Transformer Note

LECTURE ON
TRANSFORMER
WE SHAPE THE DREAM

Transformer
Lecture Will Cover:
 Working Principle
 Construction & different parts of transformer
 Banking
 Classification
 EMF Equation
 Equivalent Circuit & Equivalent Impedance
 Vector Diagram
 Transforming Testing
 Voltage Regulation
 Loss, Efficiency & 24-Hour Efficiency
 Per Unit Method
 Auto-Transformer
 Transformer Taping
Frequently Asked Question (FAQ):
1) Ab¨vb¨ mKj ê`y¨wZK ‡gwk‡bi Zzjbvq transformer Gi efficiency †ewk †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki|
Answer: There is no moving part
2) Flux linkage, Leakage flux ej‡Z wK eyS?
Answer: Flux Linkage: The flux induced in primary coil and links with secondary coil (𝜑𝑚 )
Leakage Flux: The flux escape from core and passes through the winding is called leakage flux. Which
is caused self-inductance (XS or XP) of the winding.
3) cvIqvi UªvÝdigvi Kv‡K e‡j?
Answer: Power Transformers are used in Transmission network so they do not directly connect to the
consumers
4) What is mutual induction?
Answer: When the current in the neighbouring coil changes, emf is induced in the coil called
Mutually Induced emf and the phenomenon is known as Mutual Inductance.
5) If primary of a transformer connects with DC source, what will be happened?
Answer: The Output power will be zero & due to absence of inductance excessive current will be
flow through primary coil. Hence primary coil may burns
6) GKwU 50nvR© UªvÝdgv©i‡K 60nv‡R© Pvjv‡bv hv‡e wK bv, e¨vL¨v Ki|
Answer: Voltage should be reduced by one-sixth. Either magnetic current will be unacceptable.
7) Uviwkqvwi IqvBwÛs wK?
Answer: Means third winding; connected with delta connection to eliminate third harmonic
components of voltage.
9) UªvÝdgv©i †Kv‡i wmwjKb Ges †jwg‡b‡UW wkU †Kb eënvi Kiv nq?
Answer: To reduce magnetic hysteresis and eddy current loss
10) ONAN I ONAF wK?
Answer: Oil Natural Air Natural & Oil Natural Air Force
11) M¨vm Bbmy‡j‡UW UªvÝdgv©i wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?
Answer: SF6 used as cooling and insulation medium
12) PRD wK Ges GB wWfvB‡mi KvR wK?
Answer: Pressure Realise Device (PRD) used to
Join Our FB Group School of Engineers

Transformer
13) OLTC Ges NLTC ej‡Z wK eySvq?
Answer: On Load Tap Changer & No Load Tap Changer
14) UªvÝdgv©‡ii †iwUs wK‡jvIqv‡Ui wjL‡j wK mgm¨v n‡e?
Answer: Active power affected by power factor which is vary with nature of load.
15) UªvÝdgv©‡ii KLb Ges †Kb nvwgs nq?
Answer: The main cause of transformer noise is the Magnetostriction Effect. This is where the
dimensions of ferromagnetic materials change upon contact with a magnetic field.
16) TCUL Transformer wK?
Answer: Tap Changing under Load Transformer is a special transformer used as voltage regulator
which can automatically change taps with variable voltage.
17) UªvÝdgv©‡i †Z‡ji cwie‡Z© mvjdvi †n·v d¬zivBW †Kb eënvi Kiv nq bv?
Answer: Now a days SF6 insulated transformer becomes popular.
18) Who Invented Transformer?
Answer: William Stanley, 1885
19) Importance of transformer
Answer: Reduce current as well as loss and drop in transmission by stepping up voltage.
20) Brief: Unit Transformer, Substation Transformer, Teaser Transformer

Answer: Unit Transformer: The transformer which one is used to step up the generated voltage into
grid voltage.
Substation Transformer: The transformer used in substation to step down the grid voltage into
distribution level.
Teaser Transformer: The transformer of Scott-Connection which one is used to tapping the main
transformer.
Teaser Transformer
21) Explain Dot Convention

Answer:
If the primary voltage is positive in dotted end, then secondary voltage will be positive in dotted end.
Primary current flows as source and secondary as a load.

Transformer
21) Magnetization Current, Excitation Current, Core-loss Current
Answer: Magnetization Current: The current is required to produce the flux in the transformer core.
Excitation Current: The total no load current in the core is called excitation current.
Core-loss Current: The current required to make up for hysteresis and eddy current losses.
22) Why does short circuit test measure only Cu-Loss or I2R Loss?
Answer: Short circuit test performed in low voltage. Due to low voltage excitation current is ignored
and copper loss is considered.
23) Why does open circuit test measure only Core Loss or Excitation Loss?
Answer: Since series element (XP and RP) value is negligible in respect to high value of Ro and Xo
24) Problem Y-Y connection & how it can solve
Answer: problems in Y-Y connected transformer:
a) If load on the transformer circuit are unbalanced, then the voltage on the phases of the
transformer can become severely unbalanced.
b) Third harmonic voltages can be large
How to eliminate the problems:
a) Solidly ground the neutrals of the transformer. The connection permits the additive third-
harmonic components to cause a current flow in the neutral instead of building up large
voltages.
b) Add a tertiary winding to a delta connected transformer.
25) What do you understand by Dyn1?
Answer: D (Capital letter) stands for high voltages, y (Small letter) stands for low voltages. N for
neutral, z for interconnected star. 1 for displacement 300. Primary leads secondary by 300 leading.

Transformer
1) UªvÝdigvi wK? Dnvi †kªYx wefvM ¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t UªvÝdigvi t UªvÝdigvi Ggb GKwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj ÷¨vwUK wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ges cvIqv‡ii cwieZ©b bv K‡i
K‡qj Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvbiƒc ê`y¨wZK ms‡hvM QvovB B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb Dcv‡q ‰e`y¨wZK GbvRx© GK eZ©bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ©bx‡Z
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|
2) †kªYx wefvM t †Kvi, K‡qj, AvKvi AvK…wZ, kxZjxKib Ges eënv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i UªvÝdigvi wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K|
(K) Kvh©cÖYvjx Abyhvqx t
1| †÷c Avc UªvÝdivgi (Step up Transformer)
2| †÷c WvDb UªvÝdigvi (Step down Transformer)
(L) †Kv‡ii MVb Abymv‡i t
1| †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (core type Transformer)
2| †kj UvBc UªvÝdigvi (shell type Transformer)
3| ¯úvBivj †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (spiral core type Transformer)
(M) eënvi ev cÖ‡qvM Abymv‡i t

1| cvIqvi UªvÝdigvi (Power Transformer)- Used in Transmission Network

Transformer
2| wWw÷ªweDkb UªvÝdigvi (Distribution Transformer)- Used in Distribution Network
3| A‡Uv UªvÝdigvi (Auto Transformer)- Special type of electrical transformer with only one winding
4| BÝUªy‡g›U UªvÝdigvi (InstrumentTransformer)- Used for measuring purpose
Bnv Avevi `yB ai‡bi t
(i) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi
(ii) c‡Ubwkqvj UªvÝdigvi|
(N) kxZjxKib c×wZ Abymv‡i t
1| ¯^vfvweK ev b¨vPvivj Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Natural cooled Transformer)
2| D”P Pvchy³ evZvm Øviv Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Forced Air cooled Transformer)
(3) ˆZ‡j wbgw¾Z †mjd Kzwjs UªvÝdigvi (Oil filled self cooled Transformer)
(4) ‰Z‡j wbgw¾Z cvwb Øviv Kzwjs UªvÝdivgi (Oil filled water cooled Transformer)
(O) ¯’vcb cÖYvjxi Dci wfwË K‡i t
1| Bb‡Wvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (Indoor typy Transformer)
2| AvDU‡Wvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (Outdoor type Transformer)
3| †cvj gvD‡›UW UªvÝdigvi (pole mounted Transformer)
4| AvÛvi MÖvDÛ UªvÝdigvi (Under ground Transformer)
(P) wd«Kz‡qwÝ Abyhvqx t
1| AwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ UªvÝdigvi (Audio frequency Transformer)
2| †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ UªvÝdigvi (Radio frequency Transformer)
(Q) †d‡Ri msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i t
1| wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigvi (1- Transformer)
2| cwj †dR UªvÝdigvi (Poly phase Transformer)
3) UªvÝdigvi Gi g~j Ask ¸‡jvi bvg wjL|
(K) IqvBwÛs (L) KbRvi‡fUi
(M) †Kvi (N) eªx`vi
(O) Bbmy‡jUi (P) Bbmy‡jkb I‡qj

Transformer
(Q) eywks (R) U¨vsK
(S) †f›U cvBc (T) eyLjR ix‡j|
4) UªvÝdigv‡ii Kvh©cÖYvjx wjL| UªvÝdigv‡ii kZ© mg~n wjL|

DËi:
UªvÝdigv‡ii Kvh©cÖYvjx : UªvÝdigv‡i GKB g¨vMv‡bwUK d¬v‡·i Aax‡b `ywU mvwK©U ev K‡qj wgDPzqvj BÛvk‡bi gva¨‡g mswkøó nq| wP‡Î
`ywU BÛvKwUf K‡qj Df‡qi g‡a¨ ê`y¨wZK ms‡hvM e¨ZxZ GKwU Awfbœ j¨vwg‡b‡UW †Kv‡ii mv‡_ Pz¤^Kxqfv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q| K‡qj¸wj †jv-
wij¨vK‡UÝ I D”Pgv‡bi wgDPzqvj BÛvK‡UÝ wewkó, K‡qj `ywUi g‡a¨ Gwm †mv‡m©i mv‡_ mshy³ K‡qj‡K (cÖ_gv K‡qj) primary coil
Ges †jv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡qj‡K Secondary coil e‡j| Gi †h †Kvb GKwU K‡q‡j Aëvi‡bwUs †fv‡ëR cÖ‡qvM Kivi m‡½ m‡½
cwieZ©bkxj Kv‡i›U D³ †Kv‡i cwieZb©kxj Pz¤^Kxq ej‡iLv m„wó K‡i hv cvk©¦eZx© K‡q‡j mswkøó n‡q Zv‡K KZ©b K‡i| d‡j D³ K‡q‡j
di
d¨viv‡Wi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb bxwZ (e=M dt ) Abyhvqx wgDPzq¨vjx voltage Avweó nq| G Avweó †fv‡ëRB UªvÝdigvi †fv‡ëR
Ges GB †fv‡ëR Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv‡K UªvÝdigvi G¨vKkb ejv nq| wØZxq K‡q‡j †jvW ms‡hvM Ki‡j eZ©bx‡Z Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq| Gfv‡e
ê`y¨wZK GbvwR© GK eZ©bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ©bx‡Z B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb Dcv‡q ¯’vbvšÍi Ki hvq|
5) GKwU UªvÝdigvi wb¤œewY©Z kZ© cvjb K‡i _v‡K ev UªvÝdgv©‡ii êwkó¨t
1| Dfq K‡q‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvbiƒc ê`y¨wZK ms‡hvM QvovB ê`y¨wZK GbvwR© (A.C Power) GK eZ©bx n‡Z Av‡iK eZ©bx‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i
_v‡K|
2| mvcøvB wdKy‡qwÝ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
3| B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb bxwZ‡Z KvR K‡i|
4| K‡qjØq Pz¤^Kxqfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K|
5| Dfq K‡q‡ji AvcvZ cvIqvi me mgq mgvb _v‡K|
6| AC Power ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i|
6) wgDPzqvj d¬v· ej‡Z wK eyS? UªvÝdigv‡ii B,Gg,Gd mgxKib wjL|
DËi t wgDPzqvj d¬¨v· t UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix‡Z Gwm †fv‡ëR cÖ‡qvM Kwi‡j cÖvBgvwii †h d¬v· Drcbœ n‡q †Kv‡ii gva¨‡g †m‡KÛvix‡Z
hvq| Bnv‡K wgDPzqvj d¬v· e‡j|
UªvÝdigvi Gi mgxKib wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj t

Transformer
awi, NP = cÖvBgvix cvK msL¨v|
NS = †m‡KÛvix cvK msL¨v|
m = ‡Kv‡i m‡e©v”P d¬¨v·|
= Bm A
 = wd«Kz‡qwÝ
d¨viv‡Wi m~Î n‡Z,
dm
Eave = N dt volt.
= N. Error! volt.
= 4Nm volt.
B‡dKwUf BbwWDmW& B.Gg.Gd
From factor
Eeff = 4mN  1.11 volt. 𝐸
[𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1.11]
= 4.44 Nmvolt. 𝑎𝑣𝑒
cÖvBgvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

EP = 4.44Np m volt
†m‡KÛvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

ES = 4.44NSm volt.
V1 I E1 N1 I2
7) GKwU Two winding UªvÝdigv‡ii †¶‡Î †`LvI †h, V = 2 A_ev †`LvI †h, E = N = I
2 I1 2 2 1
Avgiv Rvwb, Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Gi †¶‡Î

Input VA = output VA
i.e I1E1 = I2E2
E I
 1  2 .........(i)
E2 I1
Again, we know,
EP = 4.44 Np m [For primary.]
ES = 4.44 NS m [For Secondary.]
EP NP
 E = N [ Ep = E1 & ES = E2
S S
& NP = N1 & NS = N2 ]
E N1
 1 = N .................(ii)
E2 2
From (i) & (ii) we have

E1 N1 I2
E = N = I (Showed)
2 2 1
8) ‡`LvI †h, UªvÝdigv‡ii BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU cvIqvi mgvb

