Index

AASHTO soil classification system,

and plasticity index, 140, 144
194–196
and soil classification systems, 144, 146
Active pressure coefficient, 177
and suitability index, 142
Activity, 152, 155
test methods, 30–32
Adhesion at interfaces, 180–182
test methods—variations, 138
Adsorption complex, 39
and undrained shear strength, 144–147
Angle of shearing resistance see Shear
Calorific value test, 175
strength
Capillaries, 165
ASTM soil classification system, 189–191
Classification systems for soils see Soil
classification systems
Borings
Clay structures, 39
light cable percussion, 202–204
Coefficient of
rotary, 204
active earth pressure, 177
window and windowless samplers, 204
compressibility, 19, 75
BS soil classification system, 189, 191–193
compressibility, typical values,
Bulk density, 49
correlations, 81
consolidation, 19
Cable percussion borings, 202–204
consolidation; typical values, 88
California Bearing Ratio, 138
curvature (grading), 38
and consistency index, 140
earth pressure at rest, 178
and falling weight deflectometer, 148
lateral earth pressures, 177
history and use, 138
passive earth pressure, 177
and liquid limit, 143
permeability
and maximum dry density, 144
definition, 68
and optimum moisture content, 143
permeability, typical values, 69–71

Soil Properties and their Correlations, Second Edition. Michael Carter and Stephen P. Bentley.
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Index 219

uniformity, 38
dry, 49
volume compressibility, 19, 76
effect of air voids on, 51
volume compressibility, typical values,
relative density
correlations, 81
definition, 59
volume compressibility, from SPT N‐
field measurement, 59
values, 83
saturated, 50
Cohesion see also Shear strength
submerged, 50
and plasticity, 38
test methods, 12–15
Combustion of soils, 33
typical values, 53–55
and combustible content, 33
Disturbed samples, 206
identification of risk soils, 175
Drained shear strength see Shear strength,
Compacted density, 53
effective/drained
Compressibility
Dry density, 49
coefficient of, 75
Dutch cone, 213
coefficient of volume, 19, 76
Dynamic cone tests, 212
Compression cones, 213
and undrained shear strength, 128
Compression index, 77
typical values, correlations, 81–84
Earth pressure at rest, 178
Cone tests, dynamic
Earth retaining walls
equivalence with SPT N‐value, 64
friction against, 184
Cone tests, static
Effective shear strength see Shear strength,
correlation with SPT N-values, 64
effective/drained
used to estimate relative density, 65
Effective size, 36
used to estimate settlement parameters,
Effective stress analysis, 113–115
102–105
Expansive soils
Consistency see Plasticity
BRE and NHBC guidelines for, 154
and undrained shear strength, 122
free swell test, 151
Consistency index, 119
identification, 151
and undrained shear strength, 119–121
linear shrinkage test, 32
Consolidation, 19–21, 74
and swelling potential, 153 (see also
coefficient of, 19
Swelling potential)
degree of, 86
swelling potential test, 32, 153
introduction, 74
US PWRS guidelines for, 157
rate of, 86
test method, 20
Falling head permeameter, 17
time factor, Tv, 86
Falling weight deflectometer, 148
Consolidometer, 19
Free swell test, 151
Constant head permeameter, 18
Friction at interfaces, 180–182
Constant volume shear strength, 116
Friction ratio, 216
Core cutter method, 12
Frost heave test, 166
Frost susceptibility, 32
Deformation modulus, 80, 98
and grading, 167
Degree of consolidation, 86
identification of frost susceptible
Degree of saturation, 50
soils, 169
Density
mechanism, effects of ice segregation, 164–
bulk, 50
166
compacted density, 53
and plasticity, 169
definitions, 11, 49
and segregation potential, 171
220 Index

