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MAT100 - ASSIGNMENT 2 (Summer 2020) – SOLUTION

1. Find the domain and range of the following:


a) f(x) = x3 → The domain is all real numbers (all real numbers can be cubed). The range is all
real numbers (cubing a number can result in both negative and non-negative numbers).
b) g(z) = z2 – 11 → The domain is all real numbers (all real numbers can be squared). The range
is all real numbers greater than or equal to -11 (as z2 can never be negative, the lowest value it
can take is 0 and hence the minimum point of the function will be at -11 on the y axis).
𝟏
𝟑
c) f(x) = 9 − √𝟐𝐱 = 𝟗 − (𝟐𝒙)𝟑 → The domain is all real numbers (all real numbers can be cubed
hence we can find the cube root of all real numbers as well). The range is all real numbers (the
cube root of a number can result in both negative and non-negative numbers).

2. Given, f(x) = -3x + 18


a) What type of a function is f(x)? Linear function.
b) Complete the table below,

x f(x)
2 12
5 3
7 -3
10 -12

c) Using at least two points prove that the slope is -3.


Taking points (2,12) and (5,3)
𝚫𝒚 𝐲𝟐−𝐲𝟏 𝟑−𝟏𝟐 −𝟗
Slope = = 𝐱𝟐−𝐱𝟏 = = = −𝟑 (proved).
𝚫𝒙 𝟓−𝟐 𝟑

d) Will this be a downward sloping line, upward sloping line, a horizontal line or a vertical line?
Why? Downward sloping because the slope is negative.
e) Calculate the x and y intercepts.
x intercept is at y = 0,
f(x) = -3x + 18
0 = -3x +18
3x = 18
x=6
The function crosses the x axis at (6, 0)

y intercept is at x = 0,
f(x) = -3x + 18
f(x) = -3(0) + 18
f(x) = 18
The function crosses the y axis at (0, 18)
f) Plot all the points from the table in b) along with the x and y intercepts.

Y
20
18 0, 18
16
14
12 2, 12 f(x) = -3x + 18
10
8
6
4
5, 3
2
0 6, 0
-4 -2 -2 0 2 4 6
X
7, -38 10 12
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12 10, -12
-14

3. Given, 2y – 8x – 8 = 0
a) Find the slope, the x and y intercepts and write down the function.
2y – 8x – 8 = 0
Dividing both sides by 2,
y – 4x – 4 = 0
y = 4x + 4 → this is the function.

The slope is 4.

y intercept is the same as c in the function. Here c = 4. Therefore y = 4 when x is 0. So, the
function crosses the y axis at (0,4).

x intercept is at y = 0.
y = 4x + 4
0 = 4x + 4
4x = -4
x = -1
So, the function crosses the x axis at (-1,0).
b) Draw the function for any four values of your choice for x.

Y
14

12 2, 12

10

8 1, 8
X
6

4 0, 4 y = 4x + 4
2

-1, 0 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-2

4. Between the two functions in question 2 and 3, which one is flatter? Why?
Between f(x) = -3x + 18 and y = 4x + 4, the first function is flatter because the absolute value
of the slope, 3, of this function is smaller than the absolute value of the slope, 4, of the other
function.

5. Given, f(x) = -5x2 + 2x – 1


a) What is the shape of this function? Concave.
b) Will this function have a minimum point or a maximum point? Maximum point.
c) Find the vertex.
For f(x) = -5x2 + 2x – 1, a = -5, b = 2 and c = -1
𝒃 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
x coordinate at the vertex is = − = − = =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−𝟓) 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
at x = , f( ) = -5( )2 + 2( ) – 1 = −
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟒
The vertex is at (𝟓 , − 𝟓).

d) Find the x and y intercepts.


y intercept is the same as c. Hence y = -1. The function crosses the y axis at (0, -1).

x intercept is at at y = 0.
Using the quadratic formula,
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 −𝟐±√𝟐𝟐 −𝟒(−𝟓)(−𝟏) −𝟐±√𝟒−𝟐𝟎 𝟐±√−𝟏𝟔
𝟐𝒂
= 𝟐(−𝟓)
= −𝟏𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎
As b2 - 4ac is negative and the square root of negative real numbers are not possible there are
no x intercepts in this function.

