS division. The types of
institutions commonly located in each DS division are as follows:
 Divisional Secretariat office
 Post offices
 Police station
154. The institution mentioned above are providing various services related to the
3.4.3.3 The Health and Education Facilities Available in the Area
3.4.3.3.1 Health Condition
155. The Mullaitivu and Vavuniya Districts have District Hospitals, but the conditions of the
hospital in Mullaitivu are very bad in the post-war period. In addition to these District
Hospitals, each DS division has a divisional hospital. Further, within about a 5km
radius of the villages, there are rural hospitals located in the district. These hospitals
are providing treatment to the general diseases like fever, cough etc. Some of the
rural hospitals have residential wards. The health clinics are held in centers
established in the village area (at least one centre is available for 2-3 villages). These
centers provide services to pregnant women and infants.
156. At present the health related infrastructure facilities especially in Mullaithivu described
in the above para is dilapidated or seriously destroyed due to war. Therefore, the
service delivery system in health centers is not satisfactory in any of these war torn
areas.
3.4.3.3.2 Education Condition
157. Vauniya city has rich infrastructure facilities for education in the district. It has several
national schools and provincial schools with improved facilities. Each project
beneficiary DS division has one Maha Vidyalaya and several provincial schools.

According to the observations of the social impact assessment team, at least a school
is available for any community within 3-4 km radius. Most of these schools are
dilapidated and neglected during war.
158. However, it has been observed that health and education infrastructure facilitates in
the project beneficiary villages have been severely affected due to the war that
prevailed for 2 to 3 decades. The Government is slowly rehabilitating some of these
infrastructure facilities and therefore the proposed tank rehabilitation program also
can be viewed as part of the ongoing programs for reestablishing the disturbed
livelihood system.
3.4.3.4 Other Infrastructure Facilities in the Project Beneficiary Areas
159. The infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity, telephone and drinking water are
discussed here. These facilities would provide supplementary inputs for the ongoing
livelihood rebuilding process.
3.4.3.4.1 Roads
160. A9 is the main road traversing across NP. It is being used by communities in the DS
Division to reach desired destinations in the province and outside areas of the
province. Most of the provincial roads are connected to the A 9 road. A 9 is the road
that connects Northern Province to the other provinces of the country.
3.4.3.4.2 Electricity
161. All project beneficiary villages had access to electricity facilities. Now such systems
are damaged and need reinstallation.
3.4.3.4.3 Telephone
162. The DS Division had access to telephone facilities although majority of the
households have not obtained wire telephone lines (land lines). All these telephone
lines are now damaged needing immediate attention for repairs.
3.4.3.4.4 Drinking Water
163. Almost all the project beneficiary villages had access to pipe water that had been
provided by the government water supply board. In addition to water supply schemes,
the house holders in these villages have access to drinking water from shallow wells.
3.4.3.5 Poverty In the Project Beneficiary Area
164. The 5 tanks considered are located in war affected and war torn villages. The
livelihood systems have been seriously disturbed. The neglected tanks with
dilapidated infrastructure and neglected land covered with vegetation are the
properties left to the communities in the post-war period.
165. The families resettled receive some assistance from FAO, World Food Program etc.
They are under extreme poverty condition.

166. Extent of land in the irrigation command areas per family is small in the communities
and it can be used as good indicator to show the poverty among these communities.
Even though the farmers start cultivation under the irrigation condition the land area is
low and they are marginal farmers. The data on this aspect is shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 – Extent of Land per Family in the Candidate Tanks under the Project
DS Division No of families Command area – Extent of land per

Acres families -
Acres
Vavuniya 985 1552 1.6
Vengalacheddikulam 285 366 1.3
Thunukkai 270 850 3
Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November / December 2010
167. The small plots of land under the tanks are cultivated only in ‘Maha’ Season. Farmers
find it very difficult to cultivate their lands in the ‘Yala’ Season. The famers are totally
dependent on the Maha crops for their household food security. The information on
cropping intensity in normal conditions in the area is shown in Table 3.7. Specific
details for the 5 tanks are found in Annexure 4A.
Table 3.7 – Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks under Overall Project
DS divisions Total no. Crops in Crops in No of tanks that have

of Tanks ‘Yala’ ‘Maha’ cultivation in both
seasons
% Crop % Crop Yala Maha
Vavuniya 05 30 Paddy 100 Paddy 4 5
Vengalacheddikulam 01 25 Paddy 100 Paddy 1 1
Thunukkai 02 50 Paddy 100 Paddy 2 2
Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November / December 2010

3.4.4.1 Physical Problems to be Solved by the Rehabilitation Project

168. Most of the tanks have been neglected for nearly 30 years and therefore, they are
physically dilapidated. The communities depending on these tanks had been severely
affected by the war and therefore, they too left the villages from time to time. This
behavior of community movement as response to war created incidents contributed
for the negligence of these candidate tanks. The farmers and the farmer leaders
consulted indicated the main physical problems their tanks are faced with at the
stakeholder consultation meetings. The information on nature of physical problems
expressed by communities living around the 5 tanks are as follows:
Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam and Aliyamaruthamadu:

 Dilapidated tank bund
 Damaged tank spill
 Dilapidated canal system
 Damaged sluice
 Damage to tank bund
 Poor access to tank and command area
 Wastage of water
 Silted tank bed
 Non availability of bathing spots
 Non availability of riprap (ralapanawa)
 Non availability of access road to tank and the paddy fields
(Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November/ December 2010)
Periyathampanai:
 Damaged sluice
 Area not 100% cleared
 Need culvert to use tank bund as access road

 Silted tank bed

 Non availability of pipe outlets
 Non availability of facilities to take tractors to the paddy lands
Kalvilankulam:
 Damaged sluice
 Need culvert to use tank bund as access road
 Silted tank bund
 Non availability of pipe outlets
3.4.4.2 Management Related Problems in the 5 Tanks
farmers, they have a series of management problems that hinder the performance of
the tanks. The details of the management problems /issues in each candidate tank
studied are shown in Annex 4B. The management issues reported in general for all 5
tanks are as follows:
 Delay in cultivation to the correct season

 The Irrigable area is not 100% clear of landmines
 Problems due to leakages of water from canal system
 Lack of inputs available in the correct time for cultivation
 Problems in farm water management – weak water management

 Inadequate water in tank

 Significant fluctuation of paddy price
 Non-availability of good seed paddy
 Weak Farmer organizations
 Poverty among farmers
 Demotivated farming community due to long prevailed war
 Marketing problems of products at reasonable price
 Non-availability of fertilizer on time
 Non availability of association/organization for fishermen in the tank
(Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November/December 2010)
3.4.4.3 Current Performance of the 5 Tanks
170. The current extent of command area and farming families, cropping intensity, crop
pattern and yield are used as indicators to measure the current level of performance.
The performance in all the tanks in general is low. The situation of this aspect in each
tank is shown in Annex 4 A and summarized in table 3.8 below.
Table 3.8- The Command Area and Farmer Families in the 5 Tanks
Tank DS division Command Farmer families

area-Acers
Kombuvaithakulam Vavuniya 200 40
Velankulam Vavuniya 224 35
Aliyamaruthamadu Vavuniya 228 40
Periyathampanai Vengalacheddikulam 366 114
Kalvilankulam Thunukkai 400 150
Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November 2010
3.4.4.4 Cropping Intensity
171. The data on cropping intensity is a good indicator to measure the level of agriculture
performance of candidate tanks. The cropping intensity of tanks in all DS division is
low. It ranges from 25% to 50% depending on water availability in Yala seasons. In
all the tanks in all the DS divisions, the entire command area under each tank is
cultivated during Maha seasons. The data on this aspect is shown in table 3.9

Table 3.9 Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks in 7 DS divisions
DS division Yala Cropping Maha cropping

intensity-% Intensity-%
Vavuniya 30 100
Vengalacheddikulam 25 100
Thunukkai 50 100
3.4.4.5 Cropping Pattern
172. The paddy is the only crop cultivated in the command area of these tanks. Not only in
Purana wela (original command under the tank) but also the Akkarawela, area
developed at the later stage is also cultivated with paddy. There is no attempt made
by the farmers to do other field crops even in possible lands under the tank command.
The potential on cultivating other field crops are not tapped by the communities.
3.4.4.6 Yield
173. Paddy yield in general in all the tanks is good. In most of the tanks the average yield
is more than 80 Bushels /acre (about 4.5 Tons/ha). The yield performance in all tanks
under the total CARE Project in each DS division is shown in table 3.10.
Table 3.10 Crop Yield of Tanks in DS Divisions
DS division Total tanks 60-80 More than 80

Bushels/acre bushels /acre
Vavuniya 05 1 5
Vengalacheddikulam 01 0 1
Manthai East 03 0 3
Thunukkai 02 0 2
Pudukuduirippu 03 0 3
Maritimepattu 02 1 1
Karachchi 01 0 1

management problems faced by the communities depending on the tanks for their
livelihoods. The solutions they proposed for addressing the physical problems are
summarized below. The solutions for individual tanks are shown in Annex 4 B.
 Strengthening the tank bund

 Repairs to the tank sluices
 Improvements to the canal system
 Improvements to the service roads to the agriculture lands
 Installation of pipe outlets to the land plots
 Establishment of bathing steps in the tank
 Repairs to the spillway
 Installation of new sluice/s
 Establishment of new spill
 Filling the breach of the tank bund
 Construction of Field Canals with concrete ( some canals)
 Establishment of rip-rap to the tank bund
 Change the location of the spill way
 Establishment of a new anicut
 Establishment of feeder canal system ( to increase the inflows to the tank)
 Create access to take tractors to the paddy lands
 Removing salvenia weeds
 Improve the surface of the tank bund that is being used as access road ( some
tanks)
 Raising the level of the spillways
175. Unless management related problems are solved, the proper returns on investment in
tank rehabilitation projects cannot be expected. The rehabilitated infrastructure needs
to be put into proper use to gain the benefits. In many rural infrastructure
improvement projects, this aspect has been greatly neglected and therefore, the
physical infrastructure has not gone into creating desired benefits and impacts. The
solutions suggested by the communities in all the tanks are uniform. The magnitude
of each problem in tanks in candidate DS divisions can be found in Annex 4 B. The
uniform solutions suggested are mentioned below:


season
 Program to improve water management including on farm water management
activities is essential
their lands
 Program to cultivate positive attitudes among farmers for their own progress
in the post war period
176. The stakeholders further suggested and highlighted some other measures to be
seriously considered in establishing useful production systems in the rehabilitated
tanks. They are as follows:
 Motivate farmers to cultivate other field crops ( non-rice)

 Program to monitor the cultivation activities in the rehabilitated tanks
 Explore possibilities to construct agro-wells in suitable locations
 Introduce drought tolerance seeds in the tanks where water scarcity is a
serious problem
 Program for providing some assistance to farmers for about 2-3 cultivation
seasons in the post-rehabilitation phase
 Program for establishing aquaculture development in all possible tanks
 Augmentation of natural streams to increase the water availability of some
tanks
 Motivate farmer organizations to plan and implement input supply program

 Increased number of seed paddy demonstrations and improve the

 Make arrangements to establish program for proper O&M to be implemented
by the Farmer organizations
issues must be considered in working with communities in the war affected areas.
Such issues are mentioned below:
culture and also they need to build the harmony with the local communities

sites


MEASURES

178. Under this project the existing bunds of five tanks will be rehabilitated. The proposed
construction activities involve rehabilitating the bund and making other minor repairs
to irrigation structures. Under the project several activities have to be implemented
during pre-construction and construction period, for instance land preparation that will
result in pollution of surface water bodies, noise and vibrations and emission of dust;
transportation of construction material and waste; establishment of temporary storage
areas for construction materials and disposal of construction waste, and
establishment of labour camps, etc.
4.2 General Impacts of the Project and their Mitigation
179. The impacts that may arise due to the project can be categorized into two groups,
general impacts and significant impacts. As the project involves rehabilitation of pre-
existing structures to their original state most of the impacts are of generalized nature.
These impacts include:
180. Impacts due to recruitment of labour force for construction activities that will lead to
establishment of campsites, generation of sewage, waste water and solid waste. It is
therefore recommended that workers should be recruited from the local
communities, especially in non-skilled positions whenever possible. Employing local
people will not only benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of
constructing new huts and providing logistics and reduce on influx of people and
tensions that come with it. Wherever it is necessary to put up campsites, solid waste
disposal, sanitation and sewage disposal facilities are to be provided. Adequate
supply of water to be provided to the worker camps as well.
181. Awareness on HIV aids is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids and steps
to be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer should educate
the entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the different locations in the
project areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness sessions to raise the

182. Land clearing and preparation has to be carried out during the construction phase.
This will result in removal of native flora and increase the potential for spread of weed
as well as generate dust and increase the erosion affect. Very few endemic or
threatened fauna and flora were recorded in the district, and none of them will be
directly impacted due to the proposed development.
compaction work, as well as operation of construction related vehicles. However, this
will last only for a short duration and therefore is not a significant impact.
184. The particulates generated due to land preparation, transport of construction material,
emission from construction related vehicles etc., can adversely affect public health as
particulates can cause lung irritation and aggravate diseases such as asthma, chronic
bronchitis, and emphysema. Spraying of water at the construction site during very dry
periods / high dust levels could be carried out to mitigate the impact. Construction and
waste material to be covered when transporting. However, all five project sites are
located in low human use areas and therefore these mitigation measures may only be
required if extreme dry conditions occur during the construction period.
185. Excessive erosion of soil and water containing pollutants such as cement, concrete,
lime and chemicals used for construction could contaminate the tank ecosystem.
Therefore, mitigatory measures such as construction of bunds to prevent run off
should be taken to prevent these surface water bodies from becoming contaminated
with construction waste.
186. Land preparation and construction will result in clearing of land exposing it to high
level of wind or water erosion. Further storage of construction material and spoil
arising due to construction work is also able to erode away resulting in sedimentation
of water ways. Since all the work is carried in close proximity to surface water bodies,
mitigation measures has to be taken to prevent erosion and sedimentation of streams
and canals. Use of silt traps where possible and positioning stockpiles away from the
tank to be carried out. The status of the stockpiles is to be monitored daily and water
sprays and screens to be placed where wind erosion is high.
187. The project will result in clearing of land for various project related activities. If these
areas are not rehabilitated they can be invaded by weed species and alien invasive
species. Further, construction vehicles if not washed down before being brought to
the site can introduce seeds of weeds from other areas where it has been used
previously. Seeds of weeds can also be brought into the project area with raw
material such as soil and gravel that are brought into the project site from areas
where such weed infestations exist. As many of the tanks in the north are already
infested by alien invasive species the potential impact of introducing such invasive
species is significant. Therefore periodic surveys to be conducted to identify new
weed infestations. The invasive alien plant if present should be removed and
destroyed on site by burning. The plants should not be dumped at disposal sites at

any time. The contractor must take steps to keep the weed risk low by ensuring that
all construction related vehicles and equipment are cleaned before they are being
brought to the site and carry out regular inspections of material storage areas and
construction areas for possible weed or alien invasive species infestations.
188. The construction work will not result in a significant impact to fauna and flora as the
species recorded here are common species. Therefore no special mitigation
construction purposes that can pose a risk to the environment they should be stored
and used according to standard safety measures defined by the manufacturer.
Therefore, safety measures should be followed by the contractor in storing such
hazardous chemicals as well as using them to minimize the risk from such hazardous
materials especially since the selected project is located close to a sensitive
environment.
190. The project will involve the usage of various type of vehicles for transport, excavation,
drilling, levelling etc., These vehicles can cause number of negative environment
effects such as increased emission, noise and vibration, introduction of seeds of
invasive plant species, etc., Further, during maintenance of these vehicles number of
issues can arise as to disposal of waste water at washdown areas, used lubricants
collected at service areas etc. Therefore, the contractor must draw up maintenance
plan to prevent such impacts.
191. All temporary constructions and related structures have to be decommissioned at the
end of the construction phase and these areas have to be rehabilitated to prevent
these areas being invaded by unwanted weed species.

vibration. Operation of the metal quarries and gravel mining sites around residential
areas can cause health and social hazards to people due to noise, vibrations and
straying rock particles. Stagnation of the water in borrow pits will provide breeding
grounds for mosquitoes that could lead to spread of vector borne diseases, and can
also cause accidents to people and wild animals. Crusher sites can generate dust
which can become a health hazard to the workers and the neighbourhoods. Further,
soil erosion, destruction of the river banks and intrusion of sea water through the river
during the dry season can result due to mining of sand. Transportation of the
construction materials from the mining and quarrying sites to the material storage
yard or constriction sites will increase local traffic congestion, generate dust and
create noise. Damage to the local road network will also be a problem due to wear
and tear. Storage of the materials on the sides of the roads can also cause road
accidents, traffic congestions, hazards to drivers and pedestrians. Therefore, the

measures needed to mitigate these impacts related to the extraction, transportation

and the storage of construction material has to be clearly laid down in the
environment management plan. Further, such material must be purchased from
vendors that have a valid Environment Protection Licence to operate such facilities.
Extraction of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for construction
Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National Park, Strict Natural Reserve etc.,)
is prohibited.

quarrying, mining sites and crusher sites can cause accidents to general public and to
the construction workers. Therefore measures should be taken to enhance personal
safety at construction sites and resource extraction and processing sites.
194. According to the technical staff of the consultants, NPID and stakeholders in the local
existing roads for accessing the tanks to carry out the improvement activities.
Therefore, private properties will not be affected. This situation also has helped to
prevent potential acquisition or private or common land for rehabilitation activities.
Therefore, evacuation of any households or common institutions and private houses
will not be a problem in the proposed project. Hence there is no need to prepare any
type of separate resettlement plan. Indigenous communities are not residing in
influential areas of any of the project areas.

195. Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives, consultations
were conducted with randomly selected individuals around the respective tank
considered during the field inspection. An opportunity was so provided to express
their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The
objective of the consultation was to take into consideration the views & suggestions of
the locals, in the early stages of the project cycle, in order to avoid or minimize conflict
situations during the project implementation phase. General public were in full
agreement with the proposed rehabilitation of the tank and irrigation schemes while
they also expressed their appreciation. A summary of their views and suggestions are
provided in annex 4B and 4C. Requests for raising the bund and spill level were made
during the PRA meetings. However, due to the fact that this would result in
resettlement of people upstream, the spill level will not be changed. The bund height
will be increased for safety and better functioning of the bund. In addition,
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Meetings were carried out very early in the
project. (Refer Annex 4)

 Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders (including
NGOs and CBOs) to hear their views and concerns. These were documented and
included in this report (Refer Annex 4b and 4c).
 Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders (government

bodies and NGOs) were carried out to discuss and approve key aspects of the
project (Refer Annex 4b and 4c).

 Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programmes
and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started;
 Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual

communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a mechanism
through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring and
evaluation;

 Information disclosure to the public, on project objectives, project activities, and
expected outcome is essential in the pre-construction period in order to ensure
community awareness, avoid misinformation and minimize potential conflict
situations at the later stages of the project. In this regard, Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA) Meetings were carried out very early in the project. (Refer Annex
4.)


 Public information campaigns (via newspapers, posters, etc) to explain the project
to the population in each town and prepare them for disruption they may
experience once the construction programme is underway;
 Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress
and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in Sinhalese,
Tamil and English; (This has been carried out via the PRA Meetings.)
 Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at

NPID offices in each town, informing the public of their availability, and providing a
mechanism through which comments can be made.

200. Project Administration Manual of Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project states
that GRM to be formulated to address the issues raised by the public with regard to
the project implementation since a GRM provides a predictable, transparent, and
credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective,
and lasting. Accordingly, Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) to be appointed to
take necessary steps in order to harmonize project activities as well as the well being
of the General Public.
201. The social structure of project implementing region is severely affected by the conflict.
This caused to number of adverse social and cultural impacts to the community. As a
result it could be identified that number of psycho – social issues have been taken
place. On these grounds, more attention has to be paid to the community for the
successful implementation of the project.
Accordingly, there should be equal opportunities for men and women to be given at
any stage of GRM and to encourage women’s participation in the decision-making
process in development activities.
203. ADB guide for Designing and implementing GRM for Transport projects in Sri Lanka
has been applied for this GRM model also. However, considering the scope and
nature of CARE Project, some changes have been taken place for the implementing
system of this GRM.
204. The main objective of establishing GRM to solve problems in an efficient, timely and
cost effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all
stakeholders including affected parties. Under the grievance redress mechanism, it
shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. The
identification of eligible people for compensation, the valuing and compensation and
any other complaints may have with the entire process. The PCQAU shall indicate
how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that
should be clear and comprehensible to the IAs also. The grievance redress
mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on
responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving
the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going
through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in
case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances
and complaints.

205. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by
setting up following objectives:
 To build – up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected
parties.
 Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and
produces appropriate corrective or preventive action.
6.2 Implementation
206. It has been observed that there is a prerequisite of awareness of stakeholders of the
project especially General Public, Public Officers, Social Organizations, Contractors
and Divisional Secretaries in respective areas in order to successful implementation
of the project and this awareness should be focused to the objectives, expected end
results; implementation and grievance redress mechanism of the project.
Ministers on 24th May 2001 “make all affected persons aware of processes available
for the redress of grievances that are easily accessible and immediately responsive”.
208. There are eight multi-disciplinary Implementation Agencies (IA) function under the
CAREP. Accordingly, GRC will be formulated for each Divisional Secretariats in the
project area. (Also, it has been noticed that maximum four projects will only be
functioning parallel in the same Divisional Secretariat division).
209. GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2. Accordingly, two
GRCs to be appointed for these two stages. GRC of Step 1 will address Ground Level
Issues with the consultation of Grama Niladari, Regional Representative of the
Contractor and the representative from the general public of the respective area.

211. Step 1 GRC could be represented more than one IAs. Accordingly IA’s representative
will be the Secretary to the GRC in their relevant part of the meeting and all IAs are
requested to participate for the GRC meetings with their contractors.
issues that cannot be addressed at this stage to be referred to Step 2 GRC within 07
days with a full report comprising suggestions and observations of Step 1 GRC to
review in policy point of view.
213. GRMs should be given a wide publicity among stakeholder groups such as affected
parties, government agencies, and civil society organizations. Effective awareness of
GRM process makes people better understanding about their options, depending on
the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria
for eligibility need to be communicated and also awareness campaign launched to
give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRMs.
 How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal
and email addresses, and websites of the GRMs as well as information that
should be included in a complaint;
 Procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress
process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and roles of
different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.

relevant stakeholders: display of posters in public places such as in government
offices, project offices, community centers,


such as general public, government officers, implementing agencies, contractors and
other interested groups.
216. STEP 1 - Step 1 Awareness Progeamme is designed for all Divisional Secretaries in
respective area with the coordination of relevant GAs (District Secretaries). This
programme will be conducted by PCQAU and the Representatives of Implementing
Agencies at relevant District Secretariat office to provide information with regard to
the GRM and how it acts on Project Implementation.
organizations, community leaders, religious leaders, rep. of contractor (site manager)
and other related government official. PCQAU and IA (Regional Office) to be
conducted awareness programme at the all relevant Divisional Secretariat offices with
the assistance of Divisional Secretary. At this stage printed materials (posters, leaflets
etc.) containing the information about GRM and project will be distributed among the
community.
6.4.1 Methodology
6.4.1.1 METHODOLOGY – STEP 1 GRC
218. There should be at least three places to lodge public complains for each Divisional
Secretariat division. Accordingly it is suggested to have one place in the respective
Grama Niladari Office and next one at the Construction Site and the Divisional
Secretariat office. In addition to the above two places public may submit complains to
the Divisional Secretariat and Social Organizations in the respective area also.
Considering the importance of efficient functioning of GRM, Step 1 GRC is accepted
to resolve complains within three weeks time. In this stage it is expected to get the
advantage of existing divisional administrative network with the assistance of
Divisional Secretaries.

 2. Site Manager - Should inform Regional Office of the Implementing Agency with
a report within 3 working days from the date of receiving.


 5. AGA (Divisional Secretary) - Complains come from GN, to be informed to the

RO of IA within 2 working days for observations. Complains come through RO of
IA/ Social Organizations, report to be called from GN within 5 working days.
 Any complaints through the web will be forwarded to Chairman/Secretary of Step

1 GRC to take appropriate action.
 GRC meetings will be held at the Divisional Secretariat office and APs should be
invited for GRC meetings to get their views also they should be informed by GRC,
seven days prior to its meeting.

Secretary of GRM by respective focal points and other parties, in order to facilitate
the Secretary. All complaints should be in written form also.
 AGA (Divisional Secretary) is requested to convey a committee meeting of GRC

and decisions to be taken within the given three weeks time and convey the
decision to APs (with a copy to R.O of IA) immediately.
delay.
 Divisional Secretary is expected to take appropriate action with the consultation of

other committee members within the given three weeks time and inform PCQAU
accordingly.

6.4.1.2 METHODOLOGY – STEP 2 GRC
requested to refer to Step 2 GRC within next 07 days with a copy to the Head Office
of Implementing Agency. Step 2 GRC is comprised by following members.

223. The main objective of Step 2 GRC is to review the issues in policy point of view and to
take appropriate policy measures to overcome such issues. Accordingly Step 2 GRC
is requested to convey its decisions to Step 1 GRC and other relevant parties within
three weeks time (from the date of receiving issues from Step 1 GRC) without further
delay to take immediate actions. (Step 1 GRC - 3 weeks + Step 2 GRC 3 - weeks = 6
weeks)

should be clearly identified and established. GRMs can have multiple focal points to
receive and register grievances. Accordingly, ledgers have to be maintained at the
focal points. It is equally important to have someone who has overall responsibility for
tracking and following up on issues and complaints raised. The descriptions of the
GRM functions should clearly stipulate the official designations and the roles of the
focal points so that they can really be held accountable for performing their functions.
226. In addition APs are allowed to lodge complaints through CARE project website which
will be activated soon.
227. Grievances may be reported to local police stations. If this is the case, they should be
referred to project staff, registered by the designated focal point, and referred to the
appropriate GRM.

complaints directly from APs or via third parties. Whatever the source and the form in
which the complaint is received, it should be accepted by the focal points and
registered in a grievance/complaint register. It is also recommended that uniformity be
maintained in the complaint registration systems across different sections and
agencies of the project.
 Gender

 Address
230. Having received and registered a complaint, the next step in the complaint-handling
process is for the focal points to establish the eligibility of the complaint received. The
following criteria can be used to assess and verify eligibility:
 The issues rose in the complaint fall within the scope of the issues that the GRM is
mandated to address.
231. If the complaint is not eligible, the complainant should be informed of the reasons. If
the complaint can be referred to another GRM, the complainant should be informed
accordingly.
232. GRMs do not operate in a vacuum. They are embedded in networks of agencies and
actors, and in the course of their operations may relate to APs, GRM implementers,
their executing and support agencies, project implementers, intermediaries used for
presenting complaints, and funding agencies. On the other hand, APs may relate to
GRMs in diverse forms. For example, APs might seek redress from more than one
single GRM, or else they might decide to appeal to a higher level of the same GRM or
to a different GRM if they are dissatisfied with the resolutions made by a lower level
GRM.
233. Coordination among different GRMs, as well as among other external agencies and
actors with whom the GRMs interact in their operations, is an important aspect of
good GRM design. It is necessary to identify and establish a central point to carry out

these coordinating and communication functions. The coordination functions of such a

central body could include,
 Tracking and monitoring grievance resolution processes and their outcomes by

different agencies.
 Maintaining a central database of complaints received and their current status.
 Analyzing data and preparing regular updates and progress reports for involved
agencies with proposed follow-up activities.
 Establishing feedback loops with relevant agencies and the APs to communicate
and report case progress and status.

 Identifying awareness-creation needs among relevant agencies and communities,

and overseeing the conduct of such awareness-building programs.
234. If the initial assessment establishes the eligibility of the complaint to be pursued, a
further assessment is recommended of the seriousness of the complaint—classified
in terms of high, medium, or low—and its impact on both the complainant and the
project. Assessing the seriousness of a complaint is not easy, as it could be subject to
biases. Criteria should be established and could include the following:

through field visits to the sites, discussions and interviews with complainants and
other relevant persons or groups in the community, and cross-checking the
information already provided.

235. Having completed the complaint assessment, a response can be formulated on how
to proceed with the complaint. This response should be communicated to the
complainant. The response should include the following elements:
 Further documents or evidence required for investigation, e.g., field investigations.
236. GRMs should always present multiple approaches for grievance redress. Approaches
that are difficult or culturally and socially alien to APs should be avoided as much as
possible. People should be able to participate in the grievance redress process
comfortably and without any fear of intimidation. The grievance redress approaches
should also create adequate space for the active participation of the APs, including
vulnerable groups. Possible approaches to grievance redress include;
 Mediation through local and traditional institutions such as village elders, temple
priests, or community-based organizations that have a close understanding of the
issues affecting their community members; these local institutions can be
integrated into the formal GRMs,
 Facilitation of settlements among disputants through mediation boards (samatha

mandala),
agencies,
assessments from technical agencies, and/or interviews of different parties; and,

 How much time is needed to initiate and conclude the grievance redress process?
 This information should be part of a simple brochure that explains the different
grievance redress possibilities for APs.

project- based GRM:
 Creating a conducive environment for the APs to relate their grievances without
fear and intimidation;
 Allowing the APs (if necessary) to be accompanied by a third party, e.g., a family
member or a fellow villager with whom they feel comfortable to present their
grievances;
 Undertaking field inspections (if necessary) to assess and verify the grievances
reported;
 Referring the complaints for technical assessments (if necessary) to validate and
establish the real causes of the grievances.
making processes,



agencies.

including;

appropriate measures to remove the cause of grievance, e.g., contractors to clear
access roads or provide alternative roads, clear canals and other irrigation
systems, desilt rice fields, and/or remove garbage.
 Determining reasonable compensation for acquired land, property damage, loss

of livelihood, temporary evacuations, resettlement, etc. either from the project
executing agency, e.g., the RDA, or from contractors;
 Signing agreements between APs and the project for solutions mutually agreed
upon;
 Assuring the APs to address their grievances at the end of completing the project-
related work, e.g., repairing the houses; the assurance letters are issued by the
contractors or the project executing agency in both English and Tamil or Singhala.

paying compensation) to assess any further impacts of project-related work on the
properties and livelihoods of the APs.
grievance redress and the implementation of the decisions made and of seeing that
redress is granted to APs in a timely and efficient manner. They also have the
responsibility for giving regular feedback to the complainants about the progress of
the grievance redress process. The monitoring should include the progress of
implementation of grievance resolutions and the timeliness of grievance redress,
follow up grievances to be sure they are attended to, and document details of
complaints received and the progress in solving them. Grievances provide information
to project managers about project implementation and actual and potential problems.

240. An evaluation system should assess the overall effectiveness and the impact of the
GRMs. Such evaluations can take place either annually or biannually, and their
results should contribute to improving the performance of the different GRMs and
provide valuable feedback to project management. The following questions can be
addressed in such evaluations:
 What is the status of the complaints (rejected or not eligible, under assessment,
action agreed upon, and action being implemented or resolved)?
 Are the GRMs effective in realizing the stated goals, objectives, and principles?
 Are the GRMs capable of responding to the range of grievances specified in their
scope?
approaches?
 Have the GRMs adopted measures to improve the resolution approaches, e.g.,
capacity building, consultation, with technical experts, etc.
changes where needed. It also provides valuable feedback about APs' satisfaction
with the project and thus contributes to a good reputation for the implementing and
executing agencies.
GENERAL
242. Chairmen of all GRCs are responsible to convey GRC meetings, decision making with
the consultation of other members and communicate with Step 2 GRC.
243. Secretaries of GRCs are requested to keep records, minutes of GRC meetings and
communicate with relevant governmental and non- governmental organizations.


Complaints by individuals, Complaints by People’s

Groups, or institutions representatives: political,
religious, community
(Complaints to GRC in written form

Decision to be
taken within 3
Ground level
week of receipt
issues
of complaint
Step 1 GRC
meeting
6 Weeks
Step 2 GRC
meeting
Decision to be
taken within 3
week of receipt Policy issues
of complaint

GRC process ends

246. The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a set of
tasks. In the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on the
project proponent, the contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies) are
assigned. These tasks should be implemented within a specified time/period by
the agency responsible and as per the specifications set out in the EMP.
247. The EMP is an integral part of this IEE. The main objective of the EMP is to identify
and summarize adverse environmental impacts of project on–the-ground activities for
which mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation
measures and supervision.
7.1 Management of site preparation for construction
248. Clearing in vegetation should be kept to the minimum required especially the
vegetation associated with the tank site. During the construction of the dam/bund,
disturbance to these habitats must be avoided. Construction of temporary access
roads by clearing these habitats must be avoided unless it is absolutely necessary.
Cleared vegetation should be stockpiled outside of watercourses and must be
disposed in at a location agreed upon with local government authorities.
249. Soil stockpiles or other construction material should not be placed within the bed or
banks of the tank. Further, silt traps should be placed to avoid sediment runoff to the
tank during construction.
250. Water trucks should be used on the construction site to reduce dust generation and
excessiv surface deterioration.
7.2 Management of air quality at the site
253. Watering of construction sites as required to minimize the potential of dust causing
inconvenience to nearby residents. Watering frequency should be increased during
periods of high risk (e.g. high winds).
254. All vehicles transporting construction material should have coverings to prevent dust
generation

7.3 Management of noise and vibration causing events
255. Blasting and drilling, though unexpected, if necessary should be carried out in
accordance with current practice standards
256. Adequate community notice of any scheduled, atypical noise events will be provided
257. Noise generating work should be restricted to 7 am - 6 pm. Noise limit for construction
equipment, and vehicles should not exceed 55 dB (A).
258. Vehicles should be subjected to periodic maintenances to ensure adherence to noise

standards
260. Minimize the quantity and duration of soil exposure
261. The timing of construction to occur predominantly in the dry season minimizing
likelihood of construction sedimentation events. Rehabilitation to be scheduled to be
completed prior to the first storms of the wet season.
262. Re-contouring landforms to their original condition as soon as practicable, including

any erosion controls established prior to construction.
263. Monitoring during the construction phase of the Project will focus primarily on
sedimentation and the control of erosion and water runoff. Periodic observations of
the water flow in the drains is to be made after heavy rainfall to determine the
effectiveness of the erosion and runoff controls that have been put in place as part of
the construction process. The following monitoring plan in Table A below is to be
followed:

Table A: Monitoring Plan for Erosion and Siltation
Phase Locations Frequency Duration

Before Construction Silt traps and 3 months
sedimentation basins Monthly /
Just after a
Upstream of drains and heavy rain
Construction Phase downstream locations of
site to which the project Monthly/ During the
site drains Just after a construction
heavy rain phase
A minimum of five
locations
Criteria - Silt accumulation rates during construction
Parameters- Mass of silt accumulated in silt traps or sediment basins during a given
period of time, Suspended particulates in the surface water streams
Monitoring Agency – Consultant or independent competent monitoring agency.
removed (via a contractor licensed to transport such wastes) for recycling, reuse or
disposal at a facility licensed to accept such wastes. Waste oil and chemical storage
areas must be bunded to prevent accidental run off.
266. Spoil must only be disposed of in the approved spoil disposal sites
267. Seeds, oil and other debris should be captured from vehicle washdown water using
traps and destroyed on site to prevent introduction of weeds
268. Refuse containers should be located at each worksite. All general refuse and food
wastes (taking into account health and hygiene issues where practicable) should be
collected and transported to designated disposal sites. No on-site disposal of waste
without prior approval.

269. The invasive alien plant if present should be removed and destroyed on site by drying
and burning. The plants should not be dumped at disposal sites at any time.
270. Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed infestations and take actions to
manage them as above.
vehicles will be cleaned in designated washdown sites before leaving weed infested
areas or entering weed free areas.
7.7 Management of Hazardous Material
272. Dangerous goods should be stored, handled, separated and signed as required by
the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Regulations. Hazardous goods, where
appropriate be stored in bunded areas away from watercourses.

