Kinematics of Motion

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

-> change in position (∆x, ∆y, ∆z)
initial position
x  x  x0

final position

Example: Find the change in position of the skier.

x
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m

x  (3m)  (2m)  5m

3
-> change in position with respect to change in time
x x  x0 v x  v0 x
vave( x )   vave( x ) 
t t  t0 2

Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.

t0  0 t  5s

x
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m
x 3m  (2m) m
vave   1
t 5s  0s s

4
Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.

m m
v0 x  5 v x  10
s  s
v

v x  v0 x
vave 
2
(10 ms )  (5 ms )

2
m
vave  7.5
s +v -> moving towards +x axis
-v -> moving towards -x axis

5
- The limit of the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero
- The instantaneous rate of change of position with time.

Example:

6
Example: Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

A cheetah is crouched in ambush 20m to the east of an

observer’s blind. At time t=0 the cheetah charges an antelope
in a clearing 50m east of the observer. During the first 2s of
the attack, the cheetah’s coordinate x varies with time
𝑚 2
according to the equation x = 20m + (5.0 2)𝑡 .
𝑠

a) Find the displacement of the cheetah during the interval

𝑡1 = 1𝑠 and 𝑡2 = 2𝑠.
b) Find the average velocity during the time interval.
c) Derive a general expression for the instantaneous velocity
as a function of time, and from it find v at t = 1s and t = 2s.

7
 x

E line  constant velocity

6m

B C AB ( v)
4m
BC ( zero v)
2m
D CD (v)
A
DE (undefined )
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

slope of the graph 

Δx
(velocity )
Δt
8
 x

B
6m curve  changing velocity

4m
v2

2m
A
acceleration
v1
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

9
-> change in velocity with respect to change in time (m/s2)

v x v x  v0 x
ax  
t t  t0

Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier.

m m
v0 x  5 t0  0s v x  10 t  5s
s s

a

v x  v0 x 10 ms  5 ms m
a  1 2
t  t0 5s  0s s +a -> speeding up
directed towards +x axis

10
Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier.

m m
v0 x  10 t0  0s vx  5 t  5s
s s


a

v x  v0 x
a
t  t0
5 ms  10 ms

5s  0s
m
a  1 2 -a -> slowing down (deceleration)
s
directed towards -x axis

11
 x

B
6m A to B -> increasing velocity
(+ acceleration)
4m
v2
B to A -> decreasing velocity
2m (- acceleration)
A
v1
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

The second derivative of any function is directly related to the

concavity or curvature of the graph of that function

12
 vx

E line  constant acceleration

6m/s

B C AB ( a)
4m/s
BC ( zero a)
2m/s
D CD ( a )
A
DE (undefined )
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

Δv x
slope of the graph  (acceleration)
Δt
13
 vx

B
6m/s curve -> changing acceleration

4m/s A to B -> increasing acceleration

a2

2m/s B to A -> decreasing acceleration

A
a1
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

14
 is the limit of the average acceleration as the time
interval approaches zero.
 equals the derivative of velocity with time.
Example: Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

Suppose the x-velocity 𝑣𝑥 of the car at any time t is given by the equation
𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = 60 m/s + (0.50 3 )𝑡 2 .
𝑠

a) Find the change in x-velocity of the car in the time interval 𝑡1 = 1𝑠 and
𝑡2 = 3𝑠.
b) Find the average x- acceleration during the time interval.
c) Derive a general expression for the instantaneous x – acceleration as a
function of time, and use it to find 𝑎𝑥 at t = 1s and t = 3s.

16
1. The distance from your house to CSU is 5km and your first subject is at 7:30AM. If you ride a
jeepney (w/ an average velocity of 7m/s) starting at your house at
7:20AM, will you be late for your class?

2. You normally drive on the freeway between Gaisano and CSU at an average speed of 8m/s and
the trip takes 15 min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you down and you
drive the same distance at an average speed of only 5m/s. How much longer does the trip take?

3. An antelope moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two points 70m
apart in 7s. Its speed as it passes the second point is 15 m/s. (a) What is the speed at the
first point? (b) What is the acceleration?

