Word Formation Counter Contrary Counter-intuitive – Contrary to intuition

Counter-productive – Having the

Prefixes: opposite effect as intended
De Remove Detoxify – Remove the poisonous
ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE  WORDS substances
Ambi Both Ambidextrous – Use both hands well Dethrone – Remove from the throne
Ambiguity – Double meaning, can be Dem People Democracy – System of government
interpreted in more than one way elected by the people
Aqua Water Aquarium – Artificial environment for Demography  - Statistics of births,
water plants and animals deaths, mortality etc. of people
Aquatic – Plant or animal living in water Derm Skin Dermatologist – Doctor specialized in
Art Skill Artistic – Natural skill in art the study of skin disorders
Artisan – Skilled manual work Dermatitis – Inflammation of the skin
Auto Self Automatic – Working by itself Flor Flower Florist – Person who sells flowers
Autonomous – Having self-government Floral – Decorated with flowers
Bi Two, Twice Biannual – Occurring twice in a year Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach
Bigamy – Being married twice lining
Bio Life Biology – Study of living things Gastro Stomach Gastroenterologist – Doctor specialized
Biohazard – Risk to living things in the study of stomach and intestinal
Cardio Heart Cardiology – Branch of medicine dealing disorders
with the heart Grat Pleasing Gratify – Delight or please someone
Cardiovascular – Pertaining to the heart Gratuity – Tip, token of appreciation
and blood vessels Hepa Liver Hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver
Centenary – Hundredth Anniversary Hepatic – Relating to the liver
Cent Hundred Centenarian – Person who is hundred or Hept Seven Heptagon – Figure with seven sides
more years old Heptathlon – Athletic event having
Cert Sure Certificate – Document attesting a fact seven events
like birth, death, graduation, marriage Hex Six Hexagon – Figure with six sides
etc Hexavalent – Having a valency of six
Certitude – Feeling of certainty
Inter Between Interconnect – Connect with each other
Chrono Time Chronology – Study of events in the Interdepend – Depend on each other
order of their occurrence Iso Equal Isosceles – Triangle having two equal
Chronograph – Instrument that records sides
time with high accuracy Isobar – Line on map connecting points
 of equal barometer pressures Poly Many Polygon – Figure with many sides
Jud Law Judiciary – Collective of judges Polygamy – Having more than one
Judgement – Decision of a court husband or wife at the same time
Kilo Thousand Kilogram – Thousand grams Psych Mind Psychiatry – Study of mental diseases
Kilolitre – Thousand litres Psych – Prepare oneself mentally for a
Lactic – Obtained from mil task
Lacto Milk Lactose – Sugar occurring in milk Quad Four Quadruple – Increase four times
Mal Bad Malevolent – Wishing bad things on Quadrangle – Figure having four sides
others Quin Five Quintuple – Increase five times
Malice – Intention to do evil Quintuplet – Five children born at the
Mort Death Mortuary – Place where dead bodies are same time
kept until they are cremated or buried Semi Half Semi-circle – Half of a circle
Mortician – Undertaker Semiaquatic – Animal living partly on
Narr Tell Narrate - To tell a story land and partly in water
Narrator - Person who tells a story. Sept Seven Septuplet – Seven children born at the
Nov New Novelty – Newness or originality same time
Novice – Beginner Septuagenarian – People aged before 70
Oct Eight Octagon – Figure with eight sides and 79
Octave – Stanza of eight lines Trans Across Transpacific – Across the Pacific Ocean
Ocu Eye Ocular – Connected with the eyes Transnational – Across national
Oculist – Specialist in the medical boundaries
treatment of eye disorders a-, an- without amoral
Omni All Omnipresent – Present everywhere at ante- before antecedent
the same time anti- against anticlimax
Omnivorous – Eating all kinds of foods auto- self autopilot
Ortho Straight Orthodontics – Dealing with circum- around circumvent
straightening of teeth co- with copilot
Orthopaedics – Dealing with the com-, con- with companion, contact
straightening of bones contra- against contradict
Panorama – An all-around view de- off, away from devalue
Pandemic – Prevalent all over a country
dis- not disappear
Pan All or world
en- put into enclose
Ped Foot Pedicure – Treatment of the feet
Pedal – Foot operated lever ex- out of, former extract, ex-president
extra- beyond, more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual -escent becoming, to be adolescent, fluorescent
homo- same homonym -esque like/reminiscent of picturesque, Kafkaesque
hyper- over, more hyperactive -fy to make magnify, electrify
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, -iferous containing, yielding vociferous, carboniferous
irresponsible -ise make, become civilise, terrorise
in- into insert -ish having qualities of hellish, fiendish          
inter- between intersect -ism doctrine, belief, practice favouritism, communism
intra- between intravenous -ist person who chemist, florist
macro- large macroeconomics -ity state/quality of being ingenuity, oddity
micro- small microscope -less without brainless, endless
mono- one monocle state/quality of being, enjoyment, embankment,
-ment
non- not, without nonentity result of action, process abridgement
omni- all, every omniscient -ness state of being thinness, loneliness
post- after postmortem -oid like celluloid, ovoid
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, project -ose full of adipose, verbose
sub- under submarine -osis condition hypnosis, psychosis
syn- same time synchronize -ous full of illustrious, nauseous
trans- across transmit -ship position held friendship, membership
tri- three tricycle -sion/-tion state/quality of being torsion, transition
un- not unfinished -tude state/quality of being fortitude, certitude
uni- one unicorn
-y characterised by funny, greedy
Suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Examples
Noun Suffixes
-able/-ible capable of portable, legible
Suffix Meaning Example
-ac/-ic like/related to cardiac, Nordic
-acy state/quality of being privacy, legitimacy -acy state or quality privacy
-acious/-icious full of gracious, malicious -al act or process of refusal
-al related to logical, philosophical -ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence
-ance/-ence state/quality of being maintenance, permanence -dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom
-dom state/quality of being freedom, kingdom -er, -or one who trainer, protector
mountaineer, writer, -ism doctrine, belief communism
-eer/-er/-or person who
counsellor
 -ist one who chemist  Commit – commitment
-ity, -ty quality of veracity  Punish – punishment
2 Add tion to these verbs to make nouns-
-ment condition of argument  Add – addition