274. A pollutant spill contingency plan is to be followed to handle recovered oil, oily debris,
and contaminated sand/dirt resulting from an oil spill so that the wastes do not cross-
contaminate other areas that are clean. The plan will ensure that all recovered oil and
oiled debris are managed in accordance with applicable regulations, while keeping
operating costs at minimum levels.
Decanted Water- Water that is decanted from waste oil collection pits in the service-
bay is to be released back to the surface soil within the operational area.
Recovered Oil- Recovered oil will be managed as a recovered product, and not a
waste. It is to be sent to be used/reused as raw material as part of processes in other
industries.
Solid Oily Debris - If non-hazardous (oiled dirt/sand, PPE, trash, wood, etc.); it is to
be transported to the approved land fill locations or any other appropriate location. If
hazardous, it will be transported to de-contamination locations and disposed as per
local regulations.

stockpiled at the staging areas and adequately covered with suitable material) and is
to be managed in the same manner as Soiled Oily Debris

occurs, contaminated waste/debris is to be collected in separate containers/locations
clearly marked as “Contaminated Debris” to avoid any cross-contamination with non-
contaminated waste.
Gauging of Recovered Oil - The amount of oil accumulated in the barrels/cans at

the temporary storage sites is to be recorded. These containers are not to leave the
temporary storage sites until this has been completed.
Transportation - Suitable haulers are to be used to transport spilled waste material.

Recovered oil that is not considered a waste, but a material to be used/ reused is to
be transported from the spill site to the re-processor. When transporting hazardous
wastes from the spill site, it must be done to conform and comply with the local rules
and regulations.
275. The contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/ guidelines issued
by the CEA/GSMB and LA with respect to locating and operating borrow or quarry
areas as well as transportation of material from such sites. In the event gavel, sand
and rock are to be purchased by the contractor, the required material for construction
should be obtained from operators that carry proper EPL issues by CEA or GSMB.
276. Extraction of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for construction
Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National Park, Strict Natural Reserve etc.,)
must be avoided.
7.10 Health & Safety Plan
277. A health and safety plan is to be prepared by the IA along with the Medical Officer of
Health (MOH) of the area. The following components need to be addressed under
this plan:
 The role of the Health and Safety Officer as well as the workers in respect to the
project
 Audits/Inspection Schedules
 Accident Management

 Available Safety Assistance

 Records & Documentation
 Safety Meetings
 Project Safety Guidelines
 Medical/First Aid Availability
 Fire Protection
 Housekeeping
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Hot Work
 Signs and Barricades
 Heavy Machinery and Motorized Equipment Operation & Inspection
 Physical Health Hazards
 Hazardous Materials Management
 Explosives
 Spill Prevention
 Excavations
 Drilling & Blasting etc.
 Finding of landmines or UXOs.
7.11 Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures, Storage Areas, Site
Office Etc., After Construction Work Is Completed
construction vehicles and equipment and to trap water and seed.
279. Permanent Erosion and sediment control measures such as silt traps should be
installed where necessary
280. All waste materials and equipment should be removed from the construction area
compliance by the contractor and non compliance should be strictly dealt with as
determined by the NPID either through fines or other means. During the contract
formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so that they can be enforced
effectively.

likelihood negative impacts on women and children. A certain code of conduct needs
to be developed and imposed on the construction crew. Hiring of school children for
the project activities by Contractors is to be prohibited. Even the youths who are

above 18 years of age should be hired with proper working conditions and
remuneration. The construction crew should be educated to behave in such a way to
avoid getting any children from the local area involved in their entertainment activities
in the evenings at their labor camps. Awareness on HIV AIDS is necessary. Although
the incidents on HIV AIDS are not frequently reported, there will be potential for such
problems taking place in the construction sites. The project developer with the
involvement of NPID should launch programs to educate communities on the potential
danger of the HIV aids and steps to be taken as precautions.
283. The first worker who notices that a medical emergency or personal injury has
occurred shall immediately make a subjective decision as to whether the emergency
is life threatening and/or otherwise serious and act according to the procedures given
below.

284. If a life-threatening incident occurs, those persons recognizing the situation should do
whatever actions in their capabilities to reduce the threat and then the Contractor’s
representative - Environmental Officer (if such is present) or Site Engineer /
Supervisor shall be contacted. The Contractor’s representative shall immediately
notify the nearest hospital / medical facility in the area and take necessary action to
move the injured person/s to the medical facility through the most appropriate means
(use of an ambulance if required) as soon as possible. The Contractor and Client
shall be notified of the incident as early as possible.
injured person/s and contact the Contractor’s representative - Environmental Officer
(if such is present) or Site Engineer / Supervisor as soon as reasonably possible. The
Contractor’s representative shall notify the Contractor and Client of the incident.
Should the victim be injured in a contaminated zone, a rapid decontamination
consisting removal of relevant personnel protective equipments etc. shall be carried
out.

7.14 Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Management Plan
monitoring of: (a) compliance with environmental mitigation measures and (b) the
environmental effects. It is further sub-divided according to the phase of the
project. Projects such as these consist of three distinct phases. They are:
287. During the implementation of the project the Contractor is responsible for carrying out
all the mitigation measures specified in the EMPs. Monitoring will ensure that the
Contractor complies with the terms and conditions of the EMP. For this purpose an
Environmental Officer should be appointed under the Resident Engineer / Project
Engineer to carry out routine monitoring and an independent Environmental Specialist
should be involved in periodic review of the work carried out by the Environmental
Officer. The Environmental Specialist should be mobilized at the beginning of the
project where he/she shall carry out initial monitoring and at the same time provide
necessary training to the environmental officer on data collection and report
preparation. Thereafter it is the responsibility of the Environmental Officer to conduct
routine monitoring. The Environmental Specialist will have to carry out a mid-term
review and again at the end of the project a final review to ensure that all the
mitigation measures proposed have been carried out as specified in the EMP.
288. Both the Environmental Officer as well as the Environmental Specialist will directly
report to the Resident Engineer / Project Engineer who has the final responsibility of
ensuring that the Contractor complies with EMP requirements of the project who in
turn will report to the Project Director.
289. The Contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan in
consultation with a professional (Environmental Specialist) to highlight the mitigatory
construction phase. The EMAP must include all the permits / approvals to be obtained
from the relevant Government Institutes/ Authorities, measure to be taken to prevent
environmental pollution, methods of disposal of solid waste and other hazardous
materials to comply with the National rules and regulations.
290. The Northern Province Irrigation Department (IA) is responsible for implementing the
project and to see that the Contractor complies with the overall Environmental
Management Plan (EMP). The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will reside within the
IA. The PIU is responsible for administrating and supervising of the Contractor
regarding the implementation of mitigatory measures stipulated in the EMP and any
other Special Environmental conditions included in Contract Document. The EMP
should be a part of the bid document.

291. The cost of carrying out all of the monitoring and mitigation measures set forth in
the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and the Environmental Management
Plan (EMP) shall be deemed to be spread over and included in the unit rates or
sums of relevant items indicated in the BOQ stated by the Bidder in the Bill of
Quantities.
292. The Contractor/s must implement all the mitigation measures described in the EMP
during the construction period to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with
the construction activities. The responsibilities of the Environmental Officer include
overseeing the overall implementation of the EMP, provide expertise knowledge,
suggestions and recommendations when and where necessary to
minimize/avoid/prevent any adverse environmental impacts during the pre-
constructions & construction phase while coordinating with institutional, governmental
and other relevant bodies., The Environmental Officer is to produce separate monthly
progress reports and submit them to the Resident / Project Engineer who in turn is to
provide necessary copies to all relevant organizations. Quarterly progress reports are
also to be provided to the funding agency by the Environmental Officer through the
Project Director or Project / Resident Engineer.
293. Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signaling
required for both construction and operation phases of the project.
The main objectives of the EMoP are:
294. EMPs for the 5 Tanks were prepared as in Table 7.1 - 7.5 followed by a detailed
EMoP in Table 7.6. In order to meet the above objectives the monitoring activities of
the project such as site supervision, verification of permits, monitoring of water
quality, noise and air, monitoring of solid waste disposal and dumping sites should be
carried out as specified in the EMoP. The Contractor must be responsible for
monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction phase (if
deemed necessary by the Environmental Officer). Consultants and the appointed staff
from the IA will supervise the Contractor. An environmental monitoring report should
be submitted to the Environmental Specialist Consultant.


actions specified in the EMoP are carried out by the Contractor as well as to make
certain decisions regarding the operations of the project based on the monitoring
results. The composition of the committee should be decided by the implementing
agency and the approving authority, but should include the Environmental Specialist,
Environmental Officer, Project Engineer and a representative of the Contractor. The
committee should be given a clear TOR and a mandate to take necessary actions as
deemed appropriate.

Table 7.1 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – KOMBUVAITHAKULAM
During Construction

levels in tank. Timing of rehabilitation works to Contractor / NPID
Construction and rehabilitation work on tank avoid the rainy season.
during high water levels could provide a
serious threat to the safety and functioning Vegetation removal to be carried out carefully
of the dam/bund. (Excavations, drilling work, and completely in order to prevent decomposing Contractor / Site
etc. as well as removal of vegetation roots, etc. from being left behind. Proper Engineer
especially those with deep roots) compaction to be followed after such removal
Safety
Site Engineer
site engineer's supervision
Security forces to be notified immediately through

the Site supervisor. The contact numbers for an Site Engineer /
Events of finding land mines or UXOs emergency should placed at the site office at a Supervisor / Safety
place where everyone can view it. The numbers Officer
should be also be with the Site supervisors, etc.

Contractor under
for re-spreading during reinstatement. All areas
Earth work Removal of top soil and excavations Site Engineer's
excavated for reconstruction of tank bunds
Supervision
should be properly compacted


access road construction, vehicle Watering of construction sites especially during
Contractor

Air Quality winds).
Contractor
Shade cloth on fencing where necessary.
Emission of harmful exhaust gases Proper maintenance and timely service of





water bodies

Erosion of soil into water ways during the tanks.
Erosion
construction
Installing and maintaining permanent erosion and
sediment control measures such as silt traps to Contractor
avoid sediment runoff into tanks.

day or where possible provide temporary access
access road.


the respective Divisional Secretariat. NPID and
Divisional
to grow crops during tank rehabilitation Carrying out rehabilitation activities to a strict Secretariat
farmers
Water levels in tank are not to be reduced Contractor

significantly.
Disturbances to fisheries activities carried Impact is not very high, however, as fishing
activities are carried out only seasonally and not NPID and
out in the tank
continuously. The fisherman will need to be Divisional
made aware through the DS Division office Secretariat
before construction commences.
Contractors to be strictly informed that hiring any

under-aged labour is prohibited. When hiring
Use of under-aged labour youths, a letter from the Grama Niladhari NPID / Contractor
indicating the person’s age and address , etc. to
be obtained.

Carrying out awareness programs to the public

Increased risk of spread of HIV / Sexually
and staff. The staff / workers to agree to a code Contractor
transmitted diseases
of conduct when working in these areas.


Contractor & NPID
Traffic & Road project vehicles
Safety
Contractor & NPID
Speed limits for all road vehicles
Maintenance activities of cars and trucks and
community disturbances other mobile machinery to be carried out on a
Contractor


construction vehicles and disturbance to NPID and RDD

Disposal of debris and construction waste Contractor & NPID

contaminated waste

leaching of waste
must be suitably bounded.



Contractor & NPID

Health and Safety Safety Meetings Contractor
conditions


Hazardous &
Material
courses.


drained oil from vehicles at vehicle service bays
Pollution and degradation of soil and if any. Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in
waterways including irrigation canals bins in a temporary waste storage area or to be
stockpiled and covered with suitable covers till
they are disposed to a designated dump site.

Contractor
Establishment of weed species (invasive locations for vehicles and equipment
dumping of cleared weed species.
manage them
Flora & Fauna
The tank should not be made completely dry or
reduced significantly for any construction activity.
Further, disturbance to the aquatic plants must
Impact on aquatic plants and fish and the be kept at a minimum and only those that directly
aquatic plant dependent species such as the affect the functioning of the tank should be Contractor and NPID
insects and birds found at present removed.

Operational Phase
Risk to public with water giving rise to risk to inhabitants awareness to the public on the times when the
NPID
The NPID is to carry out periodic monitoring and

Negligence resulting in jungle growth on maintenance of the structures and canals. The
Maintenance tank bunds and siltation of canals, etc. use of locals for meeting labour requirements
NPID
resulting in loss of efficiency of irrigation and supervision could be initiated in addition to
schemes and failure of project. the present maintenance activities undertaken by
the NPID.
NPID = Northern Province Irrigation Dept RDD = Road Development Department UXO= Unexploded Ordnance

Table 7.2 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – VELANKULAM
During Construction

Safety
Site Engineer

the Site supervisor. The contact numbers for an
Site Engineer /
emergency should be placed at the site office at
Events of finding land mines or UXOs Supervisor / Safety
a place where everyone can view it. The
Officer
numbers should be also be with the Site
supervisors, etc.


Contractor under
Supervision
Dust due to land clearing, bund construction, Soil should be covered during transportation
canal construction, access road
Watering of construction sites especially during Contractor
construction, vehicle movements and other
dry season
construction activities especially during dry
seasons Rumble grids at construction vehicle exit points

Dust from stockpiles increased during periods of high risk (eg. High
Air Quality winds). Contractor



Vibrations

water bodies

Erosion
construction


paths for pedestrians on the downstream side of Contractor
access road.

NPID and
Temporary loss of livelihood due to inability the respective Divisional Secretariat.
Divisional
Social
farmers

significantly.
activities are carried out on a low scale and NPID and
out in the tank
mostly seasonal. The fishermen will need to be Divisional


be obtained.


Traffic & Road construction vehicles alternative routes
Safety
Contractor & NPID
project vehicles
Vehicle breakdowns, accidents and Appropriate signage to be set / Speed bumps /

Contractor & NPID
community disturbances Speed limits for all road vehicles


Contractor



contaminated waste

leaching of waste



Contractor & NPID

conditions



Hazardous &
Material
courses.

Pollution and degradation of soil and if any. Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in

Contractor
Establishment of weed species in the project locations for vehicles and equipment
area due to introduction through imported
Flora & Fauna raw material, construction equipment or
unplanned dumping of cleared weed
species.
manage them


Impact on aquatic plants and fish and the Further, disturbance to the aquatic plants must
aquatic plant dependent species such as the be kept at a minimum and only those that directly Contractor and NPID
insects and birds found at present affect the functioning of the tank should be
removed.
Operational Phase
NPID

NPID
the NPID.

Table 7.3 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – ALIYAMARUTHAMADU
During Construction

Safety
Site Engineer

the Site supervisor. The contact numbers for an
Site Engineer /
emergency should be placed at the site office at
Events of finding land mines or UXOs Supervisor / Safety
a place where everyone can view it. The
Officer
numbers should be also be with the Site
supervisors, etc.


Contractor under
Supervision

access road construction, vehicle Watering of construction sites especially during
Contractor




Vibrations

water bodies

Erosion of soil into water ways during the tank.
Erosion
construction
avoid sediment runoff into tank.


paths for pedestrians on the downstream side of Contractor
access road.

Divisional
Social to grow crops during tank rehabilitation Carrying out rehabilitation activities to a strict Secretariat
farmers
Dust generated from movement of

Watering of the road sections directly traversing
construction vehicles to and from the tank
through the villages (villages between Mannar Contractor
area will cause discomfort to the residents in
road (A30) junction and project site) to be carried
the villages through which the gravel road
out on a daily basis especially in the dry periods.
traverses through.
Water levels in tank are not to be reduced
Disturbances to fisheries activities carried
significantly. Contractor

out in the tank Impact is not very high, however, as fishing

activities are carried out at a low scale and NPID and
mostly seasonal. The fishermen will need to be Divisional

be obtained.
Increased risk of spread of HIV / Sexually Carrying out awareness programs to the public

Traffic jams in congested areas due to Contractor & Police
diverting traffic where required through
construction vehicles
Traffic & Road alternative routes
Safety Designated parking areas for construction /
Contractor & NPID
project vehicles
Vehicle breakdowns, accidents and Appropriate signage to be set / Speed bumps /

Contractor & NPID
community disturbances Speed limits for all road vehicles


Contractor


Disposal of debris and construction waste skids, scrap metals, etc. should be stockpiled till
Contractor & NPID
including demolished structures transportation to disposal sites. Disposal at

contaminated waste

leaching of waste



Contractor & NPID

conditions



Hazardous &
Material
courses.

if any. Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in
Pollution and degradation of soil and bins in a temporary waste storage area or to be
waterways including irrigation canals stockpiled and covered with suitable covers till

Further, disturbance to the aquatic plants must
Impact on aquatic plants and fish and the
Flora & Fauna be kept at a minimum and only those that directly Contractor and
aquatic plant dependent species such as the
insects and birds found at present
affect the functioning of the tank should be NPID
removed.

Operational Phase
NPID

NPID
the NPID.

Table 7.4 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – PERIYATHAMPANAI

During Construction

Engineer
etc. as well as removal of vegetation compaction to be followed after such removal

Removal of top soil and excavations excavated for reconstruction of tank bunds Site Engineer's
Earth work and
vegetation Cleared vegetation should be stockpiled outside
clearing Clearing of vegetation (secondary growth) of watercourses and must be disposed in at a
along tank bund, at spill approach & spill tail location agreed upon with local government
Contractor
canal , canal bund, service road and canal authorities / dried and burned at designated
reservation. dump site.


engineer’s supervision. Transporting demolished Contractor under
Demolishing
Demolishing existing turnout structures, etc. waste to be carried out immediately to prevent Site Engineer's
activities
wastes leaching into paddy fields. Alternative Supervision
access routes to be provided where access
roads are blocked.
service / access road construction along
main canal LB and RB, tank bund gravel- Watering of construction sites especially during
Contractor
road construction, vehicle movements and dry season
other construction activities especially during
dry seasons Rumble grids at construction vehicle exit points

Air Quality Dust from stockpiles
winds). Contractor




Vibrations

Discharge to water ways should not be carried
flora and fauna
Degradation of water quality in sensitive standards.
water bodies
Erosion
construction
sediment control measures such as turfing along Contractor
bund to avoid sediment runoff into tanks.
Provision of alternative access roads or points of
interchange on bund during road construction
Social with clear signage especially in local language to Contractor
access road.
divert all vehicles and pedestrians in the
designated route.


the respective Divisional Secretariat. NPID and Divisional
farmers

Contractor & NPID
project vehicles
Traffic & Road
Safety Appropriate signage to be set / Speed bumps /
Contractor & NPID

Contractor



Solid Waste Localized impairment of air quality due to

collection/burning of solid non oil Burning of wastes on site to be prohibited. Contractor
contaminated waste

leaching of waste

Contractor & NPID
Health and Safety Personnel Protective Equipment Contractor
conditions



Hazardous &
Material
courses.


Establishment of weed species (invasive Contractor
Flora & Fauna introduction through imported raw material, Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed
construction equipment or unplanned infestations and take appropriate measures Contractor
dumping of cleared weed species. (drying and burning) to manage them.


Carrying out replanting activity at identified sites
such as along the Main Canals - Left Bank and
Reduced plant cover and shade Contractor
Right Bank at 10m intervals
Operational Phase
Carrying out watering and taking care of plants

Flora & Fauna / Reduced plant cover and shade resulting in for a period of one year. (Plants at the identified
Contractor
Erosion erosion of soil. sites along the Main Channels - Left Bank and
Right Bank)
Risk to public NPID

NPID
the NPID.
PC = Provincial Council MC = Municipal Council UC = Urban Council
NPID = Northern Province Irrigation Dept RDD = Road Development Department

Table 7.5 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – KALVILANKULAM
During Construction

Safety
Site Engineer

the Site supervisor. The contact numbers for an Site Engineer /
Events of finding land mines or UXOs emergency should placed at the site office at a Supervisor / Safety
place where everyone can view it. The numbers Officer
should be also be with the Site supervisors, etc.

Contractor under
Supervision

access road construction, vehicle Watering of construction sites especially during Contractor


Emission of dust and fine particles from residential areas, schools, hospitals, etc. and
Noise & other equipment to be properly maintained to
Vibrations maintain noise levels.


water bodies

the tanks.
Erosion
construction

access road.


Divisional
farmers

significantly.
activities are carried out only seasonally and not NPID and
out in the tank
continuously. The fisherman will need to be Divisional

be obtained.




Contractor & NPID
Traffic & Road project vehicles
Safety
Contractor & NPID
Speed limits for all road vehicles
community disturbances other mobile machinery to be carried out on a
Contractor




contaminated waste

leaching of waste



Contractor & NPID

conditions


Hazardous &
Material
courses.


Pollutant Spills Pollution and degradation of soil and if any. Sand or dirt that is oiled to be placed in
Contractor
Establishment of weed species (invasive Nominate appropriate washdown facilities and

Contractor
plant species) in the project area due to locations for vehicles and equipment
introduction through imported raw material, Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed
construction equipment or unplanned infestations and take appropriate measures to Contractor
dumping of cleared weed species. manage them
Flora & Fauna The tank should not be made completely dry or
Impact on aquatic plants and fish and the Further, disturbance to the aquatic plants must
aquatic plant dependent species such as the be kept at a minimum and only those that directly Contractor and NPID
insects and birds found at present affect the functioning of the tank should be
removed.
Operational Phase
NPID


NPID
the NPID.

Table 7.6- ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP)
CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
CATEGORY IMPACT INDICATOR COST RESPONSIBILITY
FREQUENCY
During Construction
accidents and public complaints
community disturbances
No. Of breakdowns
Dust due to land Visual Inspections and Weekly Environmental Officer

clearing in and around public complaints
Air Quality tank, access road
construction, vehicle
movements and other Checking for tyres Every-time a
construction activities carrying excessive construction
volumes of mud on to vehicle leaves
the road Inspection cost the site
Emission of harmful Visual Inspections and Daily Contractor’s supervisor

exhaust gases (smoke, public complaints and where applicable
etc.) Environmental Officer

CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
FREQUENCY
Dust from stockpiles Unacceptable status of Daily / Contractor’s supervisor

stockpiles and Environmental Officer
Weekly
Very High levels of dust Public complaints and Air Quality testing Where necessary Contractor and
and vehicle emissions official complaint made by cost. / As Environmental Officer
Environmental Officer (PM 10, SPM, recommended by
Nitrogen dioxide Environmental
Sulphur dioxide Expert
Carbon monoxide
Ozone)
Approximately Rs.
20,000*
Solid Waste Localized impairment of Visual inspections / Inspection cost Weekly Contractor’s supervisor
air quality due to public complaints on and Environmental Officer
collection/burning of burning
solid non oil
contaminated waste
including construction
waste

CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
FREQUENCY
Impact on water quality Visual inspections and Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
& sediments in lagoon status of stockpiles
or coastal water bodies after rains. Also
from leaching of waste locations of stockpiles.
Presence of
contaminated pools of
water and evidence of
erosion at stock piles.
Sediment in tanks and

canals.
If very high levels are Cost for water Where Contractor

suspected by quality tests by necessary
Environmental Officer, competent
water quality tests authority.
(Conductivity, pH,
Total Dissolved
Solids, Turbidity,
Chloride and
Sulphate).
Approx. Rs.7500*

CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
FREQUENCY
Sanitary waste Spread of disease Checks on the status of

vector, odours hygiene maintained
within site and worker Inspection cost Weekly Contractor &
camps Environmental Officer
Occurrence of disease/
illness/ hospitalization
of workers
Noise and vibrations Public nuisance Public complaints Inspection and As

noise testing recommended
Contractor
by
Approx. Rs 8000
Audit/Inspection Environmental
– 10,000*
schedules Officer
Health and safety Accidents, health risks, Records of all Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
dangerous working accidents and health
conditions issues
Audit/ Inspection Monthly
schedules
Hazardous & Accidents, health risks Records of all Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
Contaminating accidents and health
Material issues

CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
FREQUENCY

schedules cost
Pollutant Spills Pollution and Checks and records of Inspection cost Environmental Officer
degradation of soil and any spills and
waterways decontamination Weekly
activities.

and
transportation Contractor
costs
Erosion and siltation Silt accumulation during Silt accumulation in silt Inspection cost Monthly / just Contractor and
construction traps after a heavy Environmental Officer
rainy season
Suspended particulates
in the tank and water
bodies
Establishment of weed Spread of species to Inspection cost Weekly Contractor and

Flora & Fauna species (invasive plant new locations and labor cost Environmental Officer
species) for weeding

CHECK /
MONITORING
REPORT
FREQUENCY
Blocking of access Public complaints Inspection cost Daily Contractor and

roads Environmental Officer
Public complaints Compensation Every time GRC / DS

Loss of livelihood
cost GRC meets
Social
Public / Staff - Supervision at IA and Environmental
Use of under-aged complaints/ through site / When a Officer
labour monitoring committee complaint is
received
GRC = Grievance Redress Committee DS = Divisional Secretary IA = Implementing Agency
*Costs for water quality, air quality and noise testing are an estimate for one set of samples at one location. The cost does not
include transport.
Periodic monitoring and environmental audits should be carried out to ensure compliance by the contractor and non compliance should be
strictly dealt with. During the contract formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so that they can be enforced effectively.

8 CONCLUSIONS
296. The proposed Environmental Management Plan reports all relevant actions that will be
taken by the developer including monitoring of impact and establishing capacity for
ongoing management during the implementation of pre-construction stage, construction
stage and post construction stages of the project including the liability period. The
proposed Rehabilitation of the 5 tanks- Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam,
Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai and Kalvilankulam under the CARE Project
indicates a number of positive impacts on social development which directly support to
national economy and empowerment through the employment, increased market,
infrastructure upgrading and development and social conveniences in the Northern
Province. The number of negative impacts that have also been identified include soil
erosion, disturbances to day-to-day activities, dust, noise generation during construction
etc.
297. Vavuniya District located in the Northern Province, has an area of 196,700 Ha or 1967
km2. The Vavuniya DS Division under which Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam and
Aliyamaruthamadu Tanks fall, has a total area of 590.3 km2. Agricultural land is the main
land use in the DS Division amounting to 47% followed by forest land (38%), wetland
(6.9%) and rangeland (6.5%). Agriculture is the main landuse in the DS Division.
Vengalacheddikulam under which Periyathampanai Tank falls, has a total area of 394.8
km2 of which 53% constitutes agricultural land.
298. Mullaitivu District is located in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an
area of 261,690 Ha or 2616.9 km2. Considering Thunukkai DS Division, where Kalvilan
Kulam Tank is located, the total land area is 325.7 km2. Forest land constitutes a major
portion of the land, up to 62%. Agricultural land follows as the 2nd major landuse followed
by range land.
299. In Vavuniya, the resettlement process is in full swing and there are less than 74,616
people sheltered in the Welfare centres in Cheddikulam, Vavuniya. Within Vavuniya
district 151 persons of 43 families were resettled during August 2009 and in October
2009, 9,962 persons of 3,104 families and another 10,809 persons of 3,755 families in
November 2009 and in December 2009 3,057 persons belonging to 693 families were
resettled. With the addition of recent figures a total of 23,979 persons have been
resettled in Vavuniya District. Vavuniya resettlement is nearing completion.

300. The progress of resettlement in the Thunukkai DS Division in Mullaitivu is not at a

satisfactory level. It is about 50%. The commands of tanks have been severely affected
with war. Almost all the infrastructure facilities have been dilapidated and landmine
clearance is not yet completed. A large number of livelihoods are centered on
agriculture and livestock. About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the
production of livestock is converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they
involve include mainly cattle and goat keeping.
301. Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies within the low country dry zone. All five
tanks fall within the floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands). Tropical dry mixed evergreen
forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community (Chloroxylon-Vitex-Berrya-Schleichera
series)}, tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-Salvadora-Randia series),
damana and villu grasslands, flood-plain wetlands, riverine and gallery forests are the
typical vegetation formations found in this floristic zone. However, the proposed tanks
are mostly surrounded by highly human influenced habitats.
302. The area supported mostly common plant or animal species associated with such
human influenced habitats. Two species of endemic plants Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu)
and Derris parviflora (Kala Wel), one species of endemic dragon fly Ictinogomphus rapax
(Rapacious Flangetail) three species of endemic birds Gallus lafayetii (Sri Lanka
fuscocapillum (Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler), two species of proposed endemic
birds and two species of endemic mammals Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) and
Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey) were observed in the project area. The species
bserved in and around the tank habitats also included two species of nationally
vulnerable (VU) plants Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) and Margaritaria indicus
(Karawu), one Nationally Vulnerable species, Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf
monkey), and five species of animals, Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Cirrochroa
thais (Tamil yeoman), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican), Semnopithecus
priam (Grey langur), Macaca sinica (Sri Lanka toque monkey) that are listed as
Nationally Near Threatened. This low numbers of endemic and threatened species in the
area is consistent with the distribution pattern of endemic and threatened species in Sri
Lanka, where majority of these species are restricted to the natural habitats in the wet
zone of Sri Lanka. None of these endemic or threatened species are restricted to the
project area or adversely affected by the project.
303. No major invasive plant species was observed at the five project sites. However, two

(Podisinnamaran) were observed among the tank bund vegetation of all five tanks are
304. None of the five projects fall within or closer to any protected area declared by the
Department of Wildlife Conservation or Department of Forest Conservation. Therefore,
the project will not have any impacts on protected areas or natural forests.
the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Even the
youths who are above 18 years of age should be hired with proper working conditions
and remuneration. The construction crew should be educated to behave in such away to
avoid getting any children from the local area involved in their entertainment activities in
the evenings at their labor camps.
306. Similar to children there may be tendency for contractors to hire war impacted women at
potential negative implications on women are required. The most important step is to
enhance the understanding and concerns of construction crew on women. They should
be educated on the need of carefully thought methods to deal with women. Women must
be hired if they show their interest to work as laborers in the constructions sites. They
should be granted good working conditions including reasonable salaries. There may be
some women who are willing to provide accommodation and meals for construction
crew. The contractors should be made responsible to manage their construction crew
members who are staying in local residences. Apart from awareness sessions, certain
code of conduct should be developed and imposed on construction crew.
307. Since the project involved rehabilitation of the existing tanks, few significant environment
impacts are anticipated other than the general impacts that are associated with any
development project such as noise and vibrations, dust, solid waste, clearing of
vegetation, disturbance to fauna, flora and communities living closer to the
developmental activity, air pollution due to emissions, erosion and sedimentation,
siltation and contamination of surface water bodies etc.,

308. It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the 5 tanks mentioned
impacts identified and will provide an essential requirement of water to reinstate the
livelihood activities in the area and thereby facilitate the resettlement process.

9 RECOMMENDATIONS
309. In the IEE study appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and post
310. There is a need for the developer to collaborate and involve local government and the
lead agencies during the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures.
311. Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction to
minimize social expectations and other issues of employment, health and safety.
implemented where possible by the NPID.
314. Awareness on HIV AIDS is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV AIDS are not
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV AIDS and steps to
315. As a way of ensuring sustainable development, it is recommended that the developer

and all the responsible parties take measures to implement the identified mitigation
measures.

ANNEXURES
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011- Rev

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai &Kalvilankulam,
Annexure 1
Drawings
Drawing No : CARE/IRR/VA/CHE/01 Rehabilitation of Kombuvaithakulam Irrigation Scheme

Layout Plan
`
Drawing No : CARE/IRR/VA/VEL/LAY/01 Rehabilitation of Velankulam Irrigation Scheme Layout
Plan
Drawing No : CARE/IRR/VAV/ALI/LAYOUT Rehabilitation of Aliyamaruthamadu Irrigation Scheme

Layout Plan
Drawing No : CARE/IRR/VAV/PERIYA/LAYOUT Rehabilitation of Periyathampanai Irrigation Scheme

Layout Plan

& Photographic Profiles

Drawing No-:IEE/CARE/001-VAV Administrative boundaries, Vavuniya District
Drawing No-:IEE/CARE/002-MULL Administrative boundaries, Mullaitivu District

Drawing No-: IEE/CARE/001-VAV
Drawing No-: IEE/CARE/002-MULL
Photographic Profiles
1. Kombuvaithakulam
2. Velankulam
3. Aliyamaruthamadu
4. Periyathampanai
5. Kalvilankulam
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-KOM-VEL-ALI-PER-KAL 2011 - Rev

Photographs: A-KOMBUVAITHAKULAM
Fig. A-1 : Overview of the Tank with Centre Fig. A-2 : Overview of the Bund
sluice
Fig. A-3 : Centre canal with adjacent paddy field Fig. A-4 : Spill of the Tank
Fig. A-5 : Natural ‘Spill’ (causeway) of the Tank

Photographs: B-VELANKULAM TANK
Fig.B-1 : Overview of the Tank Fig.B-2 : View of the Tank Bund
Fig.B-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.B-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.B-5 : Right Bank Canal Fig.B-6 : View of the Left Sluice

Photographs: VELANKULAM TANK
Fig.B-7 : Outlet of Left Sluice Fig.B-8 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.B-9 : Tank Bund Fig.B-10 : Access location to the Tank
Fig.B-11 : Bench made by Forces on the Bund Fig.B-12 : Shrine near the Right Sluice
Fig.B-13 : Bund section covered with Bushes Fig.B-14 : Banion tree on thebund
Fig.B-15 : Damaged part of the Bund Fig.B-16 : Bund Surface
Fig.B-17 : Spill Fig.B-18 : Spill

Fig.B-19 : Culvert Cum Regulator by the Right Fig.B-20 : Buffer zone (Kattakaduwa)
end of the Bund
Fig.B-21 : Cultivated area (After 20 years) Fig.B-22 : Culvert over RBC
Fig.B-23 : LBC down the culvert Fig.B-24 : : Culvert over LBC

Fig.B-25 : LBC down the culvert Fig.B-26 : Well near Left Sluice supplying
drinking water to the nearby Army base
Fig.B-27 : “Kekatiya” growth Fig.B-28 : “Nymphaeaceae” family plants

grown in the Tank
Photographs: C-ALIYAMARATHAMADU TANK
Fig.C-1 : Overview of the Tank Fig.C-2 : View of the Tank Bund
Fig.C-3 : View of the Right Sluice Fig.C-4 : Outlet of Right Sluice
Fig.C-6 : View of the Middle Sluice

Fig.C-5 : Right Bank Canal
Photographs: ALIYAMARATHAMADU TANK
Fig.C-7 : Outlet of Middle Sluice Fig.C-8 : Center Bank Canal
Fig.C-9 : View of the Left Sluice Fig.C-10 : Outlet of the Left Sluice
Fig.C-12 :Kovil near the Middle Sluice

Fig.C-11 : Left Bank Canal
Fig.C-13 : Inside view of the Kovil Fig.C-14 : Kimbulwenna growth
Fig.C-15 : “Nymphaeaceae” family growth Fig.C-16 : Bund Surface
Fig.C-17 : Bund slopes subjected to erosion Fig.C-18 : Shrinkage cracks on the Bund surface
Fig.C-19 : Access location to the Tank Fig.C-20 : A downstream access to the Bund
Fig.C-21 : Bushes grown on the Bund Fig.C-22 : Trees on the Bund
Fig.C-24 : : Temporary Bund upstream of the

Fig.C-23 : Place where the leakage can visible
Spill
Fig.C-25 : Spill Fig.C-26 : Road constructed over the Spill
Fig.C-27 : A damaged location of the Spill Fig.C-28 : A damaged location of the Spill
Fig.C-30 : Continued Bund Downstream the

Fig.C-29 : Lowlands downstream the Spill
Spill
Photographs: D-PERIYATHAMPANAI
Fig. D-1 : Overview of the Tank Fig. D-2 : Overview of the Bund
Fig. D-3 : LB Spill of the Tank Fig. D-4 : RB Spill of the Tank
Fig. D-5 : LB Sluice of the Tank Fig. D-6 : RB Sluice of the Tank
Photographs: E-KALVILANKULAM
Fig. E-1 : Overview of the Tank Fig. E-2 : Overview of the Bund
Fig. E-3 : LB Sluice of the Tank Fig. E-4 : RB Sluice of the Tank
Fig. E-5 : LB canal of the Tank Fig. E-6 : Spill of the Tank
IEE Check List

IRRIGATION
Instructions:
Compliance Officer.
Sector Division: Irrigation – Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu,
Periyathampanai & Kalvilankulam
A. Project Siting
 Protected Area √
 Wetland √
 Mangrove √
 Estuarine √
 Buffer zone of protected area √
 loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of √

encroachment into forests/swamplands or
historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology
of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage
hazards)?

conflicts?