Proof: Es Is = 4.44 × f × φm × Ns × Is
Avgiv Rvwb Avgiv Rvwb, Uvb© †iwkI
Ep = 4.44 × f × φm × Np Ep Np Is
= =
Es = 4.44 × f × φm × Ns Es Ns Ip
𝐼𝑝 = primary current Ep Ip 4.44×f×φm ×Np ×Ip
=
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.44×f×φm ×Ns ×Is
Is = secondary current
Ep Ip Np 𝐼𝑝
cÖvBgvix K‡q‡ji cvIqvi = ×
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 Ns 𝐼𝑠
Ep Ip = 4.44 × f × φm × Np × Ip
‡m‡KÛvix K‡q‡ji cvIqvi
Transformer
Ep Ip 𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑝 Ep Ip = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 (proved)
= ×
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑆
Ep Ip
=1
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
9) UªvÝdigv‡ii air blast cooling ej‡Z wK eySvq?
DËi t Air Blast Cooling t Winding section Ges core Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q ventilating ducts †fZ‡i wnU‡K wgwbgvBRW
Kivi Rb¨ air blast cooling eënvi Kiv nq|
EMF Equation & Turn ratio Related Math

Transformer
GKwU 300 KVA, 11000/550 V, 50Hz †Wëv- óvi †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigv‡ii d¬v· 0.05b ‡ei Ki|
(i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW I †jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W cÖwZ †d‡R cu¨vP|
(ii) cÖwZ cu¨v‡P B.Gg.Gd|
(iii) nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW I †jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U|
Solution:
Avgiv Rvwb, E = 4.44 f N m
(i) cÖvBgvix mvB‡W,

11000 = 4.44  50  N1 0.05 [ GVP=V2]
11000
N1 = = 990.99
4.44  50 0.05

Transformer
†m‡KÛvix mvB‡W,
550/ 3 = 4.44  50 N2 0.05
N2 = 28.6 Turns (Ans.) [Y G VP = Error!]
(ii) B,Gg,Gd cÖwZ c¨v‡P
11000
= 991 = 11.1 volt (Ans.)
(iii) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U
= Error!= 9.1 Amp (Ans.)
†jv-†fv‡ëR mvB‡W †dR Kv‡i›U
= Error!= 315 Amp (Ans.)
GKwU 3300/230 V, 50Hz 1- UªvÝdigv‡ii m‡e©v”P d¬v‡·i NbZ¡ 1.2b/m2 | †Kv‡ii cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj 150cm2|
cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix cu¨vP evwni Ki|
Solution:
Bm= 1.2b/m2
[A = 150 cm2 = 150  104 m2]
m = Bm  A
= 1.2 150 104
= .018 wb
Avgiv Rvwb, E = 4.44 f N m
cÖvBgvixi Rb¨, 3300 = 4.44  50  N1  0.018
N1 = 826 Turns (Ans.)
†m‡KÛvixi Rb¨, 230 = 4.44  50 N2 0.018
N2 = 58 turns. (Ans.)
400 cÖvBgvix Ges 1000 †m‡KÛvix UvY© wewkó GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kv‡ii µm †mKkb Gwiqv 60cm2| hw`
cÖvBgvix 520V, 50Hz gv‡bi GKwU mvcøvB Gi mv‡_ mshy³ nq Zvn‡j (i) d¬v· †WbwmwUi m‡e©v”P gvb (ii) †m‡KÛvix IqvBwÛs
G Avweó †fv‡ëR Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
Solution:
(i) Avgiv Rvwb,
E  4.44 fN 1 Bm  A volt
520
 Bm   9.76  105 wb / cm2
4.44  50  400  60
(ii) Avgiv Rvwb,
E  4.44 fN 2 Bm  A volt
E2  4.44  50  400  9.76  10 5  60  520 volt
Example from Charles I. Hubert

Transformer
Equivalent Circuit & Equivalent Impedance Related Math

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix †iwR÷¨vÝ R1 = 0.8 , wi‡qKU¨vÝ X1= 3.2 , †m‡KÛvix †iwRt R2 = 0.009 , †m‡KÛvix
wi‡qKU¨vÝ X2 = 0.03, hw` UªvÝdigviwU 25KVA, 2300/230 nq Z‡e evwni Ki R01,X01, Z01, R02, X02, Z02 Ges
Kcvi jm|
Solution:
V2 230 1
Avgiv Rvwb, K = V = 2300 = 10
1
R2 0.009
 R01= R1+R'2 = R1 + K2 = 0.8 + (1/ )2
10

Transformer
= 1.7(Ans)
X2 0.03
X01 = X1+X'2 = X1 + K2 = 3.2 + (1/ )2
10
= 6.2 (Ans)
R02 = R2+R'1 = R2+K2R1

1
= 0.009 + (10 )2 0.8 = 0.017 (Ans.)
1
X02 = X2+X'1=X2+K2X1 = 0.03 +(10 )2 3.2
= 0.062  (Ans.)
Z01 = R012+X012 = 1.72+6.22
= 6.42 (Ans.)
Z02 = R022+X022 = 0.0172+0.0622
= 0.0642 (Ans.)
Kcvi jm t
IP = I1 = cÖvBgvix Current
251000
I1 = 2300 = 10.87 A.
 I2pR01 = (10.87)2  1.7
= 200.86 Watt. (Ans)
25000
Similarly, IS = 230 = 108.69 Amp.
†m‡KÛvixi mv‡c‡¶ Power loss or
Cu loss = I2SR02
= (108.69)2  0.017
= 200.83 watt (Ans.)
GKwU 30KVA, 2400/120V, 50Hz UªvÝdigv‡ii nvB †fv‡ëR IqvBwÛs †iwR÷¨vÝ 0.1 Ges wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ 0.22|
†jv-†fv‡ëR IqvBwÛs †iwR÷¨vÝ 0.035 Ges wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ 0.012| †ei Ki mgZzj¨ †iwR÷¨vÝ, wiqvK‡UÝ Ges
Bw¤ú‡WÝt (i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶ (ii) ‡jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶
Solution:
120 1
K = 2400 = 20
R1 = 0.1, X1 = 0.22
R2 = 0.035, X2 = 0.012
(i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶

R01 = R1+R2' = R1+R2/K2
= 0.1+ 0.035 202
= 14.1 (Ans.)
X01 = X1+ X2
= X1 + X2/k2
= 0.22 + 0.012 (20)2
= 5.02 (Ans.)
Z01 = X012+R012
= 5.022+14.12
= 14.97  (Ans.)
Transformer
GKwU 10 KVA, 2300/230Volt UªvÝdigv‡ii kU© mvwK©U †Uó n‡Z wb‡Pi WvUv¸‡jv cvIqv †Mjt
Vsc= 137 Volt
Psc=192 Watt
Isc=4.34 Amp
‡ei Ki t K. R01 ,X01,Z01 L. R02,X02,Z02
Solution: = 0.102Ω (Ans)
K. R01=
Psc
=
192 X02 = Z 022  R022
I Sc 2 4.34 2
= 0.315 2  0.102 2 = 0.2988Ω (Ans)
= 10.1935Ω (Ans)
V 137 (ii) ‡jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶ t
Z01= sc =
I Sc 4.34 R02 = R2+R1'
= 31.56Ω (Ans) = R2+R1k2
0.1
X01= Z 012  R012 = 0.035+202 = 0.03525
= 31 .56 2  10 .15 2 X02 = X2+X1k2

= 29.8757Ω (Ans) = 0.012+0.22/202
1 = 0.01255
L. Z02 =  Z 01 2300
a2 a=  10 Z02 = R022+X022
230 = 0.035252+0.012552
31.56
=
10 2 = 0.0374
= 0.3156Ω (Ans) A_ev Z02 = Z01k2
1 10.1935 14.97
R02 = 2  R01 = = 202 = 0.0374
a 10 2

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
Example from Stephen J. Chapman

Transformer
b)

Transformer
10) wj‡KR d¬v‡·i Amyweav t

1. g~j ej‡iLv‡K evav †`q|
2. UªvÝdigv‡ii `ÿZv Kwg‡q †`q|
3. w¯’i †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb cvIqv hvq bv|
4. wj‡KR d¬v‡·i Kvi‡Y jm ev‡o|

Transformer
11) †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb GZ Kg nq †Kb?
DËi t †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvwi‡Z Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb Lye Kg nq Kvib UªvÝdigvi wWRvB‡bi mgq Gi IqvBwÛs G cÖ‡qvRbxq
msL¨K Uvb© †`qv nq| d‡j D”Pgv‡bi BÛvKwUf mvwK©‡U cwiYZ nq| GLb GB D”Pgv‡bi Bw¤ú‡WÝ wewkó mvwK©‡U hLb †fv‡ëR Av‡ivwcZ
Kiv nq| ZLb †mjd BÛvKk‡bi (Self induction) Kvi‡b KvD›Uvi B,Gg,Gd m„wó n‡q cÖvBgvix Kv‡iU‡K mxwgZ iv‡L| GRb¨B †bv-
†jvW Ae¯’vq †bv-†jvW Kv‡i‡›Ui cwigvb LyeB Kg nq|
Vector Diagram Related Math

12) †bv-†jvW †f±i diagram AsKb Ki Ges Bnvi wewfbœ K‡¤úv‡b‡›Ui msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Ki?
DËi t †bv-†jvW †fv‡ëR (No-load voltage) t †bv †jvW †fv‡ëR ej‡Z UªvÝdigv‡ii †m‡KÛvwi †jvWwenxb Ae¯’vq †Lvjv †i‡L
cÖvBgvwi‡Z †h †i‡UW Voltage (VP) cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †m cwigvb Voltage †K †bv-†jvW †fv‡ëR e‡j|
†bv-†jvW Kv‡i›U t UªvÝdigv‡ii †bv-†jvW Ae¯’vq cÖvBgvwi IqvBwÛs G †h mvgvb¨ cwigvb Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡KB †bv-†jvW Kv‡i›U e‡j|
G Kv‡i‡›Ui `yBwU K‡¤úv‡b›U _v‡K| GKwU K‡¤úv‡b›U‡K g¨vM‡bUvBwRs K‡¤úv‡b›U (I) e‡j, hv †Kv‡i wgDPzq¨vj d¬v·‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i
iv‡L|
wØZxq K‡¤cv‡b›U‡K IqvwK©s K‡¤úv‡b›U (Iw) e‡j hv mvcøvB Voltage (VP) Gi mv‡_ GKB †d‡R Ae¯’vb K‡i †Kvi jm ( GwW Kv‡i›U
jm I wnm‡U‡iwmm jm) K‡i _v‡K| Iw mieivn n‡Z cvIqvi MÖnY K‡i weavq Bnv‡K G¨vKwUf K‡¤úv‡b›U I e‡j|
No-load vector diagram:
No load vector diagram.

13) diagram ‡iwRwóW †jvW or Unity P. †¶‡Î Gi †¶‡Î Transformer vector A¼b Kiæb|

Transformer
For Resistive load Gi Vector diagram.
14) BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î Vector diagram AsKb Ki t
Lagging P. Gi Rb¨ Vector diagram.
15) Capacitive load Gi †¶‡Î Vector diagram.
Vector diagram for capacitive load.
GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix‡Z cu¨vP h_vµ‡g 800 I 200 | hLb 0.8 P.f j¨vwMs G †m‡KÛvix Kv‡i›U 80A ZLb
0.707 P. f j¨vwMs G cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U 25A| wj‡KR Wªc‡K bMb¨ a‡i †bv-†jvW cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U wbY©q Ki|

Transformer
mgvavb t
200 1
K = 800 = 4
I2 = 80A
1
I2'= KI2 = 4 80 = 20A
2 = Cos1 0.8 = 36.9
I1 = 25A
1 = Cos1 0.707 = 45
Avgiv Rvwb, I1 = I2' + Io

Io = I1I2'
= 25 4520 36.9
= 5.914 73.4 A
 †bv-†jvW cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U =5.914 A Bnv cÖvBgvix †fv‡ë‡Ri Zzjbvq 73.4 j¨vwMs| (Ans.)
Transformer Testing
18) UªvÝdigv‡ii ‡Uó †Kb Kiv nq?

DËi t GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv Bnvi mgZzj¨ mvwK©‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i wnmve Kiv nq| hvnv PviwU Dcv`vb (parameters) wb‡q MwVZ
†hgb mgZzj¨ †iwR÷¨vÝ R01 ev R02, mgZzj¨ wj‡KR weqvK‡UÝ X01 ev X02, †Kvi jm& †iwR÷¨vÝ Ro, g¨vM‡bUvBwRs wiqvK‡UÝ Xo, GB
aªæeK (constant/ perameters) ¸‡jv A‡cb mvwK©U I kU© mvwK©U †U‡ói gva¨‡g Lye mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq|
19) UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U †U÷ Ges I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ n‡Z wK wK c¨vivwgUvi wbY©q Kiv hvq D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t kU© mvwK©U †Uó t †m‡KÛvix IqvBwÛs‡K kU© K‡i †h †Uó Kiv nq Zv‡K kU© mvwK©U †Uó e‡j| GB †Uó Gi †¶‡Î mvavibZ †jv †fv‡ëR
mvB‡W kU© Kiv nq| mgZzj¨ †iwRó¨vÝ I mgZzj¨ wj‡KR wiqvK‡UÝ (R01 I X01) GB †U‡ói gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| GB †U‡ó †h cvIqvi
AcPq(IqvUwgUv‡ii cvV) nq Zv‡K Kcvi jm wnmv‡e aiv nq| Z‡e wKQy †Kvi jm nq hv bMb¨| GB †Uó †i‡UW Kv‡i›U G Kiv nq|
†U‡ói cvV t
PSC, VSC, ISC
LV side
PSC VSC
R01 = I 2 , Z01 = I
SC SC
X01 = Z 012  R012