-ness state of being heaviness  Restrict – restriction
-ship position held fellowship  Perceive – perception
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition  Addict – addiction
3 Add ery to these nouns-
Verb Suffixes
 Brave – bravery
-ate become eradicate  Slave – slavery
-en become enlighten 4 Use of suffix – ity changes a verb and also an adjective into a noun-
-ify, -fy make or become terrify  Stupid – stupidity
-ize, -ise become civilize  Local – locality
 Timid – timidity
Adjective Suffixes  Active – activity
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable  Able – ability
-al pertaining to regional 5 Sometimes use of –age at the end of word forms a noun-
-esque reminiscent of picturesque  Break – breakage
 Coin – coinage
-ful notable for fanciful
6 Nouns are also formed by ending certain verbs in –al
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic  Approve – approval
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous  Acquit – acquittal
-ish having the quality of fiendish  Betray – betrayal
-ive having the nature of creative  Deny – denial
7 Nouns can be formed by adding the suffix- or, er to these verbs-
-less without endless  Decorate – decorator
-y characterized by sleazy  Impose – impostor
 Conduct – conductor
 Teach – teacher
 Travel – traveler
 Formation of Nouns and Adjectives 8 Add ant to these verbs to form nouns-
 Depend – dependant
Formation of Nouns:  Inhabit – inhabitant
1 Add “ment” to the verbs to form nouns-  Protest – protestant
 Accomplish - accomplishment  Claim – claimant
 Adjust - adjustment 9 Add ness to these nouns to make abstract nouns-
  Happy – happiness Accord Accordance
 Friendly – friendliness Accomplish Accomplishment
 Creative – creativeness Apply Application
10 Add hood to form nouns from the following nouns- Advertise Advertisement
 Child – childhood Believe Belief
 Brother – brotherhood Behave Behavior
 False – falsehood Attract Attraction
Formation of Adjectives- Achieve achievement
1 By adding al at the end of certain nouns- Approve Approval
 Universe – universal Act Action
 Culture – cultural Collect Collection
 Nature – natural Complete Completion
 Centre – central Decide Decision
2 By adding able to these words- Dedicate Dedication
 Notice- noticeable Define Definition
 Manage- manageable Incline Inclination
 Service- serviceable Fascinate Fascination
3 By adding ious to these nouns- Forgive Forgiveness
 Space- spacious Fly Flight
 Ferocity- ferocious Grow Growth
 Vivacity- vivacious Direct Direction
4 Sometimes the suffix ous is added to some nouns to make adjectives-
Divide Division
 Courage- courageous
Donate Donation
 Grief- grievous
Edit Edition
 Advantage- advantageous
Judge Judgement
 Adventure- adventurous
Educate education
5 By adding ful to these words-
Adjectives Nouns
 Respect- respectful
 Resource- resourceful
Able Ability
 Cheer- cheerful
Active Activity
 Beauty-beautiful
Brave Bravery
Verbs Nouns
Busy Business
Broad Breadth
Abduct Abduction
Dense Density
Abolish Abolition
Delicate Delicacy
Accept Acceptance
Equal Equality Face Facial
Free Freedom Fault Faulty
False Falsehood Fever Feverish
Fluent Fluency Brief Brevity
Local Locality Ceremony Ceremonious
Moist Moisture Character Characteristic
Noble Nobility Cheer Cheerful
Punctual Punctuality Circle Circular
Patriot Patriotism Culture Cultural
Perfect Perfection Magic Magical
Rival Rivalry Miracle Miraculous
Liberal Liberality Merit Meritorious
Fresh Freshness Fog Foggy
High Height Glory Glorious
Hot Heat Habit Habitual
Immune Immunity Ice Icy
Timid Timidity Labour Laborious
Useful Usefulness Language Linguistic
Remote Remoteness Series Serial
Stupid Stupidity Slave Slavish
Strange Stranger Star Starry
Wide Width Secretary Secretarial
Secret Secrecy Machine Mechanical
Generous Generosity Magnet Magnetic
Royal Royalist Nerve Nervous
Vital Vitality Picture Picturesque
Voice Voc al
Nouns Adjectives
Homophones:
Advice Advisable Two or more words pronounced alike, but different in spelling or meaning (e.g.
Adventure Adventurous to, too, two). Homonyms and homographs are both types of homophones.
Accident Accidental 1. Accede (agree)- The parents should not accede to the unjust demands of their
Anger Angry children.
Defect Defective Exceed (to increase)- I advised my friend never to exceed his expenditure to his
Explanation Explanatory income.
2. Access (approach)- The dacoit was not arrested till he had access to the 14. Fair (beautiful)- Her ideas are as fair as she.
politicians. Fare (payment)- There is a sudden rise in bus fare.
Excess (more than required)- Excess of everything is bad. 15. Metal (iron. Copper, gold etc)- Ornaments are made of gold which is a very
3. Accept (admit)- My officers had not only accepted my suggestions but also costly metal.
appreciated me. Mettle (courage)- He faced the dacoits boldly and thus showed his mettle.
Except( leaving)- Today all politicians are corrupt, we cannot except any one of 16. Principal (head of an institution)- The principal gave a good speech on 15 th
them. August.
4. Adapt(adjust to a place)- Those living in cold countries cannot adapt to Indian Principle (code, rules, laws)- One should not sacrifice one’s principles for
weather conditions. material gains.
Adept (skilful)- We should try make ourselves adept to every field of knowledge 17. Pain (bodily suffering)- I could not go to school yesterday because of pain in
. my body.
5. Assay (attempt)- He assayed hard to succeed in the IAS examination. Pane (glass)- She cleaned all the window panes of her house yesterday.
Essay (a piece of composition)- Francis Bacon is famous all over the world for 18. Stationary (fixed)- Non-Living objects like: Table, Chair etc. are stationary
his thoughtful essays. Stationery (Writing material)- He has a stationery shop near his house.
6. Apposite(suitable)- This houses’ conditions is apposite to my living. 19. Weather (a state of atmospheric condition)- The weather of today is quite
Opposite (contrary)- Heavy is the opposite of Light. good.
7. Bale (bundle of goods)- He made the donkey loaded with a bale. Whether (if)- I do not know whether the exams will start from the given date
Bail (security)- The accused was, at last, released on bail. or not.
8. Berth (seat in train)- He got a berth reserved as he was going on a long 20. Story (tale)- I like listening stories.
journey. Storey (floor of a building)- This building has got 20 storey.
Birth (come to life)- Still there are many families in India that feel sad about the 21 Sale (discount)- There is a sale of 50% at the outlet of Provogue.
birth of a girl. Sail (to flow)- The boat sails with the direction of the wind.
9. Cite (quote or said words)- The leader cited the words of Mahatma Gandhi. 22 Dose (quantity of medicine)- The doctor gave two doses to him.