17
Motion with Constant
Acceleration
 x  x0 v x  v0 x v x  v0 x
vave( x )  vave( x )  ax 
t 2 t

vx  v0 x  a xt 1

 v x  v0 x 
x  x0   t 2
 2 
vx  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
2 2
3

1
x  x0  v0 x t  a x t 2 4
2
19
A motorcyclist heading east through a small town accelerates at a constant
𝑚
4.0 2 after he leaves the city limits. At time t = 0 he is 5.0 m east of the city
𝑠
limits signpost, moving east at 15.0 m/s.

a) Find his position and velocity at t = 2.0 s.

b) Where is he when his velocity is 25 m/s?

20
Example: A motorcyclist w/ constant acceleration.
a. What is his position and velocity after 2s?
b. Where is he when his velocity is 25m/s?

Solution:
1
a.  x  x0  v0 x t  axt 2
2
b. vx  v0 x  2ax ( x  x0 )
2 2
 m 1 m
 5m  15 (2s)   4 2 (2s) 2
 s  2 s  v  v0 x
2 2

x  43m x  x0  x
2a x
2 2
 vx  v0 x  axt  m  m
 25   15 
 5m  
s   s 
m  m
 15   4 2 (2s)  m
s  s  2 4 2 
m  s 
v x  23 x  55m
s
21
 -> motion with constant acceleration
-> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass)
-> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g)


v y  v y ˆj


a y  ( g ) ˆj

 
a y   g  ˆj v y  (v y ) ˆj

22
-> motion with constant acceleration
-> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass)
-> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g)

vx  v0 x  a xt v y  v0 y  gt
 v x  v0 x   v y  v0 y 
x  x0   t y  y0   t
 2   2 
vx  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2 2 2

1 1 2
x  x0  v0 x t  a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  gt
2 2

23
Example: A ball is dropped from the top of a building and starts to fall freely. Compute its position
and velocity after 1s, 2s and 3s

Solution:
• at t=1s
1 t=1s
y  y0  v0 y t  gt 2 v y  v0 y  gt
2
1 m  m
 0m   9.8 2 (1s)
 0m  0m   9.8 2 (1s) 2  s 
2 s 
m
y  4.9m v y  9.8 t=2s
s

• at t=2s • at t=3s
y  19.6m t=3s
y  44.1m
m m
v y  19.6 v y  29.4 -y
s s
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Example: A ball thrown upward and falling freely
+y

Find:
15m/s
a. the position and velocity of the ball 1s and 4s after leaving your
hand
b. the velocity when the ball is 5m above the railing
c. the maximum height reached by the ball and the time to
reach it
d. The acceleration at the maximum height

-y

25
a. Find the position and velocity of the ball 1s and 4s after leaving
your hand +y

Solution:
t=1s
• at t=1s
1 2
y  y0  v0 y t 
gt v y  v0 y  gt
2
m  m
 m 1 m  15   9.8 2 
(1s)
 0m  15 (1s)   9.8 2 (1s) 2
s  s 
 s  2 s 
m
y  10.1m v y  5 .2
s

• at t=4s
t=4s
y  18.4m
m
v y  24.2 -y
s
26
b. Find the velocity when the ball is 5m above the railing

Solution: +y

• when y=5m

v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2

5m
v y   v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2

2
 m  m
  15   2 9.8 2 (5m  0m)
 s   s 
m
v y  11.3
s

27
c. Find the maximum height reached by the ball and the time to
reach it v =0
d. The acceleration at the maximum height
Solution:

c. v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2
v y  v0 y  gt
m2
0 2  v0 y  2 gy
2
v0 y
s 2 t
v0 y g
y
2g  m
15 
 
 m
2 s 
15   m
 
s   2 
9 .8
 m  s 
2 9.8 2 
 s  t  1.53s
y  11.5m
m
d. a y   g  9.8
s2
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1. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at a rate of 1.60m/s2 for 14s. It
runs at a constant speed for 70s and slows down at a rate of 3.50m/s2 until it stops at the
next station. Find the total distance covered by the train.
2. Large cockroaches can run as fast as 1.50m/s in short bursts. Suppose you turn on the light in a
cheap motel and see one scurrying directly away from you at a constant speed of 1.50m/s. If you
start 0.90m behind the cockroach with an initial speed of 0.80m/s toward it, what minimum
constant acceleration would you need to catch up with it when it has travelled 1.20m?

