Nazeer 2016

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g e o d e s y a n d g e o d y n a m i c s 2 0 1 6 , v o l x n o x , 1 e1 2
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http://www.jgg09.com/jweb_ddcl_en/EN/volumn/home.shtml 71
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9 Sedimentary facies interpretation of Gamma Ray 75
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11 (GR) log as basic well logs in Central and Lower 77
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13 Indus Basin of Pakistan 79
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Q4 Adeel Nazeera,*, Shabeer Ahmed Abbasib, Sarfraz Hussain Solangib 82
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18 a
Center for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan 84
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Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan 85
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22 article info abstract 88
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24 Article history: Rocks and most type of soils emit Gamma Ray (GR) in varying amount. The emitting ele- 90
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Received 15 March 2016 ments of primary gamma radiations include potassium 40, uranium, and thorium which
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Received in revised form are associated with rocks forming minerals in variable amount. GR log is used to predict
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15 June 2016 the varying lithology in borehole by measuring the spontaneous emission of GR radiation
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29 Accepted 15 June 2016 from rocks. Role of GR logs in the identification of subsurface facies is the main focused
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30 Available online xxx research theme of this manuscript including with objective of brief introduction of GR log
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31 and its applications in the identification of facies in the field of Petroleum Geosciences by
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32 Keywords: analyzing the examples of GR log(s) from wells, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. 98
33 Lower Goru formation © 2016, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and 99
34 Gamma Ray log hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access 100
35 Litho-facies article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 101
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Depositional paleo-environments 4.0/).
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Badin block and Sindh monocline
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Sulaiman Fold belt
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40 Pakistan
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How to cite this article: Nazeer A, et al., Sedimentary facies interpretation of Gamma Ray (GR) log as basic well logs in Central
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and Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan, Geodesy and Geodynamics (2016), ▪, 1e12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2016.06.006.
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time of deport to its arrival in port as final destination. Simi-
49 1. Introduction 115
larly, well log keep a record of every events of drilling, by
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51 depth drilled in real time. Change in lithology and its impact
It is commonly believed that word “well log” is taken from on the drilling operation is basic principle behinds the theory 117
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ship nomenclature, as ship's log tracks every event from its
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55 * Corresponding author. Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), Gerry’s Centre, Justice Abdul Rasheed Road, 7th Avenue, Sector G-6/1, 121
56 Q1 Islamabad, Pakistan. 122
57 E-mail address: a_nazeer@ppl.com.pk (A. Nazeer). 123
58 Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration. 124
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Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi
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63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2016.06.006
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64 1674-9847/© 2016, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, etc. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi
Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Nazeer A, et al., Sedimentary facies interpretation of Gamma Ray (GR) log as basic well logs in
Central and Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan, Geodesy and Geodynamics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2016.06.006
2 g e o d e s y a n d g e o d y n a m i c s 2 0 1 6 , v o l x n o x , 1 e1 2
1 of wireline logging. In the early 1900s, well loggers wrote down has high content of shale gas. Tzortzis and Tsertos (2002) 66
2 real time well reports and prepared stratigraphic section on [13] measure the concentration of uranium, thorium and 67
3 available information, problem encountered in the drillings, potassium in cyprus and found that uranium, thorium and 68
4 speed of drilling and zone of hydrocarbon(s). Such informa- potassium is present in chalk, gypsum, marl, calcareous 69