6. Given, f(x) = x2 + x - 6
a) What is the shape of this function? Convex.
b) Find the x and y intercepts and the vertex.
y intercept is at y = -6. The function crosses the y axis at (0, -6).

At x intercept, y = 0.
x2 + x – 6 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, where a = 1, b = 1, c = -6
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −1±√12 −4(1)(−6) −1±√1+24 −1±√25 −1±5
2𝑎
= 2(1)
= 2
= 2 = 2
−1+5 4 −1−5 −6
𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 2 and 𝑥 = 2 = 2 = -3
The function crosses the x axis at (-3, 0) and (2, 0)

𝒃 𝟏 𝟏
x coordinate at the vertex is = − 𝟐𝒂 = − 𝟐(𝟏) = − 𝟐 = − 𝟎. 𝟓
at x = −0.5 , f (−0.5) = (−0.5)2 + (−0.5) – 6 = - 6.25
The vertex is at (−𝟎. 𝟓, −𝟔. 𝟐𝟓)

c) Plot the function (include two more points for values of x on both sides of the line of symmetry).

(-4, 6) (3,6)

(-3, 0) (2, 0)

(0, -6)
(-0.5, -6.25)

7. Evaluate f’(x) for f(x) = x2 – 2x when x = 3.


f'(x) = 2x2-1 – 2(1) = 2x – 2
at x = 3, f'(x) = f'(3) = 2(3) – 2 = 4

8. Given y = x5 and slope = 405. Find the coordinates of the point at which the curve has the
specified slope.
𝒅𝒚
Slope = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅(𝒙𝟓 )
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟓𝒙𝟓−𝟏 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒

Given,
𝟓𝒙𝟒 = 𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏
𝟒
𝒙 = √𝟖𝟏 = ±𝟑

At x = 3, y = 35 = 243
At x = -3, y = -35 = -243.

9. Find the derivatives of the following,


5
a) f(x) = (3x + b)3 where b is a constant.
Using the chain rule.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 x 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

5
Where, 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑦 = 𝑢3
5 2
𝑑𝑦 5 5
= 𝑢3−1 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 3 3

𝑑𝑢
= (1)3x1-1 + 0 = 3x0 = 3
𝑑𝑥

2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 5
= 𝑑𝑢 x 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑢3 (3)
𝑑𝑥

2 𝟐
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑢 = 𝟓(𝟑𝒙 + 𝒃)
3 𝟑
𝑑𝑥

3
b) f(m) = mmm( √2m − 5 )
1
𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚3 (2𝑚 − 5)3

Using the product rule,


1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑓’(𝑚) = 𝑣 𝑑𝑚 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑚 → Where, 𝑢 = 𝑚3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = (2𝑚 − 5)3

𝒅𝒖
= 𝟑𝒎𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟑𝒎𝟐
𝒅𝒎

𝒅𝒗
Using the chain rule for 𝒅𝒎 ,

𝟏
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑛
= 𝑑𝑛 x 𝑑𝑚 ; where n = 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟓 and v = 𝒏𝟑
𝑑𝑚
1 −𝟐
𝑑𝑣 1 𝟏
= 3 𝑛3−1 = 𝟑 𝒏 𝟑
𝑑𝑛

𝑑𝑛
= (1)2m1-1 – 0 = 2m0 = 2
𝑑𝑚

−2 −2 −𝟐
𝑑𝑣 1 2 𝟐
= 3 𝑛 3 (2) = 𝑛 3 = 𝟑 ( 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟓) 𝟑
𝑑𝑚 3