Site (a place for building or other construction)- He has choosen a good site for Doze (to sleep)- I usually doze for fifteen minutes after lunch.
building a hospital
Sight (scene)- The sight of the Taj Mahal was wonderful. Synonyms:
10. Cease (stop)- He suddenly ceased the publication of his newspaper. Word Synonym
Seize (to take authority from somebody)- The government seized of his land Abandon Forsake, To leave
and left him in poor condition. Anger Rage
11. Cereal (edible grain)- The prices of cereals are touching the sky. Apprehension Fear
Serial (a play in parts)- I like family serials. Attain Achieve, Acquire
12. Cell (a small room)- The prisoner was kept in a cell in the jail. Alter Change
Sell (dispose off)- Applels are selling at Rs. 90 per kg. Antagonism Opposition
Arid Dry
13. Die (death)- One who is born will die. Abhor Hate
Dye (to colour)- She dyes her saree in green colour.
abrupt Sudden
Amplify Enhance, To increase Fierce Savage, Deadly
Bane Curse Fortunate Lucky
Bear Tolerate Frugal Economical
Blithe Joyous Furious Violent
Benevolent Kind, Generous Fatal Deadly
Brave Valiant Folly Foolishness
Bold Daring Fragile Weak
candid Frank Fame Reputation
Capture Seize Flippant Talkative
Cite Mention, Say as an example Fortitude Bravery
Conceal Hide Gentle Plaid, Calm
Curious Eager Gaudy Showy
Combat Struggle Genuine Pure
Chaste Pure Gloom Sadness, Grief
Competence Ability Grievance Complaint
Delay Prolong, To linger on a process Generous Liberal, Kind
Deny Refuse Gorgeous Splendid, Wonderful
Destination Goal Hyperbole Exaggeration, Unnessary expression
Dissociate Separate Hilarious Jovial, Comic
Domicile Dwelling Place, A place of living Humane Kind
Drag Pull Hypocrisy Deception
Diversity Variety Havoc Destruction
Droop Bend Hurl Throw
Docile Humble Ideal Model
Ecstasy Joy, Happiness Idle Lazy
Endeavour Effort Image Picture
Enough Sufficient Immortal Eternal
Error Mistake Indolent Lazy
Eulogy Admire, Praise Idol Statue
Endure Tolerate Illiterate Unlettered
Esteem Honour Impediment Hindrance, Obstacle, Barrier
Extinguish To put out fire Industrious Diligent, Hardworking
Entreat Request Illustrious Famous
Exalt Praise Infinite Limitless
Fable Story Judicious Wise
Joy Delight Quarrel Dispute
Jubilant Joyful Quiet Silent
Keen Eager, Enthusiastic Rescue Save
Knave Dishonest Rival Opponent
Labour Work Ruin Destruction
Liberal Generous Rage Anger
Liberty Freedom Refuge Shelter
Mammoth Gigantic Replica Copy
Margin Border Sacred Holy
Mitigate Moderate Stupendous Amazing, Wonderful
Mysterious Hidden Savage Wild
Massacre Slaughter Sterile Barren
Medley Mixture Solace Comfort
Meagre Scarce Sedate Serious
Melancholy Gloom, Sadness Triumph Victory
Mutiny Revolt Tardy Slow
Negotiate Bargain Tariff Charge
Noted Distinguished Timid Shy
Nausea Sickness Unique Matchless
Novel New Urgent Essential, Important
Obscure Dim, Unclear Urge Request
Offence Insult Vacuum Empty
Obsolete Out of date Venom Poison
Option Choice Vice Evil
Outstanding Remarkable Vigilant Watchful
Obvious Open, Clear Vital Essential
Ordeal Trial Vigour Energy
Paltry Small Vanish Disappear
Peril Danger Veteran Old
palatable Tasteful Vigil Watch
Penalty Punishment Vogue Fashion
Placid Quiet Wag Shake
Potent Powerful Weariness Fatigue
Preamble Introduction Wisdom Prudent, Intelligence
Quaint Strange Wicked Evil
 Xerox Photocopy Create Destroy
Yield Help Clever Simple
Yearn Desire Construct Destruct
Zeal Passion Credit Cash
Zenith Top Civilized Wild
Come Go
Antonyms: Decrease Increase
Word Antonym Defence Offence
Abhor Love Diligent Lazy
Alive Dead Domestic Wild
Anonymous Known Dangerous Safe
Attract Repel Deep Shallow
Active Passive Distress Comfort
Advance Retreat Dark Light
Ample Meagre, In small amount Defeat Victory
Arrival Departure Dull Active
Accept Reject Earn Spend
Admit Deny Encourage Discourage
Adversity Prosperity Extreme Moderate
Ancient Modern Entrance Exit
Artificial Natural Eligible Ineligible
Barren Fertile Empty Full
Bitter Sweet Exclude Include
Bold Timid Failure Success
Bright Dull Fortune Misfortune
Beauty Ugliness Front Back
Bless Curse Faith Doubt
Brave Coward Flexible Rigid
Broad Narrow Fresh Stale
Benevolent Malevolent False True
Blunt Sharp Foreign Native
Bad Good Friend Foe
Care Negligence Gain Lose
Clean Dirty Guilty Innocence
Conceal Disclose Grand Ordinary
Day Sad Loss Gain
Gentle Rude Like Dislike
Guest Host Long Short
Handsome Ugly Low High
Haste Delay Majority Minority
Heavy Light Masculine Feminine
Honour Shame Miser Spendthrift
Humble Proud Monk Nun
Hope Despair Miximum Minimum
Hard Soft Movable Immovable
Heaven Hell Nasty Pleasant
Hollow Solid Noise Silence
Hostile Friendly Neat Dirty
Import Export Obey Disobey
Inferior Superior Oral Written
Innocent Guilty Old Young
Interior Exterior Optimist Pessimist
Important Trivial Paradise Purgatory
Increase Decrease Peace War
Inside Outside Polite Rude
Internal External Pauper Rich
Inner Outer Plenty Scarcity
Include Exclude Paltry Important
Indefinite Definite Quick Slow
Initial Final Question Answer
In Out Regular Irregular
Junior Senior Rough Smooth
Kill Revive Reduce Increase
Kind Cruel Right Wrong
King Beggar Real False
Knowledge Ignorance Romantic Classical
Known Unknown Sincere Insincere
Literate Illeterate Soft Hard
Loyal Disloyal Strange Familiar
Love Hate Sympathy Antipathy
 Shallow Deep Nouns Nouns Nouns Nouns
Sorrow Joy
Swift Slow Agra Boy Army Gold Honesty
Top Bottom Gauri Girl Jury Chalk Childhood
Thick Thin Delhi Doctor Flock Wood Beauty
Take Give Ganga Leader Herd Wool Hatred
Tragedy Comedy India Friend Team Petrol Love
Tiny Big Lucknow Teacher Class Soup Bitter
Unity Diversity Gita City Committee Iron Sweetness
Vague Definite Ashoka Country Police Wheat Luck
Visible Invisible Ramayan King Staff Bread Education
Vertical Horizontal Tabla River Crowd Glass Falsehood
Voluntary Compulsory
Wild Domestic Plural and Singular Nouns: The nouns that we can count in numbers are Plural
Wisdom Folly Nouns.