IRRIGATION

capacity?

ground subsidence?


 potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land √

use issues?
 soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? √

 noise from construction equipment? √ The noise levels are low and the
construction locations are away from
houses or any other public place such
as schools or a religious place. The
impact will only be temporary
surroundings of the tank. No
residential areas are in close
proximity and therefore, the impact
would be minimal. Access roads need
to be watered as specified in the EMP

water?
seasons?

IRRIGATION

 large population influx during project construction and √ Locals will be used for labour as
operation that causes increased burden on social much as possible. Therefore even
infrastructure and services (such as water supply and temporary camps will be very few if
sanitation systems)? any.
 social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries √

are hired?

and operation?

decommissioning?


children)?
zones)?

Tank User Consultations Data

No of Samurdhi beneficiary
Cropping intensity – Yala -
Cropping intensity – Maha
Is tank in cascade – Yes /
If Yes which Tank in the

Command Area Acres
Fisheries Families
Population In GN
Farm Families
cascade
families
Population
Crops
Tank Ds Division GN Division
-%
No
%
In Ds
Kombuvaithakulam Vavuniya 115335 V/219, 375 40 200 0 Paddy 100 0 Yes 1 0

Maradamadu
Velankulam Vavuniya 115335 Velankulam 350 35 224 0 Paddy 100 50 Yes 2 0
Aliyamaruthamadu Vavuniya 115335 V218D, 365 40 228 3 Paddy 100 50 Yes 2 0

Aliyamaruthamadu
Periyathampanai Vengalacheddikulam 17616 207A, 600 114 366 0 Paddy 100 40 Yes 1 0
Periyathampane
Kalvilankulam Thunukkai 10271 Kalvilankulam 699 150 400 17 Paddy 100 30 Yes 1 0
ANNEX 4B – Physical & Management Problems, Proposals for Productivity Increase

productivity
Kombuvaithakulam Access difficulty to the tank. Not cultivating on time, difficulties Explore possibilities to
Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, in implementing rotations, waste construct agro wells, drought
dilapidated canal system & damaged of water due to physical problems, tolerance seed, providing of
sluice. Poor access to tank and weak Farmer Organizations inputs at subsidized prices,
command area
Velankulam Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cleared 100% in irrigable area Improve the canal system in
dilapidated canal system & damaged Not cultivating on time, difficulties addition to head works
sluice. Access difficulty to the tank, in implementing rotations, waste
dilapidated culvert of water due to physical problems
Aliyamaruthamadu Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cleared 100% in Irrigable Introduce other field corps
dilapidated canal system & damaged areas, waste of water due to during Yala, monitoring of the
sluice, Poor access to tank and physical problems. Weak Farmer rehabilitation process,
command area. Silted tank bed. Organizations introduction of drought tolerant
seed, promoting other field
crops (OFC)
Periyathampanai Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cleared 100% in irrigable Improve the canal system in
dilapidated canal system & damaged area, weak Farmer Organizations addition to head works ,
sluice drought tolerant seed, providing
of inputs.
Kalvilankulam Dilapidated tank bund, damaged spill, Not cultivating on time, difficulties Good seed paddy, timely
dilapidated canal system & damaged in implementing rotations, waste supply of fertilizer
sluice, tank capacity decreased due to of water due to physical problems,
siltation difficulties to operate dilapidated
sluices
Annex 4C - List of Different Stakeholders Consulted

1 Rajarathnem Grama Niladari V/219, Maradamadu
2 S Rajasegaram Member, Farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
3 K Kulasingam Member, Farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
4 N R Selwa Member, Farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
5 N Rajanayagam Member, Farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
6 S Kawalisvara President, farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
7 P Palendra Secretary, farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
8 P Sumendram Member, Farmer Organization Kombuvithakulam
9 S Yogendram President, Farmer Organization Periyathampane
10 Kulendraraja Farmer Representative Periyathampane
11 Sundaralingam Secretary , Farmer Organization Periyathampane
12 K Crishanthi Member farmer Organization Periyathampane
13 Karshani Farmer Representative Periyathampane
14 R Thiripokulasiri Grama Niladari Periyathampane
15 Jagadeesvaram Technical Officer Irrigation Office, Mullaithivu
16 J Ruban Technical Officer Kalvilankulam
17 N Indira President, Farmer Organization Kalvilankulam
18 R Kethisvaram Farmer Representative Kalvilankulam
19 M Devaharan Technical Officer Kalvilankulam
20 S Jekan Divisional Secretary Divisional Secretary
21 Jonpulle ADP Divisional Secretary
22 Kamalaraj ADP DS Office Karachchi
23 K Munivanam ADP DS Office Vavuniya
24 J Jaganedan DD Agriculture Vavuniya
25 Jamini DDA Office Vavuniya
PRA Meeting - Kombuvaithakulam
Methodology used was Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) with people by community development officers A.R.Nanthakumar and
P.Supakaran of the CECB at the house of the farmer’s organization leader on 6th of December 2010.In this meeting Semi Structured
interview (SSI) tool was used to address and clarify irrigation problems. People who participated were very enthusiastic and addressed
their common and individual problems.
Problems Expressed by Farmers and Decisions Incorporated in Kombuvaithakulam Irrigation Scheme
 Length of LB is 1625m and RB is 1200m. If the bund of tank is raised, it needs two sluices. One is not enough. RB side new
sluice proposed by farmers.
 All canals have been made by soil. Therefore those breached. Left bank should be lined it’s about 1.5km.
 Drainage canal should be lined till canal. All drainage canals should consider.
 All the irrigation roads in LB are should be reconstructed due to difficulties in travelling. Should be leveled up to 2 feet by soil.
During farming people are encountering many difficulties due to inaccessibility. Most farmers said that they carry the goods
and crops on their shoulders themselves.
 Spill water way should be lined. If lined 200 acres will be benefited.
 4km of cross road should be reconstructed. Two irrigation quarters are damaged these should be renovated. ( Kollikulam and
Kobuvithakulam roads)
 Bridge proposed at Pattipalayam where road and river meet.
 Spill water enters into Vavunikkulam.
 Proposed tractor crossings to each field canals. 4 FCC in LB and 4FCC in RB.
 Gravel is available nearby tank bund and spill. If gravel or soil excavate near bund area it will affect bund in future.
 Clay soil available inside tank bed.
 No repairs have been affected after 1958 when the tank was constructed.
PRA – Kombuvaithakulam-Page 1 of 2
 200 acres are cultivated, 25 acres remains uncultivated due to fields covered with jungle.
 Spill should be raised by 3 feet. Length is 170 feet.
 Tank bund should be raised by 6 feet.
 In some places jungle has covered the fields. Due to absence of water flow, land has dried. It should be cleared. Big trees near
tank bund should be removed.
 There is a leak on the tank bund adjoining the spill near Kula tree and Panichai tree. The leak does not occur always. It only
commences when the tank is about to spill say 0.5 feet below spill level.
 Proposed to send spill water to Moonkilkulam. Make arrangements to convey water to fields from Moonkilkulam canals.
 Regulators should be reconstructed.
 Provide turnouts to all fields.

 Two causeways at LB and RB should be repaired. Farmers proposed to raise the causeways.
PRA – Kombuvaithakulam-Page 2 of 2
PRA Meeting - Velankulam
Methodology was Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) with people by community development officers A.R.Nanthakumar and
P.Supakaran of the CECB at Velan kulam multy purpose center on 23rd January 2011. In these meetings Semi Structured interview
(SSI) tool was used for addressing and clarify the irrigation problems. People who participated were very enthusiastic and addressed
Problems Expressed by Farmers and Decisions Incorporated in Velankulam Irrigation Scheme
 Spill of Velan kulam is small and timbered structure. It should be raised and constructed in modern style. Due to timber
structure it lost durability.
 Vanniyasingams field is in reservation area of tank therefore should concrete lining around the field or provide a field in
another area.
 Due to the water leakage existing RB and LB sluices should be newly reconstructed.
 The Anicut of tank should be raised
 No any roads to field yet. New road should be provided with spreading gravel.
 Tank bund should be raised as well as riprap protection provided in badly need section between two sluices. The inlet area of
bund was eroding due to high waves.
 RB and LB canal should be lined.
 Left bank should be straightened. It was destroyed and seen difficulties.

 Box culvert to be provided at adjoining place of canal and road.
 Gravel should be spreaded on tank bund road. Gravel available near the tank
 All the turnouts were destroyed. Need new to all of them.
 Many regulators are destroyed. Need to provide new.
PRA – Velankulam-Page 1 of 2
 All the regulators are in poor condition should be rehabilitated in appropriate places.
 Inlet area of sluice should be extended.
 Need bating steps and climbing steps.
 Lining to LB length is 5900 feet and RB is 3000 feet.
 No FCC in RB canal therefore needs a new FC. It should start 1.5km on canal from sluice.
 Two FCC off LB were eroded. Need to be rehabilitated.
 Farmers proposed third a new sluice. 50 acres will benefit if this is built. These fields come under Bathrakali tank it does not
maintain. Only for name and no any structures. Therefore farmers under this tank are not enjoying facilities. If a new sluice is
built on Velan kulam these farmers will be benefited.
 Road of RB should be constructed about 1.7km.
 Two roads need which adjoining RB canal and Madukulam road. Approximately it is 2.7 km.
 No proper drainage canal in RB and LB. in some places no any symbols of drainage canal. All should be constructed in a
proper manner.
 Need any arrangements to obtain rain water to tank.
 When Aliyamaruthamadu tank fills it destroys border fields of Velan kulam. Therefore the spill of Aliyamaruthamadu should
be reduced. Farmers said earlier the farmers from both tanks had good relationship. Via they made some arrangements to
recover the fields but due to the conflicts, no any alternatives have taken place. During the consulting and construction works
should pay attention to do no harm to both sides.
 For 20 years cultivation was stopped in some areas due to jungle therefore it should be cleared.
 Once a 4 years spilling in Velan kulam.
 Spill and road should be raised

 Farmers proposed two new roads adjoining RB and LB canal.
 Construct a new agriculture well.
 Proposed a store room to farmers of Velan kulam.
PRA – Velankulam-Page 2 of 2
PRA Meeting - Aliyamaruthamadu
P.Supakaran of the CECB at Madukulam G.T.M.S on 19 of March 2011.In this meeting Semi Structured interview (SSI) tool was used
to address and clarify irrigation problems. People who participated were very enthusiastic and addressed their common and individual
problems.
Problems Expressed by Farmers and Decisions Incorporated in Aliyamaruthamadu Irrigation Scheme
Place – Madukulam G.T.M.S Date – 19. 03. 2011 Time - 10.30 – 12.45
Identified issues
Tank bund
 Tank bund serves as main access road to the village. There is a main road but it is far away and is damaged. Farmers proposed
to reconstruct the road. In two places it should be widened by 3 feet to allow two vehicles to cross. There are many leakages
particularly on the bund and 50m from spill below bund. This water directly enters the fields.
Sluice
 Three sluices LB, RB and CS are available. Farmers themselves made a fourth sluice near spill which supplies water to 3
fields of 5 acres. Now this structure is not available. At war times army made a bund across the tank near spill. The remnants
can be seen. Farmers proposed to reconstruction of this fourth sluice. There is a big leakage near LB sluice. Sound of water
leaking can be heard. Officers from ID and CECB agreed with farmers to reconstruct first three sluices. Farmers who belong
to the fourth sluice proposed any alternatives, Officers agreed to construct “head wall type sluice” to supply water to those
fields. The proposed LB sluice should be shifted. Some said if shift it will increase water pressure. If RB sill level is arise this
area will have good yield.
PRA – Aliyamaruthamadu-Page 1 of 4
Bathing steps
 Two earthen bathing steps are available in this tank bund. Due to erosion steps are in bad shape. It is dangerous to get down
and bathe. New bathing steps should be constructed spate to men and women indicating name board. All the people from this
village are bathing here armies too. Some said forces they bath with under wares therefore need separate to men and women.
Farmers proposed two steps on upstream side of bund.
 There is a small Ganesan Kovil on the way on downstream side of bund. According to people’s opinion this god is the
protection god to tank, bund, fields and structures. Due to take water to this temple needs people proposed small steps by
three feet.
Spill
 Spill of this tank is very bad condition unlike other tank spills. This spill serves as road. Due to breach in rainy season by
people it under control of armies. For 40 years no any repair after establishment. Right side wing wall totally destroyed
should be reconstructed.
 When Aliyamaruthamadu tank fills it serves water to fields of velen kulam via spill water. Therefore beneficiaries from velan
kulam proposed to slope. If slope will they can produce good yield. But aliyamaruthamadu farmers said if slope the level of
supplying water will reduce it will affect the whole fields so it is wrong. Farmers from Aliyamaruthamadu said velan tank
people they trespasses these fields and cultivating. Their fields affects when open the spill so better they cultivate based on
this time.
Canals
 Central canal supplies water to 140 acres. Due to it is not straight water breach the curve point of canals can be seen below
figure. Farmers proposed to lining 500m out of 1.2 km from beginning point till well.
CS
 Left bank canal is 0.7km long. It supplies water to 38 acres. Right bank canal supplies water to 50 acres. The DCC and FCC
are hidden. Farmers proposed to construct and reconstruct all structures before lands distribution to each all.
Drainage canals
 Drainage canals are not in proper manner, there are many leakages particularly near Maruthamaram ( Sinnathambanaikulam).
Spill should be adjoining with newly proposed drainage canal at RB side. Proposed drainage canal is about 0.75km long.
Drainage Canal
Proposed drainage canal

1.75km LB CS RB 1.2km
Spill
Drain
(P& N) drainage canal (0.75km)
PRA Meeting - Periyathampanai
P.Supakaran of the CECB at the house of the farmer’s organization leader on 6th of December 2010.In this meeting Semi Structured
interview (SSI) tool was used to address and clarify irrigation problems. People who participated were very enthusiastic and addressed
Problems Expressed by Farmers and Decisions Incorporated in Periyathampanai Irrigation Scheme
Problems
 Bund should be constructed as well as raised.

 Both sluices are in good condition but need some repairs
 Riprap protection to bund
 If raise bund by 0.5 feet can send water to end fields.
 Spill water goes to Pandivirichan and reaches the sea.
 about 150 acres are not cultivate due to shortages of water
 Between two sluices there is leakage
 Bund should be till road and path to bund is should be light slope not as vertical
 On the top place of bund should put gravel road, gravel available at main road.
 Lining to RB and LB
 All the regulators should be constructed
 Jungle was covered at end of LB canal should be cleared and constructed.
 Needed to be constructed all drainage canals
PRA – Periyathampanai-Page 1 of 2
 should facilitate to low lands to water flow
 The road of DCs in both canals should be renovated.
 RB main irrigation road should be adjoined to main road
 the spill way should be cleared
 the irrigation quarters has damaged need to be renovated
 clay soil is available into tank
Gravel available 2km far from tank at Kannadiththittu
PRA – Periyathampanai-Page 2 of 2
PRA Meeting - Kalvilankulam
Methodology was Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) with people by community development officer A.R.Nanthakumar and P.
Supakaran of the CECB on 31.10.2010 in G.T.M.S school .In these meetings Semi Structured interview (SSI) tool was used for
addressing and clarify the irrigation problems. People participated very enthusiastically and expressed their common and individual
problems. In these meetings Semi Structured interview (SSI) and Social Mapping tools were used for addressing and clarifying the
irrigation problems. Farmers themselves drew and made the map of canal structures by coconut leaves, flowers, leaves and other
wasted tools , officers facilitated them to make a social map. Then they explained via that map where the problems were.
Problems Expressed by Farmers and Decisions Incorporated in Kalvilankulam Irrigation Scheme
Right Bank
 6 FCC of Right bank and its roads should be reconstructed. Rural roads are in a state of neglect. These connect farming villages
to towns and markets particularly serve to transport produce and inputs. These need repairs. Trunk roads are no exception.
Priority will be given to repairs of such roads. Irrigation roads are in a poor condition. The road which connects to market has
ups and downs. People are encountering many difficulties. Farm cross roads, main irrigation roads and market roads are
neglected by government and non government agencies and need to be rehabilitated. Raise and extend the road of RB
 95% of the people have proposed to construct new turnouts. Turnouts are a common problem to all in RB, LB and CS, due to
improper water flow to all fields. People breach bunds and take water. During floods they breach the canal to send out excess
water. People have concrete and earth turnouts. All the earth turnouts are in a poor condition and concrete turnouts are eroded.
All the turnouts are demolished, needed 9” turnouts instead of 6 “.
 Regulators needed
 Need an undercrossing in the middle of RB
 All culverts should be repaired
PRA – Kalvilankulam-Page 1 of 3
 FC2 should extend due to absence of water flow to end of fields.
 To construct 170 m concrete bund from sluice to bridge
 Due to drainage channel had become fields new ones need to be constructed.
Left Bank
 Lining of LB
 FCs and roads of 4th FC should be constructed,
 The drainage channel between 4th FC and 5th FC should be renovated.
 All the turnouts demolished, needed 9” turnouts instead of 6 “.
 Culverts should be renovated.
 Regulator and pipe needed to SFC to 5th FC.
 Need new sluice for LB, need to construct 550m concrete bund from sluice.
 Need to supply water to the top fields of main channel.
 Need a gate to 3rd FC
 FC2 should be constructed 1km with concrete due to slope in some places.
 Fields between the 4thFC and 5th FC getting water from drainage channel so need proper supply system. ( proposed new
channel)
 Need proper channel system to 6th FC
 Need to provide all structures to 1st, 3rd and 6thFC
KalvilankulamPanankamam - Thunuahkai DS, Mullaittivu.
Final Summary Report of PRA Meeting
Date of Meeting - 31.10.2010Name of CDO’s- Mr.A.R.Nanthakumar and P.Supakaran
No Description Remarks MC DC FC Field Remedy
1 Concrete Lining RB 170 m of lining from 1,3 ,6 fcs E

○M○ 1st field in 4th
sluice to bridge N
○ 2,4,5 N
○ FC E
○M○
LB Entire M
○ 4E
○M(
○ due to slope)
2 Turnout RB All N(
○ 9” pipe )
LB All N ( 9 “ pipe )
3 Culvert LB E
○M○
4 Drainage channel RB E
○ and M
○
LB Between FC4 and FC5 E
○M(
○
due to highland)
5 Road RB 1-6 FC’s Road E
○M○ raise
and extend
LB
9 Regulator RB All E
○M○
LB All E
○M○
10 Under crossing RB N(
○ in the middle of field)
11 Channel RB Extend 2nd FC
12 Sluice LB N
○
13 Gate LB N
○
Abbreviations –○
E (existing) ○
N (New) ○
M (Modify) ○
D (Demolish)

Work Allocation

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Kombuvaithakulam, Velankulam, Aliyamaruthamadu, Periyathampanai & Kalvilankulam in Vavuniya & Mullaithivu Districts, Sri Lanka

2 issues
8 Eng. S. S. I Kodagoda Civil/ Geotechnical Engineering Civil / Structural Engineer Geotechnical aspects of roads
Slope Engineering
systems Engineering
Studies Studies
13 Ms. P. B. I. N. De Silva Computer Programming, Computer Programmer Numerical Analysis / Data Compilation
Numerical Analysis
15 Eng. Ragunathan Irrigation Design Design Consultant Design of SWE / Tanks
16 Eng. Kajanthan (and team) Civil Engineering Civil Engineer Surveying and engineering aspects
References

References
1. Ecology
New Delhi;



xiii+148pp.


GUIDELINES


3. AIR QUALITY

924!12 dated 2J" May 1996.

4.2 (a) _
authorities.
project activities

EMBANKMENT
carried out.
Formats

Information Collection form to be used for Environmental Monitoring:
Date of inspection: Time of inspection:

Tank number: Tank name:
Stage of implementation:
GPS reference of section inspected
Sketch diagram of the SWE System: Environmental impact parameter Yes No NA
1. Ground vibration
2. Dust generation
3. Noise emissions
4. Air pollution
5. Water pollution
6. Siltation
7. Erosion
8. Ground pollution
9. Water logging
10. Release of hazardous substances
11. Spread of alien invasive species
12. Increased risk of landslides
13. Blockage of waterways
14. Increased risk to natural resource
15. Disposal of construction spoil & waste
16. Solid waste disposal
17. Health hazards
18. Increased traffic
EMP Compliance Monitoring
Compliance parameter Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Management of site preparation for construction
Management of traffic
Management of air quality at the site
Management of noise and vibration causing events
Management of construction related waste
Management of erosion at the site
Management of watercourses
Management of new weed infestations at the project site
Management of hazardous material
Management of health and safety of workers
Management of transport vehicles
Management of borrow, quarry & sand mining sites
Cleanup and rehabilitation
Further explanations on identified impact parameters or non compliance of EMP conditions
Recommendations for mitigation:
Comments of the report evaluation officer:
Inspected by: Signature:

Project No : 44065

(CARE) Project

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF
VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MULLAITHIVU DISTRICT,
NORTHERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA
Prepared by :-
Sri Lanka
February 2011
CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY (CARE) PROJECT, SRI LANKA

FOR THE REHABILITATION OF THE
VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MULLAITIVU DISTRICT,
Executive Summary
A. Background
The villages in Northern Province (NP) were severely affected due to long prevailed war. The
main livelihoods in many of these villages were centered on agriculture activities. These villages
are also traditional villages in NP. Most of these villages are located in dry zone where rainfall
is limited to few months in wet seasons called “Maha”. By knowing this constraint in the
environment the ancient people had constructed a large number of different scale of tanks for
storing water that comes from Maha rains. Some of these tanks have been established in
cascades where spill water of one tank gets in to other.
These tanks have been neglected for nearly 20-30 years from adequate rehabilitation and
therefore, they are in dilapidated condition. Some of tanks have become incapable of storing
water for agriculture. This is due to damages to the head works and canal system. Dilapidation
of this livelihood related infrastructure facility has created significant negative impacts on the
lives of the people in these villages. These village tanks are not mere water storages used for
growing crops but they play more significant roles in the entire livelihood system of the village.
Water stored in tanks is used by multiple users including flora and fauna in the environment.
People also use water for other purposes such as bathing and washing. In this context these
tanks should not be considered as mere agriculture tanks but they are part and parcel of the
livelihood system of each village. It has been observed that most of the human settlements in
NP cannot be seen without a village tank.
The proposed Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project will support the
Government of Sri Lanka's (GoSL) efforts in rehabilitating and constructing essential physical
infrastructure damaged by the conflict in the Northern and Eastern Provinces as well as
selected villages in the North Central Province, bordering the Northern Province. The Project
also aims to strengthen the civil administration and restart livelihoods of returning IDPs and
conflict-affected persons, and over time, to create sustainable employment for their benefit.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 i
The key components of the overall Project include: (i) Re-establishing connectivity through
rehabilitation of damaged municipal, provincial, and national roads; (ii) Providing basic services
such as drinking water and electricity supply; (iii) Improving basic social services which will
support the delivery of essential civil administrative services, and restarting livelihoods
through rehabilitation of a number of small to medium irrigation schemes, rebuilding
administrative offices and related facilities, and rehabilitating selected vocational training
centers; and (iv) Providing legal assistance and improving governance through reconstruction
of court buildings, and providing legal aid to IDPs and conflict-affected persons.
B. Vavunikulam
Vavunikulam is located in between the latitude and longitude of 800 20' 00"N to 800 22' 00"N
and 090 04' 00"E to 090 06' 00"E, respectively. The approximate ground elevation of the area is
about 43 m above MSL. This tank is located in the Manthai East DSD, in Palinagar G.N
Division. This is the most valuable resource to this division as well as to the district. Manthai
East division is one of the five divisional secretariat divisions of Mullaitivu District. It is bounded
by Thunukkai in the North, Oddusuddan in the East, Vavuniya North in the South and Manthai
West in the West. Vavunikkulam tank supplies water to five GN divisions namely Palinagar,
Vinayagapuram, Poovarasamkulam and Sivapuram. This benefits 15 villages overall.
Similar to other infrastructure facilities tanks in the district got seriously damaged due to long
maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks are a significant hindrance for implementing
successful livelihood reestablishment programs in the war torne areas.
The project head-works are located at latitude 09o 05' 00'' Longitude 80o 22' 00''on a local
tributary of Poli Aru basin. This scheme is in the Northern Agro Climatic Zone. At the location of
the catchment basin the temperature varies from a minimum of 26 0C to maximum of 38OC. The
following table summarizes the basic information of the irrigation scheme.
G.N. Division Working Tank Tank capacity Irrigable area

(Major) (In Ha)
Palinagar Vavunikkulam 35,300 AC.Ft. 2,424 For Gravity

Irrigation
335 For Lift
Irrigation
The people in this surrounding villages were dependent on agriculture. Settlements have been
around irrigation schemes and thousands of families fully depend on the stored water not only
for crops but also for livestock and domestic use. Ground water surveys have not been carried
out. Several schemes in this area are in a state of disrepair. The strategy for improving the
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 ii
infrastructure therefore places high priority on the rehabilitation of these irrigation schemes.
Water resources particularly seasonal rivers are not being fully exploited for agricultural
purposes.
Sprinkler and drip irrigation system were introduced to Mullaitivu some years back. Farmers use
these systems to irrigate red onions, chillies, vegetables and banana. Due to this they obtain a
good yield and better market value. There has been a shift away from the construction of new
irrigation facilities to rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes in order to upgrade the irrigation
efficiency and increase productivity and cropping intensity of existing cultivated land. To achieve
this, institutional and organizational aspects affecting irrigation system and operation have been
given priority, and the need to introduce an operation and maintenance system based on the
participation of beneficiary farmers has been recognized.
C. Objectives of the Proposed Project
One of the main objectives of the project are to improve the operational efficiency which will
lead to increased agricultural and functional utility level of the existing tanks in the Mullaitivu
District. The project is to significantly expand and strengthen the urgently needed reconstruction
of essential infrastructure and administrative services, and create livelihood and sustainable
employment opportunities in the conflict affected areas by supporting the recovery of the
region's economy.
Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam in the Mullaitivu District is a part of the Conflict Affected Region
Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project No.44065 carried out by the Northern Province
Irrigation Department. Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, an institution under the Ministry
of Irrigation and Water Management has been contracted by the Government as Consultants to
the project.
D. IEE Study
The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EA) a legal
requirement for a range of development projects. Rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance
of existing tanks are not listed as prescribed projects by the Central Environmental Authority
(CEA). However according to ADB requirements, projects financed through Bank resources are
required to undertake an environmental assessment to identify the potential environmental
impacts that may arise. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 was used to classify the
significance of the project’s potential environmental impacts and the project was classified as a
Category B project, one requiring environmental assessment.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 iii

E. Scope and Objective of the Study
Scope of the study includes the documentation of the existing physical, biological, ecological
and sociological conditions of the study area and identification of potential changes that may
arise in the area due to the construction and subsequent operation of the project. For the
purpose of this Environmental Assessment (EA), the area within a 100m radius of the tank as
well as the banks of the irrigation canals has been identified as the direct impact zone. Further,
project influence areas such as transportation routes, temporary facilities, raw material storage
areas and debris disposal sites also have been taken into consideration.
The objective is to ensure that the proposed works will respect the environment and will comply
with the environmental standards required by the Asian Development Bank and GOSL. Key
tasks will be:
1. To conduct baseline surveys around Vavunikulam Tank area & Irrigation Scheme.
2. Identify the types of landscapes present on either side of each utility areas of the tank
and assess their current ecological status.
3. Based on the information gathered during the baseline surveys and proposed project
interventions assess the environmental impacts that will arise due to the proposed
development and to develop mitigation measures.
F. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements
The National Environmental Act, which is the most important legislation governing the process
of EA. The three other legislations under which EA can be required. (1) Coast Conservation Act
(CCA) No.57 of 1981 implemented by the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and
applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the Act; (2) Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance
(FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993) implemented by the Department of Wildlife
Conservation. This act specifies that any development activity that takes place within the one
mile of the boundary of a National Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE;
(3) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act
34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and
new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and
forest resources. In addition to National Environmental Act (NEA) the following acts are
applicable to this type of road rehabilitation projects
1. The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954, 22 of 1955,
28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and 13 of 1986). (No
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 iv
acquisition of land is foreseen in the project. However, the act is mentioned here as a
safeguard.)
2. Pradeshiya Sabha Ordinance and by laws of Local Authorities. The project will generate
solid waste and spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner
3. Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its own quarries
or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction must be procured from
quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining license obtained from the Geological
Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or Environmental Protection License (EPL) from
Central Environmental Authority (CEA).
4. Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953 –
During the bund rehabilitation if there be a need for a few trees to be removed, a permit
will have to be obtained from the Divisional Secretary.
5. Water Resources Act - Prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water
sources.
6. State Land Ordinance Act - Provides guidelines to the protection of source, course or
bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon, creek, canal, or
aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation of water supplies.
7. Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for
prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage by
floods and droughts.
8. Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 and Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 as this is a
project under the Provincial Irrigation Department
9. Provincial Council Act No 42 of 1987
10. The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995
- Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84
of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
11. Water Resources Act.
12. Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 as this is a
project under the NPID.
13. Motor traffic Act No.14 of 1951 and it amendments.
14. Agrarian Services Act of 1959.
15. Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955.
16. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993 and
2009).
G. Methodology for Environmental Assessment
Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant and animal
species, socioeconomic structure were collected. Line transects survey and sampling method
was carried out about 50-100m from either side of the bund. Information was obtained from
Government officers, local people, and other stake holders. Wildlife and floral surveys also were
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 v
carried out up to about 100m from either side of the dam/bund and the banks of the tank,
around waterlogged areas, irrigation canals, paddy and homegardens, forest patches, and
along sections of the Pali Aru river and associated small tanks. Floral species were surveyed
using line transect methods about 100m from both sides of the dam. Some plant species could
not be identified in the field. Aquatic surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand
collecting in aquatic habitats in the reservoir. The status of recorded plant and animal species
were evaluated using IUCN Red Data List 2007. Environmental impacts were identified and
suitable mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail EMP. The Basic Information
Questioner (BIQ) and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) checklist ; Annexure 3 were
prepared according to the CEA and ADB Guidelines.
The Divisional Secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related divisions and
Agriculture research and production Assistants were interviewed and collected data related to
each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank were also
interviewed and information collected related to each candidate tank. The general farmers from
the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were met in groups in most cases to
obtain the information on local knowledge they posses. List of persons formally interviewed is
attached in Annexure 4 of the report.
H. Physical Environment
The Vavunikulam Tank is located in the Northern Province which falls in the dry zone of the
country, where annual rainfall is less than 1500mm and the average maximum temperature
ranges between 26 and 38° C. The convectional cyclonic period (late September to November)
begins with the weakening of the southwest monsoon. This period can include cyclones and
may result in heavy rainfalls. The northeast monsoon (December to February), though weak
compared to southwest monsoons, brings agriculturally important rainfall to northern and
eastern parts of the island. However, on the whole, January is the coolest month and May is
the hottest month. Relative Humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night.
The Mullaithivu District is located in the North-East of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. The
area belongs to the lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka, where the average ground elevation is less
than 30m and it has an area of 2,617 km2. The Indian Ocean demarcates the north eastern to
south eastern boundary of the district. More than 50% of the land is covered by forest and scrub
lands. Paddy cultivation is the major cultivations in the district, in addition other field crops and
livestock farming is also present. The District covers 127 GN Divisions in 5 Divisional
Secretariat Divisions.
The most common rock types in the Mullaithivu district are undifferentiated vijayan gneisses,
Alluvial and lagoonal clay, silt, sand, Charnockite/ charnockitic gneiss, granites with pink
microcline, biotite gneiss and hornblende biotite gneiss (Source; Geological map of Sri Lanka-
P.G.Cooray, 1984).
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 vi
I. Biophysical Environment
Biogeographically, the proposed Vavunikulam tank lies in the Mullaitivu District within the low
country dry zone. This area comes under floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands). Tropical dry
mixed evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community (Chloroxylon-Vitex-Berrya-
Schleichera series)}, Tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-Salvadora-Randia series),
Damana and Villu grasslands, Flood-plain wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are typical
vegetation formations in floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands).
One endemic species, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) was observed in and around the tank. The
faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included the endemic Dragon fly,
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flangetail), and the nationally vulnerable mammal Elephas
maximus (Asian Elephant). Further two nationally near threatened bird species Ichthyophaga
ichthyaetus (Grey-headed Fish-eagle), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican), one
nationally near threatened butterfly species Tirumala septentrionis (Dark blue tiger) and one
nationally near threatened mammalspecies Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) were also
observed in habitats around this tank. None of these species will be adversely affected by the
project.
However, the proposed tank and its downstream areas are mostly surrounded by highly human
influenced habitats other than the natural forest and riverine forest observed.
The area supported mostly common plant or animal species associated with such human
influenced habitats. Three endemic plant species, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Hydnocarpus
venenata (Makulu), Derris parviflora (Kala Wel) was observed among the habitats present in
and around the Vavunikulam tank and its downstream areas. The faunal assemblage observed
in and around the tank and its downstream areas included the endemic Dragon fly,
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flangetail) and one endemic mammal species Semnopithecus
vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey). No Nationally threatened plant species were observed in
and around the tank. However, the floral assemblage in the downstream areas included three
nationally threatened plant species Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Vanda tessellatais and
Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba). The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank and
the downstream areas included two nationally vulnerable mammals Elephas maximus (Asian
Elephant) and Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey). Further two Nationally Near
Threatened butterfly species, Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Tirumala septentrionis (Dark
blue tiger), four nationally near threatened bird species Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Grey-headed
Fish-eagle), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican), Anhinga melanogaster (Oriental
Darter), Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis) and one nationally near threatened
mammal species Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) were also observed in habitats in and
around this tank and downstream areas. This low numbers of endemic and threatened species
in the area is consistent with the distribution pattern of endemic and threatened species in Sri
Lanka, where majority of these species are restricted to the natural habitats in the wet zone of
Sri Lanka. None of these endemic or threatened species are restricted to the project area or
adversely affected by the project.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 vii