ISC †i‡UW Kv‡i‡›Ui mgvb|
HV side
ISC = ‡m‡KÛvix †i‡UW Kv‡i›U
[we t `ª t UªvÝdigvi †U‡ói †¶‡Î †h‡Kvb IqvBwÛs mvB‡W BÝUª‡g›U jvwM‡q A‡cb I kU© mvwK©U †U÷ Kiv hvq| Z‡e wKQy AwZwi³ myweavi
Rb¨ (cv‡Vi myweav) A‡cb mvwK©U †Uó Gi †¶‡Î nvB †fv‡ëR mvBW A‡cb Kiv nq Ges kU© mvwK©U †Uó Gi †¶‡Î †jv †fv‡ëR mvBW kU©
Kiv nq|]
20) UªvÝdigv‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †Uó eb©bv Ki|
DËi t I‡cb mvwK©U †Uó t hw` †m‡KÛvix IqvBwÛs‡K A‡cb †i‡L cÖvBgvix‡Z †gRvwis BÝUªy‡g›U jvMv‡bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K I‡cb mvwK©U †Uó
e‡j| GB †Uó Gi †¶‡Î mvavibZ †jv †fv‡ëR mvB‡W BÝUªy‡g›U jvMv‡bv nq| †Kvi jm †iwR÷¨vÝ (R0), g¨vM‡bUvBwRs wiqvK‡UÝ (X0)
I †Kvi jm (P0) wbY©q KivB GB †U‡ói D‡Ïk¨|
IqvU wgUvi cvV = †Kvi jm = P0
G¨vwgUvi cvV = †bv †jvW Kv‡i›U = I0
†fvëwgUvi cvV = Vo

Transformer
 Po = Io2Ro
Po
R0 = I 2
o
Avevi,
Po = VoIocos o
Po
Cos o = V I
o o
†bv-†jvW Kv‡i‡›Ui `yBwU Ask GKwU IqvwK©s Kv‡i›U AciwU g¨vM‡bUvBwRs Kv‡i›U|
Iw = Io Coso
I = IoSino
Vo Vo
Xo = =
I IoSin o
Vo Vo
Ges Ro = I =
w IoCoso

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
Transformer Testing Related Math

Transformer
GKwU 20KVA, 2200/220V, 50Hz UªvÝdigvi †Uó K‡i wbgœ wjwLZ Z_¨ cvIqv ‡M‡Q|
O.C test : 220 V,4.2A,148 W ( L.V side)
S.C test : 86 V,10.5A,360W (H.V side)
dyj †jv‡W 0.8 j¨vwMs p. G †i¸‡jkb I S.C test G p.f wbY©q Ki
Solution:
86
Z01 = 10.5 = 8.19 
360
R01 = 10.52 = 3.26
X01 = 8.192  3.262 = 7.5

F.L cÖvBgvix Kv‡i›U, I1 = 20000/2200 = 9.09A
cÖvBgvix mv‡c‡¶ †fv‡ëR Wªc
= I1(R01Cos + X01Sin)
= 9.09  (3.26  0.8 + 7.5 0.6)
= 64.6V
64.6
% regulation = 2200 100 = 2.9 %
R01 3.26
kU mvwK©U p. = Z = 8.19 = 0.4 (Lag)
01
GKwU 10 KVA, 2300/230Volt UªvÝdigv‡ii kU© mvwK©U †Uó n‡Z wb‡Pi WvUv¸‡jv cvIqv †Mjt
Vsc= 137 Volt
Psc=192 Watt
Isc=4.34 Amp
‡ei Ki t K. R01, X01, Z01 L. R02,X02,Z02

Transformer
Solution:
Psc 192
K. R01= =
I Sc 2 4.34 2
= 10.1935Ω (Ans)
V 137
Z01= sc =
I Sc 4.34
= 31.56Ω (Ans)
X01= Z 012  R012
= 31 .56 2  10 .15 2
= 29.8757Ω (Ans)
1
L. Z02 =  Z 01 2300
a2 a=  10
230
31.56
=
10 2
= 0.3156Ω (Ans)
1 10.1935
R02 = 2  R01 =
a 10 2
= 0.102Ω (Ans)
X02 = Z 022  R022
= 0.315 2  0.102 2 = 0.2988Ω (Ans)
450/120 v, 50Hz, 10KVA UªvÝdigv‡ii I‡cb Ges kU© mvwK©U †Uó Gi WvUv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj|
O.C Test : V1 = 120v, I1 = 4.2A,
W1 = 80w [From L.V side]
S.C Test : V2 = 9.65 V, I2 = 22.2A,
W2 = 120w [From H.V.Side]
†ei Ki t (i) mgZzj¨ mvwK©U (ii) Bwdwm‡qÝx Ges 80% j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i †jv‡Wi †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb (iii) 80%
j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i nvd †jvW Gi Bwdwm‡qÝx|
Solution:
†Ìqv Av‡Q,
(O.C test n‡Z) W1=80w, V1=120v, I1=4.2A
(S.C test n‡Z) V2=9.65v, I2=22.2A, W2=120w
(i) Open circuit test n‡Z,

W1 = V1I0(2)cos θ0 [I0(2) = I1 = Secondary side current at no load]
W1
 0 = cos−1 V
1 I0(2)
80
= cos −1 120×4.2 = 80.850 (lag)
 I0(2) = 4.2-80.85 = 0.667158−j4.14667 A
 IW(2) = 0.667158 Amp
 Iμ(2) = 4.14667 Amp
V 120
 R0(2) = I 1 = 0.667158 = 179.87
ω
V1 120
X0(2) = = = 28.94
Iμ 4.14667

Transformer
450
 R0 = R0(2)a = 179.87(120)2 = 2530
2
450
X0 = X0(2)a2 = 28.94(120)2 = 407
Short circuit test n‡Z,
W2 120
R01 = = 22.22 = 0.243
I22
V2 9.65
Z01 = = 22.2 = 0.434
I2
2 2
X01 = √𝑍01 − 𝑅01
= √0.4342 − 0.2432
= 0.36
R01 X01
0.36Ω
0.243Ω
R0 X0
2530Ω ZL×a2
407Ω
Output
(ii)  % `ÿZv = Output+losses × 100
10×0.8×103
= 10×0.8×103 ×80+120 × 100
[80% lagging power factor ZvB cosθ=0.8]
= 97.56%
VNL −VFL
% Voltage Regulation = × 100
VFL
Drop
= × 100
VFL
IP (R01 cos θ+X01 sin θ)
= ×100
VFL
22.22(0.243×0.8+0.36×0.6)×100
= 450
= 2.04%
1 1
(iii) 2 ‡jv‡W P0 = 2 × VArated ×cos θ
1
= 2×0.8×10000
= 4000Watt
1 1
†jv‡W Copper loss = (2)2×120 = 30 Watt
2
P0
∴%η=P ×100
0 +loss
4000
= 4000+30+80 × 100 = 97.32%

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
Voltage Regulation
21) Voltage regulation :
DËi t †h †Kvb UªvÝdigv‡ii †jvW e„w×i ms‡M ms‡M Bnvi voltage drop e„w× cvq (Resistance Ges Inductance Gi Kvi‡Y)|
myZivs †Kvb transformer Gi No load voltage Ges Full load voltage Gi cv_©K¨‡K Full load voltage Øviv fvM Kwi‡j †h
gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K voltage regulation e‡j|

Transformer
VNL VFL
voltage regulation (V.R) = V
FL
VNLVFL
% voltage regulation (V.R) = V 100
FL
22) Voltage regulation Gi mgxKib t

DËi t Voltage regulation mvavibZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i t
1| Unity power factor. (†iwRw÷f †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)
2| Lagging power factor. (BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi ‡¶‡Î)
3| Leading power factor. (K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)
Vector diagram A¼‡bi †¶‡Î current†K †idv‡iÝ aiv nq (voltage†K bq) Ges †m‡KÛvixi mv‡c‡¶ wn‡me Kiv nq|
K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi ‡¶‡Î No load voltage (VNL)Gi Zyjbvq Full load voltage (VFL) †ekx nq d‡j Volatge regulation
†b‡MwUf nq|
K) Unity power factor. (†iwRw÷f †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î) t
VNL = (VFL+ISR02)2+(ISX02)2
GLv‡b, ISR02 = Resistive drop.
ISX02 = Reactive drop.
ISZ02 = Impedance drop.
L) Lagging power factor. (BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi‡¶‡Î) t
wP‡Îi ACF ‡_‡K cvB,

AF2 = AC2+CF2
= (AB+BC)2+(CD+DF)2
VNL = (VFL Cos + ISR02)2+(VFL Sin + ISX02)2
M) Leading power factor. (K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î)
wP‡Îi ADF †_‡K cvB,

AF2 = AD2+DF2
= (AE + DE)2+(CD CF)2
VNL = (VFLCos + ISR02)2 + (VFLSin ISX02)2
23) KvQvKvwQ dg~©jv (Approximate formula) Øviv †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb wbY©q t

DËi t Transformer Gi †gvU KvQvKvwQ Voltage drop †m‡KÛvwi‡Z
Drop= Is(R02Cos  X02Sin)
Kv‡RB †`Lv hvq †h, VNLVFL = IS(R02 Cos  X02Sin )
VNL VFL
% V.R =  100
VFL
IS (R02 Cos  X02 Sin)
=  100
VFL
`„wó AvKl©Y t BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î (Ve) wPü eënvi Kiv nq| K¨vcvwmwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î (Ve) wPý eënvi Kiv nq|

Transformer
Mathematical Problem

Transformer

Transformer
GKwU 230/460 V UªvÝdigvi Gi cÖvBgvwi‡Z resistance 0.2 𝛀, Reactance 0.51 𝛀 Ges †m‡KÛvwi‡Z Abyiæc gvb
h_vµ‡g 0.75 𝛀 Ges 1.8 𝛀| hw` 0.8 Lagging pf G mieivn Kv‡i›U 8 A nq Z‡e †m‡KÛvwi Uvwg©bvj †fv‡ëR evwni
Ki|
Solution:
we know, ‡Ìqv Av‡Q,
230 𝑅1 = 0.2 Ω
a = 460 = 0.5
𝑅
𝑅2 = 0.75 Ω
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑎12 𝑋1 = 0.5 Ω
0.2 𝑋2 = 1.8 Ω
= 0.75 + (0.5)2
p.f = cos 𝜃 = 0.8
= 1.55 Ω 𝐼2 = 8 𝐴𝑚𝑝
𝑋 𝑉𝑇 =?
𝑋02 = 𝑋2 + 𝑎12
0.5
= 1.8 + (0.5)2
= 3.8 Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 Secondary
= 𝐼2 (𝑅02 cos 𝜃 + 𝑋02 sin 𝜃)
= 8(1.55 × 0.8 + 3.8 × 0.6)
= 28.16 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
Terminal Voltage,
𝑉𝑇 = 460 − 28.16
= 431.84 Volt Ans.
GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii z1 = 1.4 + j 5.2  Ges z2 = 0.0117 + j 0.0466 | BbcyU †fv‡ëR 6600 V,
Uvb© †iwkI 10/1 Ges †jv‡W 0.8 j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 300 A mieivn nB‡j Bnvi †m‡KÛvix Uviwgbvj †fv‡ëR Ges
wK‡jvIqvU AvDUcyU †ei Ki|
Solution:
N2 1 1
K = N = 10 = a
1
6600
 a = 10, Es = = 660 V
10
R1 1.4
R02 = R2 + a = 0.0117 + 102
2
= 0.0257 
X1 5.2
X02 = X2 + a2 = 0.0465 + 102
= 0.0985 
Secondary voltage drop
= I2 (R02 cos + X02 sin)
= 300 (0.0257  0.8 + 0.0985  0.6)
= 23.898 Volts
Terminal Voltage = 660 −23.89
= 636.10 V (Ans.)
KVA ×1000
Es = 300
 𝐾𝑉𝐴 = 198
Transformer
KW = KVA × cos θ = 198 × 0.8
= 158.4 KW (Ans.)

Transformer
Transformer Loss & Efficiency
16) UªvÝdigvi Gi jm mg~n wK wK wjL? GwW Kv‡i›U jm I wnm‡Uwiwmm jm ej‡Z wK eyS? jm mg~n Kgv‡bvi Dcvq wK?
DËi t UªvÝdigv‡ii jm mg~n n‡”Q t
(1) †Kvi jm ev Avqib jm| ‡Kvi jm `yBfv‡e nqt GwW Kv‡i›U jm Ges wnm‡U‡iwmm jm|
(2) Kcvi jm& (I2R)
GwW Kv‡i›U jm& t hLb GKwU ê`y¨wZK Pz¤^‡Ki K‡q‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Kv‡i›U cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K ZLb Gi PZzc©vk¦¯’ †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi
cwiewZ©Z nq I †Kvi c`v_©‡K KZ©b K‡i| Gi d‡j †Kv‡i †fv‡ë‡Ri m„wó nq Ges †fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y †Kv‡i GKwU Kv‡i›U AvewZ©Z n‡Z
_v‡K| G AvewZ©Z Kv‡i›U‡K GwW Kv‡i›U e‡j|
GwW Kv‡i›U †Kv‡ii wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq †Kvi †iwRó¨vÝ KZ©„K euvav MÖ¯’ n‡q †h AcP‡qi m„wó K‡i Zv‡KB GwW Kv‡i›U jm&
e‡j|
Kgv‡bvi Dcvq t G jm& Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ D”P †iwRw÷wfwUi (wmwjKb ÷xj) †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †Kvi eënvi Kiv nq|
wnm‡Uwiwmm jm& t Aëvi‡bwUs Kv‡i›U cÖwZ Aa© mvB‡Kj AšÍi AšÍi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i, d‡j Pz¤^Kxq d¬v· GKevi m‡e©v”P cwRwUf gv‡b I
Av‡iKevi m‡e©v”P †b‡MwUf gv‡b ch©vqµ‡g cwiewZ©Z nq| †Kv‡i Pz¤^K †¶‡Îi †giæi w`K cwieZ©b nq| G ch©vqµwgK Pz¤^KxKib I
wePz¤^K‡bi d‡j †Kv‡ii AbyPz¤^K ¸‡jv LyeB `ªæZ ¯^ ¯’v‡b bovPov Ki‡Z _v‡K I evievi w`K e`jv‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ msN‡l©i d‡j
cvIqvi e¨wqZ nq| G cvIqvi AcPq‡K wnm‡Uwiwmm jm& e‡j|
Kgv‡bvi Dcvq t wnm&‡U‡iwmm jm& Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ D”P ¸b m¤úbœ g¨vM‡bwUK ÷x‡ji †Kvi †hgb t g¨vsMvwbR ÷xj ev wmwjKb ÷xj eënvi
Kiv nq|
17) jx‡KR d¬v· wK?
DËi t UªvÝdgv‡ii cÖvBgvwi IqvBwÛs‡K Gwm mieiv‡ni mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡j †h d¬v· Gi m„wó nq Zvi m¤c~Y©wU †Kv‡ii wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q
†m‡KÛvwii mv‡_ mswkøó nq bv| eis wKQy d¬v· evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq Ges g¨vM‡bwUK mvwK©U m¤c~Y© K‡i| G ai‡bi d¬v·‡KB
jx‡KR d¬v· e‡j|

Transformer
24) Efficiency of transformers : (UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv)

DËi t UªvÝdigvi Kcvi jm (wewfbœ †jv‡W)- Transformer Gi output load wba©vwiZ KVA †jv‡Wi †P‡q Kg ev †ekx n‡j Kcvi jm
I cwieZ©b nq| D‡jøL¨ ‡jvW evo‡j-Kg‡j †Kvi jm cwieZ©b nq bv|
‡h‡Kvb †jv‡W Kcvi jm = (Load)2 ×Full load copper loss
AvDUcyU= KVA × Power factor × Load
Avgiv Rvwb, AvDUcyU Ges BbcyU cvIqv‡ii AbycvZ‡KB efficiency ev `¶Zv e‡j| Ab¨vb¨ ‡gwk‡bi †P‡q UªvÝdigv‡ii `¶Zv A‡bKUv
†ewk, Gi cwigvb 95% n‡Z 99% ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY G‡Z †Kvb NyišÍ Ask _v‡K bv ZvB †KejgvÎ †Kvi jm Ges Kcvi jm nq|
Output
`¶Zv  % = Input 100
25) m‡e©v”P Kg©`¶Zvi kZ© t

Kcvi jm, Wcu = IP2R01 watt (or = I S2 R02)
‡Kvi jm, Wcore = Hysterisis + Eddy Current loss.
= (Wh+We) watt
Considering Primary side :
Primary input = VPIP CosP
VpIp Cosplosses
`¶Zv,  =
VpIp Cosp
IpR01 Wcore
= 1 
VpCosp VpIpCosp
IP Gi mv‡c‡¶ Dfq c¶‡K Differentiating K‡i cvB,
d R01 Wcore
dIP = 0  VPCosP + VPIP2CosP
d
GLb, dI = 0 n‡j m‡e©v”P `¶Zv cvIqv hv‡e|
P
Wcore R01
myZivs, =
VPIP2CosP VPCosP
 IP2R01 = Wcore
 myZivs Cu.loss = Core loss
GZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q, Kcvi jm hw` †Kvi j‡mi mgvb nq ZLb UªvÝdigvi m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KvR Ki‡e|
GLb, I2PR01 = Wcore
IP = Error!
IS = Error!
26) m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA Load :
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA = dzj‡jvW KVA  Error!
KVAmax = KVA rated  Error!
27) mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv (All-day efficiency):
Distribution UªvÝdigv‡ii primary Side me©`v Supply Gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| G mgq Transformer m¤ú~b© 24N›Uv GbviRvBW
_v‡K, d‡j Core loss me©`v mgvb _v‡K| wKš‘ Secondary mivmwi †jv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvq Gi Kcvi jm †jv‡Wi cwigv‡bi Dci
Kg †ewk nq| †h‡nZz †jvW 24 N›Uvq mgvb _v‡K bv †m‡nZz Gi Kcvi jm I mgvb _v‡K bv| Kv‡RB Giƒc UªvÝdigv‡ii dzj †jvW Kcvi
jm a‡i Kg©`¶Zv wbY©q Kiv fyj nq| Gi cÖK„Z `¶Zv †ei Ki‡Z n‡j mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv †ei Kiv †kªq|

Transformer
24 N›Uvi KWH Output
All day efficiency = 24 N›Uvi KWH Input
24 N›Uvi KWH output
= 24 N›Uv KWH output+24 N›Uvi losses
`„wó AvKl©b t
(1) ‡Kvi jm †ei Kivi mgq 24 N›Uvi †Kvi jmB †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr Total Core loss = 24  Core loss.
(2) wKš‘ Kcvi jm †ei Kivi mgq ïaygvÎ †h mgq ch©šÍ †jvW mshy³ _vK‡e †m mg‡qi Rb¨B Kcvi jm †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
Efficiency Formula
2
Kcvi jm, Wcu = IP2R01 watt (or = I R02)
S
‡h‡Kvb †jv‡W Kcvi jm = (Load)2 ×Full load copper loss

Cu loss= Power dissipated in Short circuit Test (PSC)
AvDUcyU= KVA × Power factor × Load
Output
`¶Zv  % = Input 100
‡Kvi jm, Wcore = Hysterisis + Eddy Current loss
Core Loss, Wcore= Po = VoIocos o= Power dissipated in Open Circuit Test
For Maximum Power: Cu loss = Core loss
IS = Error!
KVAmax = KVA rated  Error!
Efficiency Related Math

Transformer
GKwU 1000 KVA, 110/220 V, 50 Hz, 1- UªvÝdigv‡ii 0.8 wjwWs P. nvd‡jv‡W `¶Zv 98.5 % Ges dzj‡jvW
BDwbU P.f G `¶Zv 98.8 % wbY©q Kit (i) ‡Kvi jm (ii) dzj †jvW Kcvi jm (iii) m‡e©v”P `¶Zv?
Solution:
O/P at F.L Unity P.f = 1000 1 = 1000 Kw
F.L. I/P = 1000/0.988 = 1012.146 Kw.
F.L losses = 1012.146  1000 = 12.146 Kw
g‡b Kwi, dzj‡jvW Kcvi jm = x
Ges †Kvi jm = y
x + y = 12.146 Kw..................(i)
Avevi, nvd‡jvW 0.8 p. G AvDUcyU
1000
= 2 0.8 = 400 Kw.
BbcyU = 400/0.985 = 406.091 Kw
nvd‡jv‡W †gvU jm = 406.091  400
= 6.091 Kw.
1
(2 )2 x+y = 6.091 Kw ...............(ii)
(i) Ges (ii) mgvavb K‡i,
x = 8.073 Kw (Ans.)
y = 4.073 Kw (Ans.)
KVA max = KVArated  Error!
= 1000  Error!
= 710.3 KVA
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvi Rb¨ †gvU jm
= 4.073 + 4.073 [ ჻ wc = Cu loss]
= 8.146 Kw.
O/P = 710.3  1 = 710.3 Kw.
O/P 100
% `¶Zv = O/P +losses

Transformer
710.3  100
= 710.3+8.146
= 98.87 %
GKwU 11000/230V, 150KVA, 1 , 50Hz UªvÝdigvi †Kvi jm 1.4Kw Ges dzj‡jvW Kcvi jm 1.6Kw wbb©q Ki|
(i) BDwbwU p.f G m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq KVA Ges m‡e©v”P `¶Zv (ii) nvd †jv‡W 0.8 Lagging p. G `¶Zv|
Solution:
(i) KVAmax = KVArated  Error!
= 150  Error!
= 140.31 KVA (Ans.)
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq †gvU jm = 1.4 + 1.4 = 2.8 Kw.
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq AvDUcyU = 140.311=140.31 Kw.
AvDUcyU
max = AvDUcyU + jm 100
140.31
= 140.31 + 2.8  100
= 98.04% (Ans.)
1
(ii) nvd‡jv‡W Kcvi jm = 1.6 (2 )2 = 0.4 Kw.
150
nvd †jvW 0.8 p.G AvDUcyU = 2 0.8 = 60 Kw
60100
`¶Zv,  = 60 + 0.4 + 1.4 = 97.1 %
GKwU 20KVA, 440/220V, 1, 50Hz UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kvi jm 324w, nvd †jv‡W Kcvi jm 100w, ‡ei Ki (i) dzj
†jvW 0.8 (lag) p. G `¶Zv (ii) m‡e©v”P `¶Zvi Rb¨ kZKiv †jvW
Solution:
1
H.L G Cu loss = (2 )2 F.L Cu loss
1
100 = 4  F.L Cu loss
F.L Cu loss = 400 w.
(i) 0.8 p. G dzj †jvW `¶Zv
AvDUcyU 100
= AvDUcyU + †gvU jm
20000  0.8  100
=
(20000  0.8) + 400 + 324
= 95.67 %
(ii) KVAmax = KVArated  Error!
KVAmax
KVArated = Error! 100
= 90 %
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq kZKiv †jvW 90 % (DËi)
GKwU 15KVA UªvÝdigv‡ii BDwbwU p. G m‡e©v”P `¶Zv 98%| UªvÝdigv‡i wbgœwjwLZ †jvW¸wj Pvjv‡j mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv
†ei Ki|
12 N›Uv- 0.5(lag) p.f G 4KVA

Transformer
6 N›Uv- 0.8 (lag) p.f G 12Kw
6 N›Uv- ‡bv †jvW|
Solution:
15000  1
98% `¶Zvq BbcyU = x 100
98
= 15306.12 W
†gvU jm = 15306.12  15000
= 306.12w
 †Kvi jm = dzj †jvW Kcvi jm
306.12
= 2 = 153.06 w
12 N›Uvq Kcvi jm
4
= (15 )2  153.06  12
= 130.61 Wh
6 N›Uvq Kcvi jm
12/0.8
= ( 15 )2  153.06  6
= 918.36 Wh
evKx 6 N›Uvq Kcvi jm = 0
24 N›Uvi Kcvi jm
= 130.61 + 918.36 = 1049 Wh.
24 N›Uvq †Kvi jm = 153.06 24 = 3673.44Wh
24 N›Uvq AvDUcyU = (40.512)  (126) Kwh
= 96 Kwh
= 96000 Wh
24 N›Uvi `¶Zv
24N›Uvi O/P  100
„all day = 24 N›Uvi O/P + 24 N›Uvi jm
96000  100
= 96000+1049+3673.44
= 95.31 % Ans.
GKwU UªvÝdigv‡ii GKK cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 25KVA †_‡K m‡e©v”P `¶Zv 98% †`Lv hvq| Gi †jvW wmwWDj wbb¥iæc
K) 2.5KW †jvW 0.6 lagging 10 N›Uvi Rb¨
L) 11KW †jvW 0.88 lagging 8 N›Uvi Rb¨
M) 17KW †jvW 0.95 lagging 6 N›Uvi Rb¨ Zvn‡j D³ UªvÝdigv‡ii mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv †ei Ki|
Solution:
Output = 25  1  25 KW
25
Input =  25.51KW
0.98
Loss = 25 .51  25  .51KW  510 watt
m‡e©v”P `¶Zvq †Kvi jm = Kcvi jm
 ‡Kvi jm = 255W
Ges Kcvi jm = 255W

Transformer
24 N›Uvi Output energy
= 2.5  10   11  8  17  6 
 25  88  102  215 KWh
24 N›Uvi Cu Loss=
 2.5  2   11  2 
   255 10     255  8
 0.6  25    0.88  25  
 708  510  783 .9  1364 KWh
 17  2 
    255  6
 0.95  25  
24 N›Uvi Core Loss= 24  255
 6.12 KWh
24 N›Uvi input = 215  1.364  6.12
 222 .48 KWh
215
mvivw`‡bi `¶Zv =  100
222.48
 96 .64 %

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
Per Unit Method

Real Value
Per Unit Value= Base Value
Actual Voltgae
Per Unit Voltage= Base Voltage
Base KVA
Base Current= Base Voltage
Base Voltage (Base Voltage)2
Base Impedance= Base Current = Base VA
Actual Impedance Full Load Current×Actual Impedance
Per Unit Impedance= =
Base Impedance Phase Voltage
KVA Base (New)
New Per Unit Impedance= Zpu (old)x KVA rated(old)
Full Load Current×Actual Impedance Actual Impedance
%X= x100 = x100
Phase Voltage Base Impedance
Base KVA×old %X
New %X =
Rated KVA
Base KVA
Full Load Current, IFL =
√3×LineVoltage
GKwU wm‡½j †dR 500‡KwfG UªvÝdigv‡ii †iwRw÷f Ges BÛvw±f Wªc h_vµ‡g 0.05pu Ges 0.02pu n‡j, 0.8j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i
UªvÝdgv©‡ii †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb evwni Ki|
mgvavbt
Let, Rated Supply Voltage, VS= 1pu
We have,
Resistive Drop, ISR02=0.05pu
Inductive Drop, ISX02= 0.02pu
Total Drop = IS(R02cosθ+X02sinθ)=0.05x0.8+0.02x0.6=0.052pu

Transformer
Drop 0.052
Voltage Regulation, %VR= Rated Voltagex100 = x100= 5.2%
1
GKwU wm‡½j †dR 11000/220 †fvë, 50 GgwfG UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvix‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ mgZ‚j¨ †iwR÷¨vÝ I wiq¨v±¨vÝ h_vµ‡g 0.01pu
Ges 0.03pu, UªvÝdigv‡ii Kcvi jm evwni Ki|
mgvavbt
50x106
Full Load Current in Primary= = 4545.45A
11000
Full Load Current×Resistance
Per Unit Resistance= Phase Voltage
4545.45xR
Or, 0.01= 11000
R= 0.0242Ω
Cu loss = IP2R01=(4545.45)2x0.0242= 500kW

Transformer
(c)

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
Tapping
OLTC in HT Side

Transformer
A‡Uv UªvÝdigvi t A‡UvUªvÝdigvi GKwU e¨wZµgagx© UªvÝdigvi hvnv‡Z †Kej gvÎ GKwU K‡qj _v‡K| Bnvi wKQy Ask cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix
Df‡qi g‡a¨ Kgb _v‡K| A_©vr cÖvBgvix Ges †m‡KÛvix Dfq K‡q‡jB B‡jKwUªK¨vjx Ges g¨vM‡bwUK¨vjx mshy³ _v‡K| GZ`m‡Z¡I Bnv‡K
UªvÝdigvi ejv nq| KviY Bnvi Kvh©Kjvc I AvPib wVK `yB IqvBwÛs UªvÝdigv‡ii gZ|
A‡UvUªvÝdigv‡ii eënvi t
1| A‡Uv UªvÝdigvi ivRc_ Av‡jvwKZ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
2| e„nr AvKv‡ii wZb‡dR BÛvKkb †gvUi ÷vU© †Ìqvi Rb¨ A‡Uv UªvÝdigvi eëüZ nq|
3| wWw÷ªweDkb jvB‡b †fv‡ëR NvUwZ cyi‡b|
4| B‡jKwUªK †Uª‡b K‡›Uªvj BKzBc‡g‡›U|
myweav t
1| Bnv `v‡g m¯Ív|
2| Bnvi †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jkb fvj|
3| Kcvi Kg jv‡M|
4| Kg©`¶Zv †ekx|
Amyweav t
1| Lye nvB †iwkI‡Z GB UªvÝdigvi w`qv KvR Kiv hvq bv|
2| cÖvBgvix I †m‡KÛvix ê`y¨wZK ms‡hvM _vKvq wec`RbK|
3| Bnv mvavibZt †÷c WvDb UªvÝdigvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
myÎvejxt
VP NP
=
VS NP + NC
PowerInput NP + NC
=
PowerOutput NC

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer
28) UªvÝdigvi e¨vswKs

A‡bK mgq wZbwU GK‡dR UªvÝdigvi Øviv wZb‡dR mvcøvB †Ìqv nq| wZbwU GK‡dR UªvÝdigv‡ii GB Ae¯’v‡K e¨vswKs e‡j| e¨vswKs
6 cÖKvi t
1| ÷vi-÷vi (Y-Y)
2| †Wëv-÷vi (-Y)
3| †Wëv-†Wëv (-)
4| ÷vi-†Wëv (Y-)
5| I‡cb †Wëv ev (V-V)
6| Scott connection or T-T connection.
29) e¨vswKs Gi kZ© t
1| wZbwU UªvÝdigv‡ii †KwfG †iwUs GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
2| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii Voltage ‡iwUs GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
3| mwVK †cvjvwiwU Abyhvqx ms‡hvM w`‡Z nB‡e
K) ÷vi-÷vi (Y-Y) t
L) †Wëv-†Wëv (-) t
Transformer
M) ÷vi -†Wëv (Y -) t
N) †Wëv Ñ÷vi (-Y) t 30) Bb÷ªy‡g›U UªvÝdigvi wK ? Dnv KZ cÖKvi I wK wK ?

DËit- Gwm c×wZ‡Z Kv‡i›U, †fv‡ëR, cvIqvi Ges GbvwR©
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ ‡h UªvÝdigvi eëüZ nq Zv‡K Bb÷ªy‡g›U
UªvÝdigvi e‡j|
Dnv `yB cÖKvi|
1) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi
2) †fv‡ëR UªvÝdigvi
31) Kv‡i›U UªvÝdigvi I ‡fv‡ëR UªvÝdigvi Gi ms‡hvM
wPÎ †`LvI| Primary
coil
Line
CT
Secondary
O) I‡cb †Wëv ev (V-V) t coil
C.T: C.T nj current transformer,
A transmission
jvB‡b †h D”P gv‡bi current _v‡K †mB Kv‡i›U‡K Kg †i‡Äi
Ammeter Øviv cwigvc Kivi eë¯’v K‡i Zv‡K C.T e‡j|
P.T: P.T nj Potential transformer D”P Voltage
jvB‡b Voltage †K Range Kwg‡q Kg gv‡bi Voltmeter
Øviv cwigvc Kivi †h eë¯’v K‡i Zv‡K P.T e‡j|
PT
Line-1
P) Scott connection or T-T connection t
Primary
V Coil
Line-2
32) UªvÝdigvi c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mg~n t

1| c¨vivjv‡j cwiPvwjZ UªvÝdigvi mg~‡ni nvB-mvBW I †jv-mvB‡Wi †fv‡ëR †iwkI GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
2| UªvÝdigvi mg~‡ni †cvjvwiwU Abyhvqx ms‡hvM w`‡Z nB‡e|
3| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii mgZzj¨ Bw¤ú‡WÝ Aek¨B wbR¯^ KVA ‡iwUs Gi mwnZ DëvbycvwZK nB‡e|

Transformer
4| cÖwZwU UªvÝdigv‡ii mgZzj¨ wiq¨vKU¨vÝ Ges †iwR÷¨v‡Ýi AbycvZ GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
5| wZb †dR UªvÝdigv‡ii †dR wm‡Kv‡qÝ GK nB‡Z nB‡e|
33) Transformer cooling wK ? Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjL
DËi t Transformer action Gi d‡j Transformer Gi core & coil Mig n‡q Zvc Drcbœ K‡i | GB Zvc‡K Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ ev
Transformer ‡K VvÛv Kivi Rb¨ †h c×wZ eënvi Kiv nh | Zv‡K Transformer cooling ejv nq |
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †q †Kvb mKj cÖKvi cvIqvi jm DËvc AvKv‡i cÖKvk cvq Z_v Zvc Drcbœ nq d‡j UªvÝcigv‡ii Kg©`ÿZv K‡g hvq Z_vwc
GB DËv‡ci cwigvb †ewk n‡j UªvÝcigv‡ii weKj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GB DËvc†K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Kywjs Gi cÖ‡qvRb|
34) UªvÝdigv‡ii ‰Z‡ji ag© ¸‡jv wK wK wjL|
DËi: UªvÝdigv‡ii VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ ‡h ˆZj eënvi Kiv nq DnvB UªvÝdigv‡ii ˆZj| Bnv g~jZ LwbR ˆZj| Gi evwbwR¨K bvg wmwjKb
cvBivbj |
UªvÝdigv‡ii ‰Z‡ji ag©:
(i) AwZ D”P gv‡bi †ivaK m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|
(ii) Rjxq ev®ú gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
(iii) †Kvb iKg fvmgvb c`v_© _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv|
(iv) A`vn¨ n‡Z n‡e|
(v) D”P WªvB B‡jKwUªK kw³ m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|
(vi) mn‡R ev®ú n‡e bv|
(vii) Gi Av‡cwÿK MyiæZ¡ 0.85 nIqv DwPr|
(viii) Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb Zjvbx, †_Zjvbx Ges Lv` _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
35) Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Kv‡K e‡j? GKwU Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Gi êwkó¨ ¸‡jv wjL?
DËi t Av`k© UªvÝdigvi t Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Ggb GKwU UªvÝdigvi hvi g‡a¨ †Kvb cvIqvi jm bvB| GB UªvÝdigvi G †h `ywU K‡qj
eëüZ n‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb InwgK †iwRó¨vÝ _vK‡e bv Ges ‡Kvb g¨vM‡bwUK jx‡KR n‡e bv A_©vr LvuwU BÛvK&wUf K‡qj| GB UªvÝdigvi
Gi †Kvi jm& Ges Kcvi jm bvB| ev¯Í‡e GB cÖKvi UªvÝdigvi m¤¢e bq|
‰ewkó t
1| IqvBwÛs Gi †iwRó¨vÝ bvB ev LyeB bMb¨|
2| Drcbœ mg¯Í d¬¨v·B †Kv‡i mxgve× _v‡K Ges Dfq IqvBwÛsB RwoZ nq|
3| G‡Z †Kvb jx‡KR d¬¨v· bvB|
4| †Kv‡ii cviwg‡qwewjwU ev †f`¨Zv LyeB D”P gv‡bi|
5| wnm‡U‡iwmm& Ges GwW Kv‡i›U jm& bvB A_©vr †Kv‡ii ‡Kvb cÖKvi jm& bvB|
MCQ on Transformer
1. UªvÝdigvi wK kw³ iæcvšÍi K‡i?
(K) AC Current (L) DC current
(M) Mechanical Energy (N) a+b
2. UªvÝdigv‡i wK mvcøvB †Ìqv nq?
(K) AC supply (L) DC supply
(M) Solar Energy (N) Heat Energy
3. ‡KvbwU UªvÝdigv‡ii Dcv`vb bq?
(K) ‡Kvi (L) cÖvBgvwi winding
(M) Secondary Coil (N) Mutual Flux
4. UªvÝdigv‡ii ‡Kv‡i †Kvb ai‡bi jm nq?
(K) Avqib jm (L) GwW Kv‡i›U jm
(M) wnm‡Uv‡iwmm jm (N) me¸‡jv
5. ‡÷c Avc UªvÝdigvi e„w× K‡i-
(K) Voltage (L) Current
(M) Power (N) Frequency

Transformer
6. UªvÝdigv‡ii †iwkI 20:1 ‡KvbwU?
(K) cÖvBgvwi c¨vP msL¨v 20 Ges †m‡KÛvwi c¨vP msL¨v GKwU
(L) ‡m‡KÛvwi voltage 1 volt Ges †m‡KÛvwi voltage 20v
(M) cÖvBgvwi Kv‡i›U 20 Amp Gi †P‡q †m‡KÛvwi Kv‡i›U Kg nq
(N) cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvBgvwi c¨vP 20 Uvb© Ges †m‡KÛvwi 1 Uvb©
7. UªvÝdigv‡ii G¨vKwUf K‡¤úv‡b›U wK?
(K) 𝐼0 sin 𝜃0 (L) 𝐼0 cos 𝜃0
(M) 𝐼0 tan 𝜃0 (N) None of these
8. UªvÝdigv‡ii IqvU‡jm K‡¤úv‡b›U wK?
(K) 𝐼𝑢 (L) 𝐼𝑤
(M) 𝐼𝑢 & 𝐼𝑤 (N) None of these
9. UªvÝdigv‡ii †jvW ms‡hv‡Mi ci Drcbœ †m‡KÛvwi d¬v· ‡KvbwUi mgvb?
(K) cÖvBgvwi Kv‡i›U (L) ‡m‡KÛvwi Kv‡i›U
(M) a+b (N) None of these
10. UªvÝdigv‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ †Kvb mvB‡W _v‡K?
(K) ‡jv mvBW (L) nvB mvBW
(M) `yB mvBW kU© _v‡K (N) `yB mvBWB kU© _v‡K
11. kU© mvwK©U †U‡÷ Rated voltage Gi kZKiv KZ mvcøvB †Ìqv nq?
(K) 3-10% (L) 10-15%
(M) 2-5% (N) 1-10%
12. cvIqvi d¨v±i KZ ai‡bi?
(K) 1 (L) 2
(M) 4 (N) 3
13. kZKiv †iwR÷¨vÝ wbY©‡qi m~Î †KvbwU?
𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑋
(K) %𝑅 = × 100 (L) %𝑟 =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 𝐼𝑍
(M) %𝑅 = 𝑋𝐼 (N) %𝑅 = 𝑉
14. Kb‡fbkbvj UªvÝdigv‡i K‡qj `yBwU wK ai‡bi _v‡K?
(K) Avjv`v (L) GKmv‡_
(M) Avjv`v I B›Uviwi‡j‡UW bq (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
15. ‡KvbwU mwVK?
120𝑓
(K) 𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠) (L) 𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠
𝑃
120𝑓
(M) 𝑁𝑟 = 𝑃 (N) All
16. BÛvKkb ‡gvUi ÷vwU©s g~û‡Z© wK cwigvY Kv‡i›U MÖnY K‡i?
(K) 5-7 ¸Y (L) 1-6 ¸Y
(M) 20-30 ¸Y (N) ‡Kvb Kv‡i›U †bqbv
17. cøvwMs gv‡b wK?
(K) g¨vM‡bwUK jwKs (L) KÛvw±s jwKs
(M) BÛvw±s jwKs (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
18. Aëvi‡bUi me©`v †Kvb MwZ‡Z Ny‡i?
(K) ‡iv‡Ukbvj MwZ‡Z (L) wmb‡µvbvm MwZ
(M) wifjwfs (N) BÛvKkb
19. Aëvi‡bU‡ii †iwUs wK‡mi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq?
(K) KW (L) KVA
(M) KVAR (N) K-2
20. GKwU wmb‡µvbvm †gvUi‡K 60Hz n‡Z 200rpm MwZ‡Z 2t Pvjbv Kiv n‡j †cvj msL¨v KZ?
(K) 36wU (L) 12wU
(M) 30wU (N) 40wU

Transformer
21. ‡Kvb ai‡bi †iwUs †cv‡ji MwZ‡eM ‡ekx?
(K) m¨vj‡q›U †cvj (L) bb m¨vwj‡q›U
(M) wmwjwUªK¨vj †cvj (N) b+c
22. Kd=?
sin 𝑀𝐵/2
(K) (L) sin 𝛼/2
𝑚 sin 𝐵/2
(M) cos 𝛼/2 (N) sin 𝑃/2
23. GKwU transformer Gi cÖvBgvwi I ‡m‡KÛvwi wKfv‡e Kvcwjs Kiv _v‡K?
(K) Electrically
(L) Magnetically
(M) Electrically & Magnetically
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq
24. Transformer Gi †h mvB‡W Uvb© msL¨v †ewk †m mvB‡W-
(K) ‡fv‡ëR Kg (L) ‡fv‡ëR †ewk
(M) ‡fv‡ëR mgvb (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
25. GKwU transformer Ggbfv‡e wWRvBb Kiv nq hv‡Z cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi Gi g‡a¨----- _v‡K|
(K) ‡ewk leakage reactance (L) ‡ewk resistance
(M) fvj magnetic coupling (N) ‡ewk electric coupling
26. No load current I0, full load current Gi KZ Ask?
(K) 3-5% (L) 15-30%
(M) 30-40% (N) above 40%
27. Transformer Gi no load power factor Kg nq †Kb?
(K) No Load current Gi iron loss component ‡ewk nq
(L) I0 Gi magnetizing component ‡ewk nq
(M) I0 Gi magnetic component Kg nq
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq
28. Primary leakage flux KZ©b K‡i-
(K) primary winding only
(L) secondary winding only
(M) both primary and secondary winding
(N) None of these
29. Short circuit test-G ‡Kvb side short Kiv nq?
(K) High side (L) Low side
(M) ‡h‡Kvb GK mvBW (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
30. Open circuit test n‡Z wK cvIqv hvq?
(K) Copper losses (L) Friction losses
(M) Iron losses (N) Total Losses
31. hLb UªvÝdigv‡ii †jvW e„w× cvq, ZLb GwW Kv‡i›U-
(K) e„w× cvq (L) Kg nq
(M) ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nqbv (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
32. KLb UªvÝdigv‡ii `ÿZv k~b¨ nq?
(K) full load (L) No load
(M) half-full-load (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
33. mvaviYZ †ekxi fvM BÛvKkb †gvUi¸‡jv-
(K) 2-pole (L) 6-pole
(M) 4-pole (N) 8-pole
34. Single phase series motor Pvjbv Kiv hvq-
(K) AC-‡Z (L) DC-‡Z
(M) AC & DC -‡Z (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
Transformer
35. Vacuum cleaner ‡Kvb ai‡bi gUi?
(K) Resistance split motor (L) Capacitor start
(M) Shaded pole motor (N) Single phase series motor
36. Over excited synchronous motor wK iKg AvPiY K‡i?
(K) a resistor (L) an inductor
(M) a capacitor (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
37. Synchronous motor Gi capacitor Gi capacity mvavibZ wK range G _v‡K?
(K) VAR (L) MVAR
(M) KVAR (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
38. ‡KvbwU mwVK?
(K) 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓 (L) 𝑓𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑓
(M) 𝑓𝑟 = (1 + 𝑠)𝑓 (N) ‡KvbwU bq
39. mieivn †`qvi c×wZ Abymv‡i BÛvKkb †gvUi KZ cÖKvi?
(K) 3 (L) 4
(M) 2 (N) 6
40. GKwU 4-pole, 36 slot ewkwó alternator winding coil span 1-8 n‡j short pitch wWwMÖ KZ?
(K) 60° (L) 40°
(M) 80° (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
41. ‡KvbwU mwVK?
(K) 1Webber=108lines (L) 1line=108 Webber
(M) 1Webber=10x108lines (N) 1line=10x108 Webber
42. Induction motor-G magnetizing current ‡Kvb p.f Gi Rb¨ cÖevwnZ nq?
(K) zero (L) unity
(M) lagging (N) leading
43. ‡h gUi †bv-‡jvW I dzj-‡jv‡W wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z Ny‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) Induction motor
(L) Synchronous motor
(M) a+b (N) None
44. Induction motor Gi Av‡g©Pvi UK©-
(K) 𝑇𝑎 = 0.159𝜑𝐼𝑎 𝑍(𝑃/𝐴)
(L) 𝑇𝑎 = 0.159𝜑𝑁𝑍(𝑃/𝐴)
(M) a+b (N) None
45. Induction motor Gi d¬v· wbY©‡qi m~Î †KvbwU?
3 √3
(K) 𝜑𝑟 = 2 𝜑𝑚 (L) 𝜑𝑟 = 𝜑𝑚
2
(M) a+b (N) None
46. Induction motor Gi slip mvaviYZ KZ nq?
(K) 4-8% (L) 2-3%
(M) 8-10% (N) None
47. KLb slip m‡e©v”P nq?
(K) Nr=0 n‡j (L) Nr=1 n‡j
(M) Nr=f×fr n‡j (N) None
48. 3-‡dR 4 †cvj 50Hz G Ns=?
(K) 1500 rpm (L) 1500 rps
(M) a+b (N) None
49. Dc‡ii mgm¨vq 4% slip G Nr =?
(K) 1400 rpm (L) 1500 rpm
(M) 1440 rpm (N) None

Transformer
50. gU‡ii MwZ wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
(K) ‡cvj (L) Kv‡i›U
(M) ‡fv‡ëR (N) me
51. w¯øc k~b¨ Ae¯’vq gUi Gi ‡iwR÷¨vÝ †Kgb nq?
(K) k~b¨ (L) m‡e©v”P
(M) me©wb¤œ (N) AcwieZ©bxq
52. KZ Ak¦ÿgZv ch©šÍ ÷¨vU©vi bv n‡j gUi Pvjv‡bv hvq?
(K) 7.0 (L) 5.0
(M) 7.5 (N) me
53. Induction motor G mivmwi myBP eënvi Ki‡j dzj †jv‡Wi KZ ¸Y Kv‡i›U Drcbœ nq?
(K) 5¸Y (L) 10 ¸Y
(M) 3 ¸Y (N) 2 ¸Y
54. ‡gvUi w¯’i Ae¯’vq S =?
(K) 0 (L) 1
(M) 2 (N) 5
55. Slip KLb m‡e©v”P nq KLb?
(K) ‡gvUi w¯’i Ae¯’vq (L) ‡gvUi Nyi‡j
(M) a+b (N) me
56) In a synchronous motor, damper winding is provided in order to
(K) Stabilize rotor motion
(L) Suppress rotor oscillations
(M) Develop necessary starting torque
(N) both (L) and (M)
57) In a synchronous motor the magnitude of stator back e.m.f Eb depends on
(K) speed of the motor (L) load on the motor (M) speed and rotor flux (N) D.C excitation only
58) The direction of rotation of a synchronous motor can be reversed by reversing
(K) Current to the field winding
(L) Supply phase sequence
(M) Polarity of rotor poles
(N) none
59) The maximum value of torque angle in a synchronous motor is ……….. degrees electrical
(K) 450 (L) 900 (M) 450 to 900 (N) below 900
60) If the field of a synchronous motor is under excited the pf will be
(K) lagging (L) leading (M) unity (N) (K) and(L)
61) The V-curve of a synchronous motor show relationship between
(K) excitation current and back e.m.f
(L) field current and Pf
(M) d.c field current and a.c armature current
(N) none
62) When load on a normally excited synchronous motor is increased its Pf tends to
(K) approach unity
(L) become increasingly lagging
(M) become leading
(N) remain unchanged
63) The rotor of a synchronous motor is ……..
(K) Salient pole type (L) non salient pole

Transformer
(M) squirrel cage (N) none
64) A synchronous motor is a ……… motor
(K) Variable Pf (L) Variable speed
(M) Singly fed (N) none
65) When the synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed, the voltage induced in the damper winding is
(K) maximum (L) minimum
(M) zero (N) below 100 V
66) A synchronous motor runs at only one speed because it
(K) has no losses
(L) has a damper winding
(M) doubly fed machine (N) none
67) An over-excited synchronous motor behaves as.......
(K) a resistor (L) An inductor
(M) a capacitor (N) none
68) An under exited synchronous motor behaves as……..
(K) a resistor (L) An inductor
(M) a capacitor (N) none
69) For a given load, the armature current of a synchronous motor will be minimum for …… power factor
(Pf)
(K) Unity (L) 0.8 leading
(M) 0.8 lagging (N) none
70) If the field excitation of a synchronous motor is increased, then armature current…
(K) decreases (L) increases
(M) constant (N) none
71) Armature reaction in an alternator primarily affects
(K) rotor speed (L) armature current
(M) generated voltage per phase
(N) terminal voltage
72) At lagging loads, armature reaction in an alternator is
(K) cross-magnetizing (L) demagnetizing
(M) magnetizing (N) none
73) For proper parallel operation a.c polyphase alternators must have the same -------
(K) speed (L) voltage rating
(M) KVA rating (N) excitation
74) At leading p.f. the armature flux in an alternator ……. The rotor flux
(K) opposes (L) aids
(M) distorts (N) no effect
75) The field winding of an alternator is …. excited.
(K) dc (L) ac
(M) both dc and ac (N) none
76) Low-speed alternators are driven by ----
(K) hydraulic turbines (L) steam turbines
(M) steam engines (N) none
77) High-speed alternator are driven by
(K) steam turbine (L) diesel engines
Transformer
(M) steam engine (N) none
78) Synchronous generator means
(K) alternator (L) induction motor
(M) d.c generator (N) none
79) For the same rating the size of low speed alternator is …… that of high speed alternator
(K) same as (L) more than
(M) less than (N) none
80) The synchronous reactance of an alternator is due to
(K) leakage flux (L) dc field excitation
(M) armature reaction (N) none
81) The voltage regulation of an alternator depends on …
(K) load current only (L) pf only
(M) none (N) both (K) and (L)
82) An alternator supplying power to a load with a leading power factor always has …… voltage regulation
(K) positive (L) negative
(M) unity (N) zero
83) When the speed of an alternator is reduced by half the generated e.m.f will become
1
(K) Twice (L) 4 𝑡ℎ
(M) half (N) Four times
84) An under-excited alternator supplies….
(K) lagging VAR (L) leading VAR
(M) actives power (N) none
85) For the same power rating an alternator is …. Than that of a dc generator
(K) large in size (L) smaller in size
(M) same size as (N) none
86) The full-load efficiency of an alternator ……. With the size of the machine
(K) increases (L) decreases
(M) unchanged (N) none
87) The efficiency of the turbo alternator….. with increases in speed
(K) decreases (L) increases
(M) remain the same (N) none
88) The voltage regulation of an alternator for a p.f. of 0.8 lagging is …… at unity Pf
(K) greater than (L) less than
(M) same as (N) none
89) Voltage regulation of an alternator is larger than that of a d.c generator because
(K) large armature resistance
(L) large leakage reactance
(M) Effects of armature reaction
(N) none
90) If the number of poles of an alternator is increased, the generated e.m.f
(K) increase (L) decrease
(M) no effect (N) none
91) In a 3- ∅ induction motor, the rotor field rotates at synchronous speed with respect to
(K) stator (L) rotor

Transformer
(M) stator flux (N) none
92) In a 3- ∅ induction motor, the relative speed of stator flux with respect to ……. is zero.
(K) stator winding (L) rotor
(M) stator flux (N) space
93) The stator of a 3- ∅ induction motor produces …….. magnetic field
(K) steady (L) alternating
(M) rotating (N) none
94) When the rotor of a 3- ∅ induction motor is blocked, the slip in
(K) zero (L) 0.5
(M) unity (N) 2 times
95) A 4-pole, 50Hz induction motor operates at 5% slip. The frequency of e.m.f induced in the rotor will be
(K) 25 Hz (L) 50 Hz
(M) 2.5 Hz (N) 100 Hz
96) The maximum voltage is induced in the rotor of a 3- ∅ induction motor when if runs at……
(K) no load (L) full load
(M) blocked (N) none
97) The rotor current in a 3- ∅ induction motor is …… slip
(K) inversely proportional to
(L) directly proportional to
(M) independent
(N) squarely varied to
98) The starting torque of a3- ∅induction motor is ………. Supply voltage
(K) independent to (L) proportional
(M) reciprocal
(N) proportional to square of
99) If the supply voltage of a 3- ∅ induction motor is increased two times then torque is
(K) two times increased
(L) decreased two times
(M) increased 4 times
(N) decreased 4 times
100) For higher efficiency of 3- ∅ induction motor the slip should be…..
(K) large (L) very large
(M) 1 (N) as small as possible
101) If the slip of induction motor increases then current in the stator winding…….
(K) increased (L) decreased
102) If the slip of a 3- ∅ induction motor increases the pf of the rotor circuit…..
(K) increased (L) decreased
103) A 4 pole, 50 Hz 1- ∅ induction motor has a slip of 5%. The speed of the motor will be
(K) 1500 r.p.m (L) 1425 r.p.m
(M) 1200 r.p.m (N) none
104) 1- ∅ induction motor is a ……….. machine.
(K) self-starting (L) not self-starting
(M) hunting (N) none
Transformer
105) For the same rating, the efficiency of a 1- ∅ induction motor is ……… than that of 3- ∅ induction motor
(K) less (L) more
106) Most of the 1- ∅ induction motor are....machines
(K) 2-pole (L) 6-pole
(M) 8-pole (N) 4-pole
107) For the same rating, the p.f of a 1- ∅ induction motor is ……… than that of 3- ∅ induction motor.
(K) less (L) more
108) The washing machine generally employs ..... motor
(K) 1- ∅ series motor
(L) resistance split-phase
(M) shaded pole
(N) hysteresis
109) A capacitor start capacitor run motor has …
(K) low P.f (L) high P.f
(M) low efficiency (N) high starting torque
110) For the same rating, the size of single phase induction motor is about ……… that of the 3- ∅ induction
motor
(K) 3 times (L) same as
(M) 1.5 times (N) 0.33 times
111) A transformer transforms..
(K) frequency (L) voltage
(M) current (N) both (L) and (M)
112) A transformer has negative voltage regulative when its load power factor is
(K) zero (L) unity
(M) lagging (N) leading
113) When a 400 Hz transformer is operated at 50 Hz is KVA rating is
1
(K) reduced to 8 (L) increased 8 times (M) unaffected (N) increase 4 times
7th
114) If cu loss of a transformer at 8 full load is 4900 w , then its full-load cu loss would be … watt
(K) 5600w (L) 6400w
(M) 375w (N) 429w
115) The essential condition for parallel operation of two 1- ∅ transformers is that they should have the same
(K) polarity (L) KVA rating
(M) voltage ratio (N) none
116) The main purpose of performing open-circuit test on a transformer is to measure it’s
(K) cu loss (L) core loss
(M) total loss (N) above all
117) The main purpose of using core in a transformer is to
(K) decrease iron losses
(L) prevent eddy current loss
(M) Reduce hysteresis loss
(N) decrease reluctance of the common magnetic circuit
118) A transformer does not possess … changing property

Transformer
(K) impedance (L) voltage
(M) current (N) power
119) What is the voltage at secondary side of a transformer having a turn ratio of 1:10 if 440v dc is applied at
primary?
(K) 0 v (L) 4400v
(M) 44v (N) 4.4v
120) What would be your comment regarding the size of a 1 KVA, 400 Hz transformer and a 1 KVA, 50 Hz
transformer?
(K) 400 Hz transformer is smaller in size
(L) 50 Hz transformer is smaller in size
(M) both are equal size
(N) 400 Hz transformer is larger in size
121) Unit transformer at power generation is used as an ____.
(K) energy meter
(L) step up transformer
(M) auxiliary transformer (N) step doun transformer
122) In open circuit test of transformer power supply is given in
(K) low voltage side (L) high voltage side
(M) both (K) and (L) (N) none
123) When load on a transformer is increased the eddy current….
(K) is increased (L) decreased
124) When load on a transformer is decreased, ……. Loss is decreased
(K) eddy current (L) hysteresis
(M) copper (N) friction
125) Which of the following connection is best suited for 3- ∅, 4- wire service ?
K) ∆ − ∆ L) 𝛾 − 𝛾
M) ∆ − 𝛾 N) 𝛾 − ∆
126) Current transformer is a …….. transformer
(K) step up (L) step down
127) Potential transformer is a ……….. transformer
(K) step up (L) step down
128) A transformer will have zero efficiency at …
(K) full load (L) no-load
(M) half load (N) none
129) Transformer wK ai‡Yi wWfvBm ?
(K) Electromagnetic (L) Electrostatic
(M) Electrorotating (N) None
130) Transformer ‡Kvb bxwZ‡Z KvR K‡i ?
(K) Electrostatic
(L) Electromagnetic induction
(M) The law of Lenz
(N) All of them
131) Transformer oil Gi evwYwR¨K bvg wK ?
Transformer
(K) Pyranol (L) Silicon
(M) Sulfer (N) K I L
132) eªx`v‡ii g‡a¨ wK ai‡Yi ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi
Kiv nq ?
(K) Gun Powder (L) Silicagel
(M) none (N) K I L
133) Transformer tank I KbRvi‡fUi Gi ms‡hvMKvix
cvB‡ci g‡a¨ wK jvMv‡bv _v‡K?
(K) Oil level indicator (L) Thermometer
(M) Buchholz relay (N) ‡KvbwU bq
134) Transformer kx‡Ui fvwb©k Bbmy‡jk‡bi cyiæZ¡
KZ nq ?
(K) 0.0254mm (L) 0.254mm
(M) 0.00254mm (N) None
135) ‰Z‡ji ¸bv¸b bó n‡j wK‡mi gva¨‡g ms‡KZ †`q ?
(K) Oil level indicator (L) Buchholz relay
(M) Thermo meter (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
136) Turn ratio Gi relation †KvbwU ?
(K) EP/ES= NP/NS= IS/IP
(L) EP/ES= NS/NP= IS/IP
(M) ES/EP= NP/NS= IS/IP
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq
137) A Transformer transforms---------
(K) Frequency (L) Voltage
(M) Current (N) Voltage and Current
138) An ideal transformer--------
(K) Winding have no resistance
(L) Core has no losses
(M) Core has infinite permeability
(N) All of the above
139) Transformer core eënv‡ii cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wK ?
(K) Decrease iron losses
(L) Prevent eddy current loss
(M) eliminate magnetic hystersis
(N) Decrase reluctance of the commom
magnetic circuit
140) Transformer core laminated Kvi nq KviY--
(K) Simplify its construction
(L) Minimise eddy current loss
(M) Reduce cost
(N) Reduce hysteresis loss
141) In a Transformer if NP =1000 turns,
Ep =250 Volt, ES =400 Volt, NS = ?
(K) 1600 (L) 250 (M) 400 (N) 1250
142) A step up Transformer increase-------
(K) Voltage (L) Current
(M) Power (N) Frequency
143) Transformer -G short circuit test mgq------
(K) High voltage side is usually short circuit
(L) Low voltage side is usually short circuit
(M)Any side is short circuit with

Transformer
performance
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq
144) Secondary Gi mv‡c‡ÿ primary -‡Z mgZzj¨
†iwR÷¨vÝ KZ n‡e, hw` K=5, R=0.1ohm nq ?
(K) 0.5 (L) 0.02 (M) 0.004 (N) 2.5
145) Transformer Gi Voltage Regulation KLb
(-ve) nq?
(K) Zero pf (L) Leading pf
(M) Lagging pf (N) Unity pf
146) Transformer –G no load test Kiv nq wK
wbY©q Gi Rb¨ ?
(K) Copper loss (L) Magnetising current
(M) Magnetising current and no load loss
(N) Efficiency
147) Open circuit test Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wK cwigvc
Kivi Rb¨ ?
(K) Cupper loss (L) Core loss
(M) Total loss (N) Insulation resistance
148) Transformer rating KW –G bv †i‡L KVA ‡Z
ivLv nq †Kb ?
(K) load pf Rvbv _v‡K bv weavq
(L) KVA is fixed but KW depends on the
p.f. load
(M) Total transformer loss depends on
Volt-Ampere
(N) It has become customary
149) nvjKv †jv‡Wi †ÿ‡Î Transformer Gi
efficiency Kg †Kb ?
(K) Secondary output is low
(L) Transformer losses are high
(M) Fixed loss is high in propotional to
The output
(N) Cu. Loss is small
150) GKwU 200KVA Transformer Gi iron loss
1KW and full load cu. Loss 2KW n‡j
maximum KVA KZ n‡e ?
(K) 100 (L) 141.4 (M) 59 (N) 200
151) GKwU 200KVA Transformer Gi iron loss 1KW and full load cu. Loss 2KW n‡j maximum efficiency KZ
n‡e ?
(K) 98.6% (L) 97.9% (M) 98.5% (N) 92% 152) hw` 7/8 ¸Y †jvW G cu. Loss 4900W nq Zvn‡j
full load cu. loss KZ n‡e?
(K) 5600 (L) 6400 (M) 3751 (N) 429
153) Transformer Gi maximum efficiency Gi kZ© wK ?
(K) If runs at half load
(L) If runs at full load
(M) When its cu. Loss = core loss
(N) When its runs at over load
154) Maximum efficiency KZ KVA ‡Z msMwVZ n‡e hw` 100KVA Transformer Gi iron loss 900W and full load
cu. Loss 1600W nq?
(K) 56.3 (L) 133.3 (M) 75 (N) 177.7
155) Transformer Gi mviw`‡bi `ÿZv wbf©i K‡i ?

Transformer
(K) Its cu. Loss (L) The amount of load
(M) The duration of load (N) L Ges M
156) Half load G Cu. loss 100W n‡j full load
Cu. loss KZ n‡e ?
(K) 300W (L) 350W (M) 400W (N) 450W
157) GKwU 10KVA Transformer Gi core loss
80W, Cu. loss 120W n‡j 0.8pf
G Efficiency KZ n‡e ?
(K) 97.56% (L) 98.56%
(M) 96.56% (N) none
158) Voltage regulation Gi gvb wK nIqv fvj ?
(K)Kg (L)‡ekx (M)ga¨g (N)Lye †ekx
159) GKwU 10KVA Transformer Gi core loss
1.2KW, Cu. loss 1.8KW n‡j 0.8pf G half
load G Efficiency KZ n‡e ?
(K) 70.79% (L) 98.56%
(M) 96.56% (N) none
160) Transformer loss KZ ai‡Yi?
(K) 2 (L) 4 (M) 3 (N) 5
161) Core loss KZ cÖKvi?
(K) 3 (L) 2 (M) 4 (N) 5
162) The p.f. of an alternator is determined by
its-----
(K) speed (L) load
(M) excitation (N) primemover
163) For proper parallel operation, an alternator must have the same----
(K) speed (L) Voltage rating
(M) KVA rating (N) Excitation
164) GKwU 4pole, 36 slot alternator Gi coil span 1-8 Zvn‡j winding short pitch Kiv
n‡q‡Q -----degree ?
(K) 140 (L) 80 (M) 20 (N) 40
165) 2400/120V Transformer Gi R1=0.1ohm, R2=0.035ohm n‡j primary ‡Z mgZzj¨
†iva KZ?
(K) 14.1ohm (L) 15.1ohm
(M) 16.1ohm (N) 13.1ohm
166) 2400/120V Transformer Gi R1=0.1ohm, R2=0.035ohm n‡j secondary ‡Z mgZzj¨
†iva KZ?
(K) 0.03525ohm (L) 0.3525ohm
(M) 16.1ohm (N) 13.1ohm
167) Flux density 1.2wb/m and cross section area 150cm2 n‡j d¬v· KZ?
2
(K) 0.015wb (L) 0.016wb

(M) 0.018wb (N) 0.2wb
168) Transformer Gi efficiency maximum n‡e--
(K) at 0.8 lag p.f (L) at 0.8 lead p.f
(M) at unity p.f (N) at 0.5 lag p.f
169) Frequency evo‡j Transformer Gi -------
(K) efficiency ev‡o
(L) efficiency K‡g
(M) efficiency AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K
(N) there is no effect on efficiency
of frequency

Transformer
170) Auto Transformer G mvaviY Transformer Gi Zzjbvq Kcvi-----
(K)‡ekx jv‡M (L)Kg jv‡M
(M)GKB cwigvY jv‡M (N)Kg jv‡M
171) Auto Transformer wK ai‡Yi wWfvBm ?
(K) Electrically isolated
(L) Magnetically connected
(M) Magnetically isolated
(N) Electrically connectd
172) Induction motor ‡Kvb bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i ?
(K) electromagnetic induction bxwZ
(L) Lenz’s Gi bxwZ
(M) Fleming Gi bxwZ
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
173) Induction motor ‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) Rotating X-formar
(L) Synchronous motor
(M) Auto X-formar
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
174) Induction motor Gi Synchronous speed Gi mgxKiY ‡KvbwU ?
60f 120𝑃
(K) Ns = (L) Ns =
𝑃 𝑓
`120f
(M) Ns = 𝑃 (N) ‡KvbwUB bq |
175) Induction motor Gi slip speed wbY©‡qi myÎ †KvbwU?
(K) Ns = (S- Nr) (L) S = ( Ns - Nr)
(M) S = ( Nr – Ns) (N) ‡KvbwUB bq |
176) Induction Gi Rotor ‡h speed G Ny‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) Rotor speed (L) Stator speed
(M) Phase speed (N) a & b.
177) Induction motor Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK ?
120f 120f
(K) Nr = (1-s) (L) Ns = (1-s)
P P
120P 60P
(M) Nr = f (1-s) (N) Nr = f (1-s)
178) ‡KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) s = fr×f (L) fr = s×f
(M) s = fr× s’ (N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
179) Induction motor Gi Pole msL¨vi Dci wK‡mi MwZ wbf©i
K‡i ?
(K) motor Gi MwZ| (L) rotor Gi MwZ|
(M) stator Gi MwZ| (N) ‡KvbwUB bq |
180) Induction motor Gi jw× flux wbY©‡qi myÎ †KvbwU ?
3 √3
(K) 𝜑R = 2 𝜑 (L) 𝜑R = 𝜑m
2
3 √3
(M) 𝜑m = 2 𝜑R (N)𝜑m = 2 𝜑R
181) GKB kw³ m¤úbœ motor Gi g‡a¨ Kg MwZi †P‡q †ewk MwZi motor Gi `vg Kg †Kb ?
(K) Kg MwZi motor Gi Pole msL¨v Kg nq|
(L) Kg MwZi motor Gi Pole msL¨v ‡ewk nq|
( (M) ‡ewk MwZi motor Gi Pole msL¨v ‡ewk nq|
(N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
182) ¯‹zBivj †KR rotor Gi starting torque Kg †Kb ?
(K) Resistance ‡ewk e‡j|
(L) Resistance Amxg e‡j|
(M) Resistance Kg e‡j|
Transformer
(N) a I c
183) torque wbY†qi myÎ †KvbwU ?
(K) T = F × r (L) T = w × r
(M) T = p× r (N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
184) Starting torque Gi gvb KLb m‡ev©”P nq ?
(K) w¯’i Ae¯’vq (L)PjšÍ Ae¯’vq
(M) NyišÍ Ae¯’vq (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv
185) Induction motor Gi torque I rotor power factor Gi
g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK ?
(K) mgvbycvwZK (L) e¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK
(M) e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK (N) Dc‡ii me
186) Induction motor Gi armature torque Gi myÎ †KvbwU ?
(K) Ta = 0.159𝜑Ia Z (P/a)
(L) Ta = 0.1524𝜑N Z (P/a)
(M) Ta = 0.159𝜑ZN (P/a)
(N) Dc‡ii me|
187) Induction motor Gi stator winding G †h loss nq Zv‡K
wK e‡j ?
(K) Cu loss (L) Core loss
(M) friction loss (N) windage loss.
188) Induction motor Gi air-gap AwZµg K‡i †h power rotor G cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) Asynchronous power
(L) Synchronous power
(M) Induction power
(N) ‡KvbUvB bq|
189) Induction motor Gi no-load current Gi gvb transformer Gi no-load current Gi †P‡q
(K) ‡ewk (L) Kg (M) Amxg (N) me ¸‡jv
190) Induction motor Gi rotor G w¯’i Ae¯’vq output power kyb¨ nq †Kb ?
(K) motor Gi MwZ †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
(L) motor Gi MwZ ïb¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
(M) motor Gi MwZ AcwiewZ©Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
(N) †KvbwUB bq|
191) KLb slip Gi gvb m‡ev©”P n‡e ?
(K) hLb stator Gi speed ïb¨ n‡e|
(L) hLb rotor speed (Nr) ïb¨ n‡e|
(M) hLb stator I rotor speed mgvb n‡e|
(N) †KvbwUB bq|
192) ‡h motor no load Ges full load G mgvb wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z Ny‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) Synchronous motor
(L) Induction motor
(M) Stepper motor
(N) Slip-Phase motor.
193) wb‡Pi †KvbwU Synchronous motor Gi starting c×wZ
(K) D.C motor Gi mvnv‡h¨ (L) Pony motor Gi mvnv‡h¨
(M) Excitor Gi mvnv‡h¨ (N) Dc‡ii me ¸‡jv|
194) bx‡Pi †KvbwU Synchronous motor Gi ‰ewkó¨ bq –
(K) Dnv‡Z †Kvb slip †bB
(L) ‡h †Kvb p.f Pvjv‡bv hvq bv|
(M) No-load I full load GB MwZ‡Z Ny‡i|
(N) Stator I rotor Gi pole msL¨v mgvb|
195) hLb Synchronous motor AbeiZ cwieZ©bkxj load G cwiPvwjZ nq ZLb wK‡mi m„wó nq Ñ