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tion always become time consuming with missing strati- sandstone, limestone, beech deposits and red clay soil. This
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graphic intervals as complete record of borehole. This means that radioactive source is associated in varying
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problem was resolved by induction of wireline log approach. composition and depends upon the depositional
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9 Normally, different wireline log(s) record the following environment. That is the main reason that the normal GR 74
10 information: trends are used to interpret the subsurface sedimentary 75
11 facies in the absence of 3D seismic data and well core data. 76
12 ➢ Boundary of permeable and non permeable zone is recor- 77
13 ded by SP log. 78
14 ➢ Gamma Ray (GR) record intensity of radioactive source 3. Log curve shape: predictive tools for facies 79
15 (clay minerals as major component) presented in miner- interpretation 80
16 alogical composition of rock section. 81
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➢ Density log is used to measure bulk density. Selley (1978) [11] considered the shapes of well-log curves
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➢ Neutron porosity logs measure the number of pores in as basic tool to interpret depositional facies because shape
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20 drilled section. of log is directly related to the grain size of rock successions. 85
21 ➢ Resistivity log is used to distinguish the nature of fluid in Cant (1992) [3] defined five different log curve shapes used to 86
22 the geological formation(s). interpret the depositional environment and also considered 87
23 ➢ Sonic log is used to measure the rigidity of rock by the study of core with relation to logs as important tool of 88
24 measuring the velocity of sonic waves in drilled section. facies interpretation in the subsurface (as shown in Fig. 1). 89
25 ➢ Image logging tool is used for identification of fractures and Table 1 shows five major types of log curves. Vertical 90
26 its orientation in the drilled section. profiles of grain size as specific environment have certain 91
27 characteristics and drain size [11]. Prograding deltas and 92
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Practically “shaliness” is used to indicate intensity of GR barrier bars deposit upward-coarsening grain size profiles.
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produced by radioactive source. As shale is commonly found As grain size changes, log motif also changes and develops
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in nature and consist of potassium (K) in chemical composi- litho-logical pattern. Such grain size profiles in sand-shale
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32 tion, every shale has distinct radioactive source which is used sequences can be indicated by GR logs and SP logs. 97
33 to differentiate the shale and sandstone, shale and limestone The GR log represents vertical profile of grain size, as the 98
34 and even shale from evaporite. Therefore, “shaliness” is shaly content (radioactivity/shalines content) in sandstone 99
35 introduced in petrophysics for the significant identification of increases with decreases of grain size. Similarly, GR also 100
36 shale and this is the main reasoning that fluctuation of GR shows deflection in trend as clay content decreases with in- 101
37 indicates the change in mineralogy and is used to interpret crease of sand. Kessler and Sachs (1995) [6] used GR logs and 102
38 litho-curves for identification. However careful attention is seismic characteristics to study the sedimentary process of 103
39 required to interpret lithofacies and it could not be done sandstones of Ireland. Chow et al. (2005) [4] used GR log 104
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without the knowledge of mud log/lithology of well cutting facies of nine wells to reflect the vertical profile of grain size
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samples. This is the main reason why GR log is always inter- and to infer the paleo-environment of the Erchungchi “A”
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43 preted with relation of mud log, borehole condition (caliper Member in the Hsinyin and Pachanchi areas of Taiwan and 108
44 log, bit size) and other wireline logs (spontaneous potential considered as most suitable-method for facies interpretation 109
45 “SP” and sonic specially) which are normally run parallel to GR if core of rock is not present. However, understanding of 110
46 log(s). marine depositional environment is basic tool for fluvial 111
47 Numbers of books and literature are present on wireline edeltaic facies analysis (Fig. 1). Mostly GR is used as 112
48 interpretation with numbers of mathematical relations. But common log motif to interpret sedimentary facies of sand 113
49 this paper emphasized on the practical approach of GR and shale. 114
50 application in the field of applied sedimentology for the Following are five types of log curves discussed briefly with 115
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interpretation and identification of various facies with the their characteristic in Table 1.