No major invasive plant species was observed in the tank, its immediate surroundings and
downstream area. However, plant species, Lantana camara (Gandapana), Mikania cordata
(Wathu Palu) and Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran) were observed among the
vegetation associated with the tank and downstream areas are also listed as alien invasive plant
species. However, at present these plants do not pose a serious threat to the surrounding
environment.
The project does not fall within or closer to any protected area declared by the Department of
Wildlife Conservation or Department of Forest Conservation. Therefore, the project will not have
any impacts on protected areas or natural forests.
J. Social Environment
The progress of resettlement in the Manthai East DS Division in Mullaitivu is not at a satisfactory
level. It is about 50%. Even in these families only the male chief householders have come to do
some cultivation in most cases. All other female family members are left behind the refugee
camps or with other relatives. The main reason for the communities to avoid settling
permanently in the areas with the family members is lack of infrastructure facilities essential to
reestablish livelihood system as whole.
The commands of tanks have been severely affected with war. Almost all the infrastructure
facilities have been dilapidated. A large number of livelihoods are centered on agriculture and
livestock. About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the production of livestock is
converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they involve include mainly cattle and
goat keeping.
The resettled families in the areas of candidate tanks under the overall project are living under
extreme poverty condition. Except for government and other NGOs assistance they do not have
their independent and reliable income sources. The resettled communities have been able to do
1-2 cultivations (seasons) in the candidate tank areas under the dilapidated conditions. This was
also carried out mainly depending on rainfalls. The yield was not at all good and the limited
production was used for household consumption and even the small quantities left could not be
sold at good prices in urban centers due to disturbed conditions prevailing in the areas during
the times of the past war.
The command area under Vavunikulam Tank is 6060 acres supporting 430 farm families directly
while many more are supported indirectly. About 7 GN divisions fall in the area where
Vavunikulam is located. About 15 villages are in the 7 GN divisions. Three villages
(communities) of 15 can be categorized as direct and the rest as general beneficiary population
of Vavunikulam.
K. Anticipated Environmental Impacts
In general, the anticipated negative environmental impacts are mainly short-term and arise
during construction period. The anticipated negative impacts on the physical environment during
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 viii

the period of civil work will be due to change in air, dust and water quality, operation of quarry
sites, crusher plant, concrete batching plant, spoil disposal and also transportation of materials
and construction waste. The proposed construction activities involve rehabilitating the bund.
Under the project several activities have to be implemented during pre-construction and
construction period, for instance land preparation that will result in pollution of surface water
bodies, noise and vibrations and emission of dust; transportation of construction material and
waste; establishment of temporary storage areas for construction materials and disposal of
construction waste, and establishment of labour camps, etc.
Awareness on HIV AIDS is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV AIDS are not
frequently reported there will be potential for such problems taking place in the construction
sites. The project developer, Northern Province Irrigation Department (NPID) should launch a
program to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV AIDS and steps to be taken
as precautions. At the same time the project developer should educate the entire construction
crew who will be going to stay in the different locations in the project areas. It is recommended
to conduct awareness sessions to raise the understanding of the communities as well as
construction staff on the potential social, environmental and health related problems.
Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate all the likelihood
negative impacts on children. There should be some imposed conditions on the contractors to
avoid hiring of school children for the project activities. Similar to children there may be
tendency for contractors to hire war impacted women at unreasonable conditions to work on
construction sites. Sexual harassment may be another potential negative impact on women in
the project implementing area. Similar to measures to mitigate likelihood impact on children,
appropriate measures to avoid all potential negative implications on women are required.
Extraction of sand, gravel and metal will cause soil erosion and lowering of the river beds,
destruction of the river banks and natural habitat at the quarry sites. Water stagnation in
excavated areas such as borrow pits will provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and other
disease causing vectors. This will create accidental health hazards to general public and wild
animals.
Use of heavy vehicles should restrict to off peak hours. After the constructions borrow pits must
be restored by the contractor. The restoration should include re-vegetation of the sites with
landscaping and facilitating to re-growth of natural vegetation. Material storage sites should not
be established close to residential areas, beside the roads, around the water bodies etc.
Specific mitigatory measures are discussed in the EMP for easy reference as well.
According to the technical staff of the consultants, NPID and stakeholders in the local area and
observations of the social development and resettlement specialist, the proposed project will not
create any resettlement issues. It is expected to use the existing roads for accessing the tanks
to carry out the improvement activities. Therefore, private properties will not be affected.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 ix
L. Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation

consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals along the considered road
section during the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and concerns freely
on the proposed development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into
consideration of their views & suggestions in the early stages of the project cycle in order to
avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project implementation phase. General public
were in full agreement with the proposed tank rehabilitation project & expressed their
appreciation. Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders (including
NGOs and CBOs) were carried out to hear their views and concerns, so that these can be
addressed in subproject design where necessary.
M. Grievance Redress Mechanisms
The main objective of establishing a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is to solve problems
in an efficient, timely and cost effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of
all stakeholders including affected parties.
The GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2. Accordingly, two
GRCs to be appointed for these two stages. GRC of Step 1 will address Ground Level Issues
with the consultation of Grama Niladari, Regional Representative of the Implementing Agency,
Representatives from Social Organizations (male and female), Contractor and the
representative from the general public of the respective area. The issues that could not be
addressed by Step 1 GRC within three weeks time is requested to be refered to Step 2 GRC
within 07 days with a copy to the Head Office of the Implementing Agency.
N. Environmental Management Plan
The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a set of tasks. In
the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on the project proponent, the
contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies) are assigned. These tasks should be
implemented within a specified time/period by the agency responsible and as per the
specifications set out in the EMP.
mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation measures and
supervise.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 x
The contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan in consultation
with a professional (Environmental Manager) to highlight the mitigatory measures to minimize
the anticipated environmental impacts, which arise during the construction phase. The EMAP
must include all the permits / approvals to be obtained from the relevant Government Institutes/
Authorities, measure to be taken to prevent environmental pollution, methods of disposal of
solid waste and other hazardous materials comply with the National rules and regulations. EMP
& EMoP should be a part of the bid document & implementation of the EMP will be the
responsibility of the contractor.
O. Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signaling the
potential problems that result from the proposed project and will allow for prompt
implementation of effective corrective measures. The Environmental Monitoring is required for
both construction and operation phases of the project. A detailed EMoP was prepared in order
to meet the objectives of monitoring activities of the project such as site supervision, verification
of permits, monitoring of water quality, noise and air, monitoring of solid waste disposal and
dumping sites. The contractor must be responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and
noise during the construction phase (where required). Consultants and the appointed staff from
the NPID will supervise the Contractor. An environmental monitoring report should be submitted
to Consultant.
P. Conclusions
This IEE discusses in detail the baseline situation in respect to climate, topography, air quality,
soils and geology, hydrology, terrestrial ecology, cultural heritage sites and socio-economic
structure as well as proposed development activities of the project. Appropriate mitigations are
proposed during construction and post construction activities of the rehabilitation of
Vavunikulam. Once these measures are implemented, then the impact may either be
eliminated or minimized. It is expected that, over all, there will be few negative impacts from
this development or the project. There is a need for the developer to collaborate and involve
local government and the lead agencies during the implementation of the recommended
Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction to

minimize social impacts and other issues of employment, health and safety. It is
recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities, especially in non-
skilled positions whenever possible. Employing local people will not only benefit the
communities but also eliminate the costs of constructing new huts and providing logistics and
reduce influx of people and tensions that comes with it. Planners of the proposed project need
to work out careful strategies to mitigate all the likelihood negative impacts on children and war
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xi
affected women. There should be some imposed conditions on the contractors to avoid hiring
of school children for the project activities. Even the youths who are above 18 years of age
should be hired with proper working conditions and remuneration. Sexual harassment may be
measures to mitigate likelihood impact on children, appropriate measures to avoid all potential
negative implications on women are required. Apart from awareness sessions, certain code of
conduct should be developed and imposed on construction crew.
The immediate beneficial impacts from the project are apparent in the construction phase, as
there will be various employment opportunities (skilled and unskilled) for the local population
and transfer of technical know-how of construction work to the local workers. An effective
implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse impacts mitigation measures
would optimize the benefits expected from the project and minimize the negative impacts.
Mitigation measures are presented in pre-construction, constructions as well as in operational
stages of the project to minimize the anticipated negative impacts.
It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme
project will not have a significant impact on the environment other than the general impacts that
can be easily mitigated through a well designed Environment Management Plan. The benefits
perceived from the project implementation far outweigh the negative impacts identified and will
provide an essential requirement of water to reinstate the livelihood activities in the area and
thereby facilitate the resettlement process.
Q. Recommendations
Given that the environmental impacts will be fully addressed under the Project, it is possible to
satisfactorily meet the environmental protection requirements provided that the mitigation,
monitoring, and reporting programs are carried out. It is highly recommended that mitigation
measure be properly implemented.
The IEE study of the proposed rehabilitation of the Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme under the
Northern Province Irrigation Department reveals that the benefits from the implementation of the
proposed project are more significant and long term in nature against the short term negative
impacts most of which could be mitigated. Therefore, proposed development project can be
categorized as “Category B” under ADB guidelines. Hence, a detailed EIA study is not required
and this IEER is sufficient for approval and can be considered as a final Environmental
Assessment for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam in Mullaithivu District in the Northern Province
under the CARE project. Thus the project is highly recommended for implementation.
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xii

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme in Mullaitivu District, , Sri Lanka

CONTENTS
Page
Executive Summary i
Contents xiii
List of Tables xx
List of Figures xxi
List of Annexures xxii
Abbreviations xxiii
1 INTRODUCTION 01

1.5 Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme 05
1.7 Applicable Environmental Legislations and Institutional
Capacity 08

2.4 Scheme Description 15
2.4.1 Hydrological Data 15
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xiii

2.4.2 Reservoir Data 15

2.4.3 Bund 16
2.4.4 Spill 16
2.4.5 Sluice 17
18
2.4.6 Channel
20
2.4.7 Area
2.5 Size and the Magnitude of the Project 20

2.5.1 Lining to canals 20
2.5.2 Right Bank 20
2.5.2.1 E& M –DCs in RB 20
2.5.2.2 New Lining to DCs and FCs in RB

20
20
2.5.2.3 E & M –DCs in FCs and field in RB
2.5.3 Left Bank 21

2.5.3.1 E M & N-DCC in LB 21
2.5.3.2 EM & N –DCC in FCs and field in RB 21
2.5.4 Center Sluice 21

2.5.5 Tank bund 21
2.5.6 Turn outs 22
2.5.7 Culverts 22
22
2.5.7.1 Right Bank
22
2.5.7.2 Left Bank
2.5.8 Center Sluice 23

2.5.9 Drainage Canal 23
2.5.9.1 Right Bank 23
2.5.9.2 Left Bank 23

24
2.5.9.3 Centre Sluice
2.5.10 Irrigation Roads 24

2.5.10.2 Left Bank 24
2.5.10.3 Centre Sluice 24
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xiv

2.5.11 Regulators 25
2.5.11.2 Left Bank 25
2.5.11.3 Centre Sluice 25
2.5.12 Bridges 25
2.5.12.2 Left Bank 25
2.5.13 Drop Structures 25
2.5.13.2 Right Bank and Center Sluice 26
2.5.14 Spill 26
2.5.15 Stagnation of Water 26
2.5.15.2 Left Bank 26
2.5.15.3 Center Sluice 26
2.5.16 High lands 26

2.5.17 Low lands 27
2.5.18 Jungle cover 27
2.5.19 Under Crossing 27

27
2.5.20 Sluice
2.7 Labour Force 28
2.8 Main Beneficiaries of the Project 28

3.2.1 Topography 31
3.2.2 Climate and Whether 31
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xv
3.2.3 Geology 31
3.2.4 Soils 32
3.2.6 Hydrology 33
3.2.7 Water Resource 33
3.3.2 Existing Floral Habitats , Fauna and Flora 37
3.3.2.1 Threatened and Endemic Species observed in and around the
Vavunikulam Tank 38
3.3.2.2 Downstream areas of the Tank: 39

3.3.2.2.1 Forests 39
3.3.2.2.2 Scrublands 40
3.3.2.2.3 Tanks and Canals 41
3.3.2.2.4 Waterlogged areas 42
3.3.2.2.5 Rivers and Streams 43
3.3.2.2.6 Threatened and Endemic Species observed
in the downstream areas of the Vavunikulam Tank 44

3.4.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analyses of 45
Impacts
3.4.2 The Social Economic Condition of the Tank related 45

Communities
3.4.2.1 Situation in Mullaitivu District 45
3.4.3 The Project Beneficiary Population 46
3.4.3.1 The Diversity of Tank beneficiary population 46
3.4.3.2 Income Generation Activities in the Project 47

related DS Divisions
3.4.3.3 The Health and Education facilities available in 48

the Area
3.4.3.3.1 Health Condition 48
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xvi

3.4.3.3.2 Education Condition 48
3.4.3.4 Other Infrastructure facilities in the project

Beneficiary area. 49
49
3.4.3.4.1 Roads
49
49
3.4.3.4.3 Telephone
49
3.4.3.4.4 Drinking Water
49
3.4.3.5 Poverty in the Project Beneficiary Area
3.4.4 The Proposed Tank Rehabilitation Project 51
3.4.4.1 Physical Problems to be solved by the rehabilitation

53
Project
3.4.4.2 Management related Problems in Vavunikulam in 51
Mantai East DSD
3.4.4.3 Current Performance of Vavunikulam mantai East
52
DSD
3.4.4.4 Cropping Intensity 52
3.4.4.5 Cropping Patterns 53
3.4.4.6 Yield 53
3.4.5 The Measure to address the Current Problems in the 53

Tanks
3.4.6 Solution to the Management Problems 54
3.4.7 Consideration in Working in the Conflict Affected

55
Areas.

MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Pre-contraction & Construction Period 56
4.2 General Impacts of the Project and their Mitigation 56

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xvii

5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION & 61

PARTICIPATION
6 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS 63


66
6.4.1 Methodology
6.4.1.1 Methodology - Step 1 GRC 66
6.4.1.2 Methodology - Step 2 GRC 68

6.4.2.4 Coordinates with Other Grievance

Redress Mechanisms 70
6.4.2.5 Asses the Complaints 71

71
6.4.2.6 Formulate Response
71
72
73
6.4.2.10 Track the Document and Evaluate the

74
Process and Result

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xviii


78
7.5 Management of Construction related waste
78
7.6 Management of new weed Infestations at the Project Site 79

80

7.10 Health and Safety Plan 81
7.11 Emergency Procedures 82
7.12 Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures,
Storage Areas, Site Office, Etc.,After Construction Work
is Completed 83
7.13 Management of Social Concerns 83
7.14 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management Plan 84
7.15 Environmental Monitoring Plan 85
7.16 Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures , 78
Storage Areas , Site office, after construction work is
completed
103
8 CONCLUSIONS
106
9 RECOMMENDATIONS
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xix

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1: Medium Tanks Mantai East 6
Table 1.2: Major Rivers of Mantai East-2009 6
Table 1.3: Major Tanks of Mantai East-2009 6
Table 1.4: Minor Tanks of the Mantai East-2009 7
Table 2.1: Names of Villages benefitted by Vavunikulam 29
Table 2.2: Extend of the Total Land area benefitted by Vavunikulam 29
Table 3.1: Land Use in Mullaithivu District 30
Table 3.2: Agriculture ,Parcels in District by D.S.Divisions-2008-Mullativu 30
Table 3.4: Population in DS and GN Divisions Related to the proposed 46
Project
Table 3.5: The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project 46
Table 3.6: Ethnic Diversity of Project Beneficiary Population 47
Table 3.7: Extent of Land per Family in the Candidate Tanks Under the 50
Project
Table 3.8: Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks Under Overall 50
Project
Table 3.9: The Command Area and Farmer Families in Vavunikulam 52
Table 3.10:Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks in 7 DS Divisions 52
Table 3.11:Crop Yield in Tanks in DS Divisions 53
Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan - Vavunikulam 87
Table 7.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan 97
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xx
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig 1.1:Google Image of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme 1
Fig 1.2:The sub divisions of the Mullaitivu District in the Northern Province 2
Fig 1.3:Water resources within the Mullaitivu District and location of 8
Vavunikulam
Fig 2.1:Location and accessibility Map of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme 13
Fig 2.2:The Vavunikulam Irrigation Tank 15
Fig 2.3:Vavunikulam Reservoir 15
Fig 2.4:Earth Bund of Vavunikulam 16
Fig 2.5:Spill of the Tank 17
Fig 2.6:One of the Vavunikulam Sluices 17
Fig 2.7:Existing Channel 18
Fig 2.8:Bird’s eye view of LB Canal 18
Fig 2.9:Bird’s eye view of Centre Canal 19
Fig 2.10:Bird’s eye view of RB Canal 19
Fig 3.1: Geology Map of Mullaithivu 32
Fig 3.2: General Soil Map of Area 33
Fig 6.1:Structure of Grievance Redress Mechanism 71
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xxi

LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure -1 : Drawings
Annexure-2 : Administrative Boundaries & Photographic Profiles
Annexure-4 : Social Environmental Assessment Data / Tank User Consultation Data
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xxii

ABBREVIATIONS
AP Affected Parties
CBO Community Based Organizations
CCA Coast Conservation Act
CSM Clayey Silty Sand
CO carbon monoxide
DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment
DCP Dynamic Cone Penetration
EA Executing Agency
FFPO Faunal and Flora Protection Ordinance
GA Government Agent
GN Grama Niladari
IEER Initial Environmental Examination Report
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
MAL Malikai
MED Ministry of Economic Developments
MOU memorandum of understanding
NPID Northern province Irrigation Department
NGO Non Government Orgnizations
OM Operations Manual
RDA Road Development Authority
SBST Single Bituminous Surface Treatment
SIEE Summary of IEER
SM Silty Sand
VA Vavuniya
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 xxiii

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme, in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

SRI LANKA

1 INTRODUCTION
01. For nearly three decades, Sri Lanka has been severely affected by an internal
armed conflict. While the entire country suffered because of the conflict, Northern
Province bore the brunt of it. The conflict intensified from February 2007, and the
government forces gained full control of the entire land area by 18 May 2009.
The conflict has had a devastating impact in the war-affected northern region;
much of the infrastructure has been damaged or destroyed, and the livelihood of
the population has been severely affected. The incidence of poverty in Northern
Province is estimated at 37% (compared with 15% for the country as a whole),
which is probably an underestimate of the actual poverty. The province
contributed a mere 2.9% of the country's gross domestic product over 2005–
2007, despite having 14% of the country's land mass, 40% of the coastal belt,
and 6% of the population.
Fig 1.1: Google Image of the Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011 Page 1

02. A presidential task force was appointed in July 2009 with the task of formulating
a strategic framework for revitalizing the economy of the northern region. A
needs assessment was conducted by the government and a medium-term
strategy was formulated. The Government has requested Asian Development
Bank (ADB) for a Conflict Affected Region Emergency Loan (the Project). ADB
fielded three missions to the conflict affected regions in the Northern Province,
Eastern Province and the adjoining areas of the North Central Province.
Extensive discussions were held with the representatives of the Provincial
Councils, District officials, Central line Ministries, Ministry of Economic
Development (MED), and the Ministry of Finance and Planning.
03. The CARE project funded by the ADB and GOSL has undertaken to fully
rehabilitate the Irrigation system of Vavunikkulam irrigation scheme a cost of Rs
585m. The project is to be completed in two years. Once completed, the
beneficiaries will be able to cultivate their lands of extent 2425 Ha with assured
supply of Irrigation water for the full extent in Maha and partially for Yala. This
will help in the resettlement of IDPs. The other components for development of
five GN divisions named Palinagar, Vinayagapurma, Poovarasamkulam,
Palinagar and Sivapuram. Provision of Irrigation facilities to 2425 Ha of paddy
lands will directly benefit farm families and some indirectly.
Fig 1.2: The Sub Divisions of the Mullativu District in the Northern Province
(Red dot indicates the location of the Vavunikulan Irrigation Scheme)

development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and
design process, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable
levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has
become an integral part of lending operations and project development and
implementation worldwide.
05. Based on preliminary information, the Project is classified as Category B

(described in paragraph 09).
Government of Sri Lanka's (GoSL) efforts in rehabilitating and constructing
essential physical infrastructure damaged by the conflict in the Northern
Province, Eastern Province, and selected villages in the North Central Province,
which border the Northern Province. The Project also aims to strengthen the
civil administration and restart livelihoods of returning IDPs and conflict-affected
persons, and over time, to create sustainable employment for their benefit.
create livelihood and sustainable employment opportunities in the conflict
affected areas by supporting the recovery of the region's economy. The project
will focus primarily on the war affected Northern Province and some components
will also focus on the Eastern Province and some adjoining villages in the North
Central Provinces, which were affected by the conflict.
08. The key components of the overall Project include: (i) Re-establishing
connectivity through rehabilitation of damaged municipal, provincial, and national
roads; (ii) Providing basic services such as drinking water and electricity supply;
(iii) Improving basic social services which will support the delivery of essential
civil administrative services, and restarting livelihoods through rehabilitation of
10 small to medium irrigation schemes, rebuilding administrative offices and
related facilities, and rehabilitating selected vocational training centers; and (iv)
Providing legal assistance and improving governance through reconstruction of
court buildings, and providing legal aid to IDPs and conflict-affected persons.

09. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential
environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its
most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative,
and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is
scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its
potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following
four categories:
(i) Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have

significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or
unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or
facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment is
required.
(ii) Category B. A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential

adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A
projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and
in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for
category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.
(iii) Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to

have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental
assessment is required although environmental implications need to be
reviewed.
(iv) Category FI. A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves

investment of ADB funds to or through a Financial Intermediary (FI).
10. The objective of the lEE report is the preparation of an environmental account
including relevant environmental issues pertaining to the proposed project to
facilitate the necessary decision-making. The IEE report comprises baseline
data on existing conditions of physical, ecological, economical and social
conditions of Vavunikkulam irrigation scheme together with the anticipated
environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures.

1.5 Rehabilitation of Vavunikkulam Irrigation Scheme
11. Rehabilitation of medium scale tanks in the Northern Province is a part of the
Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project, ADB Project No.44065
carried out by the Northern Province Irrigation Department. Central Engineering
Management has been contracted by the Government as Consultants to the
project. The layout of the tanks which are rehabilitated under this project is
shown in the drawing No CARE/IRR/MUL/VAV/SU/LA/01 - 06.
12. The Vavunikkulam tank is located in the Manthai East DSD, in Palinagar G.N
Division. This is the most valuable resource to this division as well as to the
district. Manthai East division is one of the five divisional secretariat divisions of
Mullaitivu District. It is bounded by Thunukkai in the North, Oddusuddan in the
East, Vavuniya North in the South and Manthai West in the West. Vavunikkulam
tank supplies water to five GN divisions namely Palinagar, Vinayagapuram,
Poovarasamkulam and Sivapuram. This benefits 15 villages directly.
13. Accessibility for the Headworks: The project area is easily accessible through
a gravel motorable road (12 km south-east from the Mankulam junction of the A9
road. Most of the main canal and the branch canals can be approached through
the existing village roads. The project head-works are located at latitude 09o 05'
00'' Longitude 80o 22' 00''on a local tributary of Poli Aru basin. This scheme is in
the Northern Agro Climatic Zone. At the location of the catchment basin the
temperature varies from a minimum of 26 0C to maximum of 38OC.
14. The people in this village were dependent on agriculture. Settlements have been
around irrigation schemes and thousands of families fully depend on the stored
water not only for crops but also for livestock and domestic use. Ground water
surveys have not been carried out. Several schemes in this area are in a state of
disrepair. The strategy for improving the infrastructure therefore places high
priority on the rehabilitation of these irrigation schemes. Water resources
particularly seasonal rivers are not being fully exploited for agricultural purposes.
15. Rural roads are also in a state of neglect. These connect farming villages and
fishing centers to the towns and markets and particularly serve to transport the
produce and inputs. These need repairs. Trunk roads are no exception. Priority
needs to be given to repairs of such roads.

16. Sprinkler and drip irrigation system were introduced to Mullaitivu some years
back. Farmers use these systems to irrigate red onions, chillies, vegetables and
banana. Due to this they obtain a good yield and better market value. There has
been a shift away from the construction of new irrigation facilities to rehabilitation
of existing irrigation schemes in order to upgrade the irrigation efficiency and
increase productivity and cropping intensity of existing cultivated land. To
achieve this, institutional and organizational aspects affecting irrigation system
and operation have been given priority, and the need to introduce an operation
and maintenance system based on the participation of beneficiary farmers has
been recognized.
17. Records of the Irrigation Development in Manthai found in the following

Tables 1.1 – 1.3
Table 1.1: Medium Tanks in Manthai East

S.No. G.N. Division
Working Tank Irrigable area Farm
(Medium) (In Ha) Families
1. Kollavilankulam Kollavilankulam 105 87
2. Panankamam Panankamam 120 40
TOTAL 225 127
(Source – Irrigation Office Vavunikulam)
Table 1.2: Major Rivers of the Manthai East -2009

Length of River with in the division (in
S.No. Name of Rivers
km)
1 Pali Aru 32
2 Paranki Aru 13
Table 1.3: Major Tank of Manthai East-2009
G.N. Working Tank Tank Irrigable area Farm

Division (Major) capacity (In Ha) Families
Palinagar Vavunikkulam 35,300 2,424 For Gravity 613
AC.FI. Irrigation
335 For Lift N/A
Irrigation
Total 2,759 613

Table 1.4: Minor Tanks of the Manthai East - 2009

G.N G.N. Division Working Tank Working Abandoned Irrigable Farm
No. (Minor) Minor tanks area Families
Tank (In Ha)
Kummakulam - √ 40 -
NedunkeniKulam - - 60 -
Palaipanikulam √ - 180 40
1 Vannivilankulam Periyakulam √ 63 -
Periyathekilankulam √ 47 -
Vannivilankulam √ 100 40
Kumilankulam √ 68 -
2 Ampalpuram Vandikkadukulam √ 40 16
Oddaruthakulam √ - 80 22
Yamaruthakulam √ 70 -
3 Oddaruthakulam Vadakadukulam √ - 51 -
Ammivaithakulam √ 56 -
Sinnayamperumalkulam √ - 26 -
Salampankulam - √ 61 -
Ugilankulam √ - 13 -
Iyamperumalkulam √ - 90 -
Kanakanarkulam √ - 58 -
Kidaipidetthakulam √ - 75 -
Kompuvaithakulam √ - 72 -
4 Moonrumurippu Manathulam - √ 93 -
Moondumurippukulam √ - 58 28
Nelakudiyakulam √ - 61 -
Elamaruthankulam √ - 90 -
Thuvarankulam - √ 61 -
Puliyankulam - √ 61 -
Thevikulam - √ 50 -
Naddankandalkulam √ - 51 -
5 Naddankandal Eruvilkulam √ - 32 11
Uluvanerikulam √ - 57 -
Parappukkalkulam - - 15 -
Ramiyankulam √ - 42 -
6 Siraddikkulam
Siraddikkulam √ - 172 -
Semparkulam √ - 60 -
Total 2,101 157

Source- Agrarian Service Centre Pandiyankulam.

18. The main objectives of the project are to improve the operational efficiency which
will lead to increased agricultural and functional utility level of the tank and
irrigation systems.
19. The IEE report covers a core area based on the boundaries of the existing tank
and project influencing area, borrow sites, and contains the full range of topics,
required purpose and need for the proposed action, environmental setting,
environmental impact analysis for short- and long-term, direct and indirect
impacts, as well as mitigation measures and a detailed Environmental
Management Plan (EMP).
Vavunikula
m
Fig 1.3: Water Resources within the Mullaitivu District and the location of
Vavunikulam.-
20. Environmental assessment requirements stipulated by GoSL, for Projects

outside the Coastal Zone' are found in the National Environmental Act (NEA)
No.47 of 1980, amended by Act No.56 of 1988 and Act. No. 53 of 2000.
Development activities within the coastal zone are governed by the Coast

Conservation Act, No 57 of 1981 amended by Act No. 64 of 1988. In

accordance with the NEA environmental assessments are required for
prescribed projects. Under the National Environmental Act, Prescribed projects
are stipulated in three parts listed in the schedule of the respective Gazette.
Part I identifies prescribed projects based on type and magnitude; Part II
identifies prescribed projects as, all subprojects identified in Part I, irrespective of
their magnitude and selected high-polluting industries, if near culturally and/or
environmentally sensitive areas defined in Part III of the schedule Gazette
Extraordinary of. 772/22 of 24 June 1993.
21. The requirement for Environmental Assessment in Sri Lanka is established by

the National Environment Act (1981), and the procedures are defined in the EIA

- Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (1924,
1955) and any Flood Protection Area declared under the Sri Lanka Land
under the National Heritage and Wilderness Act (1988): the Forest
Ordinance;
as a Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1937);
- Areas within, or less than 100 m from the high flood level contour of, a
public lake as defined by the Crown Lands Ordinance (1947, 1949, 1956)
including those declared under Section 71 of the Ordinance;
- Areas 60 m or less from the bank of a public stream as defined in the
Crown Lands Ordinance, with a width of more than 25 m at any point.

The National Environmental Act, which is the most important legislation

governing the process of EA. The three other legislations under which EA can be
required. (1) Coast Conservation Act (CCA) No.57 of 1981 implemented by the
Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as
defined in the Act (Not applicable in this project); (2) Fauna and Flora Protection
Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993 and 2009) implemented by
the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This act specifies that any development
activity that takes place within the one mile of the boundary of a National
Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE; (3) The Forest
Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act
34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No.
84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection
and management of forest and forest resources. In addition to National
Environmental Act (NEA) the following acts are applicable to this type of
rehabilitation projects:
1.) The Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950 and all its amendments (39 of 1954,
22 of 1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971, 8 of 1979, 12 of 1983, and 13
of 1986). (No acquisition of land is foreseen in the project. However, the act is
mentioned here as a safeguard.)
and spoil that has to be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner as
4.) Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of 1992 - Since the project will not set up its
own quarries or burrow sites, all resource requirements for construction must
be procured from quarries or burrow sites having a valid mining license
obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) or
Environmental Protection License (EPL) from Central Environmental Authority
(CEA).
1953 – If some trees have to be removed, a permit will have to be obtained
from the Divisional Secretary. (However, no large trees are proposed to be
felled in this project)

water sources.
course or bed of any public stream, spring, reservoir, lake, pond, lagoon,
creek, canal, or aqueduct, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation
of water supplies.
8.) Soil Conservation Act - Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources
for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against
damage by floods and droughts.
1993 and 2009).
10.) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several
Acts up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of
1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995
12.) Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of
1990 as this is a project under the NPID.
23. Baseline study including physical condition, habitat types, land use pattern, plant
and animal species, socioeconomic structure were collected. Line transects
survey and sampling method was carried out about 50-100m from either side of
the dam. Information was obtained from Government officers, local people, and
other stake holders. Wildlife surveys also were carried out up to 100m from either
side of the dam/bund and banks of the tank. Floral species were surveyed using
line transect methods about 100m from the both side of the dam. Some plant
species could not be identified in the field. Aquatic surveys were carried out
using pond nets, and by hand collecting in aquatic habitats in the reservoir. The
status of recorded plant and animal species were evaluated using IUCN Red
Data List 2007. Environmental impacts were identified and suitable mitigatory
measures were proposed along with a detail EMP. The Basic Information
Questioner (BIQ) and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) checklist;
Annexure 3 were prepared according to the CEA and ADB Guidelines.

24. The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related
divisions and Agriculture research and production assistants were interviewed
and collected data related to each tank studied. All the office bearers of Farmer
organizations in each tank were also interviewed and collected information
related to each candidate tank. The general farmers from the villages benefiting
from the proposed candidate tanks were met in groups in most cases to obtain
the information on local knowledge they possess. List of persons formally
interviewed is attached in Appendix 4B of the report.


implementation. As the Project will be funded by a loan and a grant, ADB
procedure requires that an IEE is conducted for each town to identify and
mitigate the impacts of subprojects, and to determine whether further study or a
more detailed EIA may be required. Based on the Rapid Environmental
Assessment (REA) checklist of the ADB classification, categorized as environmental
category B. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the
proposed project.
Fig 2.1: Location and Accessibility Map of the Vavunikulan Irrigation Scheme
26. Vavunikulam is located in between the latitude and longitude of 800 20' 00"N to
800 22' 00"N and 090 04' 00"E to 090 06' 00"E, respectively. The approximate
ground elevation of the area is about 43 m above MSL.
27. This tank is located in Malathivu District. Similar to other infrastructure facilities
tanks in the district got seriously damaged due to long prevailed war and also
long time negligence of the tanks in rehabilitation and routine maintenance. The

dilapidated irrigation tanks are a significant hindrance for implementing

successful livelihood reestablishment programs in the war torn areas. Therefore,
the proposed project will be significant complementary and supplementary input
in successful implementation of livelihood restoration program.
28. Agriculture is the key economic activity employing a majority of the population in
Northern Province. There are 62 major and medium-sized irrigation schemes
servicing about 41,000 hectares (ha), and 2,524 small and minor irrigation
schemes servicing about 75,000 ha in the province. Of these, nine major and
medium-sized schemes are interprovincial schemes servicing about 15,500 ha.
The province is in the dry zone, and rains from the southwest monsoon are
limited and irregular. The cropping intensity in most of these schemes in the
province remains low due to shortage of water. There are also no major
perennial rivers that can be tapped to provide irrigation for cultivation in the
Mullaitivu and Jaffna Districts. Rainwater and lift irrigation are the major sources
of irrigation available in the province. The majority of tanks and canals are
dilapidated due to limited or no investment since the early 1980s. Some of the
minor tanks have been abandoned due to the displacement of people.
29. The objective of the tank rehabilitation program is to improve the water
availability in the dry zone areas to provide irrigation facilities to the farming
communities who are being resettled in their original settlements. In this context,
rehabilitation of Vavunikulam tank will also act as one of the essential inputs of
the resettlement process. Resettlement without creating necessary conditions for
active involvement of livelihood activities will be a fruitless effort.

2.4 Scheme Description
Fig 2.2: The Vavunikulam Irrigation Tank (from bund)
Name of tank : Vavuni kulam

District : Mullaitivu
Div. Secretary’s Division : Manthai East
Location / co – ordinates : C/4 (0.95x4.90)
Feeding stream : Pali Aru
2.4.1 Hydrological data :

Catchment Area in (sq. miles): 88.0 Sq. Mls
2.4.2 Reservoir data :

Capacity, Net in (acre.feet) : 34947
Full Supply Level (FSL) (ft. above Mean Sea Level (MSL)) : 142
High Flood Level (HFL) (ft. above MSL) : 145.6
Full Supply Depth in feet : 24’0”
Fig 2.3: Vavunikulam Reservoir
Fig 2.3: The Vavunikulam Irrigation Tank

2.4.3 Bund : Main Bund Flank Bund

Length in feet : 13660 LB Nat 275’ RB Co 1575’ C.B Nat 800’
BTL (FT.above MSL): 149.0 144.0 135.0 144.0
Top width in feet : 18.00 6’0” 12’0” 6’0”
Max. height in feet : 33’0” 4’0” 11’0” 5’0”
Free Board in feet : 3.4
Side Slope, U/ : 1:3 up to 139.0
: 1.2 above 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5
Side Slope, D/ : 1:3 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5
BTL=Bund Top Level; LB=Left Bank; RB= Right Bank;
Fig 2.4: Earth Bund of Vavunikulam
2.4.4 Spill : 1 2 3
Location : LB RB RB End
Type : Natural CO Natural
Length (ft) : 600 700 1200
Crest level (ft. above MSL) : 144 142 144
HFL (ft. above MSL) : 145.6 145.6 145.6

Fig 2.5: Spill of the Tank
2.4.5 Sluice : LB Central RB

Location : LB RB Central
Type : Tower Tower Tower
Size of opening : 4’0”x4’6” 4’0”x4’6” 4’0”x4’6”
Sill Level (ft. above MSL) : 118 118 120
Head of water in feet : 24’0” 24’0” 22’0”
Fig 2.6: One of the Vavunikulam Sluices

2.4.6 Channel : LB Central RB

Length of Main Channel (Chl.) in feet : 37460 5450 64360
Length of Br. Chl. in feet : 7780 - -
Length of F. Chl. in feet : 129676 13360 138955
Length of D. Chl. in feet : 92055 - 19676
Fig 2.7: Existing Channel
Fig 2.8: Bird’s eye view of LB Canal

F
i
g
2
Fig.2.9: Bird’s eye view of Centre Canal
F
i
g
2
Fig.2.10: Bird’s eye view of RB Canal

2.4.7 Area : GI LI Total

Irrigable Area in Ha : 2424 335 2759
2.5 Size and the Magnitude of Project

30. Under the project, the proposed tank rehabilitation works are briefly outlined
below.
2.5.1 Lining to Canals

31. Vavunikulam is the biggest reservoir in Mullaitivu District of capacity 35,300 ac.ft.
Directly 430 farm families (according to the recent SIA survey) are benefited. It
supplies water to a number of minor tanks. It is of great benefit to Mantahai East
division directly and indirectly. In Vavunikulam there are 38 Distribution Canals
(DCC) in LB, 37 DCC in RB and Center Sluice (CS) DCC in 3.
2.5.2 Right Bank

2.5.2.1 E & M - DCs in RB
32. In Vavunikulam RB canal, the existing DCC from 1 to 30 should be lined. In
DC20 300m lining at beginning is badly needed. In DC22 people proposed nearly
1km lining from beginning. Fields from 31 to 37 are malfunctioning due to
displacement, jungle covering as well as absence of water flowing. Therefore
rehabilitation of the RB main canal should consider all these problems mentioned
above.
2.5.2.2 New Lining to DCs and Field Canals (FCs) in RB

33. People proposed to rehabilitate FC and fields. From one to three FCC in DC1
should be 100m lined from beginning. 1st and 4th FCC in DC2, 1st FC in DC27
and 1st FC in DC6 are should be lined. 200m new lining required to 13th FC in
DC10. Lining required from 683 to 684 in DC24.
2.5.2.3 E & M - DCs in FCs and field in RB

34. From 335 to 349 fields in DC12 are highland therefore water is stagnant and
destroys the paddy. People agreed to excavate this highland. The end of canal to
be raised in DC6 in RB. DC18 and DC28 should be deepened. The ups and
downs on main canal in RB lead to inadequate flow of water.