Transformer
(K) Kjv †`vjb (L) nvwÈs
(M) Phase switching (N) Dc‡ii me ¸‡jv
196) Power factor improvement Gi Rb¨ †Kvb motor eënvi Kiv nq ?
(K) Induction moto (L) Conduction motor
(M) Synchronous motor (N) Dc‡ii me ¸‡jv|
197) Synchronous motor ‡K ejv nq
(K) Synchronous machine
(L) Synchronous condenser.
(M) Synchronous rotary equipment.
(N) Synchroniscope.
198) p.f. unity nq synchronous motor Gi –
(K) bigvj G·vB‡Uk‡b (L) AvÛvi G·vB‡Uk‡b
(M) Ifvi G·vB‡Uk‡b (N) 100% G·vB‡Uk‡b
199) Synchronous motor Gi load e„w× †c‡j ÑÑ
(K) E.M.F K‡g I jvBb current ev‡o
(L) E.M.F I Line current Dfq ev‡o|
(M) E.M.F GKB _v‡K I line current K‡g|
(N) E.M.F GKB _v‡K I Line current ev‡o|
200) Synchronous motor line ‡_‡K me©wb¤œ current MÖnY Ki‡e
(K) Rated excitation ÑG
(L) Normal excitation Ñ G
(M) Over excitation ÑG
(N) 100% excitation. Ñ G
201) A.C Generator ejv nq ÑÑ
(K) A.C Motor ‡K (L) Phase Advancer ‡K
(M) Aulternator ‡K (N) Induction Motor ‡K
202) What is the approximate efficiency of large transformers?
(K) 65% (L) 75%
(M) 85% (N) 95%
203) wmb‡µvbvm †gvU‡i e¨vK BGgGd wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
(K) Speed (L) load
(M) both the speed and rotor flux
(N) dc excitation only
204) Slip 100% n‡j Rotor speed KZ?
(K) Ns (L) Nr
(M) 0 (N) Ns=Nr
205) UªvÝdgv©‡ii mvivw`‡bi `ÿZv wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
(K) Cu loss (L) Load
(M) Duration of load (N) b & c
206) wd«‡Kv‡qÝx evov‡j UªvÝdigv‡ii `ÿZv ..........|
(K) ev‡o (L) K‡g
(M) AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K (N) ‡Kvb cÖfve bvB
207) UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kvi †Kb †jwg‡b‡UW Kiv nq?
(K) To simplify construction
(L) To reduce cost
(M) To minimize eddy current
(N) To reduce hysteresis loss
208) GKwU Aëvi‡bU‡ii Fundamental Harmonic 60 n‡j, 3rd Harmonic KZ?
(K) 150 (L) 180
(M) 250 (N) 240
Transformer
209) The magnetizing current drawn by transformer and induction motors is the cause of their ………….
Power factor
(K) zero (L) unity
(M) leading (N) lagging
Answers
1 K 2 K 3 N 4 N 5 K 6 N
7 L 8 K 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 N
13 K 14 M 15 N 16 K 17 K 18 L
19 L 20 K 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 L
25 M 26 K 27 L 28 K 29 L 30 M
31 M 32 L 33 M 34 M 35 N 36 M
37 L 38 K 39 M 40 K 41 K 42 M
43 L 44 K 45 K 46 K 47 K 48 K
49 M 50 K 51 K 52 K 53 K 54 L
55 K 56 N 57 N 58 L 59 L 60 K
61 M 62 L 63 K 64 K 65 M 66 M
67 M 68 L 69 K 70 L 71 M 72 L
73 L 74 L 75 K 76 K 77 K 78 K
79 L 80 M 81 N 82 L 83 M 84 L
85 L 86 K 87 L 88 K 89 M 90 K
91 K 92 L 93 M 94 M 95 M 96 M
97 L 98 N 99 M 100 N 101 K 102 L
103 L 104 L 105 K 106 N 107 K 108 L
109 L 110 M 111 N 112 N 113 K 114 L
115 K 116 L 117 N 118 N 119 K 120 K
121 L 122 K 123 M 124 M 125 M 126 K
127 L 128 L 129 L 130 L 131 N 132 L
133 M 134 K 135 K 136 K 137 N 138 N
139 N 140 L 141 K 142 K 143 L 144 N
145 L 146 M 147 L 148 K 149 M 150 L
151 M 152 M 153 M 154 M 155 N 156 M
157 L 158 K 159 K 160 K 161 K 162 M
163 L 164 N 165 K 166 K 167 M 168 M
169 L 170 L 171 K 172 K 173 K 174 M
175 L 176 K 177 L 178 K 179 K 180 L
181 L 182 M 183 K 184 K 185 K 186 K
187 K 188 N 189 K 190 L 191 L 192 K
193 N 194 L 195 N 196 M 197 L 198 K
199 K 200 K 201 M 202 N 203 L 204 N
205 N 206 L 207 M 208 K 209 N

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Sl cÖkœ Venue
1 GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U †U‡÷i wPÎ Gu‡K wK wK wbY©q Kiv hvq, digyjvmn e¨vLv EGCB-2020
Ki| Venue: DPI
2 GKwU wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii kU© mvwK©U I I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ eY©bv Kiæb| BPSC (Ministry of
Education)-2019
3 UªvÝdgv©‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ eZ©bx A¼b Kiæb| Dhaka WASA-2019
Venue: BUET
4 K) †Kvi UvBc Ges †kj UvBc UªvÝdg©v‡ii Zzjbv Ki|
L) weª`v‡ii KvR wK?
M) UªvÝdg©vi Kv‡K e‡j? UªvÝdg©v‡ii êwkó¨ wK?
N) GKwU 100KVA, 2200/220Volt, 1-phase UªvÝdg©v‡ii Avqib jm I dzj †jvW Kcvi Chittagong Port-2019
Venue: CPA
jm h_vµ‡g 300w I 450W n‡j, †ei Ki-
- m‡ev©”P `ÿZvq †KwfG
- 0.8 cvIqvi d¨v±‡i m‡ev©”P `ÿZv (UªvÝdgv©‡ii AvDUcyU)
5 GKwU 5 †KwfG, 1000/200 †fvë, 50nvU©R wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdigv‡i wb¤œwjwLZ †U÷ WvUv
cvIqv †Mj-
I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ (LT Side): 200‡fvë, 1.2 Gw¤úqvi, 90IqvU PGCB-2019
Venue: BUET
kU© mvwK©U †U÷ (HT Side): 50‡fvë, 5 Gw¤úqvi, 110 IqvU
UªvÝdigvwUi HT Side-G mgZzj¨ wmwiR Bw¤ú‡WÝ evwni Ki|
6 UªvÝdigv‡ii †Kvijm wbiæcb e¨vL¨v Ki| WZPDCL-2019
Venue: KUET
7 UªvÝdg©v‡ii I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ †Kb Ges wKfv‡e Kiv nq, ms‡hvM wPÎ †`LvI| Summit-2019
Venue: Tejgaon
College
8 UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvixi mv‡c‡ÿ mgZzj¨ mvwK©U A¼b Kiæb| RPCL-2019
Venue: MIST
9 UªvÝdg©v‡ii †iwUs †Kb KW Gi cwie‡Z© KVA ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq| PSC (Junior
Instructor)-2016
10 GKwU UªvÝdgv©‡ii †iwkI 440/110| GwU †bv‡jvW Ae¯’vq 0.2cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 5 Gw¤úqvi Kv‡i›U
NESCO-2017
†bq Ges †m‡KÛvix‡Z 0.4 cvIqvi d¨v±‡i 120 Gw¤úqvi mieivn K‡i| g~L¨ KzÛjxi cÖevwnZ
Venue: RUET
Kv‡i›U KZ?
11 UªvÝdgv©‡ii c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mgyn wjLyb| BOF-2018
Venue: Gazipur Cant.
12 UªvÝdgv©‡ii 4wU j‡mi bvg wjLyb| EGCB-2018
Venue: DPI
13 K) GKwU wZb †dR, 50nvU©R, 11/0.415‡Kwf, 250 †KwfG weZib UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvix I
BSEC-2018
†m‡KÛvix K‡q‡ji Kv‡i›U KZ wbY©q Ki|
Venue: BUET
L) UªvÝdgv©‡ii m‡ev©”P `ÿZv wKfv‡e cvIqv hvq?
14 K) UªvÝdgv©‡ii c¨vivjvj Acv‡ik‡bi kZ©mgyn wjLyb|
L) UªvÝdgv©‡ii jmmgyn wjL| UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖvBgvix‡Z wWwm mieivn w`‡j wK n‡e?
M) GKwU 100 †KwfG wm‡½j †dR UªvÝdgv©‡ii Avqib jm 1kW Ges dzj †jvW Kcvi jm BEPZA-2017
Venue: EPZ School
1.5kW n‡j, 0.8 j¨vwMs cvIqvi d¨v±‡i m‡ev©”P `ÿZv KZ?
N) UªvÝdg©v‡ii †iwUs †Kb KW Gi cwie‡Z© KVA ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq|
15 UªvÝdg©v‡ii cÖvBgvwi‡Z mvcøvB _vKv Ae¯’vq †m‡KÛvwi I‡cb Kiv hvq bv †Kb? Sundarban Gas-2017

Venue: BUET
16 If a 2 KVA, 50Hz, 2000/200 Volt transformer is connected with a R L in DPDC-2016
secondary and the value of RL is 200ohm. Find out the primary current. Venue: MIST
17 UªvÝdgv©‡ii †KwfG †iwUs ej‡Z wK eySvq? †÷c -Avc I †÷c-WvDb UªvÝdgv©‡ii cv_©K¨ wK? BPSC (BTV)-2018
18 K) GKwU †÷c-Avc UªvÝdgv©‡ii MVbcÖbvjx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
Ministry of Health
L) UªvÝdg©v‡ii jm ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(Estimator)-2018
M) A‡Uv-UªvÝdgv©i wKfv‡e KvR K‡i-we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
19 K) UªvÝdgv©‡ii cÖavb cÖavb jmmgy‡ni bvg wjLyb| UªvÝdg©v‡ii jm †ei Kivi c×wZ Kx? BPSC (Railway)-
L) wmwU I wcwU wK? wKfv‡e eënvi Kiv nq wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 2018
20 eyLjR wi‡j †Kv_vq Ges wK Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq|
21 K) weZib UªvÝdgv©‡ii cvuPwU iæwUb †U‡÷i bvg wjLyb|
L) wmwU I wcwU Kx? †Kv_vq Ges †Kb G¸‡jv eënvi Kiv nq| BSEC-2018
M) UªvÝdgv©‡ii dzj‡jvW Ges †bv‡jvW jm wK? ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| Venue: BUET
N) †Kvb †U‡÷i gva¨‡g UªvÝdgv©‡ii †jvW K¨vcvwmwU †U÷ Kiv nq Ges AvbygvwbK KZ mgq jv‡M?

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LECTURE ON

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20) Brief: Unit Transformer, Substation Transformer, Teaser Transformer

21) Explain Dot Convention

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2| †kj UvBc UªvÝdigvi (shell type Transformer)

3| ¯úvBivj †Kvi UvBc UªvÝdigvi (spiral core type Transformer)

(M) e¨envi ev cÖ‡qvM Abymv‡i t

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2| wWw÷ªweDkb UªvÝdigvi (Distribution Transformer)- Used in Distribution Network

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4) UªvÝdigv‡ii Kvh©cÖYvjx wjL| UªvÝdigv‡ii kZ© mg~n wjL|

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cÖvBgvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

†m‡KÛvix‡Z Drcvw`Z voltage

Avgiv Rvwb, Av`k© UªvÝdigvi Gi †¶‡Î

From (i) & (ii) we have

8) ‡`LvI †h, UªvÝdigv‡ii BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU cvIqvi mgvb

EMF Equation & Turn ratio Related Math

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(i) cÖvBgvix mvB‡W,

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Example from Charles I. Hubert

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Equivalent Circuit & Equivalent Impedance Related Math

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R02 = R2+R'1 = R2+K2R1

(i) nvB †fv‡ëR mvB‡Wi mv‡c‡¶

Solution: = 0.102Ω (Ans)

= 31 .56 2  10 .15 2 X02 = X2+X1k2

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Example from Stephen J. Chapman

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10) wj‡KR d¬v‡·i Amyweav t

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Vector Diagram Related Math

No load vector diagram.

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For Resistive load Gi Vector diagram.

14) BÛvKwUf †jv‡Wi †¶‡Î Vector diagram AsKb Ki t

Lagging P. Gi Rb¨ Vector diagram.

15) Capacitive load Gi †¶‡Î Vector diagram.

Vector diagram for capacitive load.

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Avgiv Rvwb, I1 = I2' + Io

18) UªvÝdigv‡ii ‡Uó †Kb Kiv nq?

X01 = Z 012  R012

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X01 = 8.192  3.262 = 7.5