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objective of knowledge sharing for student, beginners and
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professionals of Petroleum Geosciences. Practical examples of a) Cylindrical/boxcar shape
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55 log(s) have been discussed from the Central and Lower Indus b) Funnel shape 120
56 Basin of Pakistan. c) Bell shape 121
57 d) Bow shape 122
58 e) Irregular shape 123
59 2. Natural occurring radioactive sources 124
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61 Russell (1944) [10] and Bigelow (1992) [2] observed 3.1. Cylindrical/boxcar shape Q2
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62 radioactive source in most of sedimentary rocks. Evaporates 127
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(NaCl salt, anhydrites) and coals typically have low levels of This type of log shape is characterized by sharp boundaries
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GR radiation and contents of GR radiation increases with at the upper and bottom boundaries with relatively consistent
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shale content due to presence of potassium. Marine shale gamma log readings which indicate consistent lithology
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Fig. 1 e Morphology of marine environment from beech to shelf edge to continental slope is basic principle for
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understanding of associated depositional environments. Fine grain sediments deposits at deeper part and coarse
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61 sediments in shallower part of oceans. 126
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(Fig. 2). In the simple words cylindrical/boxcar trends shows 3.1.1. Characteristic
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uniform lithology overall. Sharp top and base with consistent trend of GR values.
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Table 1 e The direct correlation between facies and a variety of other log shapes relative to the sedimentological relationship (modify after [3,4,11,12]).
Type of log motif shape Cylindrical/box shape Funnel shape Bell shape Symmetrical shape Serrated/saw tooth
shape
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Sediment supply Aggradation Progradation Retrogradation Petrograding & retrograding Aggrading
GR trend
Characteristic Sharp top and base with Abrupt top with coarsening Abrupt base with fining Ideally rounded base and Irregular pattern/spikes of
consistent trend upward trend upward trend top GR log
Grain size Relative consistent lithology Grain size increases Grain size decreases Cleaning upward trend Inter-bedded shale's and
change into dirtying up sands
sequence from top
Depositional Environment Aeolian (sand dunes), fluvial Crevasse splay, river mouth Fluvial point bar, tidal point Sandy offshore bar, Fluvial flood plain, mixed
channels, carbonate shelf bar, delta front, shoreface, bar, deltaic distributaries, transgressive shelf sands tidal flat, debris flow and

(thick carbonate), reef, submarine fan lobe proximal deep sea, setting and mixed tidal flats canyon fill
submarine canyon fill, tidal environment
sands, prograding delta
distributaries
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22 Fig. 2 e Cylindrical/box shaped logs are characterized by 87
23 sharp boundaries at the upper and bottom boundaries 88
24 with relatively consistent gamma log readings which 89
25 indicate consistent lithology. Salt in lagoon environment is 90
26 Fig. 3 e Rock salt with left boxcar/cylindrical GR log trend in 91
good example.
27 Marot-1 well drilled in Punjab platform, Middle Indus 92
28 Basin, Pakistan (modify after Ahmad et al., 2013 [1]). 93
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3.1.2. Depositional environment
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Cant (1992) [3] defined cylindrical trend as clean trend and
31 funnel shape environment. While Crevasse splay, river 96
32 considered aeolian (sand dunes), fluvial channels, carbonate 97
mouth bar, delta front, shoreface, submarine fan lobe may
33 shelf (thick carbonate), reef, submarine canyon fill as suitable 98
also indicate depositional environment of funnel shapes [3].
34 environment of cylindrical/boxcar shape. Selley (1978) [11] 99
If trend of coarsening upward is not clean and trend of
35 considered (a) tidal sands, (b) grain flow fill and (c) prograding 100
funnel shape is serrated, lithology is interpreted as varying
36 delta distributaries channels as favorable sedimentary 101
lithology. Change in irregular trend of GR in shoreface sand
37 environment for funnel shape environment in clastics. 102
of Fig. 4 is due to inter-bedding of fine grain beds.