3. A 15-kg rock is dropped from rest on the earth and reaches the ground in 1.75s. When it is
dropped from the same height on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, it reaches the ground in 18.6s.
What is the acceleration due to gravity on Enceladus?

4. A student throws a water balloon vertically downward from the top of a building. The balloon
leaves the thrower’s hand with a speed of 6.00m/s. Air resistance may be ignored so the balloon
is in free fall after it leaves the thrower’s hand. (a) What is its speed after falling 2.00s?
(b) How far does it fall in 2.00s? (c) What is the magnitude of its velocity after falling 10.0m?
(d) Sketch the y-t, vy-t, ay-t graphs for the motion.

29
Answer me 

A 15-kg rock is dropped from rest on the

earth and reaches the ground in 1.75s.
When it is dropped from the same height
on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, it reaches the
ground in 18.6s. What is the acceleration
due to gravity on Enceladus?
30
Assignment:
Entering the Freeway. A car sits in an entrance ramp to a freeway,
waiting for a break in the traffic. The driver accelerates with constant
acceleration along the ramp and onto the freeway. The car starts from
rest, moves in a straight line, and has a speed of 20 m/s when it reaches
the end of the 120-m-long ramp.
 (a) What is the acceleration of the car?
 (b) How much time does it take the car to travel the length of the
ramp?
 (c) The traffic on the freeway is moving at a constant speed of 20 m/s
. What distance does the traffic travel while the car is moving the
length of the ramp?
31
2D and 3D Motion

r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
r x2  y2  z 2


v  vxiˆ  v y ˆj  vz kˆ
v vx  v y  vz
2 2 2


a  axiˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ a ax  a y  az
2 2 2

33
   
 r r  r0
vave  
t t  t0


r
r  r0
r  r0  
 


r0

 r0

34
   
 v v  v0
aave  
t t  t0 instantaneous velocity

35
projectile -> any body that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path determined
entirely by gravitational effects and air resistance
trajectory
projectile motion

-> 2D motion
-> assume no air resistance
-> only gravitational acceleration

ax  0 ay  g

36
37
vx  v0 x  axt

 v x  v0 x 
x  x0   t v x  v0 x
 2  x-component

x  v0 x t
vx  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
2 2

1
x  x0  v0 x t  a x t 2
2
v y  v0 y  gt
 v y  v0 y 
v y  v0 y  gt
y  y0   t y-component
 2 
1 2
v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 ) y  v0 y t  gt
2 2

y  y0  v0 y t 
1 2
gt 2
2
38
θ

v0 x  v0 cos
v0 y  v0 sin 
39
v x  v0 x vx  v0 cos

x  v0 x t x  v0 cos t

v y  v0 y  gt v y  v0 sin   gt

y  v0 sin  t  gt
1 2 1 2
y  v0 y t  gt 2
2
40
height of a projectile (h) -> value of y when vy=0 (at the highest point)

v0 sin 2 
2
h
2g
(maximum height: θ=90o)

range of a projectile (R) -> value of x when y=0 (at the ground)
vy  0

v0 sin 2
2
R h
g
v0
(maximum range: θ=45o) y0

R
41
Ex. A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of the
cliff. Just at the edge, his velocity is
horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m/s. Find the
motorcycle’s position, distance from the cliff, v0=9m/s
and velocity (magnitude and direction) after 0.50s? y
Solution: x
θ
vx

 position v
vy
x  v0 cos t 
r  4.5m iˆ 1.2m ˆj motorcycle’s position
 (9m/s )cos 0(0.5s)
x  4.5m  distance from the cliff

y  v0 sin  t 
1
gt 2 r x2  y2
2
1
  (9.8m/s 2 )(0.5s) 2  (4.5m) 2  (1.2m) 2
2
y  1.2m r  4.7m distance from the starting point