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑓’(𝑚) = 𝑣 𝑑𝑚 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑚

𝟏 −𝟐
𝟐
𝒇’(𝒎) = (𝟐𝒎 − 𝟓)𝟑 ( 𝟑𝒎𝟐 ) + (𝒎𝟑 ) 𝟑 ( 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟓) 𝟑

1 −2
2𝑚3
𝑓’(𝑚) = 3𝑚2 (2𝑚 − 5)3 + ( 2𝑚 − 5) 3
3

1
2𝑚3
𝑓’(𝑚) = 3𝑚2 (2𝑚 − 5)3 + 2 → you can keep the answer up to this if further
3( 2𝑚−5)3

simplification is too difficult.


1 2
3𝑚2 (2𝑚−5)3 3( 2𝑚−5)3 2𝑚3
𝑓’(𝑚) = 2 + 2
3( 2𝑚−5)3 3( 2𝑚−5)3

1 2 1 2
+
3𝑚2 (2𝑚−5)3 3( 2𝑚−5)3 + 2𝑚3 9𝑚2 (2𝑚−5)3 3 + 2𝑚3
𝑓’(𝑚) = 2 = 2
3( 2𝑚−5)3 3( 2𝑚−5)3

9𝑚2 (2𝑚−5) + 2𝑚3 18𝑚3 − 45𝑚2 + 2𝑚3 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝟑 −𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟐


𝑓’(𝑚) = 2 = 2 = 𝟐
3( 2𝑚−5)3 3( 2𝑚−5)3 𝟑( 𝟐𝒎−𝟓)𝟑

c) y = 3logee + 4x – ln(2x3)
Simplifying the question,

logee = lne = 1

ln(2x3) = 3ln(2x)

y = 3lne + 4x - 3ln(2x) = 3(1) + 4x - 3ln(2x) = 3 + 4x - 3ln(2x)

𝒅𝒚 𝒅[𝟑 + 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟑𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝐱)] 𝒅(𝟑) 𝒅(𝟒𝒙) 𝒅[𝟑(𝒍𝒏𝟐𝒙)] 𝟑 𝟑


= = + − =𝟎+𝟒−𝒙 =𝟒−𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑥 4 +2𝑥 3
d) g = 𝑥2
→ you can also solve this directly using the quotient rule.
First simplifying the question,
𝑥 4 +2𝑥 3 𝑥 3 (𝑥+2)
g= = = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2

→ 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) can also be differentiated using the product rule without further simplification
of the question.
𝑑𝑔 𝑑(𝑥 2 +2𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(2𝑥)
= = + = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(z+3)4
e) f(z) = z2

Using the quotient rule,


𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒗 −𝒖
f’(z) = 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝒗𝟐

where, u = (𝑧 + 3)4 and v = 𝑧 2

𝒅𝒗
= 2z
𝒅𝒛

𝒅𝒖
using the chain rule for 𝒅𝒛 ,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑚
= 𝑑𝑚 x
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

Where m = z + 3 and u = z4

𝒅𝒖
= 4z3
𝒅𝒎

𝒅𝒎
=1+0=1
𝒅𝒛

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒎
= 𝒅𝒎 x = 4z3 (1) = 4z3 = 4(𝐳 + 𝟑)𝟑
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
f ' (z) = 𝑣2

z2 4(z+3)3 − (z+3)4 2z 4z2 (z+3)3 − 2z(z+3)4 2z(z+3)3 [2z −(z+3)] 2z(z+3)3 [2z −z−3]
f ' (z) = = = =
(z2 )2 z4 z4 z4

𝟐𝐳(𝐳+𝟑)𝟑 (𝐳−𝟑)
f ' (z) =
𝐳𝟒

f) y = e2.5x − e−2.9x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(e2.5x − e−2.9x ) 𝑑(e2.5x ) 𝑑(e−2.9x )
= = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Setting g(x) = 2.5 and h(x) = -2.9x


Using the exponential function rule,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) − 𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= e2.5x (2.5) − e−2.9x (−2.9) = 𝟐. 𝟓𝐞𝟐.𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝐞−𝟐.𝟗𝐱
𝑑𝑥

You can also differentiate 𝑒 2.5𝑥 and 𝑒 −2.9𝑥 separately using the chain rule.