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39 3.1.3. Types of cylindrical/boxcar shape 104
40 3.2.3. Types of funnel shape 105
Siddiqui et al. (2013) [12] considered the muddy tidal flat as
41 Chow et al. (2005) [4] identified two types of funnel shapes 106
favorable depositional environment for consistent trend of GR
42 as (i) thick funnel shape succession and (ii) thin funnel shape 107
in right side; showing high value of GR in shale and called as
43 succession in the Erchungchi Formation, Hsinyin, SW Taiwan. 108
44 right boxcar. Similarly, consistent trend of GR with low value 109
All thin funnel-shaped successions are less than 8 m, which
45 is called as left boxcar. Thick salt (Pre Cambrian) in Marot-1 110
interpreted as crevasse splay of a deltaic channel; seems too
46 well drilled in Punjab platform, Indus Basin, Pakistan is a
thin to interpret prograding delta. 111
47 good example of left boxcar trend in GR (Fig. 3). 112
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49 3.2. Funnel shape 3.3. Bell shape 114
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In the funnel shape, GR values decrease upward consistently In the bell shape, GR values increases upward consistently
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from maximum value of log reading in trend, or may decrease from minimum value of log reading in trend, or may increases
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relatively from maximum values, indicating decrease of shale relatively from minimum values, indicating increasing shale
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55 content, forming coarsening upward trend overall. The funnel content, forming fining upward trend. The Fig. 5 is showing 120
56 motif indicates coarsening or cleaning upwards of thick sedi- fining upward trend in IEDS Sequence of Goru Formation 121
57 ments with rapid deposition in clastics [4]. (Late Cretaceous) of Zindapir-1 well drilled in Zindapir 122
58 Anticline, eastern Sulaiman Fold belt, Pakistan with sharp base. 123
59 3.2.1. Characteristic 124
60 Coarsening upward trend with abrupt top. 3.3.1. Characteristic 125
61 Fining upward trend with abrupt base. 126
62 3.2.2. Depositional environment 127
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Selley (1978) [11] considered (a) regressive barrier bars, (b) 3.3.2. Depositional environment
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prograding submarine fans and (c) prograding deltas or The bell-shaped successions are usually indicative of a
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crevasse splay favorable sedimentary environment for transgressive sand, tidal channel or deep tidal channel and
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19 Fig. 6 e Relatively left bow shaped trend in IEDS 8 Sand 84
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(Goru Formation of Early Cretaceous) in Zindapir-1 well
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drilled in Central Indus Basin, Pakistan.
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24 Fig. 4 e Relatively coarsening upward trend in IEDS 89
25 trend of similar grain size without sharp breaks. The opposite 90
Sequence of Goru Formation (Late Cretaceous) Zindapir-1
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well drilled in Zindapir Anticline, eastern Sulaiman Lower of this, the trend is right bow shape. Fig. 6 is showing relatively
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Indus Basin, Pakistan. left bow shaped trend in IEDS 8 Goru Sand of Zindapir-1 well
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29 drilled in Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. 94
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32 3.5. Irregular shape 97
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34 Irregular shaped GR log motifs is consisted of fluctuated GR 99
35 reading with high and low values over very short interval of 100
36 vertical well profile. Such trends show variation of lithology in 101
37 laminated beds, beds of shale and sand. Such trend may 102
38 represent the slope deposits and some time called as turbid- 103
39 ities. Such deposits may also have interpreted as flow of debris 104
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along slope. However careful attention is required for
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concluding remarks. Fig. 7 is showing Irregular trend in Allozai
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43 Formation of Zindapir-1 well. 108
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46 Fig. 5 e Relatively fining upward trend badin shale (Goru 111
47 Formation of Early Cretaceous) of Jagir-4 well drilled in 112
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Badin Monocline, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.
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52 fluvial or deltaic channel. Fluvial point bar, tidal point bar, 117
53 deep sea channels, braided streams, detail distributaries, 118
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proximal deep sea setting are associated with bell shape in
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literature. The bell shaped successions with carbonaceous
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detritus are deposited in environments of fluvial or deltaic
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58 channels [11]. If trend of fining upward is not clean and trend 123
59 of bell shape is serrated, and lithology is interpreted as varying 124
60 lithology. 125
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62 3.4. Bow shape 127
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Fig. 7 e Irregular trend in Allozai Formation of Zindapir-1
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This shape is formed as gradual cleaning upward sequence well drilled in Sulaiman Fold belt, Middle Indus Basin,
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which changes from its maximum value with dirtying-up Pakistan.