Wicked Virtuous Singular Noun Plural Noun
Zenith Nadir
Ear Ears
Correct Usage of Parts of Speech Pen Pens
Parts of Speech are 8 in number: Book Books
Noun Marble Marbles
Pronoun Country Countries
Adjective Monkey Monkeys
Verb Boy Boys
Adverb Leaf Leaves
Preposition Mouse Mice
Conjunction Child Children
Interjection Tooth Teeth
Noun: Noun names: a person, place or thing. A noun is known as a naming word. Possessive Nouns: The nouns that show ownership are called Possessive Nouns.
Some things which we can’t see or sense are also nouns. These are denoted or written using (‘) sign.
Ex: John Logie Baird invented television. Eg: Meera’s book, Sonu’s pen, Horse’s tail, Boy’s hostel, Dolly’s cap etc.
Ram went to the market. Rule 1: In nouns already plural with the use of ‘s’ at the end of the word we use
He has eaten his food. only apostrophe sign (‘): Boys’ hostel, Horses’s tails, Keats’ poems.
I play cricket. Rule2: In nouns plural in form without ‘s’ use apostrophe sign (‘).
Kinds of Nouns: Eg: Men’s parlour, Women’s parlour.
Proper Nouns Common Collective Material Abstract
Gender : We have Four Genders in noun: Masculine, Feminine, Common, Neuter The birds are flying high in the blue sky.
Gender. Smita is a pretty girl.
Masculine Feminine Common Neuter The dog is a faithful animal.
Ex: tall boy, intelligent people, ripe apples, some milk, my cap
Ram Rita Doctor Table Degrees of Adjective:
Dog Bitch Teacher Flower Positive Comparative Superlative
Prince Princess Child Book Easy Easier Easiest
Master Mistress Parent Duster Small Smaller Smallest
Wizard Witch Leader Computer Tall Taller Tallest
Monk Nun Poet Bottle Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Happy Happier Happiest
Pronoun: Words that are used in place of noun are called pronouns. Good Better Best
Eg: Ram-he, Sita-she, Boys-They, Rain-it, Winter-it, Child-it. Little Less least
Nominative Objective Examples of kinds of Adjectives:
(i) Descriptive Adjectives: Tall, short, ugly, beautiful, white, etc
I Me (ii) Proper Adjectives: Indian, African, Chinese, Russian, French,
We Us first, second, third, one, two, three, four, many, much, this, that, these, those,
He Him enough, certain, other, such, any, each, every, either, neither, my, his, your, own
She Her etc.
They Them Quantitative Adjectives: some, much, enough, a lot of, all, no, many, little.
Who Whom Numeral Adjectives: one, two, four, first, second, some, a few, many, etc
Demonstrative Adjectives: this, that, these, those, certain
Persons of Pronoun:
Distributive Adjectives: each, every, either, neither
Ist person: I/ We/Me
Possessive Adjectives: his, hers, theirs, yours, my
IInd Person: You/Your/Yours
Verbs: Action words are called verbs.
IIIrd Person: He/ She/ It/ They/ Them
Example: sit, dance, throw, eat, jump, sleep, sing, cut, speak, etc.
Examples of pronouns:
Main verbs: are those words that require no object after them and are
I am a good boy
intransitive in nature.
She is a good girl
Example: Lion roars, River flows, Child cries, She sits, He comes, I play, He reads,
You are a good person
etc.
They are boys
Transitive Verbs: words that require an object or objects after them are
It is winter
transitive verbs.
It is a child
Example: He reads a book.
This cap is mine
In the above example He is subject reads is main verb and book is the object.
This car is yours
Intransitive Verbs: words that require no object or objects after them are
Adjective: Words that tells the quality of noun or pronoun are called adjective.
intransitive verbs.
Example: I have a black pen.
Example: I laugh; She sings; River flows; He smiles, etc
Auxiliary Verbs: words that help the main verbs are called auxiliary verbs.
Example: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, did, done.
Modal Verbs: these are also like helping verbs.
Example: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, need, dare to, ought
to.
Can: shows- possibility, ability, permission, power, question, and request.
Could: shows- past action, permission, question, and request.
May: shows- permission, question, request, and possibility.
Might: shows- possibility, past action.
Shall: shows- future time, question, request.
Should: shows- advice, suggestion, opinion, request, possibility.
Will: shows- future time, question, request, permission.
Would: shows- past action, imagination, condition.
Need: shows- suggestion, advice. (need can be used as- need+to+v1 and
need+v1)
Dare:-shows- courage, challenge. (dare can be used as- dare+to+v1 and
need+v1)
Ought : shows- obedience, advise. (ought can be used as- ought+to+v1)
Adverb: Words which modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs are known as
adverbs.
Example: She sings sweetly. He plays well, He always comes late, He often tells
lie, He is very happy, I will see you tomorrow, He found the pen under the chair.
Kinds of Adverbs:
Adverb of Time: Yesterday, Tomorrow, Today, Now, Then, When, Never, Ever, etc
(tells ‘when’) eg.: He came yesterday.
Adverb of Frequency: always, never, sometimes, often, frequently, mostly, rarely
(tells ‘how often’) eg.: He always comes late.
Adverb of Place: here, there, up, down, under, over, etc. (tells ‘where’) eg.: He is
up.
Adverb of Manner: slowly, quietly, well, fast, sweetly, etc (tells ‘how’) eg.: He
speaks well.
Adverb of Degree: very, enough, rarely, etc (tells ‘how much’) eg.: I am very
happy.
Positions of Adverbs:
Adverb of manner is generally placed after the verb. If there is an object then
after the object.
Example: She sings well., She writes quickly.
Adverb of Place and Time is also placed after the verb or object.
Example: My father will come here., My father will go to Delhi tomorrow.
Note: if adverb of Time, Place and Manner comes together then their placing will
be:
Manner +Place+Time
Adverb of Frequency is placed between the subject and the verb.
Example: He never talks. I am always ready for a new challenge.
Preposition: A preposition is a word which is used before a noun or pronoun to
show its relation to another word (noun or pronoun) coming after it.