42
Ex. A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of the
cliff. Just at the edge, his velocity is
horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m/s. Find the
motorcycle’s position, distance from the cliff, v0=9m/s
and velocity (magnitude and direction) after 0.50s? y
Solution: x
θ
vx

 velocity v
vy
vx  v0 cos 
v  9m/s iˆ  4.9m/s ˆj velocity vector
 (9m/s ) cos 0
vx  9m/s magnitude direction
vy
v vx  v y
2 2   tan 1

v y  v0 sin   gt vx
 (9m/s ) 2  (4.9m/s ) 2  4.9m/s
 (9.8m/s )(0.5s)
2
 tan 1
9m/s
v y  4.9m/s v  10.2 m/s   29, 151

43
Ex. A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the t (height)
t=2.00s
bat at a speed vo=37.0m/s at an angle θ=53.1o.
x
(a) Find the position of the ball and the magni- v
tude and direction of its velocity at t=2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the vo=37.0m/s y h
highest point and find its height h at this point.
(c) Find the range R of the ball. θ=53.1o
R
Solution:
a. position at t=2.00s
v0 x  v0 cos  (37m/s)cos53.1  22.2m/s
v0 y  v0 sin   (37m/s)sin 53.1  29.6m/s

44
Ex. A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the t (height)
t=2.00s
bat at a speed vo=37.0m/s at an angle θ=53.1o.
x
(a) Find the position of the ball and the magni- v
tude and direction of its velocity at t=2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the vo=37.0m/s y h
highest point and find its height h at this point.
(c) Find the range R of the ball. θ=53.1o
R
Solution:
a. velocity at t=2.00s
direction
vy
  tan 1

vx
10m/s
  tan 1
v  22m/s iˆ  10m/s ˆj 22.2m/s
  24.2, 204.2

magnitude

45
Ex. A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the t (height)
t=2.00s
bat at a speed vo=37.0m/s at an angle θ=53.1o.
x
(a) Find the position of the ball and the magni- v
tude and direction of its velocity at t=2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the vo=37.0m/s y h
highest point and find its height h at this point.
(c) Find the range R of the ball. θ=53.1o
R
Solution:

b. time at the highest point height of the highest point

v0 sin 2 
2
h
2g
(37m/s) 2 sin 2 53.1

2(9.8m/s 2 )

h  44.7m

46
Ex. A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the t (height)
t=2.00s
bat at a speed vo=37.0m/s at an angle θ=53.1o.
x
(a) Find the position of the ball and the magni- v
tude and direction of its velocity at t=2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the vo=37.0m/s y h
highest point and find its height h at this point.
(c) Find the range R of the ball. θ=53.1o
R
Solution:

c. range of the ball

v sin 2
2
R 0
g
(37m/s) 2 sin[2(53.1 )]

(9.8m/s 2 )
R  134 m

47
 On level ground a shell is fired with an initial velocity of 80.0 m/s at
60.0° above the horizontal and feels no appreciable air resistance.
(a) Find the horizontal and vertical components of the shell's
initial velocity.
(b) How long does it take the shell to reach its highest point?
(c) Find its maximum height above the ground.
(d) How far from its firing point does the shell land?
(e) At its highest point, find the horizontal and vertical
components of its acceleration and velocity.

48
1. A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed of 1.10m/s. It strikes the floor in
0.350s. Find (a) the height of the tabletop above the floor; (b) the horizontal distance from the
edge of the table to the point where the book lands; (c) the horizontal and vertical components
of the book’s velocity and the magnitude and direction of its velocity just before it reaches the
floor. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, and vy-t graphs for the motion.

2. A daring swimmer dives off a cliff with a running horizontal leap.

What must her minimum speed be just as she leaves the top of the
cliff so that she will miss the ledge at the bottom, which is 1.75m
wide and 9.00m below the top of the cliff?

3. An airplane is flying with a velocity of 90.0m/s at an angle of 23.0o above the horizontal. When
the plane is 114m directly above a dog that is standing on level ground, a suitcase drops from
the luggage compartment. How far from the dog will the suitcase land?

49