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2 4. Indication of deposition break 67
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4 GR log is good indicator of deposition break and it is indi- 69
5 cated by sharp change in depth showing sharp change in li- 70
6 thology/depositional system. However careful attention is 71
7 required to conclude deposition break and require regional 72
8 knowledge of stratigraphic framework of study area. Actually 73
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marking of unconformity is art. In this paper, we discussed
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three example of showing depositional break by missing facies.
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13 a) Let's suppose there is sharp contrast of GR log trend along 78
14 the boundaries of two formations; interpreting that 79
15 shallow marine environment is overlain by deep marine 80
16 setting or vice versa. This shows that transitional zone of 81
17 sedimentary facies between two deposition system is 82
18 missing. Best example is carbonates of Parh Formation 83
19 which is overlain by basinal facies of Goru Formation in 84
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Zindapir-1 (Fig. 8) of Sulaiman Fold belt and interpreted as
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sequence boundary (SB2) by Iqbal et al., 2011 [8] showing Fig. 9 e Shoreface to inner shelf facies of Nagur Formation
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missing upper Goru facies in Zindapir-1 well. (Precambrian) is separated from overlying evaporite of
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24 b) Abrupt change of GR indicate different environment of basal Bilara Formation (Precambrian) by sharp contrast of 89
25 deposition by sharp break. In Punjab platform, Marot-1, GR. 90
26 Nagur Formation is separated from overlying evaporite of 91
27 basal Bilara Formation (Precambrian) by sharp contrast of 92
28 GR (Fig. 9). In simple words, back stepping of shoreline nonconformity. Log motif of GR has sharp contrast be- 93
29 deposited evaporite in lagoon environment after tween overlying sedimentary rock and underlying crys- 94
30 deposition of Nagur Formation. The depositional break is talline rock. Fig. 10 is showing sharp contrast of GR 95
31 indicated by sharp change in GR log motifs of two between basement and overlying formation. 96
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different depositional system.
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c) Sharp contrast of GR log motif due to basement rocks and
34 5. Shoaling up sequence in carbonates 99
35 overlying younger sedimentary rocks is good indication of 100
36 Iqbal et al. (2011) [8] has discussed the shoaling up 101
37 sequence by using GR logs, porosity logs and mud logs. 102
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Value of GR in pure limestone is low as compared to clastics.
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In high energy carbonates, grain size is bigger with brighter
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41 chances of iolites and nodules or particles of sands or clays 106
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Fig. 10 e Nonconformity between igneous basement rock
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Fig. 8 e Carbonate of Chiltan (Jurassic) is overlain by (Precambrian) and overlying Precambrian evaporites of
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basinal facies of Goru Formation. Hanseran Formation in Marot-1 of Punjab platform.
1 Siltstone: Whitish grey, greenish grey, dark greenish grey, 66

2 grey, dark grey, light green, at places blackish grey, brownish 67
3 grey, firm to medium hard, sub blocky, in parts blocky, sub 68
4 platy. 69
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Marl: Off white, whitish grey, white, light grey, firm to
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medium hard, i/p soft, pasty, i/p soluble, sub blocky to blocky,
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silty, grading to argillaceous lime stone.
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9 Argillaceous Limestone: Whitish grey, creamy, off white, i/ 74
10 p light grey, medium hard, in parts soft, microcrystalline to 75
11 cryptocrystalline, compact, dense, sub blocky, sub platy to 76
12 play, argillaceous, marly, non-fossiliferous. 77
13 Limestone: Creamy, off white, grey, medium hard, in parts 78
14 hard, microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline, compact, dense, 79
15 sub blocky, sub platy, non-fossiliferous. 80
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b) Inner shelf to outer shelf
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20 Shale: Dark grey, blackish grey, brownish grey, dark 85
21 brownish grey, brown, earthy brown, dark grey to blackish, 86
22 medium hard to hard, in parts firm, well indurated, sub fissile 87
23 to fissile, splintery, sub blocky to blocky, sub platy, silty, in 88
24 parts. 89
25 Siltstone: Dark grey, grey, blackish grey, dark greenish 90
26 grey, whitish grey, brownish grey, brown, at places greenish 91
27 grey, dark green, medium hard to hard, in parts firm, in parts 92
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very hard, well consolidated, sub blocky, in parts blocky, sub
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platy, argillaceous, glauconitic, pyretic, slightly to non
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Fig. 11 e GR curve of Zindapir-1 well is showing shoaling calcareous.