Actually the word preposition is made up of pre and position which means that
which comes before.
Examples: up, on, over, above, because, since, at, under, to, towards, for,
between, in accordance with, in lieu of, within, off, of, from, during, into, in,
beside, besides, before, among etc.
Conjunctions: Conjunctions connect words, parts of sentences together. They
may be used to join clauses (Principal clause with Subordinate clause).
(And, or, nor, yet, so, for, since, hence, therefore, whereas, therefore, but,
because, until, unless, till, no sooner-than, hardly-when, scarcely-when, so-that,
both-and, etc.)
Example: Two and two make four.
Ram and Shyam are brothers.
He has neither done his home work nor submitted his fee.
I will wait for you till you come.
Unless you work hard, you cannot pass.
Articles: There are three articles in English: ‘a’ ‘an’ and ‘the’.
‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles whereas ‘the’ is a definite article.
Rules for using articles:
‘a’ and ‘an’ are used before countable nouns like: book, boy, marbles, tree,
apples etc.
Article ‘an’ is used before the words starting with a vowel sound.
Example: an orange, an aeroplane, an elephant, an MLA, an FIR, an SDO, an
apple, an honest man, an ear, an umbrella etc.
Whereas article ‘a’ will be used with words (though starting with a vowel but not When two or more connected nouns tell about the same person or thing, the
the vowel sound). article ‘a’ is placed before the first noun.
Example: a European, a union, a unique dress, a unicorn, a university, a one- Example: The Principal and Secretary has come. (One person)
rupee note, a uniform, a unit etc. But, when two or more connected nouns tell about two different persons or
Article ‘a’ is also used before a proper noun when the person is unknown to you. things, the article ‘a’ is place before both the nouns.
Example: A Mr. Ravi has come to meet you. Example: The Principal and the Secretary have come. (Two persons)
Article ‘a’ is used to represent any profession. Tense:
Example: He is a doctor/teacher/professor/scientist/engineer. Tense tells about the time of action, that is- Present, Past, Future. It shows the
Use of definite article ‘The’: degree of completeness of the action that is- Continuous, Complete and so on.
Article ‘the’ is used for- Tenses include 4 parts:
Names of- rivers, mountain ranges, special countries with abbreviated forms, Tense Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
continents, oceans, seas, holy books, instruments, special food/dishes/meals,
deserts, gulfs, canals, forests, valleys, inventions, groups of a particular Presen I play. I am playing. I have played. I have been playing.
community (people/animals), newspapers, historical buildings, name of special t
trains, hotels, in comparative degrees {the more+subject+verb+the He goes. He is going. He has gone. He has been going.
more+subject+verb} and in the structure like- {subject+verb+comparative They write. They are writing. They have written They have been writing.
degree of adjective+of the two, representing people of a particular country [the
English, the French, the German etc.], political parties, unique objects, showing Past I played. I was playing. I had played. I had been playing.
the quality of a person in comparing with the person. He went. He was going He had gone. He had been going.
Omission of ‘the’: They wrote. They were They had written. They had been writing.
Article ‘the’ is not written before: writing.
Names of persons, countries, city, state, names of substances if they are used in
a general sense, names of regular meals (lunch, dinner, breakfast), games and
Future I shall play. I shall be playing. I shall have played. I shall have been playing.
sports, diseases, public places like: [temple, church, school, university, college,
He will go. He will be going. He will have gone. He will have been going.
hospital], mountain peaks.
They will They will be They will have They will have been writing.
write. writing. written.
Repetition of Articles:
Rule-1
Infinitives:
When two or more adjectives tells about the same noun in a sentence, the article
Infinitives is a grammatical term. It is derived from ‘Infinitus’ which means
is used before the first adjective.
‘infinite’. It is mostly used as non-finite verbs.
Example: I have a black and white horse. (One horse with black and white colour)
It is a verb phrase which is formed by adding ‘to + V1’.
But, when a sentence tells the quality of two different objects then the article is
Infinitives express the normal expression of verb. It is not related to any subject.
used with both the nouns.
Example: I want to read
Example: I have a black and a white horse. (Two horses one black and one white)
Jaya went to market to purchase books.
Rule-2
The mango is sweet to eat.
This book is easy to learn.
 The verb form which do not take ‘to’ with them are called ‘Bare Infinitives’ Rule 1: If the sentence shows any imagination or wish by a person, then we
Example: make, let, see, hear, bid, need not, dare not, etc should always use verb ‘were’ with the subject.
Example: Let them play in the field. Ex: I wish I were the prime minister; I wish I were a bird
He dare talk to her.
Soni made him write. Rule2: If two different nouns refer the same person then we should use singular
They need not wait for us. verb.
I heard her shut the door. Ex: The poet and painter is dead.; The clerk and accountant has come.
Bare Infinitives (verb’s first form without ‘to’) are also used with the following Rule3: If any sentence is used with any phrase then the following verb will be
words: singular.
Would rather, had better, rather than, had rather, do everything, but, do Ex: Bread and Butter is a our life; Slow and Steady wins the race
nothing but, do anything but, etc Early to bed; Early to rise is good for health; Pen and Ink is needed by me.
Example: We had better sleep. Rule4: When two singular nouns or pronouns are attached with Either…or;
He did everything but study. Neither…nor; the following verb will always be singular.
They had rather play cricket than swim. Ex: Neither Ram nor Ramesh has come today; Either Sita or Ram was present at
I would rather die than beg. the party.
After the word ‘enough’ infinitive (to+V1) is used. Rule5: When two nouns or pronouns of different persons are used in a sentence
Example: Sarika is intelligent enough to learn English. then the verb will always follow the second noun,
This dress is good enough to fit my personality. Ex: Either Ramesh or the boys have committed this mistake.
Infinitive with ‘to’ is used with the following words: Neither he nor they were present at the place.
Rule6: When the collective nouns (Committee, Army, Crowd, Mob, Assembly,
Attempt, allow, afford, arrange, appear, begin, chance, care, choose, dare, Parliament, Council, Crew, Staff, Jury,, Fleet, Majority, Team) refer a unit then
hesitate, happen, forget, hope, intend, manage, prefer, want, continue, fail, the verb used after these nouns will always be singular.
try, decide and promise. Ex: Army was deployed at the border; The assembly is in session now-a-days; The
Infinitive with ‘to’ is used to show purpose and cause: team has won the match; The jury has taken the decision.
Example: He started weeping to see his father. Rule7: When noun represents any measurement or distance and is preceeded by
Navneet sold his cycle to buy books. any numeric adjective like: Five or Ten, then it is always followed by a singular
Sita came here to read. verb.