2.5.3 Left Bank

2.5.3.1 E M & N - DCC in LB
35. From DC1 to DC38 except 16 should be lined, 250 feet lining needed at
beginning in DC15. New lining was proposed to DC16. Light post should be
shifted at 31 field in DC2. Should Protect the Erosion of the Bund in DC34 in LB.
Due to mines, cultivation have stopped between the fields of 685-689. Canal of
758 field has not functioned in DC34 in LB.
2.5.3.2 E M & N - DCC in FCs and field in RB

36. People Proposed new lining from 91 to 93 in DC3. 1000 feet of lining to DC18
and 100m to DC19, 25m at beginning of DC34. Lining between 375 to 377 in
DC18. Lining required to DC7, 3rd FC in DC18 and FCs in DC19 FCs in DC23.
4th and 5th FCs in DC22 should be demolished and lined. 26th DC should be
deepened. Water flow only till 573 in 2nd FC in DC23. Canal before 1st FC in
DC28 is damaged. Should be demolished and lined. Bund is not level in DC12.
2.5.4 Centre Sluice

37. DC2 and DC3 should be lined. DC1 should be raised and extended. Water flow
deviates after 16th field in DC1 due to improper canal structure. Bund is high in
34 field. Should be raised. Rest of FCs in CS of Vavunikkulam should be fully
considered.
2.5.5 Tank Bund

38. Jungle was cleared before, due to lack of maintenance around the bund, some
trees have grown and some have taken root. Therefore, the secondary jungle
should be cleared around the bund and it should be maintained in the future.
Jungle has covered the reservation area, spill and spill tail. Clearing jungle
around the reservation area will help to maintain the structures. Clearing jungle
on the spill and spill tail will facilitate proper water runoff and maintain the level of
water in the tank.
39. To construct the bund and its components, soil is available in the reservation
area and highlands. Soil can be obtained from this area. The farmers have
agreed to this and have requested to use their vehicles to transport it. This will
reduce unemployment. They requested to plant turf on both sides of the bund
and spread gravel on the top. The turf should be looked after till it takes root.
40. In the high wave seasons, high wind season and high water level, the water
waves erode the earthen bund. Renovation of retaining wall on upstream side is
necessary. Demolishing the existing retaining wall and reuse was suggested.

Removing the existing damaged concrete and the existing collapsed Rip - Rap
and reuse was suggested.
41. Construction of new Bathing steps near Center and LB Sluices and renovation of
existing Bathing steps near RB Sluice has been requested.
2.5.6 Turnouts (TO)

42. 95% of the people have proposed to construct new turnouts. Turnouts are a
common problem to all in RB,LB and CS, due to improper water flow to all fields.
People breach the bund and take water. In heavy rainy season they breach the
canal to send out excess water. People have concrete and earth turnouts. All the
earth turnouts are in a very poor condition and concrete turnouts are eroded. 668
& 672 in DC29 are malfunctioning. Turnouts should be replaced in 654, 655 &
673 - DC29. Therefore all turnouts should be constructed in proper manner. New
turnouts should be 6 inch diameter.
2.5.7 Culverts
2.5.7.1 Right Bank
43. E & M in RB - 216, 217,222, 223,224,225 in DC9 have proposed to modify the
culverts, 9 culverts in DC10 to be constructed. All the culverts should be modified
except 7th in DC12 . All the culverts in DC13, DC11, DC25, DC26, and DC30
should be modified. DCC 31 to 37are malfunctioning. Should consider the current
poor condition and rehabilitate. culvert between 549 to 550 in DC17 should be
rehabilitated. 3 feet hume pipe culvert near 556-576 in DC18 should be
rehabilitated. 2, 4, 11, 12 fields in DC8, 676, 704, 689,659, 742, 676, 645 in
DC23,Near 761 and 762 in DC28, 762-775 in DC28. 390 and 401 in DC13 are
should be rehabilitated.
44. NEW in RB - 10, 11 and 32 lots in DC1 proposed new culverts and 91, 76, 64 in
DC3. Proposed in 1st FC in DC5.
2.5.7.2 Left Bank

45. E & M in RB - The people from DC3, DC9, DC10, DC11, DC17, DC19, DC22,
DC23, DC28, DC29, DC31, DC32, DC33, DC34, DC35, DC36, DC37, DC38
proposed to rehabilitate all the culverts and 11 numbers of culverts in DC2. Near
50th field in DC3 proposed to extend the culvert. It was proposed to rehabilitate
219th field in DC8, 271th field in DC11, 357th field in DC17, 390th field, 396th field,
429th field in DC18, before 655th field and 658th field in DC29, two between 685th

field to 689th field in DC30, between 710th field to 711th field in DC31 and
between 763rd field to 764th field in DC34.
46. NEW in LB - 54 in DC3 have proposed a new culvert.
2.5.8 Center sluice

47. The people from DC1 to DC3, 41th field to 42, 39th field to 40 and 67th field in
DC2 and 65th and 66 in DC2 proposed to rehabilitate. Culverts should be
constructed at road crossing in every location in FCC in RB, LB and CS. Culverts
from DC31 to DC37 malfunction therefore should be reconstructed.
2.5.9 Drainage canal

2.5.9.1 Right Bank
48. E & M in RB - DC2, DC4 ,DC5, DC6 ,DC7 ,DC10, DC13,DC16 , DC17, DC18,
DC22, DC 23, DC 25, DC26, DC27, DC30, DC31-37 DCC off RB drainage
canals should be constructed. According to the PRA records most people say
many drainage canals have improper structures. Drainage water enters into their
fields. People are unable to drain. Many conflicts were recorded due to drainage
water entering. People proposed to extend DC24 towards Wawal Bridge. 6th field
in DC1 is fully damaged. Drainage canals of 16th and 17th field in DC17 should be
deepened. 170th field in DC24 should be demolished and modified. 16 feet of
drainage canal in DC27 is now half foot width. Should be rehabilitated.
49. New - 327 and 328 in DC12 should be constructed width 7 feet length new
drainage canal.
2.5.9.2 Left Bank

50. EM and New - DC1, DC2 ,DC3, DC4, DC5, DC6, DC7, DC11, DC15, DC16,
DC17, DC18, DC19, DC22 ( 8 Feet Extent), DC23, DC26, DC27, Dc28, DC29,
DC30, DC31, DC32, DC33, DC34, DC35, DC36 are proposed to be
rehabilitated. People requested to 9th and 10th fields and 314th field in DC05
should be taken to consideration. DC12 should be extended 5 feet. Drainage
water enters into 616, 617 and 618th fields in DC27. Therefore should consider
these to be rehabilitated. 333rd field farmers proposed a new drainage canal.
Problem in water flow, therefore people use drainage water in DC38 in LB

2.5.9.3 Center Sluice

51. EM and New - DC1,DC2,DC3 should be rehabilitated, 62nd and 63rd fields have
been destroyed due to drainage water. Therefore the drainage canal has to be
extended by 11 feet. It was proposed to construct a small drainage canal
between 33rd and 39th field in CS.
2.5.10 Irrigation Roads

2.5.10.1 Right Bank
52. E & M in RB - Irrigation roads are in a poor condition. The road which connects
to market has ups and downs. People are encountering many difficulties. Farm
cross roads, main irrigation roads and market roads are neglected by
government and non government agencies and need to be rehabilitated.
53. Therefore the priority will be given to all irigation roads, particularly DC1, DC2,
DC4, DC5, DC6, DC7 ,DC8 ,DC9, DC13, DC14 , Dc16, DC17, DC18, DC20,
DC21, , DC23, DC24, , DC 26, DC27, DC28, DC29, DC30. Farmers requested to
rehabilitate the road to the fields from 227 to 316 off DC10. 10 feet should be
repaired in DC22. Near to 536th fields the road is fully damaged . DCC 31 to 37
to be considered for rehabilitation due to absent of water flow and displacement.
54. New in RB - Extend and raise the road in DC12 till Paliaru and proposed to 5th
FC in DC3.
2.5.10.2 Left Bank

55. E M and New - DC1, DC2,DC3,DC4,DC5, DC6, DC7, DC8, DC9,DC10,DC12,
DC17, DC18, DC 19, DC20, DC21, DC22, DC27,DC28, DC31.DC32,
DC33,DC34, DC35,DC36 and DC37 are proposed to be rehalitated. The road
before 354th field to be considered. Road of DC38 covered by jungle it should
be cleared. To rehabilitate the fully damaged roads 432, 433,434 fields in DC19
and 6th FC in DC22.

56. DC1 should be raised and extended. DC2 and DC3 should be considered for
rehabilitation.
57. Most people proposed to raise the road by 2 feet by gravel. They agreed to
excavate gravel from this area in Vadakadu (13 km from Koththambiya kulam).
People from DC23 in RB of Vavunikulam have agreed. Roads are to be

extended. Tractor crossings should be constructed in appropriate places. One

tractor crossing has to be provided for three fields in all DCs in Vavunikkulam.
2.5.11 Regulators
2.5.11.1 Right Bank
58. E & M in RB - People proposed to rehabilitate DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4, DC6, DC7,
DC10, DC16, DC24, DC25, DC27, DC28, DC30 & two number of regulators in
DC14. DC31 to 37 are malfuctioning. 3rd FC in DC3, 179th field in DC5, 210th ,
210th A in DC7, 436th in DC14, between 558 to 563 in DC18 and before the
fields from 602 to 610 in DC22 are proposed to rehabilitate the regulators.
2.5.11.2 Left Bank

59. People proposed to rehabilitate DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4, DC5, DC7, DC8, DC12,
DC18, DC19, DC21,DC28,DC29, DC35,Dc36, DC37 and DC38. The fields
before 249 in DC11, 317 in DC12 and 767 in DC3 to be rehabilitated. Regulator
300m from LB in DC23 should be reconstructed at 50m.

60. DC1, DC2 and DC3 people have proposed to rehabilitate all regulators.
2.5.12 Bridges
2.5.12.1 Right Bank
61. E & M in RB - The bridge between 203rd and 204th fields in DC7 should be
rehabilitated. The bridge has been damaged in 405th field. The field before 759 in
DC27 should be rehabilitated.
62. New - Nearby 402nd field in DC1
2.5.12.2 Left Bank

63. Bridge in DC17, at end of 2nd, 3rd, 4th FCs in DC23 and field 684 in DC30 should
be renovated.
2.5.13 Drop Structure

2.5.13.1 Right Bank
64. E & M in RB - It was proposed to renovate the drop structures DC2, DC3, DC4,
DC5, DC9, 227th field in DC10, DC11 , DC12, DC17 , DC20, DC21 and DC31-37
in RB DCs as it destroys the fields. It affects their yield.

2.5.13.2 Right Bank and center sluice

65. E & M in LB - 11th field in DC1, 758 in DC34, 767 in DC36 and DC36 have been
proposed to renovate the drop structures. All drop structures in CS to be taken
for consideration.
2.5.14 Spill
66. Length of Vavunikulam spill is 213.4m. People proposed to raise the spill by a
foot and clear the reservation area. In respect to the request, the spill will be
raised by 6 inches. The additional area inundated will only be from the existing
tank reservation and no private lands or buildings will be affected. In the
upstream there should be a cutoff wall constructed. Concrete lining to spilling
basin and 3 inch thickness concrete lining was suggested. Construction of box
type culvert across spill tail was proposed. People stated that spill water enter
into field and destroy paddy. 50 feet concrete bund to spill was proposed. Water
enters 352nd field in DC15.
2.5.15 Stagnation of Water

67. Due to improper water flow and damages in structures, many places in canal and
fields water is stagnant. In some paddy fields, highland and lowland have been
flooded. Improper drop structures, drainage canals, damaged turnouts, damages
and leakages in canal have resulted in stagnation of water. These are recorded
by people. Abundant water flow to 262 from the bund in DC11 in LB, water of this
canal directly going to Ottankulam. Some of fields depend only on rain. If this
canal in built all the fields will be benefited in DC25.
2.5.15.1 Right Bank

68. 2-4 FCC in DC3 and 5th FC in DC4. The fields 75, 90, 95, 77, 88, 72, 86,173,
189, 199, 194-196 are affected by stagnant water.
2.5.15.2 Left Bank

69. 121st field and 127 in DC3, 174th field in DC5 are encountering.
2.5.15.3 Centre sluice

70. From 20 to 28 in DC1.
2.5.16 Highlands
71. Paddy needs 6 inch water in the field. This level should be maintained if not it
affects the yield. The highlands on the paddy fields are the barrier to water flow

to other crops. DC2 and DC4 have highlands in LB. 9 and 10th field in DC1 ,
232rd field in DC10 , behind 6th and 7th FC in DC12 , 426, 544 &498 in DC16 ,
2nd FC in DC23 , 82- 785 in DC28 all in RB have highlands, People agreed to
excavate the highland soil for head works. in LB 168th field in DC5, 316 in DC11
and 611 in DC26, in CS 19 and 20 in DC1 and from 21 to 25 in DC1 are the
fields that encounter highland problem.
2.5.17 Low Lands

72. In RB 1st and 2nd FC’s drainage canal in DC12, in LB DC2 and DC4 and in CS
19th and 20th in DC1 and between 21 to 25 fields are the low lands.
2.5.18 Jungle Cover

73. Fields and structures which were not maintained are covered with jungle as well
as the fields which have no water flow due to people leaving. In RB whole canal
of DC25, DC26 and end of canal in DC16 are covered with jungle. The fields
from 814 to 834 in DC30 and 1164 to 1164 fields as well as DCs from 31 to 37
are covered with jungle. Due to the absence of water flow people left the
cultivation as well as settlements. 178 acres are covered with jungle. For 30
years people did not cultivate. In DC30 in LB all farmers left but DC32 due to
water shortage to agriculture in LB.
74. In LB DC33, DC35 and DC38 are covered by jungle as well as road of DC30. In
CS the fields from 20 to 28 has covered with jungle. Therefore the covered area
should be cleared to start the cultivation and uplift the left people’s lives.
2.5.19 Under Crossing

75. In LB people have proposed to rehabilitate undercrossing in FC3 in DC28 and in
CS the fields from 20 to 28 in DC1.
2.5.20 Sluice
76. Renovation of existing sluice at RB, Center and LB. Constructions of new
Passerel for LB sluices (Chainage 0+645). Demolishing of existing passarel,
piers and steps and clear debris as directed. With cement concrete without form
work. Chipping existing sluice chamber, piers, beams and slab and outlets.
Removing, Repairing and refixing of LB sluice gate and operating road. Rate to
include for applying anti corrosive primer application and lubrication. Forming
inlet canal at RB Sluice (Chainage 2+960). Excavation in canal and disposal of
spoil as directed. Construct 100m concrete lining to outlet of RB sluice. In LB
sluice there are some leakages. 500m lining construct to CS outlet. See Drawing

No CARE/IRR/VA/MAL/SU/LA/01,CARE/IRR/VA/MAL/ST-01 (a) and (b); No

CARE/IRR/VA/MAL/ST-01-05; No D856/AR/CD/CH-00; No
CARE/IRR/VA/MAL/ST-12 and No CARE/TANK/-VA/MAL/SU/BUN-01 to 02 for
further detail.
77. Depending on Contractor preference, materials will be sourced from various sites
so as to reduce haulage costs. The principal materials required for rehabilitation
works of the tank includes soil, gravel and crushed rock. Earth is used for
embankment construction. Gravel is used for filter construction. Crushed stone,
requiring blasting, crushing, screening, and at times blending, is used for
concrete work construction. Earth will be acquired mostly from the reservoir
impounding area or selected borrow pits, mainly located in Government and
private lands in the project area. The existing borrow pits, which can be used to
obtain earth, and their location are given below.
Gravel - Vavuniya, Mannar

Crushed stone - Madawachiciya, Vavuniya
Cement - Trincomalee
Concrete Mixing Plant - Kokavil (new)
2.7 Labour Force
78. Many unskilled labourers will be required for earthworks and other construction
work for a 18 month construction period. The labour force in the project area is
very high and readily available. Therefore workers would be drawn from the
surrounding villages. Equal opportunity will be provided for both men and
women. Local people will be benefited by hiring labor in project construction and
there will be a boost in micro economic level. This will be an added source of
income for the local people.
79. About 7 GN divisions fall in the area where Vavunikulam is located. About 15
villages are in the 7 GN divisions (Refer Table 2.1). Three villages (communities)
of 15 can be categorized as direct and the rest as general beneficiary population

of Vavunikulam. The population and their ethnic diversity in Mullaitivu DS

Division are shown in Annex 4A.
Table: 2.1 Names of Villages Benefitted by Vavunikulam
S.No G.N. Division G.N. Division Name of Village

No.
1 Sivapuram Mul/05 Sivapuram
Palinagar
2 Palinagar Mul/06 Kollavilankulam West
Vavunikulam
Karumpulliyan
3 Karumpulliyan Mul/07 NorthKarumpulliyan
South
Poovarasankulam
Komparuthakulam
4 Poovarasankulam Mul/08
Vinayagapuram
Ponnagar East
5 Pandiyankulam Mul/09 Pandiyankulam
Selvapuram North
6 Selvapuram Mul/10
Kumarikulam
Vinayagapuram West
7 Vinayahapuram Mul/13
Oddankulan
Source – Statistical Hand book – 2009
Table 2.2 Extent of the Total Land Area Benefitted by Vavunikulam

S.No. G.N. Division Extent ( in Ha)
1 Sivapuram 418
2 Palinagar 532
3 Karumpulliyan 554
4 Poovarasankulam 734
5 Pandiyankulam 749
6 Selvapuram 565
7 Vinayahapuram 2,253
Total 5805
Source – Statistical Hand book – 2009

Table 3.1 Land Use in Mullaitivu District
80. Mullaitivu District is located in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It
has an area of 261,690 Ha or 2616.9 km2. Considering Manthai East Division,
where Vavunikualm is located, the total land area amounts to 489 km2. Forest
land constitutes a major portion of the land, up to 75%. Agricultural land follows
as the 2nd major landuse followed by range land. Table 3.2 below shows the
agricultural parcels in the district.
Table 3.2: Agricultural Parcels in District by D.S. Division – 2008 - Mullaitivu

3.2.1 Topography
81. The Mullaithivu District is located in the North-East of Sri Lanka in the Northern
Province. The area belongs to the lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka, where the
average ground elevation is less than 30m and it has an area of 2,617 km2. The
Indian Ocean demarcates the north eastern to south eastern boundary of the
district. More than 50% of the land is covered by forest and scrub lands. Paddy
cultivation is the major cultivations in the district, in addition other field crops and
livestock farming is also present. The District covers 127 GN Divisions in 5
Divisional Secretariat Divisions.
3.2.2 Climate and Weather

82. The Northern Province tends to be hot and dry in the dry season (February to
September), and moderately cool and wet in the wet season (October to
January). The convectional cyclonic period (late September to late November)
begins with the weakening of the southwest monsoon. This period can include
cyclones and may result in heavy rainfall. The northeast monsoon (November to
February), though weak compared to southwest monsoons, brings agriculturally
important rainfall to northern and eastern parts of the island.
83. In the lowlands the climate is typically tropical with the average temperature is
around 26º to 30º for the year. However, on the whole, January is the coolest
month and May is the hottest month.
84. Relative Humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night. The Dry Zone
of the Sri Lanka is the north and east of the island, this region is affected by the
north east monsoon (December to March) and southwest monsoon (June to
October). It is thought to be dry because most of the rains fall during the
northeast monsoon.
3.2.3 Geology
85. The most common rock types in the Mullaithivu district are undifferentiated
vijayan gneisses, Alluvial and lagoonal clay, silt, sand, Charnockite/ charnockitic
gneiss, granites with pink microcline, biotite gneiss and hornblende biotite gneiss
(Source; Geological map of Sri Lanka- P.G.Cooray, 1984). (Refer Figure 3.1
below)


Fig 3.1: Geology Map of Mullaithivu
3.2.4 Soils
86. Mullaithivu District is in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where the annual rainfall is
less than 1500 mm, the average maximum temperature ranging between 260 to
38 0C depending on the Agro-ecological Regions. The highest temperatures are
recorded between late February and late September irrespective of the location.
The highest rain fall is received during the North- Eastern (November to
February) monsoon period. Reddish brown earth, Red yellow latosols, regosols
and alluvial soil are the main soil types present in both these regions. Mullaitivu
District is divided in to three agro ecological zones as DL3, DL 1f and DL 1e. The
colour of the surfacing soil is dark brown to reddish brown. The subsoil is
distinctively redder. The engineering classification of sub soil of the project area
is generally classified as Silty Sand (SM) and Silty Sand with clay or gravel
(CSM/ GM).

oo
Fig 3.2: General Soil Map of Area

87. There are no recent data available for the evaluation of such conditions. Thus
the current situation must be different from than that of the available data.
However as there are no extensive earthworks foreseen, current air quality
measurements need not be obtained. Similarly, the noise levels too may be
increased during day time once construction commences. But this too will be
limited to the construction period.
3.2.6 Hydrology
88. Mullaithivu District belongs to the dry zone of the Sri Lanka, which has low
average rainfall and high evapotranspiration. Therefore rain water is the main
source for the surface water bodies like streams and tanks and as well as for
groundwater resources.
3.2.7 Water Resource

89. The Northern Province as a whole has a supply of fresh water from aquifers and
this has supported successful cultivation. These only exist in the areas where
Red Yellow Lato soil are present. These types of aquifers do not exist where
Reddish Brown Earth is found. The rest of the Vanni area is void of perennial
supply of fresh water.

90. The major lagoons present along the eastern boundary of the district are
Nanthikaddal, Alampil & Kokilai where marshy lands also present. In addition to
Vavunikulam, there are other major tanks such as Iranamadu, Kanakarayan
kulam, Kolomadu kulam, Udayarkatta kulam and Thannimurippu kulam etc. Most
of the other small surface water bodies go dry during the dry period of the year.
Pali Aru and Nethi Aru are the major rivers that flows in the district. But these are
not perennial rivers.
91. Biogeographically, the proposed Vavunikulam tank lies in the Mullaitivu District
within the low country dry zone. This area comes under floristic zone II (Dry and
arid lowlands). Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests {Manilkara Community,
Mixed community (Chloroxylon-Vitex-Berrya-Schleichera series)}, Tropical thorn
forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-Salvadora-Randia series), Damana and Villu
grasslands, Flood-plain wetlands, Riverine and gallery forests are typical
vegetation formations in floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands).
92. However, the proposed tank and its downstream areas are mostly surrounded by
highly human influenced habitats other than the natural forest and riverine forest
observed.

93. The environmental study for the head works was limited to the bund that is
identified for rehabilitation and the inundation area that will result once the bund
is rehabilitated including the reservation areas of the tank that will be affected
with the raising of the spill (the direct impact zone).
94. And the study for downstream was focused on the present condition of the
downstream structures, irrigation canals, turnout structures, etc. that is identified
for rehabilitation.
95. The principal habitat types found within the direct impact zone was investigated
and the fauna and flora present was documented. Interviews were held with
officials and communities in the area of influence to discuss safety issues,
technical aspects, disruptions during project implementation, proposed remedial
measures, and to identify environmental impact of proposed rehabilitation

interventions. The type of information collected during the field investigation

included.
 Type of habitats/ land use types present in the direct impact zone to
determine whether there are environmentally sensitive habitats present
and the types of mitigation measures needed to minimize or prevent
negative impacts if such environmentally sensitive habitats are present in
the direct impact zone.
 The predominant types of fauna and flora present in each of these
habitats. All groups of vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
and mammals and selected invertebrate groups namely butterflies and
dragonflies were the main types of fauna focused in this survey. A floristic
survey of the higher plants and selected lower plants namely ferns were
also studied. The species inventories compiled in this manner was used to
identify endangered, rare, endemic or economically important species that
are present at the site. If such species are present the impact of the
project on these species were ascertained and the types of mitigation
measures required to minimize or prevent such impacts were proposed.
The observed animal and plant species were identified with the aid of
published descriptions and taxonomic keys provided by D’Abrera (1998),
Bedjanic et al., (2007), Harrison (1999), Phillips (1935), Kotagama (2005),
Goonatilake (2007), Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2006), Das
and De Silva (2005), Somaweera (2007), Somaweera and Someweera
(2009), Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980 - 1991), Dassanayake, Fosberg
and Clayton (1994 - 1995), Dassanayake and Clayton (1996 - 2000),
Dassanayake, Clayton and Shaffer-Fehre (2006). The national
conservation status of the species was recorded according to the 2007
Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (IUCN SL and the
ME&NR, 2007). The global conservation status of the species was
evaluated based on most recent listings made available by the IUCN
(www.redlist.org). Nomenclature of flowering plant is based on Senaratna
(2001) and nomenclature of fauna is based on Bambaradeniya (2006).
 Presence of alien invasive species and the potential for these species to
spread in to other areas and the type of mitigation measure required to
prevent such invasions.
 Information necessary to identify all significant direct, indirect and
cumulative environment impacts that may arise due to he proposed
developmental activity and the nature and magnitude of these impacts.
The major environmental impacts considered under this task are,

o Presence of invasive species - First whether invasive species are

present or absent was recorded. If invasive species are present their
ability to spread into other areas due to the project such as spread of
seeds through workers or construction related vehicular movement
was assessed. Further the invasiveness of the species present was
also evaluated based on information available for the rate of spread of
such invasive species
o Noise and Vibration - The noise and vibrations generated by
construction vehicles and construction activities were considered with
relation to disturbance to wildlife as well as human settlers
o Dust - As in the above case generation of dust was considered with
respect to wildlife as well as human settlers as well as the distance of
material transport taking into consideration the dust generated during
transportation
o Spread of Invasive species - This impact was assessed based on the
potential for establishment of spread of invasive species which can
arise due to presence of invasive species in the sites from where the
construction equipment is brought over. Excessive need for filling
where soil imported might contain seeds of invasive species etc.
o Erosion and Siltation – Since the project activities take place around
habitats that are sensitive to sedimentation the impact was given due
consideration
o Potential for pollution of Natural Water Bodies - Since the project
activities take place around habitats that are sensitive to sedimentation
the impact was given due consideration
o Disturbance to Natural habitats
o Generation of waste and spoil - This impact was assessed based on
potential to generate soil or other waste such as plant debris in
addition to normal waste that can be generated from the development
project
o Vegetation Clearing - This impact was assessed based on vegetation
removal required during rehabilitation of the bunds
o Removal of trees that are of ecological (major breeding or roosting
sites), cultural or archaeological value
o Pollution due to transport of raw materials and waste


96. Surface open water, vegetation on the exposed tank bed, riparian vegetation and
marshy vegetation in the immediate downstream areas of the tank bund and
vegetation on the tank bund are the main habitats observed in and around the
Vavunikulam tank.
97. Surface water of the tank did not have any aquatic plant species. The fish fauna
observed in this tank included Aplocheilus parvus (Dwarf panchax), Channa
striata (Murrel), Etroplus suratensis (Green chromide), Oreochromis mosambicus
(Tilapia), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia), and Heteropneustes fossilis (Stinging
catfish). In addition dragon flies such as Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet),
Brachythmis contaminata (Asian Groundling), Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious
Flangetail), Rhyothemis variegate (Varigated Flutter) and aquatic birds species
Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond
Heron), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-
billed Pelican), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered
Tern), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Actitis hypoleucos (Common
Sandpiper) were also observed in this habitat.
98. Vegetation in the exposed tank bed comprised of shrub and herb species such
as Cynodon dactylon, Croton bonplandianus, Xanthium indicum (Urukossa),
Abutilon indicum, Cassia tora (Pani Tora), Tephrosia purpurea (Pila),
Heliotropium indicum (Ath Honda), Phyla nodiflora (Hiramanadetta), Scoparia
dulcis, Macroptilium lathyroides, Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Sida cordifolia (Wal
Bavila). Since Vavunikulam is a relatively large tank, there is no true riparian area
in the upstream periphery of the tank. However trees and other water loving plant
species such as Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara), Mitragyna parvifolia
(Helamba), Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Azadirachta
indica (Kohomba), Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira),
Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila), Mikania
cordata (Wathu Palu) dominated the vegetation in the periphery of the tank. The
fauna observed in the exposed tank bed included species such as Anthus rufulus
(Paddyfield Pipit), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing) and Elephas maximus
(Asian Elephant),
99. The riparian vegetation found in the upstream periphery and immediate
downstream of the tank bund included species such as Terminalia arjuna
(Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara),

Berrya cordifolia (Halmilla), Ficus benghalensis (Nuga). The marshy vegetation

comprised of species such as Acrostichum aureum (Karen Koku), Typha
angustifolia (Hambupan), Tamarix indica (Kiri), Lemna perpusilla (Diya Pansi).
The fauna observed in this habitat included Aegithina tiphia Tirumala
septentrionis (Dark blue tiger), Euploea core (Common crow), Ptyas mucosa (Rat
snake), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Acridotheres tristis (Common
Myna), Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow),
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Grey-headed Fish-eagle), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-
billed Babbler), Terpsiphone paradisi (Asian Paradise-flycathcher), Pteropus
giganteus (Flying fox), Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur).
100. The tank bund vegetation comprised mostly of weedy shrubs and herbs such as
Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Tridax procumbens, Hyptis suaveolens
(Madurutala), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Abutilon indicum, Croton hirtus,
Leucas zeylanica (Thumba), Hibiscus micranthus (Bebila), Sida acuta (Gas
Bavila), Sida cordifolia (Wal Bavila), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran),
Calotropis gigantea (Wara), Boerhavia diffusa. One endemic species, Vernonia
zeylanica (Pupulu) was also observed among the vegetation associated with tank
bund. The fauna observed in this habitat included Prinia inornata Syntarucus
plinius (Zebra Blue), Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger), Junonia almana (Peacock
pansy), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Pachliopta hector (Crimson rose),
Papilio polytes (Common mormon), Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled emigrant),
Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Mirafra affinis (Rufous-winged
Bushlark), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul)
3.3.2.1 Threatened and Endemic Species observed in and around the

Vavunikulam Tank
101. One endemic species, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu) was observed in and around
the tank. The faunal assemblage observed in and around the tank included the
endemic Dragon fly, Ictinogomphus rapax (Rapacious Flangetail), and the
nationally vulnerable mammal Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant). Further two
nationally near threatened bird species Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Grey-headed
Fish-eagle), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican), one nationally near
threatened butterfly species Tirumala septentrionis (Dark blue tiger) and one
nationally near threatened mammalspecies Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur)

were also observed in habitats around this tank. None of these species will be
adversely affected by the project.
3.3.2.2 Downstream areas of the Tank:

102. Forests, scrublands, tanks and canals, waterlogged areas and river and streams
are the main habitats observed in the downstream, areas of the Vavunikulam
tank.
3.3.2.2.1 Forests
103. Mixture of Tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forests and Tropical Thorn Forests can
be seen in the area. Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Drypetes sepiaria (Wira),
Bauhinia racemosa (Maila), Diospyros ferrea, Limonia acidissima (Divul), Acacia
leucophloea (Maha Andara), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Chloroxylon
swietenia (Buruta), Strychnos nux-vomica (Goda Kaduru), Holoptelea intergrifolia
(Godakirilla), Grewia helicterifolia (Bora Daminiya), Sapindus emarginata (Kaha
Penela), Schleichera oleosa (Koon), Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Cassia
auriculata (Ranawara), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila), Catunaregam spinosa
(Kukurumanna), Tarenna asiatica (Tarana), Carissa spinarum (Heen Karamba),
Phyllanthus polyphyllus (Kuratiya), Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Hugonia
mystax (Bu Getiya), Jasminum auriculatum, Jasminum angustifolium, Grewia
orientalis, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupula) are the common plant species inhabit in
forests in the area. The fauna observed in this habitat included butterfly species
such as Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger), Danaus genutia (Common tiger),
Euploea core (Common crow), Papilio crino (Banded peacock), Papilio domoleus
(Lime butterfly), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Catopsilia pomona (Lemon
emigrant), Delias eucharis (Jezebel), Reptile species Calotes versicolor
(Common garden lizard), Eutropis carinata (Common skink), Bird species such
as Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora),
Alauda gulgula (Oriental Skylark), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove),
Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Eudynamys scolopacea (Asian Koel),
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker), Dicrurus macrocercus
(Black Drongo), Nectarina asiatica (Purple Sunbird), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-
rumped Sunbird), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus
(White-browed Bulbul), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet) and two
species of mammals, Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey),
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur).

104. Two endemic species of plants, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupula), Derris parviflora
(Kala Wel) and one nationally threatened plant species, Vanda tessellata was
observed in this habitat. The faunal assemblage observed in this habitat included
one endemic mammal species Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf
monkey) that is also listed as a nationally vulnerable mammal species.
Furthermore one Nationally Near Threatened butterfly species, Colotis amata
(Small salmon arab), and one Nationally Near Threatened mammal species
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) was also observed in this habitat.
3.3.2.2.2 Scrublands
105. Abandoned cultivated lands of the area are now developed as scrublands.
Herbaceous and scrub species such as Lantana camara (Gandapana), Bauhinia
racemosa (Maila), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Acacia leucophloea (Maha
Andara), Cassia auriculata (Ranawara), Flueggea leucopyrus (Katu Pila),
Ziziphus oenoplia (Heen Eraminiya), Vernonia zeylanica (Pupula), Ichnocarpus
frutescens (Garadi Wel), Carissa spinarum (Heen Karamba), Calotropis gigantea
(Wara), Eupatorium odoratum (Podisinnamaran), Phyllanthus polyphyllus
(Kuratiya), Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara), Ocimum gratissimum (Gastala),
Jasminum angustifolium, Catunaregam spinosa (Kukurumanna) are the common
plant species observed in this habitat. The fauna observed in this habitat
included butterfly species such as Acraea violae (Tawny costor), Ariadne ariadne
(Angled castor), Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger), Danaus genutia (Common
tiger), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Junonia lemonias (Lemon pansy),
Neptis hylas (Common sailor), Appias paulina (Lesser albatross), Catopsilia
pomona (Lemon emigrant), Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Delias eucharis
(Jezebel), Eurema hecabe (Common grass yellow), Reptile species Eutropis
carinata (Common skink), Varanus bengalensis (Land monitor), Bird species
such as Cypsiurus balasiensis (Asian Palm Swift), Streptopelia chinensis
(Spotted Dove), Coracias benghalensis (Indian Roller), Corvus levaillantii (Large-
billed Crow), Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal), Eudynamys scolopacea
(Asian Koel), Phaenicophaeus viridirostris (Blue-faced Malkoha), Dicaeum
erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black
Drongo), Merops orientalis (Green Bee-eater), Copsychus saularis (Oriental
Magpie Robin), Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin), Nectarina asiatica (Purple
Sunbird), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-rumped Sunbird), Oriolus xanthornus
(Black-hooded Oriole), Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-
vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus (White-browed Bulbul), Megalaima zeylanica
(Brown-headed Barbet), Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna), Orthotomus

sutorius (Common Tailorbird), Turdoides affinis (Yellow-billed Babbler), Turnix

suscitator (Barred Button-quail) and two species of mammals, Herpestes smithii
(Ruddy mongoose), Funambulus palmarum (Palm squirrel).
106. Two endemic plant species, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupula), Derris parviflora (Kala
Wel) was observed in the scrub habitat. No threatened plant species were
recorded in this habitat. The faunal assemblage observed in this habitat did not
include any endemic or threatened species. However, one Nationally Near
Threatened butterfly species, Colotis amata (Small salmon arab) was observed
in this habitat.
3.3.2.2.3 Tanks and Canals

107. There are few small tanks and canal network present in the downstream area.
Aquatic and semi aquatic plant species such as Nelumbo nucifera (Nelum),
Nymphoides hydrophylla (Kumudu), Typha angustifolia (Hambupan), Cyperus
spp., Fimbristylis spp., Ipomoea aquatica (Kankung), Persicaria attenuata (Sudu
Kimbul Wenna), Limnophila aquatica, Monochoria vaginalis (Jabara), Panicum
repens (Etora), Ludwigia adscendens (Beru Diyanilla), Ludwigia perennis,
Crinum defixum (Heen Tolabo), Aponogeton natans (Kekatiya), Hygrophila
schulli (Katu Ikiriya), Marsilia quadrifolia are commonly inhabited in the tanks and
canals in the area. Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Phyllanthus reticulatus (Kaila),
Barringtonia acutangula (Ela Midella), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Mitragyna
parvifolia (Helamba), Bambusa bambos (Katu Una), Mikania cordata (Wathu
Palu) were observed in these tanks and canals. The fauna observed in this
habitat included freshwater fish species such as Oreochromis mosambicus
(Tilapia), Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Common spiny loach), Puntius
bimaculatus (Redside barb), Puntius sarana (Olive barb), Rasbora
microcephalus (Carverii Rasbora), one species of freshwater snail, Lamellidens
marginalis, the dragon fly species Anax indicus (Elephant Emperor), Brachythmis
contaminata (Asian Groundling), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental Scarlet),
Trithemis aurora (Crimson Dropwing) and Bird species such as Alcedo atthis
(Common Kingfisher), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Anhinga
melanogaster (Oriental Darter), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Bubulcus ibis
(Cattle Egret), Casmerodius albus (Great Egret), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret),
Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate Egret), Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled
Lapwing), Vanellus malabaricus (Yellow-wattled Lapwing), Anastomus oscitans
(Asian Openbill), Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant).