10. For the functions, (show all steps)

i. f(x) = −4x3 + 30x2 − 72x + 54


a) Find the stationary points
FOC for stationary point requires f’(x) = 0
𝑓’(𝑥) = -4(3)x2 + 30(2)x – 72 + 0 = -12x2 + 60x – 72

-12x2 + 60x – 72 = 0
Dividing both sides by 12,
-x2 + 5x – 6 = 0 ; so here a = -1, b = 5 and c = -6

Using the quadratic formula, we get x = 2 and x = 3.


The critical values are x = 2 and x = 3. So, the function is at a stationary point at x = 2 and x = 3.

b) Classify (i.e. local maximum, local minimum or inconclusive) the stationary points.
SOC,
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = −12(2)𝑥 + 60 + 0 = -24x + 60

At x = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (2) = −24(2) + 60 = 𝟏𝟐
As 𝒇′′ (𝟐) > 𝟎 the function at a local minimum point at x = 2.

At x = 3, 𝑓 ′′ (3) = −24(3) + 60 = −𝟏𝟐


As 𝒇′′ (𝟑) < 𝟎 the function is at a local maximum point at x = 3.

c) Determine the shape of the function.


As 𝒇′′ (𝟐) > 𝟎 the function is convex at x = 2.
As 𝒇′′ (𝟑) < 𝟎 the function is concave x = 3.

d) Find the corresponding y coordinate.

At x = 2, f (2) = −4(2)3 + 30(2)2 – 72(2) + 54 = -2


The local minimum point is at (2, -2)

At x = 3, f (3) = −4(3)3 + 30(3)2 – 72(3) + 54 = 0


The local maximum point is at (3, 0)

ii. y = 3x2 + 12x − 35

a) Find the stationary points


FOC for stationary point requires f’(x) = 0
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)3x + 12 + 0 = 6x + 12
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6x + 12 = 0

6x + 12 = 0

6x = -12

x = -2

The critical value is x = -2.

b) Classify (i.e. local maximum, local minimum or inconclusive) the stationary points.
SOC,

𝑓′′(𝑥) = 6(1) + 0 = 6

At x = -2, 𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 6

at x = - 2 the function is at a local minimum point as 𝑓 ′′ (−2) > 0.

c) Determine the shape of the function.


at x = - 2 the function is convex as 𝑓 ′′ (−2) > 0.

d) Find the corresponding y coordinate.


y = 3x2 + 12x – 35

at x = -2, y = 3(-2)2 + 12(-2) – 35 = -47

Therefore, the local minimum point is at (-2, -47)

11. For the following function at the respective value of x, (show all steps)

f(x) = -4x3 + 8x2 + 18x – 30 at x = 8

a) Check whether it is increasing, decreasing or stationary.


𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4(3)𝑥 2 + 8(2)𝑥 + 18 − 0 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖
𝑓 ′ (8) = −12(8)2 + 16(8) + 18 = −𝟔𝟐𝟐
As 𝒇′ (𝟖) < 𝟎 the function is decreasing at x = 8.

b) Determine if it is convex, concave or at the point of inflection.


𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −12(2)𝑥 + 16 + 0 = −𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
𝑓 ′′ (8) = −24(8) + 16 = −𝟏𝟕𝟔
As 𝒇′′ (𝟖) < 𝟎 the function is concave at x = 8.

c) Find the corresponding y coordinate.


y = -4x3 + 8x2 + 18x – 30

at x = 8, y = -4(8)3 + 8(8)2 + 18(8) – 30 = -1,422

Therefore, the point is at (8, -1,422)

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