Concord: Subject-Verb Agreement Ex: Five miles is a good distance; Ten kilograms is a heavy weight.
By concord means formal agreement in person, number, gender and tense Rule8: Singular verb should be place with the nouns plural in form but singular in
between various parts of a sentence. sense (Physics, Mathematics, Civics, Statistics, News, Billiards, Innings, Wages,
Like : I am; We are; They were; He/She is/was; You are/were etc. Economics, Gallows, Alms)
If the subject is singular the verb will be singular and if the subject is plural the Ex: No news is good news, Physics/Mathematics/Economics is a good subject;
verb will be plural. Billiards is a good game.
Ex: Students play ; Teacher teaches; Lion roars; Boys sing; Kite flies etc Rule9: When two singular nouns come with ‘Each’ or ‘Every’ in a sentence then
Now let’s look up some rules regarding the use of subject and verb agreement in the following verb should always be singular .
sentences:
Ex: Each boy and girl has to attend the function; Every man, woman and child was
happy to meet with the president.
Rule10: When two nouns of different numbers are attached with Not only…but
also , then the verb will always follow the number of the second noun.
Ex: Not only the Principal but also the teachers were playing the match; Not only
the students but also the class teacher was also involved in the discussion.
Rule11: When two nouns of different numbers are attached with- beside, as well
as, and not, in addition to, with, together with; the verb will always follow the
number of the second noun.
Ex: Ram and not his friends were present there; The president as well as the
members has come.
Rule12: When adjectives like- rich, poor, old, young, French, English are used
with article ‘the’ before them, then it represents a class. So in these cases we
should always use plural verb.
Ex: The rich are generally unkind to the poor.; The poor are trustworthy; The
English were uncivilized people.; The old people should be respected by all.
Rule13: Singular verb is used with the nouns like- furniture, luggage,
information, advice, work, knowledge, equipment, behavior, scenery, traffic,
fruit, electricity, music, progress, weather, nonsense, sense etc.
Ex: Work is worship; The scenery of Kashmir is indeed beautiful.; The furniture of
this house is very beautiful.
Rule14: Plural verb should be used with the nouns like-Scissors, Pants, Trousers,
Binoculars, Tongs, Spectacles, Shorts, Breeches, Shoes, Scales, Glasses, Goggles
etc.
Ex: Where are the scissors?; There are my shoes; Where are my spectacles?
Rule15: With the nouns like- Sheep, Fish, Deer, Pice etc. the following verb
should be written according to the sense of the sentence.
Ex: A sheep is a peaceful animal.; There are many sheep in the field; There are
many deer in this cage; A deer is a peaceful animal.
Rule16: When a sentence starts with the words like- quality, colour, detail, view,
cost, cooperation, smell etc either in singular or plural form, it becomes the
subject of that sentence. If any of the above written words is singular the
following verb will be singular and if the any of these words if plural then the
following verb will be written plural.
Ex: The quality of these mangoes is good; The qualities of these mangoes are
good.
Rule17: If phrases like- a number of, lots of, a lot of , plenty of, a quarter of, part
of, percent of, proportion of , none of , remainder of, two-third of, most of,
some of, majority of, much of, many of, a good deal of, a great deal of, comes in
a sentence then verb should be place according to the number of noun coming
after ‘of’ :
Ex: Plenty of sugar is required; Plenty of chairs are required, A lot of books were
destroyed in the fire; Two-third of the questions are required to be done.
Rule18: When a sentence starts with ‘a number of’ then the verb will be plural
and if the sentence starts with ‘the number of ‘ then the verb will be singular.
Ex: A number of candidates appeared in SSC this year were very large.
The number of English books in this library is small.
Rule19: Singular verb will follow the words like- Everyone, Everybody, Nobody,
Somebody, No one, Each one, Someone.
Ex: Each one was given a gift; Somebody is coming here, Eveyone was happy to
get this news.
Rule20: Singular verb should be written when a sentence starts with Either of ,
Each of, Neither of. Note that after Either of, Neither of, Each of, noun should
always be plural.
Ex: Each of the students was given a gift; Either of the magazines is useful;
Neither of the books is cheap.
REQUISITES OF SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Success of oral or written communication depends upon correct sentence
construction. If inappropriate sentences are constructed, it spoils the whole
meaning and the audience also gets confused.
Definition: “A sentence is systematic and meaningful arrangement of words
and phrases that gives complete sense.” It is divided into: Subject and Predicate
The part of the sentence that tells about the doer of the action is the subject and
the part which tells the action done by the subject is called the predicate.
Ex: Ram hit the ball beyond the boundary.
Note: In the above sentence, Ram is the subject because he is the doer of the
action whereas hit the ball beyond the boundary is the predicate because it tells
the action done by the subject (Ram).
A sentence should be made keeping in mind the type and nature of the message
and audience. Before start writing, one should follow the pre-writing, writing
and re-writing skills or process so that, correct message is conveyed to the
audience and the purpose is solved.
To make effective sentences, we must pay attention on the following:
Choose appropriate sentence pattern: Sentences should be made according to
the need of information and audience. The ideas presented in your sentences
should be clear for the reader or listener to understand. So, a writer or speaker
should have the knowledge of: Proper placing of punctuation marks in sentences,
correct spellings, correct use of parts of speeches (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb,
Adjective, Conjunction, Preposition) according to number and person of the
subject in a sentence. That is if, the subject of a sentence is singular in form, the
verb and pronoun of the sentence will also be singular. If the subject of a
sentence is plural, the verb and pronoun of the sentence will also be plural.
Example: Every boy and girl received his prize.
The captain and the sailors are drowned.
Neither Ram nor Ravi has submitted his fee.
The boys are playing in the ground.
The teacher teaches. (not teach)
Lion roars. (not roar)
Children Play. (not plays)
Rivers flow. (not flows)
Avoid awkward sentence structure: When you do not think about the usage of
correct phrases or clauses or word selection that matches the tense, punctuation
and subject and verb agreement, your sentence becomes awkward and is not
understood by the reader or listener.
Example: He go to the market. (Incorrect)
He goes to the market.
He is elder than me. (Incorrect)
He is elder to me.
The man is standing in black suit. (Incorrect)
The man in black suit is standing.
He is ram whose has got the price. (Incorrect)
He is Ram, who has got the prize.
If you go to the market then I will also go with you (incorrect)
If you go the market then, I will also go with you.
Avoid sentence fragments: Ideas should be expressed in complete sentences
without any fragments. Sentence fragments begin with subordinate conjunctions
like: such, till, until, unless, so, because, still, if, although, though, when, whereas,
for, often etc) and they spoil the entire sense of the sentence. So, it should be
taken into care. A sentence should always begin with the principal clause.