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up sequence in Chiltan Formation (Increase in neutron Limestone: Creamy, off white, grey, medium hard, i/p hard,
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33 porosity “NPHI” shows increase in grain size) of Jurassic microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline, compact, dense, sub 98
34 age. Probably concentric rings of carbonate are present blocky, sub platy, non-fossiliferous. 99
35 around the grain of sand/clay particle as one of reasoning Claystone: Light brown, earthy brown, soft to firm, sticky, 100
36 (Modify after [8]). pasty, slightly soluble, hydrophilic, in parts traces of lime- 101
37 stone, silty, non calcareous. 102
38 along the cements between grains. As a result, GR log increase 103
39 with neutron porosity showing increase in grain size (Fig. 11). c) Shoreface sand 104
40 GR shows deflection in GR logs with increase of porosity. 105
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Sandstone: Dirty white, whitish grey, yellowish grey,
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43 yellowish white, translucent, i/p transparent, quartzose, 108
44 6. Case study e facies interpretation of Goru abrasive, medium hard to hard, very fine to fine grained, in 109
45 Formation in Zindapir structure, eastern parts medium grained, sub angular to sub rounded, well to 110
46 Sulaiman Fold belt, Central Indus Basin Pakistan moderately sorted, fairly to well cemented, siliceous, in parts 111
47 argillaceous, pyretic, glauconitic, in parts mafic, slightly to 112
48 There are three types of litho facies identified on the basis non calcareous, at places traces of limestone were observed, 113
49 of mud logs, wireline log motifs and regional study in Zindapir grading to siltstone. 114
50 Anticline. Two wells Zindapir x-1 and Well X-1 are used for Siltstone: Dark brown, brownish grey, grey, dark grey, 115
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study which were drilled in Zindapir structure, eastern whitish grey, medium hard to hard, well consolidated, sub
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Sulaiman Fold belt, Central Indus Basin Pakistan. IEDS clas- blocky to blocky, glauconitic in parts pyritic, highly argilla-
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sification is based on biostratigraphy using regional sequence ceous, slightly to non calcareous, grading to very fine grained
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55 stratigraphy of Central and Lower basin study and discussed sandstone. 120
56 in detail in Refs. [7,9]. Facies interpretation is based on grain 121
57 size analysis using GR logs as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 and 122
58 well cutting lithology in mud logs. Detail of interpreted facies 7. Case study e GR log based facies modeling 123
59 is given below and facies interpretation is given in Fig. 12. of Sembar Goru from Punjab platform (east) and 124
60 Sulaiman Fold belt (west) of Central Indus Basin, 125
61 a) Outer shelf Pakistan 126
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Shale: Dark grey to grey light grey, medium hard, well The study area consists of Sulaiman Fold belt of Pakistan
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indurated, sub fissile to fissile, sub blocky to blocky, sub platy and Punjab platform of Central Indus Basin Pakistan. Punjab
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to platy. platform separated from Sulaiman Fold belt by Zindapir