108. One nationally threatened plant species Mitragyna parvifolia (Helamba) was
recorded among the vegetation of the tanks and canals in the area. None of the
plant species observed in the vegetation associated with the tanks and canals
are endemic to Sri Lanka. The faunal assemblage observed in this habitat did not
include any endemic or threatened species. However one Nationally Near
Threatened bird species, Anhinga melanogaster (Oriental Darter) was observed
in this habitat.
3.3.2.2.4 Waterlogged Areas

109. Immediate downstream of Vavunikulam tank and some of the areas associated
with the canal system that is present in the proposed project area exist as
marshy areas. The vegetation observed in the marsh areas comprise of aquatic,
semi aquatic and aquatic associated plant species such as Nelumbo nucifera
(Nelum), Nymphoides hydrophylla (Kumudu), Typha angustifolia (Hambupan),
Cyperus spp., Fimbristylis spp., Persicaria attenuata (Sudu Kimbul Wenna),
Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Margaritaria indicus
(Karawu), Acacia leucophloea (Maha Andara), Ficus sp. (Nuga), Streblus asper
(Nitulla), Acrostichum aureum (Karen Koku). The fauna observed in this habitat
included dragon fly species such as Anax indicus (Elephant Emperor),
Brachythmis contaminata (Asian Groundling), Crocothemis servilia (Oriental
Scarlet), Trithemis aurora (Crimson Dropwing), two species of frogs Euphlyctis
cyanophlyctis (Skipper frog), Fejervarya limnocharis (Common paddy field frog)
and Bird species such as Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), Cypsiurus balasiensis
(Asian Palm Swift), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Anthus
rufulus (Paddyfield Pipit), Lonchura punctulata (Scaly-breasted Munia), Prinia
hodgsonii (Grey-breasted Prinia), Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia), Egretta garzetta
(Little Egret), Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate Egret), Vanellus indicus (Red-
wattled Lapwing), Vanellus malabaricus (Yellow-wattled Lapwing), Anastomus
oscitans (Asian Openbill), Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen),
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis).
110. One nationally threatened plant species Margaritaria indicus (Karawu) was
recorded among the vegetation of the marshes present in the area. None of the
plant species observed in the vegetation associated with the marshes are
endemic to Sri Lanka. The faunal assemblage observed in this habitat did not
include any endemic or threatened species. However one Nationally Near
Threatened bird species, Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-headed Ibis) was
observed in this habitat.

3.3.2.2.5 River and Streams

111. One major river, Pali Aru and its tributaries are present in the downstream areas
of the Vavunikulam tank. The riparian vegetation observed in association with the
Pali aru and its tributaries are dominated by species such as Terminalia arjuna
(Kumbuk), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Diospyros malabarica (Timbiri),
Dimorphocalyx glabellus (Weliwenna), Mallotus rhamnifolius (Molabe),
Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Derris parviflora (Kala Wel), Pongamia pinnata
(Magul Karanda), Hydnocarpus venenata (Makulu), Madhuca longifolia (Mi),
Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Schleichera oleosa (Koon), Crinum defixum (Heen
Tolabo), Acrostichum aureum (Karen Koku). The fauna observed in this habitat
included butterfly species such as Ariadne ariadne (Angled castor), Danaus
chrysippus (Plain tiger), Danaus genutia (Common tiger), Euploea core
(Common crow), Junonia iphita (Chocolate soldier), Junonia lemonias (Lemon
pansy), Papilio crino (Banded peacock), Papilio domoleus (Lime butterfly),
Catopsilia pomona (Lemon emigrant), Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), Delias
eucharis (Jezebel), Reptile species, Calotes versicolor (Common garden lizard),
Eutropis carinata (Common skink), Varanus bengalensis (Land monitor), Bird
species such as Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher), Spilornis
cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle), Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora), Alauda gulgula
(Oriental Skylark), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Centropus sinensis
(Greater Coucal), Eudynamys scolopacea (Asian Koel), Dicaeum
erythrorhynchos (Pale-billed Flowerpecker), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black
Drongo), Nectarina asiatica (Purple Sunbird), Nectarina zeylonica (Purple-
rumped Sunbird), Oriolus xanthornus (Black-hooded Oriole), Pavo cristatus
(Indian Peafowl), Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), Pycnonotus luteolus
(White-browed Bulbul), Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet) and four
species of mammals, Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey),
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur), Herpestes smithii (Ruddy mongoose),
Pteropus giganteus (Flying fox).
112. Two endemic plant species, Hydnocarpus venenata (Makulu), Derris parviflora
(Kala Wel) and two nationally threatened plant species Margaritaria indicus
(Karawu), Vanda tessellatais was observed among the riparian vegetation
present in the Pali aru and its tributaries. The faunal assemblage observed in this
habitat included one endemic mammal species Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-
faced leaf monkey) that is also listed as a nationally vulnerable mammal species.
Furthermore Nationally Near Threatened butterfly species, Colotis amata (Small

salmon arab) and one Nationally Near Threatened mammal species

Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur) was also observed in this habitat.
3.3.2.3 Threatened and Endemic Species observed in the downstream areas of

the Vavunikulam Tank
113. Three endemic plant species, Vernonia zeylanica (Pupulu), Hydnocarpus
venenata (Makulu), Derris parviflora (Kala Wel) was observed among the
habitats present in the downstream areas of the Vavunikulam tank. The faunal
assemblage observed in and around the tank included one endemic mammal
species Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-faced leaf monkey). The floral
assemblage in the downstream areas included three nationally threatened plant
species Margaritaria indicus (Karawu), Vanda tessellatais and Mitragyna
parvifolia (Helamba). The faunal assemblage observed in the downstream area
included one nationally vulnerable mammal species Semnopithecus vetulus
(Purple-faced leaf monkey) one Nationally Near Threatened butterfly species,
Colotis amata (Small salmon arab), two Nationally Near Threatened bird species,
Anhinga melanogaster (Oriental Darter), Threskiornis melanocephalus (Black-
headed Ibis) and one Nationally Near Threatened mammal species
Semnopithecus priam (Grey langur). None of these species will be adversely
affected by the project.

114. The Vavunikulam Tank is located in the Manthai East DS Division in Mullaithivu
District. Similar to other infrastructure facilities, tanks in the district got seriously
damaged due to the long prevailed war and also long time negligence of the
tanks in rehabilitation and routine maintenance. The dilapidated irrigation tanks
are a significant hindrance for implementing successful livelihood
reestablishment programs in the war torn areas. Therefore, the proposed project
will be a significant complementary and supplementary input in successful
implementation of the livelihood restoration program.
115. The objective of the tank rehabilitation program is to improve the water
availability in the dry zone areas to provide irrigation facilities to the farming
communities who are being resettled in their original settlements. In this context,
rehabilitation of Vavunikulam will also act as one of the essential inputs of the
resettlement process. Resettlement without creating necessary conditions for
active involvement of livelihood activities will be a fruitless effort.

3.4.1 The Data Collection Methods for the Analyses of Impacts

116. The Divisional secretaries and their staff, Grama Niladaries in tank related
divisions and Agriculture research and production assistants were interviewed
and the collected data related to each tank studied.
117. All the office bearers of Farmer organizations in each tank were also interviewed
and information collected in relation to each candidate tank. The general farmers
from the villages benefiting from the proposed candidate tanks were met in
groups in most cases to obtain the information on local knowledge they posses.
List of persons formally interviewed is attached as Annexure 4B.
3.4.2 The Socio-economic Condition of the Tank related Communities

3.4.2.1 Situation in Mullaitivu District
118. The progress of resettlement in the Manthai East DS Division in Mullaitivu is not
at a satisfactory level. It is about 50%. The commands of tanks have been
severely affected with war. Almost all the infrastructure facilities have been
dilapidated. A large number of livelihoods are centered on agriculture and
livestock. About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the production of
livestock is converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they involve
include mainly cattle and goat keeping.
119. The cultivation under most of the tanks in all the DS divisions in NP is confined to
the wet season (Maha). The rainfall is mainly used for meeting crop water
requirements and water in the tanks is used as supplementary resources. In
some tanks a portion of the command area is cultivated in Yala depending on the
water availability but it has not gone beyond 50% in any of the candidate tanks
proposed for rehabilitation. Use of agro-wells and lift irrigation for Yala cultivation
is carried out in Vavunikulam. This situation on agriculture prevailed prior to
destruction of the infrastructure during the War.
120. About 8% of the employable population in Manthai East are government

employees.
121. The resettled families in the areas of candidate tanks under the overall project
are living under extreme poverty condition. Except for government and other
NGOs assistance they do not have their independent and reliable income
sources. The resettled communities have been able to do 1-2 cultivations

(seasons) in the candidate tank areas under the dilapidated conditions. This was
also carried out mainly depending on rainfalls. The yield was not at all good and
the limited production was used for household consumption and even the small
quantities left could not be sold at good prices in urban centers due to conditions
prevailing in the areas. Table 3.4 below and Annexure 4 provide the socio-
economic details in regard to the project.
Table 3.4: Population In DS And GN Divisions Related To The Proposed Project

DS Division Population Project Population % of Population % of
related GN in project Resettlement
divisions related GN in DS Area
divisions
Manthai East 7806 03 2329 30 60

(Mullaitivu
District)
Source: DS Division
3.4.3 The Project Beneficiary Population

122. The information on direct beneficiary families is given in Annex 4. The command
area under Vavunikulam Tank is 6600 acres. The information on beneficiary
population is summarized in Table 3.5.

DS Division No of No of Families No of % of The
Tanks villages in families beneficiar population
project benefitin y families in the
related g from project
villages the tanks beneficiar
y families
Manthai East 03 03 760 760 100 2329
3.4.3.1 The Diversity of the Tank Beneficiary Population

123. The population data in DS offices indicate that 100% of the project related
population is Tamil. There has been small percentage of Muslim and Sinhala

population in Vavuniya district. The ethnic diversity of project beneficiary

population in candidate villages in Manthai East is shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 - Ethnic Diversity of Project Beneficiary Population

DS division No of Total Sinhala Tamil Muslim
Tanks Families population Population Population
Manthai East 03 760 - 2329 -
3.4.3.2 Income Generation Activities in the Project Related DS Divisions

124. The present population has been resettled in the last one year. They have been
in the current locations under difficult conditions. The infrastructure facilities such
as roads, electricity and drinking water are not yet available in most of the
resettled areas.
125. Only about 60% of the IDP families have been resettled so far in these areas.
Even in these families only the male chief householders have come to do some
cultivation in most cases. All other female family members are left behind in
refugee camps or with other relatives. The main reason for the communities to
avoid settling permanently in the areas with the family members is lack of
infrastructure facilities essential to reestablish livelihood system as whole.
126. The dominant income generation activity (mostly apparent) is agriculture. The
areas coming under the project are mainly confined to paddy especially in ‘Maha’
season and chena cultivation in the same season but with different crops, mainly
grains. Maize and other cash crops are cultivated in small scales in chenas.
Livestock also had played a key role in the livelihood systems in these areas but
all these activities have not been satisfactorily reestablished. There are no other
diversified income generation activities commenced in the project relevant area.
127. The communities in the candidate villages are somewhat remote from the service
delivery institutions. Most of these institutions were inactive from the services for
considerable times due to the then prevailing War. However, majority of these
service delivery institutes are located in the main townships in the DS division.
The types of institutions commonly located in each DS division are as follows:
 Divisional Secretariat office


 Post offices
 Police station
128. The institutes mentioned above are providing various services related to the
3.4.3.3 The Health and Education Facilities Available in the Area

3.4.3.3.1 Health condition
129. Mullaitivu District has a hospital but the conditions of these hospitals are very low
in the post-war period. In addition to the District hospital, a hospital is also
present in the DS division. Further, within about 5km radius of the villages, there
are rural hospitals located in the district. These hospitals are providing treatments
to the general diseases like fever, cough etc. Some of the rural hospitals have
residential wards. The health clinics are held in centers established in the village
area (at least one centre is available for 2-3 villages). These centers provide
services to pregnant women and infants.
130. At present the health related infrastructure facilities described in the above para
is dilapidated or seriously destroyed due to war. Therefore, the service delivery
system in health centers is not satisfactory in any of these war torn areas.
3.4.3.3.2 Education condition

131. Each project beneficiary DS division has one Maha Vidyalaya and several
provincial schools. According to the observations of the social impact
assessment team, at least a school is available for any community within 3-4 km
radius. Most of these schools are dilapidated and neglected during war.
132. However, it has been observed that health and education infrastructure facilitates
in the project beneficiary villages have been severely affected due to 2 to 3
decades prevailed war. The Government is slowly rehabilitating some of these
infrastructure facilities and therefore proposed tank rehabilitation program also
can be viewed as part of the ongoing programs for reestablishing the disturbed
livelihood system.

3.4.3.4 Other infrastructure facilities in the project beneficiary areas

133. The infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity, telephone and drinking
water are discussed here. These facilities would provide supplementary inputs
for the ongoing livelihood rebuilding process.
3.4.3.4.1 Roads
134. A9 is the main road traversing across NP. It is being used by communities in the
DS Division to reach desired destinations in the province and outside areas of
the province. Most of the provincial roads are connected to the A 9 road. A 9 is
the road that connects Northern Province to the other provinces of the country.
The Mankulam to Thunukkai Road provides the main access from the A09 to
reach Vavunikulam.
135. All project beneficiary villages had access to electricity facilities in the past. Now
such systems are damaged and need reinstallation.
3.4.3.4.3 Telephone
136. The DS Division had access to telephone facilities although majority of the
households have not obtained wire telephone lines (land lines). All these
telephone lines are now damaged and need immediate attention for repairs.
3.4.3.4.4 Drinking water

137. Almost all the project beneficiary villages had access to pipe water that had been
provided by the government water supply board. In addition to water supply
schemes, the house holders in these villages have access to drinking water from
shallow wells.
3.4.3.5 Poverty In the Project Beneficiary Area

138. The proposed tank is located in war affected and war torn villages. The livelihood
systems have been seriously disturbed. The neglected tanks with dilapidated
infrastructure and neglected land grown with vegetations are the properties left to
the communities in the post-war period.
139. The families resettled receive some assistance from FAO, World Food Program
etc. They are under extreme poverty condition.

140. The extent of land in the irrigation command areas per family is at a majority low
in most of the tanks considered in the overall CARE Project. However,
Vavunikulam has the highest extent of land per family at 8.8 acres when
considering all the other tanks in the project. This statistic is a good indicator to
show the poverty among these communities. The data on this aspect is shown in
table 2.4. Specific details for Vavunikulam are found in Table 4a in Annexure 4A.
Table 3.7 – Extent of Land Per Family in the Candidate Tanks Under the Project
DS Division No of families Command area - Extent of land per
Acres families - Acres
Vavuniya 985 1552 1.6
Vengalacheddikulam 285 366 1.3
Manthai East 760 6722 8.8
(Vavunikulam included)
Thunukkai 270 850 3
Puthukkudyiruppu 1240 2978 2.4
Maritimepattu 3101 2762 0.9
Karachchi 1246 1135 0.9
Total 7887 16365
141. The small plots of land under the tanks are cultivated only in ‘Maha’ season.
Farmers find it very difficult to cultivate their lands in the ‘Yala’ season. The
famers are totally dependent on the Maha crops for their household food
security. The information on cropping intensity in normal conditions in the area is
shown in table 2.5. Specific details for Vavunikulam are found in Table 4a in
Annexure 4A.
Table 3.8-Crops and Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks Under Overall Project
DS divisions Total Crops in Crops in No of tanks with cultivation
no. of ‘Yala’ ‘Maha’ in both seasons
Tanks % Crop % Crop Yala Maha
Vavuniya 05 30 Paddy 100 Paddy 4 5
Vengalacheddikulam 01 25 Paddy 100 Paddy 1 1
Manthai East 03 50 Paddy 100 Paddy 2 3
(Vavunikulam included)
Thunukkai 02 50 Paddy 100 Paddy 2 2
Puthukkudyiruppu 03 35 Paddy 100 Paddy 3 3
Maritimepattu 02 50 Paddy 100 Paddy 2 2
Karachchi 01 40 Paddy 100 Paddy 1 1

3.4.4.1 Physical problems to be solved by the rehabilitation project

142. Most of the tanks have been neglected for nearly 30 years and therefore, they
are physically dilapidated. The communities depending on these tanks had been
severely affected by the war and therefore, they too left the villages from time to
time. This behavior of community movement as response to war created
incidents contributed for the negligence of these candidate tanks. The farmers
and the farmer leaders consulted indicated the main physical problems their
tanks are faced with at the stakeholder consultation meetings. The information on
nature of physical problems expressed by communities in Vavunikulam is as
follows:
 Problems with sluices
(Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November 2010)
3.4.4.2 Management related problems in Vavunikulam in Manthai East DSD

farmers, they have series of management problems that hinder the performance
of the tanks. The details of the management problems /issues in each candidate
tank studied are shown in Annex 4A. The management issues reported are as
follows:
 Delay in cultivation to the correct season
 No 100% clear land mining in the Irrigable area
 Problems in on farm water management ( weak )
 Significant fluctuation of paddy price
 Weak Farmer organizations
(Source- Field survey by the social impact assessment team – November
2010)

3.4.4.3 Current performance of Vavunikulam in Manthai East DSD

144. The current extent of command area and farming families, cropping intensity,
crop pattern and yield are used as indicators to measure the current level of
performance. The performance in all the tanks in general is low.
145. The highest extent of command area (6722 Acers) is reported from the tanks in
Manthai East DS division in Mulativu District and includes Vavunikulam. The
situation in this aspect in Vavunikulam is shown in Annex 4- A and summarized
in table 3.9 below.
Table 3.9- The Command Area and Farmer Families in Vavunikulam

Tank DS division Command Farmer families
area-
Acers
Vavunikulam Manthai East 6060 430
3.4.4.4 Cropping intensity

146. The data on cropping intensity is a good indicator to measure the level of
agriculture performance of candidate tanks. The cropping intensity of tanks in all
DS division is low. It ranges from 25% to 50% depending on water availability in
Yala seasons. In all the tanks in all the DS divisions, the entire command area
under each tank is cultivated during Maha seasons. The data on this aspect is
shown in table 3.10
Table 3.10- Cropping Intensity in Candidate Tanks in 7 DS Divisions

DS division Yala Maha cropping
Cropping Intensity-%
intensity-
%
Vavuniya 30 100
Vengalacheddikulam 25 100
Manthai East (Includes Vavunikulam) 50 100
Thunukkai 50 100
Pudukuduirippu 35 100
Maritimepattu 50 100
Karachchi 40 100

3.4.4.5 Cropping pattern

147. The paddy is the only crop cultivated in the command area of these tanks. Not
only in Purana wela (original command under the tank) but also the Akkarawela,
area developed at the later stage is also cultivated with paddy. There is no
attempt made by the farmers to do other field crops even in possible lands under
the tank command. The potential on cultivating other field crops are not tapped
by the communities.
3.4.4.6 Yield
148. Paddy yield in general in all the tanks is good. In most of the tanks the average
yield is more than 80 Bushels /acre (about 4.5 Tons/ha). The yield performance
in tanks in each DS division is shown in table 3.11.
Table 3.11 Crop Yield in Tanks in DS Divisions

DS division Total tanks 60-80 Bushels/acre More than 80
bushels / acre
Vavuniya 05 1 5
Vengalacheddikulam 01 0 1
Manthai East 03 0 3
Thunukkai 02 0 2
Pudukuduirippu 03 0 3
Maritimepattu 02 1 1
Karachchi 01 0 1

management problems faced by the communities depending on the tanks for
their livelihoods. The solutions they proposed for addressing the physical
problems are summarized below. The solutions for individual tanks are shown in
Annex 4 A.
 Strengthening the tank bund
 Repairs to the tank sluices
 Improvements to the canal system
 Improvements to the service roads to the agriculture lands
 Installation of pipe outlets to the land plots
 Establishment of bathing steps in the tank
 Repairs to the spillway
 Installation of new sluice/s

 Establishment of new spill

 Filling the breach of the tank bund
 Construction of Field Canals with concrete ( some canals)
 Establishment of rip-rap to the tank bund
 Change the location of the spill way
 Establishment of a new anicut
 Establishment of feeder canal system ( to increase the inflows to the tank)
 Create access to take tractors to the paddy lands
 Removing salvinia weeds
 Improve the surface of the tank bund that is being used as access road (
some tanks)
 Raising the level of the spillways

150. Unless management related problems are solved, the proper returns on
investment in tank rehabilitation projects cannot be expected. The rehabilitated
infrastructure needs to be put into proper use to gain the benefits. In many rural
infrastructure improvement projects this aspect has been greatly neglected
and therefore, the physical infrastructure has not gone into creating desired
benefits and impacts. The solutions suggested by the communities in all the
tanks are uniform. The magnitude of each problem in tanks in candidate DS
divisions can be found in Annex 4A. The uniform solutions suggested are
mentioned below:
season
 Program to improve water management including on farm water
management activities is essential
their lands


 Program to cultivate positive attitudes among farmers for their own
progress in the post war period
151. The stakeholders further suggested and highlighted some other measures to be
seriously considered in establishing useful production systems in the
rehabilitated tanks. They are as follows:
 Motivate farmers to cultivate other field crops ( non-rice)
 Program to monitor the cultivation activities in the rehabilitated tanks
 Explore possibilities to construct agro-wells in suitable locations
 Introduce drought tolerance seeds in the tanks where water scarcity is a
serious problem
 Program for providing some assistance to farmers for about 2-3 cultivation
seasons in the post-rehabilitation phase
 Program for establishing aquaculture development in all possible tanks
 Augmentation of natural streams to increase the water availability of
some tanks
 Motivate farmer organizations to plan and implement input supply program
 Increased number of seed paddy demonstrations and improve the
 Make arrangements to establish program for proper O&M to be
implemented by the Farmer organizations

issues must be considered in working with communities in the war affected
areas. Such issues are mentioned below:
culture and also they need to build the harmony with the local
communities
sites


MEASURES

153. Vavunikulam (Headworks and Downstream) will be rehabilitated under this
project. The proposed construction activities involve rehabilitating the bund,
rehabilitating the downstream canals and regulatory structures. Under the
project several activities have to be implemented during pre-construction and
construction period, for instance land preparation that will result in pollution of
surface water bodies, noise and vibrations and emission of dust; transportation of
construction material and waste; establishment of temporary storage areas for
construction materials and disposal of construction waste, and establishment of
labour camps, etc.
4.2 General Impacts of the Project and their Mitigation
154. The impacts that may arise due to the project can be categorized into two
groups, general impacts and significant impacts. As the project involves
rehabilitation of pre-existing structures to their original state most of the impacts
are of generalized nature. These impacts include:
155. Impacts due to recruitment of labour force for construction activities that will lead
to establishment of campsites, generation of sewage, waste water and solid
waste. It is therefore recommended that workers should be recruited from the
local communities, especially in non-skilled positions whenever possible.
Employing local people will not only benefit the communities but also eliminate
the costs of constructing new huts and providing logistics and reduce on influx
of people and tensions that come with it. Wherever it is necessary to put up
campsites, solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewage disposal facilities are to
be provided. Adequate supply of water to be provided to the worker camps as
well.
156. Awareness on HIV aids is a critical need. Although the incidents on HIV aids are
not frequently reported, there will be potential for such problems taking place in
the construction sites. The project developer with the involvement of NPID should
launch programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids
and steps to be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer
should educate the entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the

different locations in the project areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness

sessions to raise the understanding of the communities as well as construction
staff on the potential social, environmental and health related problems.
157. Land clearing and preparation has to be carried out during the construction
phase. This will result in removal of native flora and increase the potential for
spread of weed as well as generate dust and increase the erosion affect. Very
few endemic or threatened fauna and flora were recorded in the district, and
none of them will be directly impacted due to the proposed development.
compaction work, as well as operation of construction related vehicles. However,
this will last only for a short duration and therefore is not a significant impact.
159. The particulates generated due to land preparation, transport of construction

material, emission from construction related vehicles etc., can adversely affect
public health as particulates can cause lung irritation and aggravate diseases
such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Since the tank is located
close to human habitations this impact needs to be mitigated. Spraying of water
at the construction site during dry periods / high dust levels. Construction and
waste material to be covered when transporting.
160. Excessive erosion of soil and water containing pollutants such as cement,
concrete, lime and chemicals used for construction could contaminate the tank
ecosystem. Therefore, mitigatory measures such as construction of bunds to
prevent run off should be taken to prevent these surface water bodies from
becoming contaminated with construction waste.
161. Land preparation and construction will result in clearing of land exposing it to
high level of wind or water erosion. Further storage of construction material and
spoil arising due to construction work is also able to erode away resulting in
sedimentation of water ways. Since all the work is carried in close proximity to
surface water bodies, mitigation measures has to be taken to prevent erosion
and sedimentation of streams and canals. Use of silt traps where possible and
positioning stockpiles away from the tank to be carried out. The status of the
stockpiles is to be monitored daily and water sprays and screens to be placed
where wind erosion is high.

162. The project will result in clearing of land for various project related activities. If
these areas are not rehabilitated they can be invaded by weed species and alien
invasive species. Further, construction vehicles if not washed down before being
brought to the site can introduce seeds of weeds from other areas where it has
been used previously. Seeds of weeds can also be brought into the project area
with raw material such as soil and gravel that are brought into the project site
from areas where such weed infestations exist. As many of the lagoons and
tanks in the north are already infested by alien invasive species the potential
impact of introducing such invasive species is significant. Therefore, the
contractor must take steps to keep the weed risk low by ensuring that all
construction related vehicles are cleaned before they are being brought to the
site and carry out regular inspections of material storage areas and construction
areas for possible weed or alien invasive species infestations.
163. The construction work will not result in a significant impact to fauna and flora as
the species recorded here are common species. Therefore no special mitigation
construction purposes that can pose a risk to the environment they should be
stored and used according to standard safety measures defined by the
manufacturer. Therefore, safety measures should be followed by the contractor
in storing such hazardous chemicals as well as using them to minimize the risk
from such hazardous materials especially since the selected project is located
close to a sensitive environment.
165. The project will involve the usage of various type of vehicles for transport,
excavation, drilling, levelling etc., These vehicles can cause number of negative
environment effects such as increased emission, noise and vibration, introduction
of seeds of invasive plant species, etc., Further, during maintenance of these
vehicles number of issues can arise as to disposal of waste water at washdown
areas, used lubricants collected at service areas etc. Therefore, the contractor
must draw up maintenance plan to prevent such impacts.
166. All temporary constructions and related structures have to be decommissioned at

the end of the construction phase and these areas have to be rehabilitated to
prevent these areas being invaded by unwanted weed species.


vibration. Operation of the metal quarries and gravel mining sites around
residential areas can cause health and social hazards to people due to noise,
vibrations and straying rock particles. Stagnation of the water in borrow pits will
provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes that could lead to spread of vector
borne diseases, and can also cause accidents to people and wild animals.
Crusher sites can generate dust which can become a health hazard to the
workers and the neighbourhoods. Further, soil erosion, destruction of the river
banks and intrusion of sea water through the river during the dry season can
result due to mining of sand. Transportation of the construction materials from
the mining and quarrying sites to the material storage yard or constriction sites
will increase local traffic congestion, generate dust and create noise. Damage to
the local road network will also be a problem due to wear and tear. Storage of the
materials on the sides of the roads can also cause road accidents, traffic
congestions, hazards to drivers and pedestrians. Therefore, the measures
needed to mitigate these impacts related to the extraction, transportation and the
storage of construction material has to be clearly laid down in the environment
management plan. Further, such material must be purchased from vendors that
have a valid Environment Protection Licence to operate such facilities. Extraction
of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for construction
purposes from a protected ecosystem (Forest Reserve, Conservation Forest,
World Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National Park, Strict Natural
Reserve etc.,) is prohibited.

quarrying, mining sites and crusher sites can cause accidents to general public
and to the construction workers. Therefore measures should be taken to
enhance personal safety at construction sites and resource extraction and
processing sites.
169. According to the technical staff of the consultants, NPID and stakeholders in the
local area and observations of the social development and resettlement
specialist, the proposed project will not create any resettlement issues. It is
expected to use the existing roads for accessing the tanks to carry out the

improvement activities. Therefore, private properties will not be affected. This

situation also has helped to prevent potential acquisition or private or common
land for rehabilitation activities. Therefore, evacuation of any households or
common institutions and private houses will not be a problem in the proposed
project. Hence there is no need to prepare any type of separate resettlement
plan. Indigenous communities are not residing in influential areas of any of the
project areas.

170. Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives,

consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals around the
respective tank considered during the field inspection. An opportunity was so
provided to express their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed
development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into
consideration the views & suggestions of the locals, in the early stages of the
project cycle, in order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project
implementation phase. General public were in full agreement with the proposed
rehabilitation of the tank and irrigation schemes while they also expressed their
appreciation.
171. Following points were highlighted during the public consultations:
 It is essential to get the communities involved in the project design and

implementation phase. The local knowledge and experience of the
communities can be significantly useful in the process of rehabilitation of
these structures.
 An essential requirement of the project is to workout feasible/effective

strategy to maintain the rehabilitated structures in the post-construction
phase. Community roles to be played in the post-construction phase
should not be ignored in working out maintenance strategies. The NPID
could involve locals in the maintenance activities and upkeep of the bunds
and regulatory structures.

- Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders
(including NGOs and CBOs) were carried out to hear their views and concerns,
so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary;
A major request was for the spill level to be increased by 1 foot. Taking this into
consideration and all other relevant engineering aspects, an increase of 6
inches of the spill level will be incorporated in the designs. The additional
inundated area that will result will be from the tank reservation area itself and
therefore no private lands will be affected.
- Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders
(government bodies and NGOs) to discuss and approve key aspects of the
project were carried out.


- Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work
programmes and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction

has started;
- Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual
communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a
mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring
and evaluation.

- Information disclosure to the public, on project objectives, project activities, and
expected outcome will be essential in the pre-construction period in order to

ensure community awareness, avoid misinformation and minimize potential
conflict situations at the later stages of the project. The relevant DS Divisions
were met during the Social study and awareness provided in order for locals to
be educated on the project.

- Public information campaigns (via newspapers, posters, etc) to explain the
project to the population in each town and prepare them for disruption they
may experience once the construction programme is underway. This is to be
carried out by the NCPID before construction activities commence.
- Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of

progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in
Sinhalese, Tamil and English, which include the major impacts and
disturbances to the public especially before site mobilization and
commencement of the major construction activities such as use of heavy
machinery etc. This is to be carried out by NCPID with the involvement of the
DS Division.
- Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at

NPID offices in each town, informing the public of their availability, and
providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.

176. Project Administration Manual of Conflict Affected Region Emergency Project

states that GRM to be formulated to address the issues raised by the public with
regard to the project implementation since a GRM provides a predictable,
transparent, and credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are
seen as fair, effective, and lasting. Accordingly, Grievance Redress Committees
(GRC) to be appointed to take necessary steps in order to harmonize project
activities as well as the well being of the General Public.
177. The social structure of project implementing region is severely affected by the
conflict. This caused to number of adverse social and cultural impacts to the
community. As a result it could be identified that number of psycho – social issues
have been taken place. On these grounds, more attention has to be paid to the
community for the successful implementation of the project.
Accordingly, there should be equal opportunities for men and women to be given
at any stage of GRM and to encourage women’s participation in the decision-
making process in development activities.
179. ADB guide for Designing and implementing GRM for Transport projects in Sri
Lanka has been applied for this GRM model also. However, considering the
scope and nature of CARE Project, some changes have been taken place for the
implementing system of this GRM.
180. The main objective of establishing GRM to solve problems in an efficient, timely
and cost effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all
stakeholders including affected parties. Under the grievance redress mechanism,
it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. The
identification of eligible people for compensation, the valuing and compensation
and any other complaints may have with the entire process. The PCQAU shall
indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a
way that should be clear and comprehensible to the IAs also. The grievance
redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check

on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of

receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different
stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall
indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not
respond to all grievances and complaints.
181. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties
by setting up following objectives:
 To build – up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected
parties.
 Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces
appropriate corrective or preventive action.
6.2 Implementation
182. It has been observed that there is a prerequisite of awareness of stakeholders of

the project especially General Public, Public Officers, Social Organizations,
Contractors and Divisional Secretaries in respective areas in order to successful
implementation of the project and this awareness should be focused to the
objectives, expected end results; implementation and grievance redress
mechanism of the project.
Ministers on 24th May 2001 “make all affected persons aware of processes
available for the redress of grievances that are easily accessible and immediately
responsive”.
184. There are eight multi-disciplinary Implementation Agencies (IA) function under
the CAREP. Accordingly, GRC will be formulated for each Divisional Secretariats
in the project area. (Also, it has been noticed that maximum four projects will only
be functioning parallel in the same Divisional Secretariat division).

185. GRM of this project is designed for two stages as Step 1 and Step 2.
Accordingly, two GRCs to be appointed for these two stages. GRC of Step 1 will
address Ground Level Issues with the consultation of Grama Niladari, Regional
Representative of the Implementing Agency, Representatives from Social
Organizations (male and female), Contractor and the representative from the
general public of the respective area.
187. Step 1 GRC could be represented more than one IAs. Accordingly IA’s
representative will be the Secretary to the GRC in their relevant part of the
meeting and all IAs are requested to participate for the GRC meetings with their
contractors.
issues that cannot be addressed at this stage to be referred to Step 2 GRC within
07 days with a full report comprising suggestions and observations of Step 1
GRC to review in policy point of view.
189. GRMs should be given a wide publicity among stakeholder groups such as
affected parties, government agencies, and civil society organizations. Effective
awareness of GRM process makes people better understanding about their
options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to
submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated and also
awareness campaign launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the
GRMs.

 How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone,
postal and email addresses, and websites of the GRMs as well as information
that should be included in a complaint;
 Procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance
redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and
roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding
agencies.
relevant stakeholders: display of posters in public places such as in
government offices, project offices, community centers
such as general public, government officers, implementing agencies, contractors
and other interested groups.
192. STEP 1 - Step 1 Awareness Progeamme is designed for all Divisional

Secretaries in respective area with the coordination of relevant GAs (District
Secretaries). This programme will be conducted by PCQAU and the
Representatives of Implementing Agencies at relevant District Secretariat office
to provide information with regard to the GRM and how it acts on Project
Implementation.
organizations, community leaders, religious leaders, rep. of contractor (site
manager) and other related government official. PCQAU and IA (Regional Office)
to be conducted awareness programme at the all relevant Divisional Secretariat
offices with the assistance of Divisional Secretary. At this stage printed materials
(posters, leaflets etc.) containing the information about GRM and project will be
distributed among the community.
6.4.1 Methodology
6.4.1.1 Methodology – Step 1 GRC
194. There should be at least three places to lodge public complains for each
Divisional Secretariat division. Accordingly it is suggested to have one place in
the respective Grama Niladari Office and next one at the Construction Site and
the Divisional Secretariat office. In addition to the above two places public may

submit complains to the Divisional Secretariat and Social Organizations in the

respective area also. Considering the importance of efficient functioning of GRM,
Step 1 GRC is accepted to resolve complains within three weeks time. In this
stage it is expected to get the advantage of existing divisional administrative
network with the assistance of Divisional Secretaries.
 2. Site Manager - Should inform Regional Office of the Implementing Agency
with a report within 3 working days from the date of receiving.
 5. AGA (Divisional Secretary) - Complains come from GN, to be informed to
the RO of IA within 2 working days for observations. Complains come through
RO of IA/ Social Organizations, report to be called from GN within 5 working
days.
 Any complaints through the web will be forwarded to Chairman/Secretary of
Step 1 GRC to take appropriate action.
 GRC meetings will be held at the Divisional Secretariat office and APs should
be invited for GRC meetings to get their views also they should be informed
by GRC, seven days prior to its meeting.
Secretary of GRM by respective focal points and other parties, in order to
facilitate the Secretary. All complaints should be in written form also.
 AGA (Divisional Secretary) is requested to convey a committee meeting of
GRC and decisions to be taken within the given three weeks time and convey
the decision to APs (with a copy to R.O of IA) immediately.
delay.



 Divisional Secretary is expected to take appropriate action with the
consultation of other committee members within the given three weeks time
and inform PCQAU accordingly.
6.4.1.2 Methodology – Step 2 GRC

requested to refer to Step 2 GRC within next 07 days with a copy to the Head
Office of Implementing Agency. Step 2 GRC is comprised by following members.

199. The main objective of Step 2 GRC is to review the issues in policy point of view
and to take appropriate policy measures to overcome such issues. Accordingly
Step 2 GRC is requested to convey its decisions to Step 1 GRC and other
relevant parties within three weeks time (from the date of receiving issues from
Step 1 GRC) without further delay to take immediate actions. (Step 1 GRC - 3
weeks + Step 2 GRC 3 - weeks = 6 weeks)




should be clearly identified and established. GRMs can have multiple focal points
to receive and register grievances. Accordingly, ledgers have to be maintained at
the focal points. It is equally important to have someone who has overall
responsibility for tracking and following up on issues and complaints raised. The
descriptions of the GRM functions should clearly stipulate the official
designations and the roles of the focal points so that they can really be held
accountable for performing their functions.
202. In addition APs are allowed to lodge complaints through CARE project website
which will be activated soon.

203. Grievances may be reported to local police stations. If this is the case, they
should be referred to project staff, registered by the designated focal point, and
referred to the appropriate GRM.

complaints directly from APs or via third parties. Whatever the source and the
form in which the complaint is received, it should be accepted by the focal points
and registered in a grievance/complaint register. It is also recommended that
uniformity be maintained in the complaint registration systems across different
sections and agencies of the project.

 Gender
 Address


206. Having received and registered a complaint, the next step in the complaint-
handling process is for the focal points to establish the eligibility of the complaint
received. The following criteria can be used to assess and verify eligibility:
 The issues rose in the complaint fall within the scope of the issues that the
GRM is mandated to address.
207. If the complaint is not eligible, the complainant should be informed of the
reasons. If the complaint can be referred to another GRM, the complainant
should be informed accordingly.

208. GRMs do not operate in a vacuum. They are embedded in networks of agencies
and actors, and in the course of their operations may relate to APs, GRM
implementers, their executing and support agencies, project implementers,
intermediaries used for presenting complaints, and funding agencies. On the
other hand, APs may relate to GRMs in diverse forms. For example, APs might
seek redress from more than one single GRM, or else they might decide to
appeal to a higher level of the same GRM or to a different GRM if they are
dissatisfied with the resolutions made by a lower level GRM.
209. Coordination among different GRMs, as well as among other external agencies
and actors with whom the GRMs interact in their operations, is an important
aspect of good GRM design. It is necessary to identify and establish a central
point to carry out these coordinating and communication functions. The
coordination functions of such a central body could include,
 Tracking and monitoring grievance resolution processes and their outcomes
by different agencies.
 Maintaining a central database of complaints received and their current
status.
 Analyzing data and preparing regular updates and progress reports for
involved agencies with proposed follow-up activities.
 Establishing feedback loops with relevant agencies and the APs to
communicate and report case progress and status.


 Identifying awareness-creation needs among relevant agencies and
communities, and overseeing the conduct of such awareness-building
programs.

210. If the initial assessment establishes the eligibility of the complaint to be pursued,
a further assessment is recommended of the seriousness of the complaint—
classified in terms of high, medium, or low—and its impact on both the
complainant and the project. Assessing the seriousness of a complaint is not
easy, as it could be subject to biases. Criteria should be established and could
include the following:
through field visits to the sites, discussions and interviews with complainants
and other relevant persons or groups in the community, and cross-checking
the information already provided.

211. Having completed the complaint assessment, a response can be formulated on
how to proceed with the complaint. This response should be communicated to
the complainant. The response should include the following elements:
 Further documents or evidence required for investigation, e.g., field
investigations.

212. GRMs should always present multiple approaches for grievance redress.
Approaches that are difficult or culturally and socially alien to APs should be

avoided as much as possible. People should be able to participate in the

grievance redress process comfortably and without any fear of intimidation. The
grievance redress approaches should also create adequate space for the active
participation of the APs, including vulnerable groups. Possible approaches to
grievance redress include;
 Mediation through local and traditional institutions such as village elders,
temple priests, or community-based organizations that have a close
understanding of the issues affecting their community members; these local
institutions can be integrated into the formal GRMs,
 Facilitation of settlements among disputants through mediation boards
(samatha mandala),
agencies,
assessments from technical agencies, and/or interviews of different parties;
and,
 How much time is needed to initiate and conclude the grievance redress
process?
 This information should be part of a simple brochure that explains the
different grievance redress possibilities for APs.

project- based GRM:
 Creating a conducive environment for the APs to relate their grievances
without fear and intimidation;

 Allowing the APs (if necessary) to be accompanied by a third party, e.g., a

family member or a fellow villager with whom they feel comfortable to present
their grievances;
 Undertaking field inspections (if necessary) to assess and verify the
grievances reported;
 Referring the complaints for technical assessments (if necessary) to validate
and establish the real causes of the grievances.
making processes,
agencies.

including;
appropriate measures to remove the cause of grievance, e.g., contractors to
clear access roads or provide alternative roads, clear canals and other
irrigation systems, desilt rice fields, and/or remove garbage.
 Determining reasonable compensation for acquired land, property damage,
loss of livelihood, temporary evacuations, resettlement, etc. either from the
project executing agency, e.g., the RDA, or from contractors;
 Signing agreements between APs and the project for solutions mutually
agreed upon;
 Assuring the APs to address their grievances at the end of completing the
project-related work, e.g., repairing the houses; the assurance letters are
issued by the contractors or the project executing agency in both English and
Tamil or Singhala.


paying compensation) to assess any further impacts of project-related work
on the properties and livelihoods of the APs.

grievance redress and the implementation of the decisions made and of seeing
that redress is granted to APs in a timely and efficient manner. They also have
the responsibility for giving regular feedback to the complainants about the
progress of the grievance redress process. The monitoring should include the
progress of implementation of grievance resolutions and the timeliness of
grievance redress, follow up grievances to be sure they are attended to, and
document details of complaints received and the progress in solving them.
Grievances provide information to project managers about project
implementation and actual and potential problems.
216. An evaluation system should assess the overall effectiveness and the impact of
the GRMs. Such evaluations can take place either annually or biannually, and
their results should contribute to improving the performance of the different
GRMs and provide valuable feedback to project management. The following
questions can be addressed in such evaluations:
 What is the status of the complaints (rejected or not eligible, under
assessment, action agreed upon, and action being implemented or resolved)?
 Are the GRMs effective in realizing the stated goals, objectives, and
principles?
 Are the GRMs capable of responding to the range of grievances specified in
their scope?
approaches?
 Have the GRMs adopted measures to improve the resolution approaches,
e.g., capacity building, consultation, with technical experts, etc.

changes where needed. It also provides valuable feedback about APs'
satisfaction with the project and thus contributes to a good reputation for the
implementing and executing agencies.
GENERAL
218. Chairmen of all GRCs are responsible to convey GRC meetings, decision making
with the consultation of other members and communicate with Step 2 GRC.
219. Secretaries of GRCs are requested to keep records, minutes of GRC meetings
and communicate with relevant governmental and non- governmental
organizations.

Complaints by Complaints by People’s

individuals, Groups, or representatives:
institutions political, religious,
community

(Complaints to GRC in written
form
Decision to be
taken within 3
week of Ground level
receipt of issues
complaint
Step 1 GRC
meeting
6
Weeks
Step 2 GRC
meeting
Decision to be
taken within 3
week of Policy issues
receipt of
complaint
GRC process ends

222. The EMP characterizes the proposed mitigation and monitoring actions as a
set of tasks. In the EMP the specific responsibilities on task implementation on
the project proponent, the contractor(s), and the regulatory agency (agencies)
are assigned. These tasks should be implemented within a specified
time/period by the agency responsible and as per the specifications set out in
the EMP.
223. The EMP is an integral part of this IEE. The main objective of the EMP is to
identify and summarize adverse environmental impacts of project on–the-ground
activities for which mitigation is required along with responsible parties to
implement mitigation measures and supervision.
7.1 Management of Site Preparation for Construction
224. Clearing of vegetation should be kept to the minimum required especially the
vegetation associated with the tanks. During the construction of the dam/bund,
disturbance to these habitats must be avoided. Construction of temporary access
roads by clearing these habitats must be avoided unless it is absolutely
necessary. Permits should be obtained prior to clearing large trees. Cleared
vegetation should be stockpiled outside of watercourses and must be disposed in
at a location agreed upon with local government authorities.
225. Soil stockpiles or other construction material should not be placed within the bed
of the tank. Further, silt traps should be placed to avoid sediment runoff to the
tank during construction.
226. Water trucks should be used on the construction site to reduce dust generation
and excessive surface deterioration.
7.2 Management of Air Quality at the Site

229. Watering of construction sites as required to minimize the potential of dust

causing inconvenience to nearby residents. Watering frequency should be
increased during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds).
230. All vehicles transporting construction material should have coverings to prevent
dust generation
7.3 Management of Noise and Vibration Causing Events
231. Blasting and drilling, if necessary should be carried out in accordance with
current practice standards
232. Adequate community notice of any scheduled, a-typical noise events will be
provided
233. Noise generating work should be restricted to 7 am - 6 pm. Noise limit for
construction equipment, and vehicles should not exceed 55 dB (A).Noise events
should be scheduled for appropriate times to avoid disturbance to schools,
religious centers
234. Vehicles should be subjected to periodic maintenances to ensure adherence to

noise standards
7.4 Management of Erosion at the site
236. Minimize the quantity and duration of soil exposure
237. The timing of construction to occur predominantly in the dry season to minimize
the likelihood of construction sedimentation events. Rehabilitation to be
scheduled to be completed prior to the first storms of the wet season.
238. Re-contouring landforms to their original condition as soon as practicable,

including any erosion controls established prior to construction.

removed (via a contractor licensed to transport such wastes) for recycling, reuse
or disposal at a facility licensed to accept such wastes. Waste oil and chemical
storage areas must be bounded to prevent accidental run off.
241. Spoil must only be disposed of in the approved spoil disposal sites
242. Seeds, oil and other debris should be captured from vehicle washdown water
using traps and destroyed on site to prevent introduction of weeds
243. Refuse containers should be located at each worksite. All general refuse and
food wastes (taking into account health and hygiene issues where practicable)
should be collected and transported to the designated disposal sites. No on-site
disposal of waste without prior approval.
244. The invasive alien plant if present should be removed and destroyed on site. The
plants should not be dumped at disposal sites at any time.
245. Conduct periodic surveys to identify new weed infestations and take appropriate
actions to manage them
vehicles will be cleaned in designated washdown sites before leaving weed
infested areas or entering weed free areas.
7.7 Management of Hazardous Material
247. Dangerous goods should be stored, handled, separated and signed as required
by the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Regulations. Hazardous goods,
where appropriate be stored in bounded areas away from watercourses.


249. A pollutant spill contingency plan is to be followed to handle recovered oil, oily
debris, and contaminated sand/dirt resulting from an oil spill so that the wastes
do not cross-contaminate other areas that are clean. The plan will ensure that all
recovered oil and oiled debris are managed in accordance with applicable
regulations, while keeping operating costs at minimum levels.
Decanted Water- Water that is decanted from waste oil collection pits in the
service-bay (if present) is to be released back to the surface soil within the
operational area.
Recovered Oil- Recovered oil will be managed as a recovered product, and not
a waste. It is to be sent to be used/reused as raw material as part of processes in
other industries.
Solid Oily Debris - If non-hazardous (oiled dirt/sand, PPE, trash, wood, etc.); it
is to be transported to the approved land fill locations or any other appropriate
location. If hazardous, it will be transported to de-contamination locations and
disposed as per local regulations.
stockpiled at the staging areas and adequately covered with suitable material)
and is to be managed in the same manner as Soiled Oily Debris

occurs, contaminated waste/debris is to be collected in separate
containers/locations clearly marked as “Contaminated Debris” to avoid any cross-
contamination with non-contaminated waste.
Gauging of Recovered Oil - The amount of oil accumulated in the barrels/cans

at the temporary storage sites is to be recorded. These containers are not to
leave the temporary storage sites until this has been completed.

Transportation - Suitable haulers are to be used to transport spilled waste

material. Recovered oil that is not considered a waste, but a material to be used/
reused is to be transported from the spill site to the re-processor. When
transporting hazardous wastes from the spill site, it must be done to conform and
comply with the local rules and regulations.
250. The Contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/ guidelines
issued by the CEA/GSMB and Local Authority (LA) with respect to locating and
operating borrow or quarry areas as well as transportation of material from such
sites. In the event Gravel, sand and rock are to be purchased by the contractor,
the required material for construction should be obtained from operators that
carry proper EPL issued by CEA or GSMB.
251. Extraction of natural resources (e.g. earth, gravel, metal, sand etc.,) for
construction purposes from a protected ecosystem (Forest Reserve,
Conservation Forest, World Heritage Site, Sanctuary, Natural Reserve, National
Park, Strict Natural Reserve etc.,) is strictly prohibited.
7.10 Health and Safety Plan
252. A health and safety plan is to be prepared by the IA along with the Medical
Officer of Health (MOH) of the area. The following components need to be
addressed under this plan:
a. The role of the Health and Safety Officer as well as the workers in respect
to the project
b. Audits/Inspection Schedules
c. Accident Management – as described in Section 7.11
d. Available Safety Assistance
e. Records & Documentation
f. Safety Meetings- to be carried out prior to commencement of construction
activities and according to a schedule (eg. Fortnightly,monthly etc.)
g. Project Safety Guidelines
h. Medical/First Aid Availability- locations and nearest hospital with telephone
numbers, etc.)
i. Fire Protection

j. Housekeeping
k. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
i. PPE for specific activities
ii. PPE to be used at all times
iii. PPE storage, etc.
l. Hot Work
m. Signs and Barricades
i. Signs demarcating project area and details of the activities
ii. Signage to direct traffic (in case of road closures)
n. Heavy Machinery and Motorized Equipment Operation & Inspection
o. Physical Health Hazards
p. Hazardous Materials Management
q. Explosives- storing and use
r. Spill Prevention – Methods of transporting and handling and reference to
section 7.8
s. Excavations
t. Drilling & Blasting (if required) etc.
253. The first worker who notices that a medical emergency or personal injury has
occurred shall immediately make a subjective decision as to whether the
emergency is life threatening and/or otherwise serious and act according to the
procedures given below.

254. If a life-threatening incident occurs, those persons recognizing the situation
should do whatever actions in their capabilities to reduce the threat and then the
Contractor’s representative - Environmental Officer (if such is present) or Site
Engineer / Supervisor shall be contacted. The Contractor’s representative shall
immediately notify the nearest hospital / medical facility in the area and take
necessary action to move the injured person/s to the medical facility through the
most appropriate means (use of an ambulance if required) as soon as possible.
The Contractor and Client shall be notified of the incident as early as possible.
injured person/s and contact the Contractor’s representative - Environmental
Officer (if such is present) or Site Engineer / Supervisor as soon as reasonably

possible. The Contractor’s representative shall notify the Contractor and Client of
the incident. Should the victim be injured in a contaminated zone, a rapid
decontamination consisting removal of relevant personnel protective equipments
etc. shall be carried out.
7.12 Cleanup and Rehabilitation of all Temporary Structures, Storage Areas,

Site office, After Construction Work is Completed
construction vehicles and equipment and to trap water and seed.
257. Permanent Erosion and sediment control measures should be installed where
necessary.
258. All waste materials and equipment should be removed from the construction
area.
compliance by the contractor and non compliance should be strictly dealt with.
During the contract formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so
that they can be enforced effectively.
260. Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate
all the likelihood negative impacts on women and children. A certain code of
conduct needs to be developed and imposed on the construction crew. Hiring of
school children for the project activities by Contractors is to be prohibited. Even
the youths who are above 18 years of age should be hired with proper working
conditions and remuneration. The construction crew should be educated to
behave in such a way to avoid getting any children from the local area involved in
their entertainment activities in the evenings at their labor camps. Awareness on
HIV aids is necessary. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not frequently
reported, there will be potential for such problems taking place in the construction
sites. The project developer with the involvement of NPID should launch
programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids and
steps to be taken as precautions.

7.14 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management Plan
monitoring of: (a) compliance with environmental mitigation measures and (b)
the environmental effects. It is further sub-divided according to the phase of
the project. Projects such as these consist of three distinct phases. They are:
262. During the implementation of the project the Contractor is responsible for
carrying out all the mitigation measures specified in the EMPs. Monitoring will
ensure that the Contractor complies with the terms and conditions of the EMP.
For this purpose an Environmental Officer should be appointed under the
Resident Engineer / Project Engineer to carry out routine monitoring and an
independent Environmental Specialist should be involved in periodic review of
the work carried out by the Environmental Officer. The Environmental
Specialist should be mobilized at the beginning of the project where he/she
shall carry out initial monitoring and at the same time provide necessary
training to the environmental officer on data collection and report preparation.
Thereafter it is the responsibility of the Environmental Officer to conduct
routine monitoring. The Environmental Specialist will have to carry out a mid-
term review and again at the end of the project a final review to ensure that all
the mitigation measures proposed have been carried out as specified in the
EMP.
263. Both the Environmental Officer as well as the Environmental Specialist will
directly report to the Resident Engineer / Project Engineer who has the final
responsibility of ensuring that the Contractor complies with EMP requirements
of the project who in turn will report to the Project Director.
264. The Contractor must prepare a detailed Environmental Management Action

Plan in consultation with a professional (Environmental Specialist) to highlight
the mitigatory measures to minimize the anticipated environmental impacts,
which arise during the construction phase. The EMAP must include all the
permits / approvals to be obtained from the relevant Government Institutes/
Authorities, measure to be taken to prevent environmental pollution, methods
of disposal of solid waste and other hazardous materials to comply with the
national rules and regulations.

265. The Northern Province Irrigation Department (IA) is responsible for

implementing the project and to see that the Contractor complies with the
overall Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The Project Implementation
Unit (PIU) will reside within the IA. The PIU is responsible for administrating
and supervising of the Contractor regarding the implementation of mitigatory
measures stipulated in the EMP and any other Special Environmental
conditions included in Contract Document. The EMP should be a part of the
bid document.
266. The cost of carrying out all of the monitoring and mitigation measures set forth
in the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) shall be deemed to be spread over and included in
the unit rates or sums of relevant items indicated in the BOQ stated by the
Bidder in the Bill of Quantities.
267. The Contractor/s must implement all the mitigation measures described in the
EMP during the construction period to mitigate all environmental impacts
associated with the construction activities. The responsibilities of the
Environmental Officer include overseeing the overall implementation of the
EMP, provide expertise knowledge, suggestions and recommendations when
and where necessary to minimize/avoid/prevent any adverse environmental
impacts during the pre-constructions & construction phase while coordinating
with institutional, governmental and other relevant bodies., The Environmental
Officer is to produce separate monthly progress reports and submit them to
the Resident / Project Engineer who in turn is to provide necessary copies to
all relevant organizations. Quarterly progress reports are also to be provided
to the funding agency by the Environmental Officer through the Project
Director or Project / Resident Engineer.
268. Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in
signaling the potential problems that result from the proposed project and will
allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures. The
Environmental Monitoring is required for both construction and operation phases
of the project.

269. The main objectives of the EMoP are:

270. An EMP for the respective tank was prepared as in Table 7.1 followed by a
detailed EMoP in Table 7.2. In order to meet the above objectives the monitoring
activities of the project such as site supervision, verification of permits,
monitoring of water quality, noise and air, monitoring of solid waste disposal and
dumping sites should be carried out as specified in the EMoP. The Contractor
must be responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during
the construction phase (if deemed necessary by the Environmental Officer).
Consultants and the appointed staff from the IA will supervise the Contractor. An
environmental monitoring report should be submitted to the Environmental
Specialist Consultant.

actions specified in the EMoP are carried out by the Contractor and other parties
as well as to make certain decisions regarding the operations of the project
based on the monitoring results. The composition of the committee should be
decided by the implementing agency and the approving authority, but should
include the Environmental Specialist, Environmental Officer, Project Engineer
and a representative of the Contractor. The committee should be given a clear
TOR and a mandate to take necessary actions as deemed appropriate.

Table 7.1 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) – VAVUNIKULAM
During Construction
Carry out rehabilitation work during low

water levels in tank. Timing of rehabilitation Contractor / NPID
Construction and rehabilitation work on
works to avoid the rainy season.
tank during high water levels could
provide a serious threat to the safety Vegetation removal to be carried out
carefully and completely in order to prevent
and functioning of the dam/bund. Contractor / Site
(Excavations, drilling work, etc. as well decomposing roots, etc. from being left
Engineer
as removal of vegetation especially behind. Proper compaction to be followed
those with deep roots) after such removal
Safety
Carry out all activities on the tank bund
Site Engineer
under a site engineer's supervision
Security forces to be notified immediately
through the Site supervisor. The contact
Site Engineer /
numbers for an emergency should placed at
Events of finding land mines or UXOs. Supervisor /
the site office at a place where everyone can
Safety Officer
view it. The numbers should be also be with
the Site supervisors, etc.
Topsoil should be graded and stored
Contractor under
separately for re-spreading during
reinstatement. All areas excavated for
Supervision
reconstruction of tank bunds should be

properly compacted
Accumulation of cleared vegetation at

Clearing of Cleared vegetation to be dried and burned at
temporary dump sites and potential for Contractor
vegetation designated locations.
spread of weeds to new areas
Watering of roads constructed especially

Dust generation, disturbance to road
Irrigation Road during dry season.
users, and blocking of access during Contractor
Construction Providing alternate access and use of safety
construction
sign boards
Proper planning to avoid construction during
Disruption to water flow resulting in rainy season. Preventing total blockage of Contractor under
Bridge
possible flooding upstream and soil streams / providing alternative drainage path Site Engineer's
Rehabilitation
erosion at these locations during construction. Silt traps to be placed at Supervision
all potential erosion prone sites
Dust due to land clearing, bund Soil should be covered during transportation
construction, access road construction,
Watering of construction sites especially
Air Quality vehicle movements and other Contractor
during dry season
construction activities especially during
Rumble grids at construction vehicle exit
dry seasons
points

Water sprays to be installed to carry out

watering of construction sites. Watering
frequency to be increased during periods of
Dust from stockpiles high risk (eg. High winds).
Contractor

Emission of dust and fine particles from environmentally sensitive areas. All new
Contractor
quarry sites, crushers, etc. sites to obtain permits (where necessary)
and adhere to relevant environmental
regulations
Limit maximum noise level at residential
areas and close to public places to 55 dB.
Vehicles & other equipment to be properly
Noise &
A public nuisance maintained to maintain noise levels. Contractor
Vibrations
Restriction of noise generating activities
close to residential areas and public places
to time period between 7 am and 6 pm.


Discharge to water ways should not be
flora and fauna
Water Quality carried out unless the discharge quality Contractor
Degradation of water quality in sensitive
complies with standards
water bodies
Soil stockpiles and other construction

material should not be placed within the bed Contractor
Erosion of soil into water ways during or banks of the tanks.
Erosion
construction
Installing and maintaining permanent erosion
and sediment control measures such as silt Contractor
traps to avoid sediment runoff into tanks.
Provision of access during designated times
of day or where possible provide temporary
Difficulties to community using tank access paths for pedestrians on the
Social Contractor
bund as access road. downstream side of the bund. If road is
closed completely for a period, signage to be
put up at both ends.

Relevant compensation for the growing

season/s to be provided to the respective
Temporary loss of livelihood due to farmers through the respective Divisional NPID and
inability to grow crops during tank Secretariat. Divisional
rehabilitation Carrying out rehabilitation activities to a strict Secretariat
farmers
Water levels in tank are not to be reduced
Contractor
significantly.
Impact is not very high, however, as fishing
Disturbances to fisheries activities activities are carried out at a low scale and NPID and
carried out in the tank mostly seasonal. The fishermen will need to Divisional
be made aware through the DS Division Secretariat
office before construction commences.
Contractors to be strictly informed that hiring
any under-aged labour is prohibited. When
Use of under-aged labour hiring youths, a letter from the Grama NPID / Contractor
Niladhari indicating the person’s age and
address , etc. to be obtained.
Carrying out awareness programs to the
Increased risk of spread of HIV / public and staff. The staff / workers to agree
Contractor
Sexually transmitted diseases to a code of conduct when working in these
areas.

Educating truck drivers on safety

Contractor
requirements

Traffic jams in congested areas due to Contractor &
diverting traffic where required through
construction vehicles Police
alternative routes
Traffic & Road Designated parking areas for construction /

Contractor & NPID
Safety project vehicles
Appropriate signage to be set / Speed
Contractor & NPID
bumps / Speed limits for all road vehicles
Vehicle breakdowns, accidents and Maintenance activities of cars and trucks
community disturbances and other mobile machinery to be carried out
Contractor
on a regular basis with regular inspection of
lighting system brakes and tires.
Coordinating with RDD to prevent hindrance
Damage to to road rehabilitation works. Any damages
infrastructure caused by construction vehicles will need to
be compensated by the Contractor.
Reusable and recyclable wastes such as
Disposal of debris and construction timber skids, scrap metals, etc. should be
Solid Waste waste especially from demolished stockpiled till transportation to disposal sites. Contractor & NPID
structures Disposal at locations approved by relevant
local authorities.

Remains of demolished structures (eg.

existing retaining wall, turnouts, damaged
concrete and collapsed rip rap, etc.) should
be reused where possible.
Localized impairment of air quality due

to collection/burning of solid non oil Burning of wastes on site to be prohibited. Contractor
contaminated waste
Waste oils and other wastes to be removed
Impact on water quality & sedimentation
via contractor for recycling, reuse or disposal
of tanks and other small water bodies Contractor
at a facility. Waste oil and chemical storage
from leaching of waste
areas must be suitably bounded.
sanitary disposal. Refuse containers should
Spread of disease vectors, formation of be located at each worksite. No onsite
Sanitary Waste Contractor
mosquito breeding sites, odours disposal of waste to be carried out without
prior approval from the PC/MC/UC.
Prevention of water logging.
Health and Accidents, health risks, dangerous Awareness campaigns on HIV and other
Contractor & NPID
Safety working conditions health issues and general safety


An Emergency Response Plan must be
prepared for each active site to cope with
accidents and emergencies. The most
probable accidents should be identified. The
plan should include details for all emergency Contractor
services, hospital/clinic and senior
management. Actions to be taken should be
specified.

Hazardous &
Regulations. Hazardous goods to be stored
Material
in bunded areas away from the tanks and
water courses.

Suitable filtration systems to be present to

collect drained oil from vehicles at vehicle
service bays if any. Sand or dirt that is oiled
Pollution and degradation of soil and
Pollutant Spills to be placed in bins in a temporary waste Contractor
waterways including irrigation canals
storage area or to be stockpiled and covered
with suitable covers till they are disposed to
a designated dump site.
plant species) in the project area due to Nominate appropriate washdown facilities Contractor
introduction through imported raw and locations for vehicles and equipment
Flora & Fauna
material, construction equipment or Conduct periodic surveys to identify new
unplanned dumping of cleared weed weed infestations and take measures to Contractor
species. manage them (Removal and burning)
Operational Phase
Warnings to be given and a system to create

Irrigation canals will suddenly be flooded
awareness to the public on the times when
with water giving rise to risk to
Risk to public the tank gates will be open. Announcements NPID
inhabitants and especially children on
to the public prior to opening of gates to be
the banks of the canals
carried out.

The NPID is to carry out periodic monitoring

and maintenance of the structures and
Negligence resulting in jungle growth on
canals. The use of locals for meeting labour
tank bunds and siltation of canals, etc.
Maintenance requirements and supervision could be NPID
resulting in loss of efficiency of irrigation
initiated in addition to the present
schemes and failure of project.
maintenance activities undertaken by the
NPID.
PC = Provincial Council MC = Municipal Council UC = Urban Council

NPID = Northern Province Irrigation Dept RDD = Road Development Department

Table 7.2- Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
During Construction
accidents and public complaints
community
disturbances No. Of breakdowns
Dust due to land Visual Inspections Weekly Environmental Officer
Air Quality clearing in and around and public
tank, access road complaints
construction, vehicle Checking for tyres
movements and other carrying excessive Every-time a
construction activities volumes of mud on to construction
the road vehicle leaves
Inspection cost the site
Emission of harmful Visual Inspections Daily Contractor’s supervisor
exhaust gases and public and where applicable
complaints Environmental Officer
Dust from stockpiles Unacceptable status Daily / Contractor’s supervisor
of stockpiles Weekly and Environmental
Officer

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
Very High levels of Public complaints Air Quality Where Contractor and
dust and vehicle and official complaint testing cost. necessary / As Environmental Officer
emissions made by (PM 10, SPM, recommended
Environmental Nitrogen dioxide by
Officer Sulphur dioxide Environmental
Carbon Expert
monoxide
Ozone)
Approximately
Rs. 20,000*
Solid Waste Localized impairment Visual inspections / Inspection cost Weekly Contractor’s supervisor
of air quality due to public complaints on and Environmental
collection/burning of burning Officer
solid non oil
contaminated waste
including construction
waste

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
Impact on water Visual inspections Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
quality & sediments in and status of
lagoon or coastal stockpiles after rains.
water bodies from Also locations of
leaching of waste stockpiles.
Presence of
contaminated pools
of water and
evidence of erosion
at stock piles.
Sediment in tanks
and canals.
If very high levels are Cost for water Where Contractor
suspected, water quality tests by necessary
quality tests competent
authority.
(Conductivity, pH,
Total Dissolved
Solids, Turbidity,
Chloride and
Sulphate).
Approx. Rs. 7500*

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
Sanitary waste Spread of disease Checks on the status
vector, odours of hygiene Inspection cost Weekly Contractor &
maintained within Environmental Officer
site and worker
camps
Occurrence of
disease/ illness/
hospitalization of
workers
Noise and Public nuisance Public complaints Inspection and As
vibrations Audit/Inspection noise testing recommended Contractor
schedules Approx. Rs 8000 by Env. Officer
– 10,000
Health and safety Accidents, health Records of all Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
risks, dangerous accidents and health
working conditions issues
Audit/ Inspection Monthly
schedules
Hazardous & Accidents, health risks Records of all Inspection cost Weekly Environmental Officer
Contaminating accidents and health
Material issues

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
schedules cost
Pollutant Spills Pollution and Checks and records Inspection cost Environmental Officer
degradation of soil of any spills and Weekly
and waterways decontamination
activities.
and Contractor
transportation
costs
Erosion and Silt accumulation Silt accumulation in Inspection cost Monthly / just Contractor and
siltation during construction silt traps after a heavy Environmental Officer
Suspended rainy season
particulates in the
tank and water
bodies
Establishment of
Inspection cost
weed species Spread of species to Contractor and
Flora & Fauna and labor cost Weekly
(invasive plant new locations Environmental Officer
for weeding
species)

CHECK /
MONITORING
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
Blocking of access Public complaints Inspection cost Daily Contractor and
roads Environmental Officer
Disruption of irrigation Public complaints Compensation Every time GRC / DS
Social
water to fields cost GRC meets
Public complaints Compensation Every time GRC / DS
Loss of livelihood
cost GRC meets
Public / Staff - Supervision at IA and Environmental
Use of under-aged complaints/ through site / When a Officer
labour monitoring committee complaint is
received
GRC = Grievance Redress Committee DS = Divisional Secretary
*Costs for water quality, air quality and noise testing are an estimate for one set of samples at one location. The cost
does not include transport.
Periodic monitoring and environmental audits should be carried out to ensure compliance by the contractor and non compliance
should be strictly dealt with. During the contract formulation these conditions should be properly spelt out so that they can be
enforced effectively.