Example: He has not come to school he has fever. (incorrect)
He has not come to school as/because/since he has fever.
I will go out he comes. (incorrect)
I will go out when he comes.
He will not go to school. Since he has got fever. (incorrect)
He will not go to school since he has got fever.
Cutting of trees is a problem. Which has caused air pollution. (incorrect)
Cutting of trees is a problem, which has caused air pollution.
Avoid fused sentences: When you write a long sentence that include complex or
mixed sentences with the use of punctuation marks, your sentences go out of
track and become so confused that your reader and listener do not understand
them.
Example: He has fever he could not come to college. (incorrect)
Since he has fever, he could not come to college.
He was not well yet he played the match. (incorrect)
Although he was not well yet he played the match.
The police caught the thief he was stealing. (incorrect)
The police caught the thief when he was stealing.
Sentence connectives and coherence: Proper connective devices such as: when,
where, who, whose, whom, but, since, for, until, unless, although, though, if,
so, as, whenever, whereas, hence, therefore, it etc must be used at the proper
place in sentences while sentence formation.
Example: I saw a bag near a river. The bag contained some papers. I picked it
from there and reported for it to the police.
Yesterday, I saw a boy who was fighting.
I am opening a new office hence/ therefore I want these items.
Adjust sentence length according to the subject matter: While making any
paragraph, one should always keep in mind the subject matter of discussion
because only the subject matter decides the length of a paragraph. So, in order
to make short and full meaning sentences one should have the knowledge of:
One word substitution, Active voice, short words for wordy phrases, and use of
punctuation marks to cut short the sentence length.
Example: Meet Mr. Mohit, he can speak many languages.
 Meet Mr. Mohit, he is a linguist/polyglot. (One word) Eg.: How hot it is!
This work was done by ten people. (Passive voice) What a beautiful building!
Ten people did this work. (Active voice) Oh! I missed the bus.
This product is selling at a rapid rate. (Wordy phrase) Hurrah! We have won the match.
This product is selling quickly. (Simple and exact word) Alas! We have lost the match.
Kinds of Sentences: Ouch! I have got hurt my finger.
There are four (4) kinds of sentences: (4) Imperative Sentences: A sentence in which some command, advice or
(1) Statement Sentences: Statement sentences are also called Assertive or request is made is called an imperative sentence. These sentences are
Declarative sentences because these are simple sentences. Statement sentences formed either with modal auxiliary verbs or with the use of ‘please, kindly’.
may be in Affirmative and Negative. Eg.: Will you please help me?
Eg.: Ram is a student. Kindly, give me some water.
He is a player. Please post this letter.
Rose is red. Can I have your pen please?
Mohan is the captain of his team. Stand up! Go out! Come in! Keep quiet!
The above sentences are Statement (Assertive or Declarative) sentences. Note that:
Statement sentences are formed with Transitive or Intransitive verbs. A sentence needs a capital letter at the beginning.
Affirmative case: is formed where the sentence is in positive sense. A sentence needs a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point at the end.
Eg.: This knife is sharp A sentence needs a subject.
He is honest. A sentence needs a finite verb (either a simple verb or an auxiliary, such as is,
Negative case: is formed by adding ‘not’ and opposite of the adjectives used in were, has, had, will, can, might, should, do or does, followed by another verb
the Affirmative sentence. form).
Eg: This knife is not blunt. A sentence needs standard word order. In English, the regular sequence is SVO
He is not dishonest. (Subject-Verb-Object), with insertions possible at several points in the sequence.
(2) Interrogative Sentences: A sentence in which some question has been asked A sentence needs an independent "core" idea, which can stand alone. This is
is called an interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentences are formed either known as a main clause or an independent clause.
with “what, which, who, when, where, why, how” or with auxiliary verbs such as: Good Sentence in Technical Writing demands:
“can, could, shall, will, should, would, may, might, are, is, am, was, were, would” (a) Clarity
Eg: Where are you going? (b) Accuracy
When will you go? (c) Brevity
How will you do it? Clarity and Accuracy are essential for good sentence writing. Inappropriate or
Are you writing a story? loosely constructed sentence never gives clear meaning and the reader gets
May I come in? confused. This confusion delays the feedback. As a result, the entire process of
(3) Exclamatory Sentences: A sentence which expresses feelings such as “joy, communication gets held up. Therefore, it is important to learn, write correct
sorrow, anger, surprise, love, hatred, jealousy, wonder etc.” are exclamatory and effective sentences in order to compose a technical write up. Brevity is the
sentences. These are formed form the words like: Oh! Hurrah!, Alas!, Wow!, soul of good writing. One must try to be as brief as possible. Every sentence
Great! should gibe maximum information in minimum number of words.
Let us understand the features of Effective Sentences: For example:
1. Unity: Building grammatically correct sentences to a regular plan is called The young boy climbed a tall tree.
grammatical unity of sentences. A sentence containing one idea at a time with all If you want to say more about how he climbed the tree you can use an adverb.
its parts contributing to strengthen the main idea is called the Unity of sentence. For example:
2. Coherence: Coherence in a sentence implies how various parts are sticking to The young boy quickly climbed a tall tree.
each other with no unnecessary use of words, abbreviations, jargons, acronyms The sentence becomes more interesting as it gives the reader or listener more
and other such uses with which there arises confusion in reading. For coherence, information.
sentences parts must be balanced and the qualifying sentences must be placed There are more things you can add to enrich your sentence.
close by the modifying noun, pronoun or adjective. Parts of a sentence Description
3. Use of familiar and easy words: In professional and technical writing, instead Adjective Describes things or people.
of unfamiliar words, familiar words should be used. Technical writing does not Adverb Alters the meaning of the verb slightly
demand ornamental language and styling in presentation. Hence, a writer should
a, an - indefinite articles
not use too many words where few would do. Article
the - definite articles
4. Use of clear sentences: Clear sentences can only be framed when a writer has
Conjunction Joins words or sentences together
the knowledge of Subject-Verb Agreement i.e. if, he knows that for singular
subject, the verb will singular and with plural subject, the verb will be plural, Interjection A short word showing emotion or feeling
then, the constructed sentences will never be wrong. He must also take care Noun Names things
about the use of Punctuation Marks because, only punctuation marks can give Preposition Relates one thing to another
clarity in expression with correct rhythm, stress and pause. Pronoun used instead of a noun to avoid repetition
5. Use sentences of moderate length: It is said that “too many cooks spoil the Proper noun (subject) The actual names of people or places etc.