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52 Fig. 12 e Facies interpretation of Goru Formation in Zindapir-1 and Well X-1; showing correlation between GR Litho Facies. 117
53 Scale of Wireline Logs with coloring scheme is given separately. 118
54 119
55 120
56 Anticlinorium with faulted contact. Study area is filled by Two wells Zindapir-1 and Ahmedpur-1 were selected. 121
57 stratigraphic succession from Precambrian to recent sedi- Initially litho-facies of age equivalent facies of two wells 122
58 ments in such way that various succession of Mesozoic were identified (Fig. 13). After identification of litho-facies, 123
59 truncated along Precambrian succession in east of Punjab simple correlation of two wells Zindapir-1 and Ahmedpur- 124
60 platform along gently dipping monocline. A Sembar-Goru 1 were carried out. Reservoir quality of sands of Goru 125
61 Formation (Cretaceous age) is group of sedimentary package Formation is extended between two wells according to 126
62 belonging to fluvial deltaic system in study area. I.E.D.S identified litho-facies. Results show that Sembar- Goru 127
63 128
divided the sedimentary package of Sembar-Goru package are sequences of various progrades which passes from
64 129
into nine major sedimentary sequences on the basis of pale- shallow marine facies to basinal facies. Regional study
65 130
ontological data [7,9]. shows that Sembar basinal is not presented in Zindapir-
1 and shown by presence of shallow facies of shoreface Formation is unconformable and discussed in Fig. 14. 66
2 sand and also shown by wireline correlation by Nazeer Similarly, lower contact of Sembar-Goru of Cretaceous with 67
3 et al. [9]. underlying Chiltan carbonate is unconformable and shown 68
4 Upper contact of Top Goru is unconformable because there as sharp contact of GR log motifs with change in lithology. 69
5 70
is sharp contact between Top Goru and overlying Parh The trend of Chiltan limestone has box car trend.
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Fig. 13 e Wireline correlation of Zindapir-1 and Ahmedpur-1.
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62 Fig. 14 e Regional depositional model of Sembar- Goru Formation in Central Indus Basin. 127
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1 [8] Iqbal M, Nazeer A, Ahmad H, Murtaza G, 2011, Hydrocarbon 66

2 8. Conclusions exploration perspective in Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous 67
3 Reservoirs in the Sulaiman Fold Belt, Pakistan, Proceedings 68
4 a) GR trends is a basic logging curve used to interpret the PAPG/SPE Annual Technical Conference 2011, Islamabad, 69
5 sedimentary facies in the subsurface as major indicator of Pakistan. 70
6 [9] Nazeer A, Solangi SH, Brohi IA, Usmani P, Napar LD, 71
lithology.
7 Jhangir M, et al. Hydrocarbon potential of Zinda Pir Anticline, 72
b) GR log is a basic tool to prepare litho curves.
8 Eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan. Pak 73
c) Shapes of GR well-log curve is a basic tool to interpret J Hydrocarbon Res June 2012 22 & 23.
9 74
depositional facies because shape of log is directly related [10] Russell WL. The total gamma ray activity of sedimentary
10 75
to. rocks as indicated by Geiger counter determinations.
11 76
d) The grain size of rock successions. Geophysics 1944;9(2):180e216.
12 77
e) Five different log curve shapes of GR defined by Nazeer [11] Selley RC. Concepts and methods of subsurface facies
13 analysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
78
14 et al. [9], may be used to interpret the depositional 79
Contin Educ Course Notes Ser 1978;9. 82 p.