8. CONCLUSIONS
272. The proposed Environmental Management Plan reports all relevant actions that
will be taken by the developer including monitoring of impact and establishing
capacity for ongoing management during the implementation of pre-construction
stage, construction stage and post construction stages of the project including
the liability period. The proposed Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation
Scheme the CARE Project indicates a number of positive impacts on social
development which directly support to national economy and empowerment
through the employment, increased market, infrastructure upgrading and
development and social conveniences in the Northern Province. The number of
negative impacts that have also been identified include soil erosion, disturbances
to day today activities, dust, noise generation during construction etc.
273. Mullaitivu District is located in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It
has an area of 261,690 Ha or 2616.9 km2. Considering Manthai East Division,
where Vavunikualm is located, the total land area amounts to 489 km2. Forest
land constitutes a major portion of the land, up to 75%. Agricultural land follows
as the 2nd major landuse followed by range land.
274. The progress of resettlement in the Manthai East DS Division in Mullaitivu is not
at a satisfactory level. It is about 50%. The commands of tanks have been
severely affected with war. Almost all the infrastructure facilities have been
dilapidated. A large number of livelihoods are centered on agriculture and
livestock. About 10% of the household economy is livestock if the production of
livestock is converted into monetary values. The livestock activities they involve
include mainly cattle and goat keeping.
275. The proposed project area lies in the Mullaitivu District within the low country dry
zone. This area comes under floristic zone II (Dry and arid lowlands). Tropical dry
mixed evergreen forests {Manilkara Community, Mixed community (Chloroxylon-
Vitex-Berrya-Schleichera series)}, Tropical thorn forests (Manilkara-Chloroxylon-
Salvadora-Randia series), Damana and Villu grasslands, Flood-plain wetlands,
Riverine and gallery forests are typical vegetation formations in floristic zone II
(Dry and arid lowlands).
276. The principal habitat types found within the direct impact zone was investigated
and the fauna and flora present was documented detail under the existing

biological environment. Interviews were held with officials and communities in the
area of influence to discuss safety issues, technical aspects, disruptions during
project implementation, proposed remedial measures, and to identify
environmental impact of proposed rehabilitation interventions. The type of
information collected during the field investigation are described. Type of
habitats/ land use types present in the direct impact zone to determine whether
there are environmentally sensitive habitats present and the types of mitigation
measures needed to minimize or prevent negative impacts if such
277. Planners of the proposed project need to work out careful strategies to mitigate
all the likelihood negative impacts on children. There should be some imposed
conditions on the contractors to avoid hiring of school children for the project
activities. Even the youths who are above 18 years of age should be hired with
proper working conditions and remuneration. The construction crew should be
educated to behave in such away to avoid getting any children from the local
area involved in their entertainment activities in the evenings at their labor
camps.
278. Similar to children there may be tendency for contractors to hire war impacted
women at unreasonable conditions to work on construction sites. Sexual
harassment may be another potential negative impact on women in the project
implementing area. Similar to measures to mitigate likelihood impact on children,
appropriate measures to avoid all potential negative implications on women are
required. The most important step is to enhance the understanding and concerns
of construction crew on women. They should be educated on the need of
carefully thought methods to deal with women. Women must be hired if they
show their interest to work as laborers in the constructions sites. They should be
granted good working conditions including reasonable salaries. There may be
some women who are willing to provide accommodation and meals for
construction crew. The contractors should be made responsible to manage their
construction crew members who are staying in local residences. Apart from
awareness sessions, certain code of conduct should be developed and imposed
on construction crew.
279. Since the project involved rehabilitation of the existing tank, few significant
environment impacts are anticipated other than the general impacts that are
associated with any development project such as noise and vibrations, dust, solid

waste, clearing of vegetation, disturbance to fauna, flora and communities living

closer to the developmental activity, air pollution due to emissions, erosion and
sedimentation, siltation and contamination of surface water bodies etc.,
280. It is the overall conclusion that the proposed rehabilitation of the Vavunikulam
Irrigation Scheme (Headworks) project will not have a significant impact on the
environment other than the general impacts that can be easily mitigated through
a well designed Environment Management Plan. The benefits perceived from the
project implementation far outweigh the negative impacts identified and will
provide an essential requirement of water to reinstate the livelihood activities in
the area and thereby facilitate the resettlement process.

9. RECOMMENDATIONS
281. In the IEE study appropriate mitigations are proposed during construction and
post construction activities of the project. Once these measures are
implemented, then the impact may either be eliminated or minimized. It is
expected that, over all, there will be less impacts from this development or the
project.
282. There is a need for the developer to collaborate and involve local government
and the lead agencies during the implementation of the recommended
283. Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and

construction to minimize social expectations and other issues of employment,
health and safety.
especially in non-skilled positions whenever possible. Employing local people
will not only benefit the communities but also eliminate the costs of constructing
new huts and providing logistics and reduce on influx of people and tensions
that come with it.
requests for local youths to be given opportunities to work in the rehabilitation
sites, the possibility to use local material available as well as the possibilities to
construct agro wells and programs to motivate farmers and monitor cultivation
activities should be implemented where possible by the NPID.
286. Awareness on HIV aids is necessary. Although the incidents on HIV aids are not
construction sites. The project developer with the involvement of NPID should
launch programs to educate communities on the potential danger of the HIV aids
and steps to be taken as precautions. At the same time the project developer
should educate the entire construction crew who will be going to stay in the
different locations in the project areas. It is recommended to conduct awareness
sessions to raise the understanding of the communities as well as construction
staff on the potential social, environmental and health related problems.

287. As a way of ensuring sustainable development, it is recommended that the

developer and all the responsible parties take measures to implement the
identified mitigation measures.

IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme, in Mullaitivu District , Sri Lanka.
ANNEXURES
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav-Rev-2011
IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme, in Mullaithivu District, Sri Lanka
Annexure 1
Drawings
Drawing No. CARE/NP/TK/VAVU/LA 01 Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme Layout Plan
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/01 Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme –Plan &

Profile of Bund & Spill `
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/02 Plan & Profile of Bund & Spill (Sheet 02 of 03)
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/03 Plan & Profile of Bund & Spill (Sheet 03 of 03)
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND-02 Typical Cross Sections of the Bund
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-02 Renovation of Vavunikulam Spill -2+650 TO 2+850
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-03 Renovation of Vavunikulam Spill -2+650 TO 2+864.3
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-04 Construction of Bathing Steps
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-05 Renovation of Vavunikulam LB Sluice
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-06 Renovation of Vavunikulam RB Sluice
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-07 Renovation of Vavunikulam Centre Sluice
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-08 Construction of Causeway at RB Natural Spill
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-09 Construction of Causeway at LB
Drawing No. CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-10 Water level gauge in metric scale
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011
N AL
C AN
LB
0+575
0+600
0+55
5
0+62
0
0+5
0+65
0
5
0+67
25
0+
0
0+70
50
E
5
0+
LIN
0+72
0
47
0+75
5
E
0+
5
0+77
TO
45
0
LB
0+
0+80
0
ND T
5
42
1.20 OWER
0+82
5
0+
0
BU
0+85
40
SIL x1.35 m SLUIC
5
0+87
0+
N
0
37
0+90
LE E
LU ,
5
0+
25
E
35
0+9
50
LIN /S3
0+
0+9
7.82
5
32
0+97
E
0+
5
8,D
0
TO
1+00
30
/S 3
5
0
0+
1+02
27 ND 6.89
0
1+05
5 BU 8
0+
5
1+07
25
DOWN STREAM
0
0+
0
1+1
5
22
1+12
5
0+
50
20
1+1
5
0
1+17
0+
0
17
1+20
0+
25
15
1+2
0
0+
1+25
75
12
5
1+2
0+
0
1+30
10
5
0
0+
1+32
0
07
1+35
5
0+
5
1+37
05
0
1+40
0
0+
5
02
BU
1+42
0
5
0+
ND
1+45
5
00
1+47
TO
0
0
1+50
EL
5
1+52
INE
0
1+55
5
1+57
0
1+60
5
1+62
05
1+6
5
1+67
00
1+7
25
BU
1+7
ND
50
1+7
T
75
OE
1+7
00
LIN
1+8
25
E
1+8
L
50
1+8
75
NA
1+8
0
1+90
25
1+9
AN
50
1+9
75
1+9
00
EC
2+0
25
2+0
50
2+0
75
2+0
DL
00
2+1
25
2+1
50
MID
2+1
75
2+1
00
2+2
25
AD
2+2
50
RO
2+2
75
2+2
2+6
00
CA
50
2+3
2+6
25
25
5
U
2+
2+67
2+3
SE
60
50
00
2+
0
2+3
2+7
WA
25
75
57
2+7
2+3
5
2+
00
50
CO Y
55
2+4
2+7
5
MID
75
2+
2+42
0
NC
2+7
52
1.20 DLE T
2+50
2+45
00
2+475
5
RE
2+8
5
SIL x1.35 OWER
2
0
TE
2+8
850
LE
L. U m, SLU S
2+
/S 3 ICE PIL 75
7.1
16,
L 2+8
D/S 2+900
36.
2 97
AL
RB CANN
2+925
2+950
UP STREAM
RB TOW
SILL EL.
0.75 m,
2+975
3+000
ER SLU
U/S 35.9
3+025
3+050
ICE
3+075
76, D/S
3+100
35.846
3+125
3+150
3+175
3+200
3+225
3+250
3+275
3+300
ROAD 3+325
3+350
3+375
3+400
3+425
3+450
3+475
NATU
3+500
3+525
RAL S
3+550
3+575
PILLW
3+600
3+625
3+650
AY
3+675
3+700
3+725
3+750
5
3+77
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY PROJECT
DRG. NO CARE/NP/TK/VAVU/LA 01
CENTRAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BUREAU DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION - N/P

MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC MULATHIVU DISTRICT
DATE 2011 FEB
11,JAWATTA ROAD,
& ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA.
Tel. 0094-11-2505688, Fax. 0094-11-2598215 REHABILITATION OF VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME APPROVED BY
NOTHERN PROVINCIAL LAYOUT PLAN
NO REVISION DATE
U/S BUND
D/S BUND
CHAINAGE
DATUM ELEVATION
TOE ELEVATION
TOE ELEVATION
TOP ELEVATION
EXSISTING BUND
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
46.188 -0+025
42.608 42.837 45.089 0+000
42.170 42.490 45.386 0+025
0+
00
42.002 42.119 45.360 0+050 0
0+
02
5
42.054 42.116 45.334 0+075
0+
05
0
41.837 41.532 45.386 0+100 0+
07
5
COUNCIL
44.378(MSL) HFL
41.487 41.260 45.271 0+125 10
0+
0
DEVELOPMENT
41.221 0+150
0+
41.629 45.275 5
12
NORTHERN PROVINCIAL
0+
41.253 41.331 45.204 0+175
15
0
0+
17
5
41.606 41.616 45.089 0+200
43.281(MSL) FSL
0+
20
0
40.820 41.329 45.267 0+225

0+
22
5
40.622 40.929 45.332 0+250 0+
25
0
40.362 40.615 45.569 0+275 27

0+
5
0+300
0+
40.182 40.671 45.234 0
30
ENGINEERS
0+
3
40.195 40.432 45.147 0+325 25
U/S BUND TOE LINE
& ARCHITECTS
0+
35
0
40.038 40.249 45.111 0+350
BU
ND
0+
37
5
TO
39.799 40.195 45.085 0+375

E
EXISTING BUND TOP LINE

0+
LIN
40
E
0
BU
40.030 40.163 45.000 0+400

ND
0+
42
5
TO
SRI LANKA
E
40.231 40.018 45.071 0+425 0+
COLOMBO 07
LIN
45
E
39.950 0+450
0+
40.112 44.674 75 4
D/S BUND TOE LINE

DO
0+
38.089 39.226 45.046 0+475
Web Site: www.cecbsl.com

50
0
W
NS
TR
0+5
415,BAUDDHALOKA MAWATHA
38.221 39.931 44.723 0+500
25
UP
EA
M
ST
E-Mail cecb@slt.lk, cecb@cecbsl.com

RE
0+5
50
38.295 38.963 44.940 0+525
AM
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

0+575
39.164 39.552 44.944 0+550
39.751 39.479 44.122 0+575
NO
0+600
39.805 39.133 44.491 0+600 0+6

2 5
SCALE - 1:2000
FLAT PLAN
39.435 38.612 44.648 0+625 0+65

1.20x1.35 m,
0 LB
CA
NN
A L
LB TOWER SLUICE,1.20X1.35 m,
38.437 38.319 45.340 0+650
LB TOWER SLUICE
0+6
SILL ELEVATION U/S 37.828,D/S 36.898 75
39.168 38.909 45.414 0+675 0+7

00
SILL EL U/S37.828,D/S 36.898
0+700
0+7
38.784 39.209 45.545 25
0+7
37.982 39.043 44.903 0+725 50
VERTICAL SCALE - 1:100
REVISION
HORIZONTAL SCALE - 1:2000
0+7
38.020 39.250 44.219 0+750 75
0+8
00
37.880 39.354 45.902 0+775
0+8
25
38.049 39.029 45.395 0+800
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF BUND & SPILL
0+8
50
38.165 38.868 45.901 0+825
0+8
75
38.673 39.457 45.726 0+850
0+9
DATE
00
38.073 40.018 45.917 0+875
0+9
25
38.108 39.428 45.818 0+900
0+9
50
38.573 39.014 45.420 0+925
0+9
75
38.862 38.914 45.776 0+950

1+0
00
38.977 38.761 45.771 0+975 1+0

25
38.855 38.459 45.586 1+000 1+0

50
38.227 38.351 45.836 1+025 1+07

5
38.985 38.348 45.852 1+050 1+1

00
38.348 45.852 1+075 1+1

38.985 25
1+1
37.545 38.574 44.769 1+100 50
( SHEET 01 OF 03 )
MULATHIVU DISTRICT
1+1
38.587 38.639 45.617 1+125 75
1+2
1+150 00
38.619 38.649 44.808
PLAN & PROFILE OF BUND & SPILL
DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION - N/P
1+2
25
39.104 38.674 45.065 1+175
1+2
50
REHABILITATION OF VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME
39.886 38.793 44.337 1+200

1+2
75
39.630 38.771 45.041 1+225
1+3
00
NOTES.
39.192 39.361 45.661 1+250

1+3
25
38.779 39.177 44.329 1+275
1+3
50
DATE
38.529 39.148 45.280 1+300

DRG. NO
1+3
75
39.542 39.475 45.148 1+325

CHECKED BY
DESIGNED BY
APPROVED BY
1+4
00
39.446 39.933 45.088 1+350

1+4
25
39.358 40.194 45.164 1+375

3. ALL LEVELS & DIMENSIONS ARE IN METERS.
VR
1+4
50
GRAS
2011/01/20
39.357 40.259 45.248 1+400

1. ALL CO-ORDINATES ARE ACORDING TO LOCAL GRID
1+4
7 5
39.229 39.712 45.414 1+425

N
39.237 39.238 45.379 1+450

THIS PLAN EXTRACTED FROM
2. FOR GENERAL NOTES, SEE DRG. NO. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/03
CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/01
DRG. No.CARE/MU/SU/BUND 01
38.027 39.007 45.746 1+475

U/S BUND
D/S BUND
CHAINAGE
DATUM ELEVATION
TOE ELEVATION
MATCH LINE
TOE ELEVATION
TOP ELEVATION
EXSISTING BUND
1+475
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
38.027 39.007 45.746 1+475

1+500
DRG. No.CARE/IVAV/SU/BUND 01
37.825 39.362 45.855 1+500
1+525
37.605 39.465 45.815 1+525
1+550
37.847 39.521 45.947 1+550
COUNCIL
1+575
38.192 39.459 46.073 1+575
DEVELOPMENT
1+600
44.378(MSL) HFL
38.542 39.311 46.164 1+600
NORTHERN PROVINCIAL
1+625
38.526 39.596 45.998 1+625
1+650
38.879 39.200 45.579 1+650
1+675

37.641 38.925 45.913 1+675
43.281(MSL) FSL
1+700
38.325 38.971 45.803 1+700
1+725
38.849 39.156 45.675 1+725
1+750
U/S BUND TOE LINE

37.449 39.054 45.851 1+750
ENGINEERS
1+775
& ARCHITECTS
38.212 38.916 45.880 1+775
1+800
37.242 38.723 45.669 1+800
1+825
37.728 38.658 45.763 1+825
1+850
38.446 38.694 45.796 1+850
SRI LANKA
1+875
COLOMBO 07
38.099 39.091 45.849 1+875
D/S BUND TOE LINE

1+900
EXISTING BUND TOP LINE
38.362 39.130 45.909 1+900
Web Site: www.cecbsl.com

1+925
38.145 39.222 46.075 1+925
415,BAUDDHALOKA MAWATHA
1+950
37.891 39.257 46.048 1+950
E-Mail cecb@slt.lk, cecb@cecbsl.com

1+975
38.004 38.968 46.236 1+975
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

2+000
37.223 39.253 46.064 2+000
2+025
NO
37.952 38.916 46.201 2+025
2+050
38.060 38.991 46.231 2+050
2+075
38.102 39.048 46.228 2+075
BUND TOE
BUND TOE
2+100
LINE
B U N D
LINE
42.020 38.724 46.115 2+100

2+125

HORIZONTAL SCALE - 1:2000
41.165 38.745 45.678 2+125
2+150
41.165 39.061 45.678 2+150
2+175
REVISION
38.156 39.592 46.160 2+175
2+200
UP STREAM
DOWN STR
SCALE - 1:2000

40.535 39.062 45.900 2+200
FLAT PLAN
EAM
2+225
39.508 39.792 45.947 2+225
2+250
43.263 38.822 45.314 2+250
MIDDLE SLUICE
2+275
MIDDLE CAN
NAL
41.451 38.817 45.768 2+275
MIDDLE TOWER SLUICE,1.20X1.35 m, 2+300
SILL ELEVATION U/S 37.116, D/S 36.297
41.240 38.653 46.130 2+300
DATE
2+325
39.071 39.003 45.037 2+325

2+350
MIDDLE TOWER SLUICE
40.954 40.030 45.919 2+350

2+375
39.563 39.947 45.794 2+375

2+400
41.118 40.269 46.342 2+400

1.20x1.35 m, SILL EL. U/S 37.116, D/S 36.297
2+425
41.118 40.269 46.342 2+425

2+450
40.824 39.994 46.311 2+450

5
2+47
2+
40.964 40.847 46.081 2+475
50
0
2+
52
5
40.273 40.685 46.170 2+500

2+
55
0
2+
57
41.124 39.977 46.192 2+525

5
2+
60
0
40.157 40.212 46.176 2+550

( SHEET 02 OF 03 )
2+
MULATHIVU DISTRICT
62
5
ROAD
39.741 41.085 45.985 2+575
2+650
39.592 41.329 45.563 2+600
2+675
41.098 42.605 44.140 2+625
REHABILITATION OF VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME
2+700
43.281 2+650
2+725
NOTES.
43.281 2+675
2+750
43.281 2+700
CAUSEWAY
CONCRETE SPIL
L
2+775
43.281 2+725
DATE
2+800
DRG. NO
43.281 2+750
CHECKED BY
DESIGNED BY
2+825
APPROVED BY
200.0
43.281 2+775
RB C/O SPILL
CREST EL. 43.281
2+850
43.281 2+800
MA
TCH
VR
LIN
E
GRAS
43.281 2+825
2011/01/20
43.281 2+850
DRG. No.CARE/MU/SU/BUND 02
N
2. FOR GENERAL NOTES, SEE DRG. NO. CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/03
CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/02
N
2+950 RB CANNAL
DOW
N STRE
AM
2+900
BUND
2+925
2+975
2+875
3+000
TOE LIN
3+025
E
3+050
3+075
3+100
3+125
3+150
2+
3+175
85
3+200
0
3+225
B U N D
3+250
MA RB TOWER SLUICE
3+7755
3+275
3+750
3+725
3+77
3+700
3+675
3+300
3+650
T
3+625
3+600
CH 0.75 m, BUND
3+575
3+550
3+525
3+500
5
3+475
TOE LIN
3+450
3+425
3+400
3+350
3+32
LIN
3+375
SILL EL. U/S 35.976, D/S 35.846 E
E
ROAD
DRG. No.CARE/MU/SU/BUND 02 NATURAL SPILLWAY
UP STRE
AM
FLAT PLAN
SCALE - 1:2000
47.00 EXISTING BUND TOP LINE RB NATURAL SPILL

525.0
46.00 CREST EL. 45.581
U/S BUND TOE LINE
45.00
SILL ELEVATION SILL EL. U/S 35.976, D/S 35.846
44.378(MSL) HFL
44.00 HYDRO DATA
43.281(MSL) FSL
43.00
RB TOWER SLUICE,1.20X1.35 m,
42.00 CATHMENT AREA - 154.78 SQ. KM.
D/S BUND TOE LINE

41.00
TANK BUND
40.00 FULL SUPPLY LEVEL - 43.281m (MSL) LENGTH - 3775m
HIGH FLOOD LEVEL - 44.378m (MSL) MAX. HEIGHT - 10.05m
39.00
BUND TOP LEVEL - 45.42m (MSL) TOP WIDTH - 5.48m
38.00 S/ SLOPES 1/2 , US - DS
BTL - 45.42m ( MSL )
DATUM ELEVATION
2+850
3+575
3+600
3+625
3+650
2+875
2+900
2+925
2+950
2+975
3+000
3+025
3+050
3+075
3+100
3+125
3+150
3+175
3+200
3+225
3+250
3+275
3+300
3+325
3+350
3+375
3+400
3+425
3+450
3+475
3+500
3+525
3+550
3+675
3+725
3+700
3+750
3+775
CHAINAGE
SLUICES LB CENTER RB SPILL RB RB END
TYPE / SIZE 1.2m X 1.5m 1.2m X 1.5m 0.75m TYPE C/O NATURAL
43.250
44.648
45.195
44.978
45.396
45.558
45.591
45.455
44.869
44.478
45.299
45.599
45.615
45.614
45.591
45.575
45.573
EXSISTING BUND SILL LEVEL 35.96m 35.96m 36.576m LENGTH 200.00m 550.0m
TOP ELEVATION
CREST EL. 43.25m
42.025
39.856
41.279
40.812
40.929
41.268
42.513
42.480
42.890
43.494
43.778
44.118
44.721
44.523
44.524
44.900
U/S BUND
TOE ELEVATION
42.162
43.430
44.109
40.183
43.050
43.492
43.572
43.483
43.728
44.005
44.139
44.690
44.764
44.695
45.000
45.095
D/S BUND
TOE ELEVATION

HORIZONTAL SCALE - 1:2000 NOTES.
2. 'X'=TBM1= 45.334m ( 10014.610N,20015.75E)
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA DESIGNED BY

GRAS

MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC 415,BAUDDHALOKA MAWATHA CHECKED BY VR
ENGINEERS
MULATHIVU DISTRICT
COLOMBO 07
DEVELOPMENT & ARCHITECTS
SRI LANKA
APPROVED BY
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

REHABILITATION OF VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME DATE 2011/01/20
NORTHERN PROVINCIAL E-Mail cecb@slt.lk, cecb@cecbsl.com
COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com
( SHEET 03 OF 03 ) DRG. NO CARE/IRR/MU/VAV/SU/BUND/03
NO REVISION DATE
U/S D/S
Rip rap 5.48 BTL- 46.63m

Gravel base
HFL- 44.37m 0.60 1 1
FSL- 43.28m 5.59 6.00
0.15 2.5 2.5
3.00
1
2.5
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF BUND
THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY PROJECT DESIGNED BY
CENTRAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BUREAU -
MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC 415,BAUDDHALOKA MAWATHA VAVUNIYA DISTRICT CHECKED BY RV
ENGINEERS COLOMBO 07
DEVELOPMENT & ARCHITECTS SRI LANKA
APPROVED BY RV
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

REHABILITATION OF VAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME DATE 2011/01/18
TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS OF BUND
COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com DRG. NO CARE/IRR/VA/VAV/SU/BUND-02
NO REVISION DATE
PROPOSED CONCRETING SEE DETAIL @ DRAWING NO - CARE/IRR/VA/WAVU/STRUC/03
200
FSL - 43.58 m MSL
300
300
300
1475
300
EXISTING
BASIN
2975
Y12 @ 225
75
1500
1500
3600
EXISTING CUSHION
225
2975
Datum at 38.00 MSL
Design Levels in m
41.69
41.89
42.01
42.10
43.35
43.31
41.76
41.81
42.09
42.09
40.94
40.99
42.32
42.30
42.45
225
Existing Levels in m
900
Distance in m -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.000.45 2.20 4.204.705.155.60 9.30 13.00 17.00 18.00
SECTION OF
CROSS SECTION BETWEEN - 2+650 TO 2+850 CREST
SCALE - 1:50

CENTRAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BUREAU CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY PROJECT -

MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC 415,BAUDDHALOKA MAWATHA CHECKED BY -
VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

REHABILITATION OF WAVUNIKULAM IRRIGATION SCHEME DATE 2010/12/20
RENOVATION OF WAVUNIKULAM SPILL - 2+650 TO 2+850
COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com DRG. NO CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC- 02
NO REVISION DATE
HAND RAIL MADE OF 50mm GI PIPE
225
1000
3400 600
350
250
1800
200
250
4400
FRONT ELEVTION
SECTION @ B-B
Y12 @ 150
Y12 @ 250
6975 B 213400
2750 3600 3600 3600 2750
Y12 @ 250
2300
1800
A A Y12 @ 150
B Y12 @ 250
Y12 @ 150
SECTION @ A-A
SCALE - 1:50
FLOW NOTE
NO OF (3.60 m x 1.80 m) OPENING 54 & (2.75 m x

1.80 m) OPENING 2 AS IT IS IN THE DRAWING
PLAN 250
SCALE - 1:100
200
DETAIL @ C
SCALE - 1:50


VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

RENOVATION OF WAVUNIKULAM SPILL - 2+650 TO 2+864.3
COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com DRG. NO CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-03
NO REVISION DATE
250
5480
625 BTL - 46.63 m MSL
850
1:2:4(20mm) Ct. CONCRETE
550
600
4500
600
SECTION @ X-X
10000 16250
300
50mm x 50mm HEAVY &
MESH WIRE NET
2955
225mm x 225mm 1:2:4(20mm) R/F

15000
COLUMN 4Y16
X X
3000
PLAN
SCALE - 1:100


VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

CONSTRUCTION OF BATHING STEPS
NO REVISION DATE
HAND RAIL MADE OF 50mm GI PIPE
200
1950 17475
300 BTL - 46.63 m MSL
900
6550 6600 4300
1250
1050
200
450
2400
A A
1500
450
300
5340
1800
300
SILL - 35.966 m MSL
FRONT ELEVATION
5480
2050
6550 B 6600 4300
600
2000
2350
1200
1650
1200
B 900
1450
2050
PLAN
C Y12 @ 150
1200
200
Y12 @ 250 Y12 @ 150

Y12 @ 250
450
900
400
800
Y12 @ 200 BW
200
1650
SECTION @ C-C
C
SECTION @ B-B
SECTION @ A-A


VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

RENOVATION OF WAVUNIKULAM LB SLUICE
NO REVISION DATE
BTL - 46.63 m MSL
5200
J
A 12000 3000
B
1800
1350
SILL - 35.366 m MSL SILL - 35.366 m MSL
750
750
A B
300 225
SECTIONAL ELEVATION @ 2+285
525 2400 Y12 @ 250
225
DOWELS IN Y16 @ 600 BW Y12 @ 150
Y12 @ 200
225
225
5200
5200
2Y12
225 225
1800
1800
EXISTING D/S HEAD WALL PROPOSED JACKET WALL 1:2:4(20mm) Ct. CONCRETE
DETAIL OF ''J''
225
225
225
225
1350 1350
750

Y12 @ 250
2400 2400
150
150
DETAIL OF JACKET SECTION @ A-A SECTION @ B-B
WALL


VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

RENOVATION OF WAVUNIKULAM RB SLUICE
NO REVISION DATE
BTL - 46.63 m MSL
1200
EXISTING 450mm H/PIPE PROPOSED LAYING 450mm H/PIPE
450
SILL - 35.966 m MSL
715
900
750
150
FRONT ELEVATION 225
A
2475
12200
300
1550
450
650
A
PLAN
830
300 Y12 @ 200
1200
Y12 @ 200
900
Y10 @ 200 BW
SECTION @ A-A


VAVUNIYA DISTRICT
APPROVED BY -
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

RENOVATION OF WAVUNIKULAM CENTRE SLUICE
NO REVISION DATE
525000 U/S 3600 D/S
500
400
100
150
150
SECTION A
1 : 50 -
ELEVATION
1 : 50
525000
3600
3600
PLAN A
1 : 50
APPROVED BY RV
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com CONSTRUCTION OF CAUSEWAY AT RB NATURAL SPILL

DRG. NO CARE/IRR/MUL/WAVU/STRUC-08
NO REVISION DATE
1800 26400 1800
500
U/S 3600 D/S
500
400
100
150
150 150
SECTION A
1 : 50 -
ELEVATION
1 : 50
1800 26400 1800

3600
3600
PLAN A
1 : 50
APPROVED BY RV
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com CONSTRUCTION OF CAUSEWAY AT LB

NO REVISION DATE
1
100 75 50
65 40
80
5
5
10
DETAIL @ A DETAIL @ B DETAIL @ C
200mm x 100mm
MARKED
CEREMIC TILE
(WHITE)
C
m
B LETTERS
IN BLACK
0
200
100 100
APPROVED BY RV
Tel. 0094-11-2668800, Fax. 0094-11-2687369

COUNCIL Web Site: www.cecbsl.com WATER LEVEL GAUGE IN METRIC SCALE

NO REVISION DATE
IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme, in Mullaitivu District , Sri Lanka.
Annexure 2
Drawing No-: IEE/CARE/VAV/001 Administrative Boundaries, Mullativu District
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav- Rev-2011
Drawing No-: IEE/CARE/VAV/001
Annexure 3
IEE Check List
IRRIGATION
Instructions:
Compliance Officer.
Sector Division: Vavunikulam in Mullaithivu District

A. Project Siting
 Protected Area √
 Wetland √
 Mangrove √
 Estuarine √
 Buffer zone of protected area √
 loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of √

encroachment into forests/swamplands or
historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology
of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage
hazards)?

conflicts?

capacity?
IRRIGATION

ground subsidence?


 potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land √

use issues?
 soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? √ If the construction activities are
avoided from being carried out in the
rainy season, this impact would be
easily mitigated.
 noise from construction equipment? √ Noise generating work should be
restricted to 7 am – 6 pm. The noise
limit for construction equipment and
vehicles should not exceed 55 dB.
Noise events should be scheduled for
appropriate times to avoid
disturbance to schools and religious
centres.
Personnel Protective Equipment to be

used when using high noise emitting
devices during construction.

surroundings of the tank.
However this impact would be
significant to residents alongside the
access roads and gravel roads used
by the construction vehicles.
Therefore access roads need to be
watered as specified in the EMP

water?

seasons?
IRRIGATION



 large population influx during project construction and √ Locals will be used for labour as
operation that causes increased burden on social much as possible. Therefore even
infrastructure and services (such as water supply and temporary camps will be very few if
sanitation systems)? any.
 social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries √ Locals will be used for labour as
are hired? much as possible. Therefore even
temporary camps will be very few if
any.
Awareness on HIV aids is a critical

need. Although the incidents on HIV
aids are not frequently reported there
will be potential for such problems
taking place in the construction sites.
The project developer should launch
a program to educate communities on
the potential danger of the HIV aids
and steps to be taken as precautions.
It is recommended to conduct
awareness sessions to raise the
understanding of the communities as
well as construction staff on the
potential social, environmental and

and operation?
IRRIGATION

decommissioning?


children)?
zones)?
IEE for the Rehabilitation of Vavunikulam Irrigation Scheme, in Mullaithivu District, Sri Lanka.
Annexure 4

Tank User Consultations Data
Table 4a – Basic socio economic information on candidate tanks
Tank Ds Population GN Division Population Farmer Command Fisheries Crops Cropping Cropping Is tank If yes No of
Division in DS in GN families area acres families intensity intensity in which Samurdhi
– maha - – yala - % cascade tank in beneficiary
% – yes / the families
no cascade
Vavunikulam Manthai 7806 Palinagar 1306 430 6060 100 Paddy 100 50 Yes 3 0
East
Table 4b – Physical & Management problems, proposals for productivity increase
Tank Physical problems Management problems Suggestion to improve productivity
Vavunikulam Damaged spill, dilapidated canal system & Not fully clear land mine in cultivation Improve the on farm water
dilapidated three sluice, Non availability of area and mot fully resettle week farmer management
riprap (ralapanawa) in tank bund organization.
ANNEX 4B List of Different Stakeholders Consulted

1 Jagadeesvaram Technical Officer Irrigation Office, Mullathivu
2 T Rajarathmem President, Farmer Organization Vavunikulam
3 S Srilandam Treasure , Farmer Organization Vavunikulam

4 R Samudramathi President, Farmer Organization Vavunikulam
5 R Srikandaraj Secretary, Farmer Organization Vavunikulam

6 S Thangavili President, Farmer Organization Vavunikulam
7 R Vijekumar Treasure , Farmer Organization Vavunikulam

8 S Jekan Divisional Secretary Divisional Secretary
9 Jonpulle ADP Divisional Secretary

10 K. Prabhakaran Divisional Secretary Manthai
Annexure 5

Work Allocation

2 issues
8 Eng. S. S. I Kodagoda Civil/ Geotechnical Engineering Civil / Structural Engineer Geotechnical aspects of roads
Slope Engineering
systems Engineering
Studies Studies
13 Ms. P. B. I. N. De Silva Computer Programming, Computer Programmer Numerical Analysis
Numerical Analysis
14 Eng. Ragunathan Irrigation Design Design Consultant Designs and engineering aspects
15 Eng. Kajanthan and team Civil Engineering Civil Engineer Surveying and engineering aspects
Annexure 6
References
CRD/CECB/CAREP-NPT-Vav-Rev- 2011
References
1. Ecology
New Delhi;



xiii+148pp.

Annexure 7
GUIDELINES


3. AIR QUALITY

924!12 dated 2J" May 1996.

4.2 (a) _
authorities.
project activities

EMBANKMENT
carried out.
Annexure 8
Formats
Information Collection form to be used for Environmental Monitoring:
Date of inspection: Time of inspection:

Tank number: Tank name:
Stage of implementation:
GPS reference of section inspected
Sketch diagram of the SWE System: Environmental impact parameter Yes No NA
1. Ground vibration
2. Dust generation
3. Noise emissions
4. Air pollution
5. Water pollution
6. Siltation
7. Erosion
8. Ground pollution
9. Water logging
10. Release of hazardous substances
11. Spread of alien invasive species
12. Increased risk of landslides
13. Blockage of waterways
14. Increased risk to natural resource
15. Disposal of construction spoil & waste
16. Solid waste disposal
17. Health hazards
18. Increased traffic
EMP Compliance Monitoring
Compliance parameter Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Management of site preparation for construction
Management of traffic
Management of air quality at the site
Management of noise and vibration causing events
Management of construction related waste
Management of erosion at the site
Management of watercourses
Management of new weed infestations at the project site
Management of hazardous material
Management of health and safety of workers
Management of transport vehicles
Management of borrow, quarry & sand mining sites
Cleanup and rehabilitation
Further explanations on identified impact parameters or non compliance of EMP conditions
Recommendations for mitigation:
Comments of the report evaluation officer:
Inspected by: Signature:

Adb Iee

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Initial Environmental Examination

SRI: Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

Sri Lanka Conflict Affected Region Emergency

Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER)

CONFLICT AFFECTED REGION EMERGENCY (CARE) PROJECT,

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT (IEER)

IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, SRI LANKA

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 i

Dematamalwewa, and Dunumadalawa Wewa in Mahawilachchiya DS Division, Kaduru

B. Objectives of the Proposed Project

D. Scope and Objective of the Study

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 ii

1. To conduct baseline surveys around the 9 respective tank areas.

4. To prepare a report containing the findings of the baseline study.

E. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 iii

F. Methodology for Environmental Assessment

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 iv

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 v

Biogeographically, the proposed tanks (Sandamal Eliya Wewa, Dematamal Gama

The Central Nuwaragam Palatha is the DS division where larger population is

The Direct Beneficiary Population from the Project

Sandamaleliyawewa 1 140 457 140

Rambakapuwewa 1 170 330 170

Koongollewa 1 200 866 200

Kudakoongaskada 1 100 238 100

Meegaswewa 1 308 540 300

Source- Relevant DS Divisions

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 vii

J. Anticipated Environmental Impacts

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 viii

K. Information Disclosure, Consultation & Participation

In regard to providing information on planned project activities & project objectives,

L. Grievance Redress Mechanisms

The main objective of establishing a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is to solve

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 ix

M. Environmental Management Plan

The contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan in

N. Environmental Monitoring Plan

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 x

Continuous sensitization should be done especially during planning and construction

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 xi

It is recommended that workers should be recruited from the local communities,

The proposed development project can be categorized as “Category B” under ADB

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 -2011 xii

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT (IEER)

1.1 CARE Project Background and Justification 01

1.6 Extent and Scope of the Study 09

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 14

2.1 Type, Category and Need 14

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xiii

2.5.2 Size and Magnitude of Dematamalgama Wewa

2.6.2 Size and Magnitude of Panankamam Rehabilitation

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xiv

2.8 Kadadeka Wewa Scheme Discription 30

2.8.2 Size and Magnitude of Kadadeka Wewa Rehabilitation

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xv

2.11.2.4 Utility Value 44

2.12.2 Size and Magnitude of Kuda Koongaskada wewa

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 50

3.1 Existing Land Use 50

CRD/CECB/CAREP-NCP-Tanks-Pkg 1,2,3 - 2011 xvi