Math 265

Homework#3

12.7.12) Change from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates the point (3, 4, 5).

Proof. r2 = x2 + y 2 = 32 + 42 = 25 so r = 5: tan θ = 43 and the point (3, 4)

is in the first quadrant of the xy-plane, so θ = tan−1 ( 43 ) + 2π ≈ 0.93 +
2π; z = 5. Thus, one set of cylindrical coordinates is (5, tan−1 ( 43 , 5)) ≈
(5, 0.93, 5). 
√
12.7.20) Change from rectangular to spherical coordinates the point (0, 3, 1).
p √
Proof. ρ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 + 3 + 1 = 2, cos φ = ρz = 12 ⇒ φ = π3 ,
x 0
and cos θ = ρ sin φ = 2 sin π = 0 ⇒ θ = π2 (since y > 0). Thus the spherical
3
coordinates are (2, π2 , π3 ). 

12.7.46) Identify the surface whose equation is ρ2 (sin2 φ − 4 cos2 φ) = 1.

Proof. Since ρ2 (sin2 φ − 4 cos2 φ) = 1, ρ2 (sin2 φ − 4 cos2 φ) + ρ2 cos2 φ −

ρ2 cos2 φ = 1,or ρ2 (sin2 φ + cos2 φ − 5 cos2 φ) = 1, or ρ2 (1 − 5 cos2 φ) = 1.
But ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and z 2 = ρ2 cos2 φ, so we can rewrite the equation
of the surface as x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 5z 2 = 1 or x2 + y 2 − 4z 2 = 1. Thus the
surface is a hyperboloid of one sheet with axis the z-axis. 
π
12.7.62) Sketch the solid described by the inequalities 0 ≤ φ ≤ 3, ρ ≤ 2.

Proof. ρ = 2 ⇔ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, which is a sphere of radius 2, centered at

the origin. Hence ρ ≤ 2 is the sphere and its interior. 0 ≤ φ ≤ π3 restricts
the solid to that section of this ball that lies above the cone φ = π3 .


t−2
13.1.2) Find the domain of the vector function r(t) = t+2 i + sin tj + ln(9 − t2 )k

Proof. The component functions t−2 2

t+2 , sin t, and ln(9 − t ) are all defined
2
when t 6= 2 and 9 − t > 0 ⇒ −3 < t < 3, so the domain of r(t) is
(−3, −2) ∪ (−2, 3). 
√
13.1.14) Sketch the curve with the vector equation r(t) = sin t i + sin t j + 2 cos t k.
Indicate with an arrow the direction in which t increases.
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Proof. The parametric equations give √ x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 2 sin2 t+2 cos2 t = 2, so

the curve lies on the sphere of radius 2, and center (0, 0, 0). Furthermore
x = y = sin t, so the curve is the intersection of this
√ sphere with the plane
x = y, that is, the curve is the circle of radius 2, center (0, 0, 0) in the
plane x = y.


13.1.34) Find a vector function that represents the curve of intersection of the cylin-
der x2 + y 2 = 4 and the surface z = xy.
Proof. The projection of the curve C of intersection onto the xy-plane
is the circle x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0. Then we can write x = 2 cos t, y =
2 sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Since C also lies on the surface z = xy, we have
z = xy = (2 cos t)(2 sin t) = 4 cos t sin t, or 2 sin(2t). Then the parametric
equations for C are x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 2 sin(2t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, and the
corresponding vector function is r(t) = 2 cos t i + 2 sin t j + 2 sin(2t) k, 0 ≤
t ≤ 2π. 
13.2.14) Find the derivative of the vector function
r(t) = at cos 3t i + b sin3 t j + c cos3 t k.
Proof. r0 (t) = [at(−3 sin 3t)+a cos 3t]i+b·2 sin2 t cos tj+c·3 cos2 t(− sin t)k =
(a cos 3t − 3at sin 3t)i + 3b sin2 t cos tj − 3c cos2 t sin tk. 
13.2.24) Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve with the para-
metric equations x = t2 − 1, y = t2 + 1 z = t + 1 at the point (−1, 1, 1).
Proof. The vector equation for the curve is r(t) = ht2 − 1, t2 + 1, t + 1i, so
r0 (t) = h2t, 2t, 1i. The point (−1, 1, 1) corresponds to t = 0, so the tangent
vector there is r0 (0) = h0, 0, 1i. Thus, the tangent line is parallel to the
vector h0, 0, 1i and parametric equations are x = −1 + 0 · t = −1, y =
1 + 0 · t = 1, z = 1 + 1t = 1 + t. 
13.2.29) Determine whether the curve is smooth.
a) r(t) = ht3 , t4 , t5 i
b) r(t) = ht3 + t, t4 , t5 i
c) r(t) = hcos3 t, sin3 ti
Proof. a) r(t) = ht3 , t4 , t5 i ⇒ r0 (t) = h3t2 , 4t3 , 5t4 i, and since r0 (0) =
h0, 0, 0i = 0, the curve is not smooth.
b) r(t) = ht3 + t, t4 , t5 i ⇒ r0 (t) = h3t2 + 1, 4t3 , 5t4 i.r0 (t) is continuous
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since its component functions are continuous. Also, r0 (t) 6= 0, as the y-and
z−components are 0 only for t = 0, but r0 (0) = h1, 0, 0i = 6 0. Thus, the
curve is smooth.
c) r(t) = hcos3 t, sin3 ti ⇒ r0 (t) = h−3 cos2 t sin t, 3 sin2 t cos ti. SInce r0 (0) =
h−3 cos2 0 sin 0, 3 sin2 0 cos 0i = h0, 0i = 0, the curve is not smooth. 
13.2.40) Find r(t) if r0 (t) = sin t i − cos t j + 2t k and r(0) = i + j + 2 k.
Proof. r0 (t) = sin t i − cos t j + 2t k ⇒ r(t) = (− cos t) i − (sin t) j + t2 k + C.
But i + j + 2k = r(0) = −i + (0)j + (0)k + C. Thus C = 2i + j + 2k and
r(t) = (2 − cos t)i + (1 − sin t)j + (2 + t2 )k. 
13.3.6) Find the length of the curve r(t) = 12t i + 8t3/2 j + 3t2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
√ √ p
Proof. r0 (t) = 12i+12 tj+6tk ⇒ |r0 (t)| = 144 + 144t + 36t2 = 36(t + 2)2 =
6|t + 2| = 6(t + 2) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then
Z 1
L= 6(t + 2) dt = [3t2 + 12t]10 = 15.
0

13.3.12) Reparametrize the curve
 2  2t
r(t) = 2
− 1 i+ 2 j
t +1 t +1
with respect to arc length measured from the point (0, 1) in the direction
of increasing t. Express the reparametrization in its simplest form. What
can you conclude about the curve?
−4t −2t2 +2
Proof. r0 (t) = (t2 +1)2 i + (t2 +1)2 j,
s s
ds −4t i2 h −2t2 + 2 i2
h 4t4 + 8t2 + 4
= |r0 (t)| = 2 2
+ 2 2
=
dt (t + 1) (t + 1) (t2 + 1)4
s s
4(t2 + 1)2 4 2
= 2 4
= 2 2
= 2
(t + 1) (t + 1) t +1
Since the initial point (1, 0) corresponds to t = 0, the arc length function
Z t Z t
2
s(t) = |r0 (t)| du = 2+1
du = 2 arctan t.
0 0 u
Then arctan t = 12 s ⇒ t = tan 12 s. Substituting, we have
h 2 i 2 tan( 12 s) 1 − tan2 ( 21 s) 2 tan( 12 s)
r(t(s)) = − 1 i + j = i + j
tan2 ( 12 s) + 1 tan2 ( 12 s) + 1 1 + tan2 ( 12 s) sec2 ( 12 s)
1 − tan2 ( 12 s) 1 1
= 2 1 i + 2 tan( s) cos2 ( s)j
sec ( 2 )s 2 2
1 1 1 1
[cos2 ( s) − sin2 ( s)]i + 2 sin( s) cos( s)j = cos si + sin sj
2 2 2 2
With this parametrization, we recognize the function as representing the
unit circle. Note here that the curve approaches, but does not include, the
point (−1, 0), since cos s = −1 for s = π + 2kπ (k an integer) but then
t = tan( 21 s) is undefined. 
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13.3.20) Find the curvature of r(t) = het cos t, et sin t, ti at the point (1, 0, 0).
Proof. r0 (t) = het cos t − et sin t, et cos t + et sin t, 1i. √ The point (1, 0,
√0)
0 0 2 2 2
corresponds to t = 0, and r (0) = h1, 1, 1i ⇒ |r (0)| = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
r00 (t) = het cos t − et sin t − et cos t − et sin t, et cos t − et sin t + et cos t + et sin t, 0i
= h−2et sin t, 2et cos t, 0i ⇒ r00 (0) = h0, 2, 0i.
p √ √
r0 (0) × r00 (0) = h−2, 0, 2i. |r0 (0) √
× r00
(0)|
√
= (−2)
√
2 + 02 + 22 = 8 = 2 2.
|r0 (0)×r00 (0)| 2 2 2 2 2 6
Then κ(0) = |r0 (0)|3 = (√3)3 = 3√3 or 9 . 

13.3.45) At what point on the curve x = t3 , y = 3t, z = t4 is the normal plane

parallel to the plane 6x + 6y − 8z = 1?
Proof. The tangent vector is normal to the normal plane, and the vector
h6, 6, 8i is normal to the given plane. But T(t)||r0 (t) and h6, 6, 8i||h3, 3, −4i,
so we need to find t such that r0 (t)||h3, 3, −4i. r(t) = ht3 , 3t, t4 i ⇒ r0 (t) =
h3t2 , 3, 4t3 i||h3, 3, −4i when t = −1. So the planes are parallel at the point
r(−1) = (−1, −3, 1).