Geogrids; friction factors, 183

Optimum moisture content, 27, 54–58
Grading, 3
and CBR, 143
chart, 37
rapid determination, 55, 58
effective size, 36
of tropical soils, 57
influence on soil properties, 35
Overconsolidated clays
standard grading divisions, 36
shear strength and overburden pressure, 124
test methods, 4–7
Overconsolidation ratio, 75
Group index, 194
Particle size distribution see Grading
Hazen’s formula, 71
Passive earth pressure coefficient,
177 Peak shear strength, 116
Ice segregation, 164
Permeability, 16–18
coefficient of, 68
Lateral earth pressure coefficients, 177
effects of soil macro‐structure on, 69
Light cable percussion borings,
related to grading, 71–73
202–204
test methods, 17
Linear shrinkage test, 32
typical values, 69–71
Liquid limit see also Plasticity
Piezocones, 215
and CBR, 143
Piles; friction and adhesion factors, 180, 182
Liquidity index, 119
Piston samplers, 209
and undrained shear strength, 119–121
Plasticity, 7–10, 39–47
and cohesion, 39
Mass loss on ignition test, 176
charts, 43
Maximum dry density, 29
consistency limits, 41
and CBR, 144
descriptions, 43
and optimum moisture content, 55
as an indicator or soil behaviour, 45
rapid determination, 55
liquid limit tests, 7, 42
of tropical soils, 57
mechanisms causing plasticity, 39–41
test method, 29
modified plasticity index, modulus, 140
Model soil sample, 50, 76
plasticity index, 10
Modified plasticity index, 140
plastic limit test, 9, 42
Modified secondary compression index, 89
shrinkage limit test, 43–45
Modulus
Plasticity index
of deformation, 80, 98
and CBR, 140, 144
of plasticity, 140
and undrained shear strength, 124
Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion, 113–115
Plasticity modulus, 140
Mohr diagram, 108
Plastic limit, 41
Moisture content, 2
Plate bearing tests, 101
and density, 50–53
Poisson’s ratio, 80
optimum, 27, 54–58
Pore water pressure,
and shear strength, 120
and consolidation, 74
Montmorillonite, 152
and shear strength, 113–117
MOSTAP sampler, 215
Porosity, 51
Probes
Norwegian quick clays, 125
dynamic; equipment and use, 212
Nuclear density meter, 14
static; equipment and use, 213–215
static; identification of soil type, 216
Oedometer, 19
Open‐drive samplers, 206–208
Quick clays, 125
Index 221

Rate of settlement, 86
and plasticity index, 131
Recompression index, 78
typical values, 132
typical values, 82
Shear strength, granular soils
Relative density, 59
and relative density, 133–135
and angle of shearing resistance, 133–135
and soil class for granular soils, 133
descriptive terms, 59
Shear strength, undrained
estimates from SPT N‐values, 133
and CBR, 144
field measurement, 59
and consistency descriptions, 122
Residual shear strength, 116
and consistency/liquidity indices,
Retaining walls; friction against, 184
119–121
Rotary boring, 204
estimates from dynamic cone tests, 128
estimates from static cone tests, 130
Sampling methods
estimates using SPT N‐values, 126–129
disturbed samples, 206
and overburden pressure, 124
open‐drive samplers, 206–208
of overconsolidated clays, 122, 124, 127
piston samplers, 209
and plasticity index, 124
window and windowless samplers, 204
in saturated clays, 119
Sand replacement density method, 13
typical values, 119
Saturated density, 50
vane test correction factors, 126
Secondary compression, 74, 88
Shrinkage limit, 43
calculations, 90
Sieve analysis, 4
Secondary compression indices, 88
Skempton’s pore pressure parameter A, 84
and compression index, 91
Soil classification systems, 186
and natural moisture content, 91
comparison of soil classes, 197
Sedimentation analysis, 6
development, uses, 186
Segregation potential, 171
Unified, ASTM, BS and AASHTO
Sensitivity, 121
systems, 187–196
Settlement calculations
Soil nails; friction factors, 183
based on consolidation theory, 78
Soil reinforcement; friction factors, 183
based on elastic theory, 79
Soil‐structure interfaces
based on plate bearing tests, 101
friction and adhesion at interfaces,
based on SPT tests, 93–101
180, 182
based on static cone tests, 102 lateral pressures, 177
corrections for clays, 84–86
piles in cohesive soils, 180
for sands and gravels, 92–101
piles in granular soils, 183
using the deformation modulus
retaining walls, 184
method, 98
soil reinforcement and soil nails, 183
Shear box tests, 25
Specific gravity of soil particles, 10
Shear strength, general, 21–28
Spontaneous combustion of soils, 175
choice of test method, 27
Standard compaction, 27, 29
of granular soils, 132–136
typical density/moisture content curve, 56
parameters, for soils, 113–115
Standard penetration test
peak, residual and constant volume, 116
correction factors, 60–64, 99
shear box test methods, 25
equipment and test method, 210–212
triaxial test methods, 22–25
and undrained shear strength, 126
typical values for granular soils, 133
used to estimate mv, 83
Shear strength, effective/drained
used to estimate relative density, 59
in clays, 130–132
used to estimate settlement of sands,
and consistency index, 131
93–101
222 Index

Static cone tests

Total stress analysis, 113–115
equipment and test method, 213–215
Trial pits, 201
and undrained shear strength, 130
Triaxial tests, 22–25
used to identify soil type, 213–216
principal stresses within the specimen,
Stresses within a material, 108–113
108, 111
Submerged density, 49, 51
Subtraction cones, 213
Undrained shear strength see Shear strength,
Suitability index and CBR, 142
undrained
Swelling potential, 32, 153
Unified soil classification system, 187–
and activity, 155
189
and BRE and NHBC guidelines, 154
and colloid content, 157
Voids ratio, 50
descriptive terms, 153
free swell of clay minerals, 152
Window and windowless samplers, 204
and plasticity index, 154–158
reliability of correlations, 160
Young’s modulus, 80
and shrinkage limit, 155–158
and US Power and Water Resources
Service, 157
Swelling pressure, 160
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