15 environment. [12] Siddiqui NA, El- Ghali MA, Mijinyawa A, ben-Awuah J. 80
16 f) Sharp contrast of GR may indicate depositional break. Depositional Environment of Shallow-Marine Sandstones 81
17 g) GR log may be used to interpret subsurface facies. from Outcrop Gamma-Ray Logs, Belait Formation, Meragang 82
18 h) Mud log is always adding additional benefit during sub- Beach, Brunei Darussalam. Res J Environ Earth Sci 83
19 surface interpretation using GR log. 2013;5(6):305e24. 84
20 [13] Tzortzis M, Tsertos H. Gamma-ray measurements of 85
21 naturally occurring radioactive samples from Cyprus 86
22 characteristic geological rocks, UCY PHY 02/02. Cyprus: 87
23 Department of Physics, University of Cyprus; 2002. 88
24 Q3 Uncited reference 89
25 90
26 [5]. Adeel Nazeer got his B.Sc and M.Sc in Applied 91
27 Geology from University of Punjab, Lahore, 92
28 Pakistan. He is serving in Pakistan Petroleum 93
29 Limited as Senior Geologist. He served in 94
30
Acknowledgements 95
various projects of oil industry. He is regis-
31 tered as Certified Professional Geologist (CPG) 96
32 We thank Mr. Tom Darin (GS Software Inc., USA) for of American Institute of Professional Geolo- 97
33 providing free license and support for evaluating the wireline. gist. He also represents GS Software, USA in 98
34 We are thankful to University of Sindh for providing Wire Line Pakistan. He is a Ph.D. Research Scholar from 99
35 Logs. We also acknowledge Dewan Petroleum Limited for Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Uni- 100
36 versity of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. 101
providing data for phD Research Project.
37 102
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39 references Shabeer Ahmed Abbassi is a Ph.D. 104
40 Research Scholar from Centre for Pure and 105
41 Applied Geology, University of Sindh, 106
42 [1] Ahmad A, Farooq M, Javed T, Mir A, Ali M, 2013, Exploring the
Jamshoro, Pakistan. He is doing research 107
43 infra-Cambrian petroleum system in Punjab platform-lesson
on tectonic evolution of structures and 108
44 learnt from Bahawalpur X-1, 2013, Proceedings PAPG/SPE
their hydrocarbon potential in southern 109
45 Indus Basin, Pakistan. He got his master in 110
Annual Technical Conference 2011, Islamabad, Pakistan.
46 Geophysics from Department of Earth Sci- 111
[2] Bigelow EL. Introduction to wireline log analysis. Houston,
47 ences, Quaid-e-Azam, University, Islam- 112
Texas: Western Atlas International; 1992.
48 abad. He is active member of American 113
[3] Cant DJ. Subsurface facies analysis. In: Walker RG, James NP,
Association of Petroleum Geoscientists
49 editors. Facies models, response to sea level changes; 1992. 114
(AAPG) and Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG). He also
50 p. 27e45. Geol. Assoc. Canada. 115
contributed many publications as author and co-author.
51 [4] Chow JJ, Ming-Ching Li, Fuh S. Geophysical well log study on 116
52 the paleoenvironment of the hydrocarbon producing zones 117
53 in the Erchungchi Formation, Hsinyin, SW Taiwan. TAO 118
54 2005;16(3):531e43. Professor Dr Sarfraz Hussain Solangi is 119
55 [5] Engler TW. Lecture notes for PET 37. 2012. http://infohost. Meritorious Professor in University of Sindh, 120
56 nmt.edu/~petro/faculty/Engler370/fmev-chap7-GR.pdf. Jamshoro, Pakistan and also acting as Pro 121
[6] Kessaelar lG, Sach SD. Depositional setting and sequence Vice Chancellor, Thatta Campus University
57 122
stratigraphic implications of the Upper Sinemurian (Lower of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. He obtained
58 123
Jurassic) sandstone interval, North Celtic Sea/St George's his masters from Centre for Pure and Applied
59 124
Channel Basins, offshore Ireland. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro,
60 125
January 1995;93(1):171e92. Pakistan and Ph.D degree in Sedimentology
61 [7] Integrated Exploration and Development Services, 1995, A
126
and Post Doctorate from University of Wales,
62 sequence stratigraphic study of Lower Goru-Sembar 127
United Kingdom. He has published more
63 formations of Lower and Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan and than 60 research articles.
128
64 Rajasthan. Multi-client study (Unpublished). 129
65 130

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1 Siltstone: Whitish grey, greenish grey, dark greenish grey, 66

1 [8] Iqbal M, Nazeer A, Ahmad H, Murtaza G, 2011, Hydrocarbon 66

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