food” in the same way if, in a sentence, the writer will ignore the use of correct Verb Action or doing word
placing of punctuation signs or if, he fails to make short and meaningful
sentences, there will always be barriers in communication process. Generally, What makes a complete sentence?
sentences of 12 to 25 words should be written in a line. If it helps you, think about a sentence as if it were a skeleton, the skeleton
Building a sentence contains various bones and these bones are put together to form different parts
A sentence is a group of words which starts with a capital letter and ends with a of the body. So are sentences formed by words, the words are the bones and
full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). A sentence contains or they are put together in different ways to form sentences.
implies a predicate and a subject. Simple Sentences
Sentences can contain subjects and objects. A simple sentence contains a single subject and predicate. It describes only one
The subject in a sentence is generally the person or thing carrying out an action. thing, idea or question, and has only one verb - it contains only an independent
The object in a sentence is involved in an action but does not carry it out, the (main) clause.
object comes after the verb. Any independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It has a subject and a
For example: verb and expresses a complete thought.
The boy climbed a tree. For example:
If you want to say more about the subject (the boy) or the object (the tree), you  Jill reads.
can add an adjective.
Even the addition of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to a simple Example: at, in, for, from, of , off, in, into, with, within, under, beneath,,
sentence does not change it into a complex sentence. underneath, over, above, across, between, since, to, on, by, beyond, along,
For example: alongwith, because, by means of, for the sake of, in accordance with, with
 The brown dog with the red collar always barks loudly. reference to, in addition to, in case of, in spite of, in place of, instead of,
Even if you join several nouns with a conjunction, or several verbs with a according to, at, about, ago, before, in view of, due to, etc.
conjunction, it remains a simple sentence. Usage:
For example: At: is used for:
 The dog barked and growled loudly.  Specific time
Compound Sentences  Specific place
Compound sentences are made up of two or more simple sentences combined  Specific point
using a conjunction such as and, or, but. They are made up of more than one  Small places
independent clause joined together with a co-coordinating conjunction.  Position of somebody/ something
For example: Example:
"The sun was setting in the west and the moon was just rising."  The meeting will start at 10 O’ Clock.
Each clause can stand alone as a sentence.  He will meet you at the railway station
For example:  The letter is dropped at the door
"The sun was setting in the west. The moon was just rising."  SMS is situated at Sultanpur road
Every clause is like a sentence with a subject and a verb. A coordinating  He must be at the library now.
conjunction goes in the middle of the sentence, it is the word that joins the two In: is used for:
clauses together, the most common are (and, or, but)  Enclosed area (for 3D dimensions including LxBxH)
For example:  Stationary position of something
 I walked to the shops, but my husband drove.  Profession/ occupation
 I might watch the film, or I might visit my friends.  Months/year/long periods/part of day
 My friend enjoyed the film, but she didn't like the actor.  Showing specific time
Complex Sentences Example:
Complex sentences describe more than one thing or idea and have more than  The students are sitting in the classroom.
one verb in them. They are made up of more than one clause, an independent  The furniture is in the drawing room.
clause (that can stand by itself) and a dependent (subordinate) clause (which  He is in the medical line.
cannot stand by itself).  The exams will start in May.
For example:  The rainfall was very low in 2014
"My mother likes dogs that don't bark."  Man used to live in the caves in the prehistoric age.
Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival.  I use to go for a walk in the morning.
Preposition
 I will come back in 5 minutes.
Definition: Words that are placed before noun or pronoun to show the relation
On: is used for:
of noun or pronoun with something else in a sentence.
 Surface
 Contact
  Date  Material
 Days Example:
 Cause  He is a cousin of mine
 Place  The keys of this lock is missing
Example:  They died of cholera
 The kite fell on the roof.  This window is made of glass
 The kettle is kept on the fire Off: is used for:
 We celebrate Independence day on August 15  Separation
 I shall meet the doctor on next Sunday Example:
 He stopped the bus on my request.  The trees rooted off the ground
 He must be travelling on the road by now. Over: is used for:
With: is used for:  Height
 Instrument  Covering in contact with the other thing/person
 Possession  Position
 Support Example:
 Making process  The parrot is sitting over the branch of that tree
 In the company of  There is a carpet over the floor
 Cause  A lamp a hanging over the door
Example:  A plane is flying over the field
 We write with pen Above: is used for:
 The boy with black hat is my friend  Price /weight/ Age
 We are with you in your struggle  Rank/ Position
 Pudding is made with milk Example:
 He is living with his aunt  She is above 75
 He is trembling with fear/cold  The apples are selling above 90 Rs a kg
Within: is used for:  A field marshal is above a general in rank
 Before the said period of time For: is used for:
 Area or surrounding  Purpose
Example:  Destination
 I will come back within 5 minutes.  Price
 My college is within 2 kilometers of my house  Cause
 This medicine is within the reach of even poor people  Distance
Of: is used for:  Period of time
 Relationship or ownership Example:
 Part of something  The convict was caught for crime
 Cause  This is a train for Jhansi
  I bought this shirt for Rs 2500  I am going to Delhi by bus
 Varanasi is famous for silk sarees  ‘Shakuntala’ play is written by Kalidasa
 She walks for two kilometers every morning  We can achieve great success by our will power
 He has lived in India for ten years  This room is 10 ft by 20 ft
During: is used for:  He went to Srinagar by the Jawahar tunnel
 Period of time from the beginning to the end  The meeting shall start by 10 O’clock
Example:  It is 9 O’clock by my watch
 I stayed in Shimla during summers Into: is used for:
Since: is used for:  Movement
 Point of time  Change of shape or size
Example: Example:
 He has been watching TV since 7 P.M.  The teacher came into the class
From: is used for:  The sculpture converted the stone piece into a beautiful statue
 Point of time To: is used for:
 Starting point  Direction
 Origin of something/Person  Preference
 Separation/ Removal Example:
 Cause  We are sailing to the north of the ocean
 Making of something  I prefer coffee to tea
Example: Under: is used for:
 The tournament will start from next Monday  Position of something
 This train starts from Lucknow and goes till Delhi  Rank
 Mr. Venkatesh is from Tamil Nadu  State or condition
 Leaves are falling from trees Example:
 The bus will just 10 minutes from my house to the mall  The ball is lying under the table
 He is suffering from fever  He is working under his boss
 Curd is made from milk  This building is under construction
By: is used for: Note: Read rest of the Prepositions from either internet or from the books
 Doer or agent available in the library.
 Means of transport
 Result
 Dimensions
 Approximate time
 Clock/ watch
 Route
Example: