Confined Spaces Procedures

Health & Safety, Human Resources
CONFINED SPACE PROCEDURES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose......................................................................................................................................... 2
Primary Objectives ............................................................................................................ 2
Operational Objectives...................................................................................................... 2
Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Legislation..................................................................................................................................... 3
Responsibilities ............................................................................................................................. 4
1. Associate Vice-President (Facilities and Planning)
2. Facilities Management Managers
3. Supervisors
4. University of Regina employees
5. Facilities Management staff
6. Contractors and their employees
7. Health and Safety, Human Resources
Categorization of Confined Spaces .............................................................................................. 5

1. Category I – Restricted Space
2. Category II – Non-Hazardous Confined Space
3. Category III – Hazardous Confined Space
Entry Requirements and Safe Work Procedures .......................................................................... 6

1. Category I – Restricted Space
2. Category II – Non-Hazardous Confined Space
3. Category III – Hazardous Confined Space with Safe Atmosphere
Written Entry Plan ......................................................................................................................... 8
Education and Training ................................................................................................................. 8
Hazard Assessment and Controls ................................................................................................ 9
APPENDICES:
Appendix 1 – Summary of Restricted & Confined Space Entry Requirements........................... 10
Appendix 2 – Confined Space Entry Work Plan ......................................................................... 11
Appendix 3 – Written Entry Plan Requirements.......................................................................... 21
Appendix 4 – Hazardous Confined Space – Detailed Hazard Assessment................................ 23
Appendix 5 – Common Confined Space Hazards ...................................................................... 29
Appendix 6 – Required and Recommended Confined Space Hazard Controls.......................... 37
Appendix 7 – Confined Space Rescue ....................................................................................... 44
Appendix 8 – Legislation............................................................................................................. 45
Confined Space Procedures 1 of 49

Name Confined Space Procedures
Origin Health & Safety, Human Resources
Date of Issue November 2008
Revision Date(s) Every three (3) years and whenever there is a change of
circumstances that may affect the health and safety of
employees.
PURPOSE
Primary Objectives
1. Maintain, as a minimum standard, compliance with all relevant statutes, regulations and
standards of regulatory authorities representing occupational health and safety
2. Ensure that safety and accident prevention are an integral part of planning, operations
and University activities
3. Promote safe working practices and awareness through training, education and the
implementation of general safety policies and workplace specific procedures, including an
Occupational Health and Safety Program
Operational Objectives
1. To provide information on where confined spaces exist on the University campus
2. To provide information on the level of hazard that exists in the identified confined spaces
as a result of space restrictions, design, location, contents or work activities that create a
dangerous atmosphere
3. To implement procedures that will prevent unauthorized entry into confined spaces
4. To protect the health and safety of those who must enter confined spaces on University
property
DEFINITIONS
Confined Space
Pursuant to The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations,1996, “confined space” means
an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
(i) is not primarily designed or intended for human occupancy, except for the purpose of
performing work; and
(ii) has restricted means of entrance and exit.”
If you enter the confined space through a standard sized door and go down into the space using
a normal staircase, then the means of entrance and exit is not restricted. Therefore the space is
not a confined space.
Examples of confined space include spaces that can only be entered or exited:
• through a hatch,
• by a ladder,
• by a spiral staircase with a tight radius such that a standard sized stretcher could not
be used to remove an injured employee, or
• by crawling

Hazardous Confined Space
Certain confined spaces are particularly hazardous and are subject to strict regulations that
prohibit entry into the spaces except under very specific conditions. These confined spaces are
called “hazardous confined spaces”.
The regulations define “hazardous confined space” to mean “a confined space that is or may
become hazardous to a worker entering the confined space due to:
(i) the design, construction or atmosphere of the confined space
(ii) the materials or substances in the confined space
(iii) the work activities or processes used in the confined space
(iv) any other conditions relating to the confined space
Some of the hazards that may be present which may render a confined space a hazardous
confined space, include:
• pipes (sewer, steam, gas, etc.) that can make the space hazardous if they burst;
• unexpected atmospheric hazards (methane, hydrogen sulphides, or oxygen deprived
environment) resulting from soil conditions, leaks, or inadequate ventilation,
• insulated pipes in poor condition which may contain asbestos or pose a burn hazard,
• high voltage conductors,
• moving parts of machinery
• stacked or stored material that pose a crushing/engulfment hazard
A confined space that has no apparent hazards may become a hazardous confined space
because of the work activity taking place within the confined space. For example, welding,
painting or work with substances that produce toxic fumes or pose a risk of explosion.
Train means to give information and explanation to an employee with respect to a particular
subject matter and require a practical demonstration that the employee has acquired knowledge
or skill related to the subject matter.
Employee Trained in Confined Space Entry means a University employee who has
successfully completed a training course in confined space entry approved by the AVP Facilities
and Planning.
Competent means possessing knowledge, experience and training to perform a specific duty.
Bump test means a functional test of a gas monitor that involves a brief exposure of the
monitor to a concentration of gas(ses) in excess of the lowest alarm set-point for each sensor
for the purpose of verifying sensor and alarm operation.
Hot Work means any activity that creates sparks, or involves heat, or open flames. Among the
activities covered by the hot work procedure are welding, braising, soldering, abrasive wheel
cutting, paint burning, tarring and thermal bonding.
Entry (vb) means the entry of any part of a person’s body into a confined space.
Supervisor means a person who is authorized by the University to oversee or direct the work of
employees.

LEGISLATION
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 and

Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996
Sections 266 through 274 apply to confined spaces. The legislation can be located on-line at
http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Regulations/Regulations/O1-1R1.pdf
Sections 266-274 are located in Appendix IX of the procedures.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Associate Vice-President (Facilities and Planning) will ensure that:

• an up to date inventory of the University’s confined spaces is maintained and, to the
extent possible, categorizes the space in accordance with the Categorization of Spaces
Section.
• all persons authorized to issue a hazardous confined space entry permit are competent
to do so.
• contractors performing confined space entry operations at the University are provided
with a copy, and provide written assurance that their employees are trained in Confined
Space Entry and will comply with the University’s confined space entry program.
• a central registry is maintained of all issued confined space entry permits and written
entry plans.
• confined spaces are adequately identified.
• the Confined Spaces Procedures are implemented, maintained, and reviewed at
intervals not greater than 3 years, and whenever there is a change of circumstances that
may affect the health and safety of employees.
2. Facilities Management Managers will ensure that:

• employees who are required to participate in a confined space entry are trained in
confined space entry procedures, and such other matters necessary to ensure their
health and safety (e.g., the use of a respirator, safe work procedures).
• Hazardous Confined space is not permitted until such time as a Confined Space Entry
Work Plan is complete.
• a copy of all issued confined space entry permits and written entry plans are filed in the
central registry.
3. Supervisors will ensure that:

• they remain at the University of Regina during a hazardous confined space entry.
• conduct a pre-job meeting with all hazardous confined space entry participants prior to
commencing the entry operation.
• ensure that the written entry plan and entry permit is readily available at the entrance of
the hazardous confined space during the entry operation.
• ensure compliance with the written entry plan and the entry conditions set out in the
confined space entry permit.
• at the conclusion of the entry, complete the confined space entry permit and return it to
the person who issued it.
4. University of Regina employees who are responsible to enter and perform work in a
confined space will:
• work in accordance with the University’s confined space entry program.

5. Facilities Management staff will:
• maintain precautions against unauthorized entry into confined spaces.
6. Contractors and their employees required to perform work in a confined space will:
• work in accordance with the University’s confined space entry program.
• notify the Project Manager, or other person designated by the Project Manager, prior to
commencing work in a confined space.
7. Health and Safety, Human Resources will:

• provide technical services and advice on confined space entry.
• audit the Confined Spaces Procedures.
CATEGORIZATION OF CONFINED SPACES
The University of Regina has categorized the types of restricted and confined spaces into the
following three categories.
1. Category I - Restricted Space

• Entrance and exit is not restricted (e.g. full size man door is present)
• Confined area that contains potentially hazardous equipment or substances
• Examples of restricted areas include custodial storerooms, service tunnels, and the
basement beneath KHS
• The locations of all restricted spaces are identified in green on the confined spaces
maps.
2. Category II – Non- Hazardous Confined Space

• Limited entrance or exit
• Adequate ventilation to maintain safe atmospheric conditions
• No physical atmospheric hazards and the work activity will not create physical hazards
or change the atmosphere within the space
• Risks arising from Non-Hazardous confined spaces are:
• Awkward or tight entry or exit such that removal of an incapacitated person from
the space would require extraordinary effort.
• Location in remote or infrequently visited areas
• Claustrophobic environment
• Examples of a Non-Hazardous confined space include crawl spaces, passages through
ceilings or spaces accessed through circular stairs or half doors
• The locations of all Non-Hazardous Confined spaces are identified in yellow on the
confined spaces maps
ALL Category II – Non-Hazardous Confined Spaces have the potential to become a

Category III “Hazardous Confined Space” depending upon the work activity being carried
out in the space.
3. Category III - Hazardous Confined Space

• Risks are the presence of one or more of the physical hazards described below; or
• An atmosphere that does pose or has the potential to pose a threat to health or safety.
It includes spaces whose atmosphere is only kept safe through mechanical ventilation.

The types of physical hazards or hazardous activities present in a Category III hazardous
confined space include:
• Exposed high voltage
• Equipment with exposed moving parts
• Stacked or stored material that have the potential to release, leak or collapse, so that an
employee could be crushed or engulfed
• Hot work
• Work with any flammable or combustible substance such as paint, paint thinners or
solvents
The location of all Category III Hazardous Confined Space spaces have been mapped by
Facilities Management, Production and are identified in Red on the confined spaces maps.
ENTRY REQUIREMENTS AND SAFE WORK PROCEDURES
A summary of the Entry Requirements for each Category of Space is contained in

APPENDIX 1.
1. CATEGORY I – Restricted Space

Only Facilities Management staff, persons accompanied by Facilities Management or
persons specifically authorized to enter certain restricted space areas, may enter a
Restricted Area.
Facilities Management will lock and secure restricted areas against entry by unauthorized
persons and ensure adequate signs are in place. Staff members given keys to certain
restricted space areas are responsible to ensure that only authorized persons have access
and that persons entering with their key know and understand they may not proceed into the
restricted space beyond their authorized area of access.
Except where entry is for the purpose of travel through or brief inspection, the following
procedures should be employed when working in a low hazard restricted area:
1. If you are alone let a co-employee or Work Control know where you will be and indicate
how long you intend to be in the area
2. Upon leaving the area, immediately notify your contact person to let them know you
have left the space or area
3. Whenever possible carry a two way radio or cell phone
4. Prior to commencing work in the restricted space, assess the hazards in consultation
with your supervisor and implement controls designed to eliminate or minimize the risks.
Hazard controls include use of suitable equipment (e.g. ladders of appropriate height),
design of and adherence to safe work procedures and using required personal protective
equipment. It is recommended that the hazard assessment be in writing
In the case of restricted space marked in Green on the Confined Space Map, entry is only
permitted by persons specifically trained and authorized to enter the space.
2. CATEGORY II – Non-Hazardous Confined Space

Only Facilities Management staff or persons accompanied by Facilities Management staff
may enter a Non-Hazardous Confined space. Facilities Management will lock and or
otherwise secure these areas against entry by unauthorized persons.

Where entry is for the sole purpose of travel through or brief inspection or routine
adjustment, then the following procedures must be employed when entering or traveling
through the confined space:
1. If you are alone let someone know where you will be and indicate how long you
intend to be in the area;
2. Upon leaving the area, immediately notify your contact person to let them know you
have left the space or area.
3. Carry a two way radio or cell phone.
Where entry is for the purpose of performing work then a written hazard assessment in
accordance with Appendix 3 must be completed by a Supervisor. A copy of the hazard
assessment shall be kept at the work site, reviewed and evaluated by the entrants.
Entry into a non hazardous confined space in order to perform work is not permitted until:
1. A hazard assessment is completed and an assessment made by the Supervisor that the
space is not and will not as a consequence of the work being performed, become a
hazardous confined space.
2. Hazards identified in the hazard assessment are addressed (i.e. safe work processes,
appropriate PPE)
3. Arrangements/procedures are in place to communicate or check up on the employees
while in the space from time to time.
4. Arrangements/procedures are in place for the removal of an employee who has become
injured or incapacitated while in the confined space.
When an employee is concerned that the atmosphere in a non hazardous confined space
may not be safe, an employee may require that prior to entry, the air be tested by a
competent person using a properly calibrated and bump tested Multi-Gas Monitor.
When it is determined that the confined space is or may become a hazardous confined
space, then no one shall be permitted to enter until an Entry Permit has been issued by a
Facilities Management Manager or other person designated by the AVP (Facilities and
Planning) as being competent to issue a Hazardous Confined Space Entry Permit that
meets the requirements of Appendix 3.
3. CATEGORY III – Hazardous Confined Space with Safe Atmosphere
No Hazardous Confined Space Entry Permit shall be issued to University staff where the
use of a Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is part of either the entry or rescue
plan, or otherwise when the atmosphere in the space can become immediately dangerous
to life or health in the event of a respirator or ventilation failure.
No person may enter a Category III- Hazardous Confined Space unless a Hazardous
Confined Space Entry Permit that meets the requirements of Appendix 3 has been issued
by a Facilities Management Manager or other person designated by the AVP (Facilities and
Planning) as being competent to issue a Hazardous Confined Space Entry Permit.
In order to issue a Hazardous Confined Space Entry Permit:

• A written entry plan must be prepared that meets the requirements of section 272 of
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996; (see Written Entry Plan
section for plan requirements).
• An adequately trained attendant is stationed and remains at the entrance to the confined
space unless replaced by another adequately trained attendant. The attendant must be

equipped with a suitable alarm or means to summon assistance and be trained in the
applicable rescue procedures.
• All persons who participate in the confined space entry, including outside attendants,
must be trained in the confined space entry program AND the written entry plan.
• A Supervisor must be designated who is responsible to ensure that the written entry plan
is implemented.
• Employees are equipped with and trained in the use of appropriate respiratory protection
when respiratory protection is required.
Where a permit cannot be issued to University staff to perform Work in a Hazardous

Confined Space because the atmosphere may require the use of an SCBA for the work or
rescue, the University will contract the services of a competent contractor.
Prior to commencing work, the contractor shall provide the University with a copy of its
written entry plan that meets the requirements of sections Part XVIII and 369 of The
Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996.
A copy of the written entry plan must be readily available at the entrance of the confined
space. A copy of the plan must also be centrally filed with Facilities Management.
WRITTEN ENTRY PLAN
Section 272 of The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996 requires that where an
employee will be required or permitted to enter a hazardous confined space, a written confined
space entry plan must be implemented that is readily available at the entrance of the hazardous
confined space. The regulation requires that the entry plan include nine separate items.
The items are:
“(a) the tests or measurements necessary to monitor any oxygen deficiency or enrichment or
the presence and hazardous concentration of flammable or explosive substances:
(b) the identification of any other hazards that may be present in the hazardous confined
space and may put the health and safety of employees at risk;
(c) the means, if any, of isolating the hazardous confined space;
(d) the means, if any, of ventilating the hazardous confined space;
(e) the procedures to enter, work in and exit from the hazardous confined space safely;
(f) the availability, location and proper use of personal protective equipment;
(g) the rescue procedures to be followed, including the number and duties of personnel and
the availability, location and proper use of equipment;
(h) the means to maintain effective communication with an employee who has entered the
hazardous confined space; and
(i) the availability, location and proper use of any other equipment that an employee may
need to work safely in the hazardous confined space.”
At the University of Regina, this means that a written entry plan must be prepared for entrance
into any Category III hazardous confined space, and for any Category II confined space where
work is conducted.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING
All University employees who are required to work in confined spaces, as well as those
University supervisors who authorize work performed in confined spaces shall receive
appropriate training. Instruction shall include the following:
1. Responsibilities under the Confined Space Program

2. Potential Confined Space Hazards
3. Identification and Classification of Confined Spaces at the University
4. Confined Space Entry Permit System (Employee Permit and Contractor Permit)
5. Lock-out and Tag-out
6. Purging and Ventilating
7. Air Monitoring
8. Respiratory Protection
9. General Procedures for Confined Space Entry Work and Emergency
10. Identification of Need for Specific Entry Work and Emergency Procedures
11. Right to refuse Unusually Dangerous Work pursuant to The Occupational Health and
Safety Act, 1993.
In addition, any University Employee who may be required to enter a Category II or III confined
space to perform a rescue shall receive appropriate training in confined space rescue.
HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS
Hazard Assessment
Prior to any entry into a High Hazard Restricted Space or a Moderate to High Hazard Confined
Space, a written Hazard Assessment must first be completed by a competent person that
identifies the potential hazards in the space. Written Hazard Assessments must also be
completed when work (other than inspection) is to be performed in a confined space.
Appendix 5 contains a description of common hazards found in confined spaces

Appendix 6 contain a description of required and recommended hazard controls
Appendix 7 contains a description of confined space rescue requirements.
NON-COMPLIANCE
Failure to meet the Confined Space requirements shall be grounds for disciplinary action or
immediate termination of the contract at the discretion of the University.
INJURIES/EXPOSURES
If during the performance of assigned duties anyone becomes injured or suspects an

occupational exposure occurred, an Incident/Accident Report must be submitted to Health and
Safety within 24 hours of occurrence.

APPENDIX 1
SUMMARY OF RESTRICTED & CONFINED SPACE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
Space type Activity Minimum Written Entry Plan* Potential Hazards

Communication Y/N
Requirements
Category I Travel None No Minimal, particularly if cell or

Restricted through/ radio available.
Space Brief Cell/Radio
Inspection recommended
Category I Work Notify Co- No Task Generated Hazards.

Restricted worker/Work Control
Space on entrance/exit Verbal Hazard
Assessment with
Cell/Radio Required Supervisor is
required
Category II Travel Notify Co- No Awkward entry and exit,
– Non- Through/ worker/Work Control which may require
Hazardous Inspection on entrance/exit Rescue specialized rescue plans.
Confined arrangements or
Space Cell/Radio Required plans are required
Category II ***Work Notify Supervisor on Yes Awkward entry and exit, that
– Non- entrance/exit may require special rescue
Hazardous plans.
Confined Intermittent check by
Space co-worker Task Generated Hazards.
Cell/Radio Required
Category III Any Notify Supervisor on Yes - As above

Hazardous Purpose entrance/exit - Atmospheric Hazards
Confined requiring respiratory
Space Trained and equipped protection or purging &
attendant outside ventilation
- Hot Work
- Exposed High Voltage
- Exposed Moving Parts
- Engulfment
*Only Facilities Management staff, persons accompanied by Facilities Management staff, contractors
authorized to enter certain spaces, or University staff authorized to enter certain restricted space areas,
may enter a confined or restricted space and then only in the areas they are authorized to enter.
**No entry by University staff is permitted in spaces with atmospheres that require SCBA or that would
pose an immediate threat to life or health in the event of a respirator or mechanical ventilation failure.
***Work, for the purposes of this document, includes any use of equipment, tools, protective equipment or
special procedures (e.g. Lock-out), while in the process of inspecting, maintaining, or repairing
equipment.

APPENDIX 2
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY WORK PLAN
This form must be filled out:
1. Prior to the entry into a confined space.

2. When there is a deviation from the original scope of work from the original entry.
3. For each entry point, if there is more than one on any vessel.
4. If the point of entry changes from the original.
5. Complete both Section A and B for all Category III Hazardous Confined Space Entry.
Note: This document must be posted at the point of entry and remain in place until the
work is complete, or points 2 or 4 above occur. If the job exceeds one shift this
form is to be given to the next supervisor who will review it with the crew coming
on.
Section A: To be competed for all Category II

Non-Hazardous Confined Space Entry when work is performed.
Date: _________________________________ day shift night shift

dd/mmm/yy
Worksite: Jobsite:
Supervisor: Work Order #:
Emergency Phone Numbers First Aid Designate

Medical: 911 Crew:
Fire: 911
Police: 911 Other:
Security: (585) 4999
First Aid Kit Location:
First Aid Facility:
Safety Shower/Eyewash:
Classification of Work
Maintenance Cleaning Inspection
Other:
Basic Scope of Work

Appendix 2 (cont)
Hazard Assessment
Will this work impact other workers in the area?
Will other work in the area impact our workers?
Access/Egress Egress to the work area
O2 Deficiency
O2 Enrichment
Flammable Gases/Vapors
Dust/Mist/Fumes
Toxic Gases/Vapors
Mechanical hazards
Electrical hazards
Drowning/Entrapment
Restricted work space
Visibility
Piping/Vessel isolation
Biological hazards
Entry/Exit unsafe
Fall concerns
Work procedure creates hazard
External process hazards
Multiple bed vessel
Temperature extremes
Noise
Over exertion
Scaffolding
Overhead obstructions
Lifting
Pinch points
Slipping/Tripping
Chemical hazards
Other:
Last known substance in the confined Space (obtain and attach MSDS if required):

Appendix 2 (cont)
Steps to Minimize Identified Hazard
Hazard Measures Taken

Appendix 2 (cont)
Isolation Procedures
Lockout/Tag procedures reviewed Lock box seal #
Lockout box/board Lock box #
Mechanical lockout Electrical lockout
Mechanical tag out Electrical tag out
Piping drained Piping disconnected
Valves closed Valves lockout out
Area barricaded Confined space signs posted
Other:
Personal Protective Equipment
Hard hat Eye protection

Face protection Hearing protection
Gloves Fall protection
Coveralls Disposable coveralls
Wet suit Safety footwear
Respirator
Other (specify):
Tools and Equipment:
Communication
Radio Cell phones (list numbers)
Voice
Horn signals
Hand signals
Other:
Authorized Entrants

Confined Space Rescue Plan
Location:
Configuration of Confined Space:
Use of Confined Space:
Location of Safe Area:
Supervisor’s name(s):
Safety Watch Attendant(s):
Communication Procedure:
Emergency Communication Signal:
Emergency Rescue Equipment Required:
Method of Entry for Rescuers:
Method of Extraction of Victim to Safe Area:

Contact of External Emergency Services:
Contact to be made by:
Confined Space Entry Log
Date: _________________________________
dd/mmm/yy
Project:
Entrant Date Initial In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out

Appendix 2 (cont)
Section B: To be filled for all

Category III Hazardous Confined Space Entry
Atmospheric Testing
N/A
Test frequency: Continuous 30 minutes
1 hour 2 hours 4 hours
If the confined space is vacated for a period of time greater than 30 minutes, an atmospheric
test must be completed before re-entry.
*See attached atmospheric testing log for contaminant levels.
Ventilation Procedure:
Procedure for Entry:
Procedure for Work Inside:
Procedure for Exit
Procedure for Decontamination:
Safety Watch Attendance P.P.E. (if different from above):

Appendix 2 (cont)
Authorized Safety Watch Attendants
Authorized Supervisor(s)
I certify that all known precautions have been taken and all necessary equipment is
provided for safe entry and work in this hazardous confined space.
Print name Signature Date Time
Rescue Team:
Primary:
Secondary:
First Aid Attendant:

Appendix 2 (cont)
Hazardous Confined Space Entry Log
Date: _________________________________ day shift night shift

dd/mmm/yy
Project:
Authorized Safety Watch Attendant(s):
Entrant Date Initial In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out
I CERTIFY THAT ALL ENTRANTS LISTED HAVE VACATED THIS CONFINED SPACE.
Safety Watch Attendant Supervisor

Appendix 2 (cont)
Confined Space Atmospheric Testing Log
Test frequency: Continuous 30 minutes 2 hours 4 hours
Tester: day shift night shift
Project:
Note: If the confined space is vacated for longer than 30 minutes, it must be tested
again before re-entry.
Date Time Temp. O2 LEL H2S SO2 Other Other Initials

Appendix 3
WRITTEN ENTRY PLAN REQUIREMENTS
Nine Required Elements of a Confined Space Entry Plan
“(a) the tests or measurements necessary to monitor any oxygen deficiency or enrichment or
the presence and hazardous concentration of flammable or explosive substances;
The written plan should describe how the atmosphere is to be tested and measured, prior to
entry and prior to any re-entry. The plan must also describe how the atmosphere will be
monitored during the entry. Section 10.3 discusses air monitoring of this program discusses
the methods for testing
The regulations require that where ventilation is required to reduce or eliminate a hazard the
testing must take place:
• before a worker enters the space.
• where all workers have vacated, before a worker re-enters the space.
• on the request of a worker required to enter the space; and
• continuously when any condition in the confined space may change and put the worker’s
health or safety at risk.
(b) the identification of any other hazards that may be present in the
hazardous confined space and may put the health or safety of workers at risk;
Completion of the Confined Space Entry Work Plan (Appendix 2) will help identify the
hazards within the confined space, including those generated by the work activity.
When a Hazard has been identified on the Confined Space Entry Work Plan, a description
of the Hazard and the measures in place to control that hazard must appear on the Entry
Plan.
The completion of the Confined Space Entry Work Plan and the assessment and selection
of the hazard controls in place to address the Hazard must be completed by a competent
person. In the case of the University of Regina staff, a competent person is an employee
trained in confined space entry.
Isolate means to physically interrupt or disconnect pipes, lines and sources of energy from a
confined space.
All equipment, energy sources and piping systems in a confined space must be locked out
or isolated if not doing so would put a worker at risk.
The plan should identify all equipment; pipes, lines or energy sources that must be locked
out or isolated and provide a description of the lock out procedures.
The plan should also describe barriers and other devices used to protect the space and
others from persons or other activities in the area that may interfere or be at risk as a
consequence of the confined space entry.

Where toxic or combustible substances are present the plan should describe the method for
purging the substance from the space.
Appendix 6 discusses the methods for purging and ventilating confined spaces.
(e) the procedures to enter, work in and exit from the hazardous confined
space safely;
Procedures should include:

• a description of the entry space and how workers may safely enter and exit while
wearing the PPE required.
• how and when equipment will be carried in and out of the space.
• safe work process for work being performed in the space. (e.g., hot work)
• required PPE.
Appendix 6 discusses the types of PPE that may be required in a confined space.
(g) the rescue procedures to be followed, including the number and duties of
personnel and the availability, location and proper use of equipment;
Appendix 7 contains a description of confined space rescue requirements,

recommendations and examples.
(h) the means to maintain effective communication with a worker who has
entered the hazardous confined space; and
The University of Regina requires that an attendant will be stationed at the entrance of a
hazardous confined space during entry. The plan should describe how communication will
be maintained between the attendant and the entrants. Means of communication include
voice, hand signals, radios or other electronic means.
(i) the availability, location and proper use of any other equipment that a
worker may need to work safely in the hazardous confined space.
The equipment needed will be dependent upon the circumstances of the space and the
work being performed and other hazards identified in the Confined Space Entry Work Plan.
A copy of the written entry plan must be readily available at the entrance of the confined space.
A copy of the plan must also be centrally filed with Facilities Management.

Appendix 4
HAZARDOUS CONFINED SPACE – DETAILED HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Assessment Performed by:

Date of Assessment:
Location of Space:
Check Hazards that may be present:
A. ATMOSPHERE
Check if HAZARD EXPLANATORY NOTES METHOD OF TEST EFFECTS OF HAZARD EXAMPLES
present
3
Explosive Before entering confined space, Combustible gas detector - Explosion / Fire/ burns / 1. Methane (or natural gas) CH4 -
Atmosphere/Explo tests for presence of an explosive explosive gases must be multiple injuries / death sources - gas line leaks, decaying
sive Flammable atmosphere must be done. It should monitored by equipment that matter. May be found adjacent to
Material be noted that air-borne dust from can detect the lower land fill sites; backed up, sluggish
grain, fine ground metals or other explosives limit (L.E.L.) and sewers.
materials can form an explosive upper explosive limit (U.E.L.). 2. Gasoline and other solvents -
atmosphere. Explosive gases may Residues may have to be Storage tanks and adjacent areas,
displace oxygen. Note: Oxygen disturbed to allow for release sewer systems proximity to
enrichment or deficiency can cause of explosive gases. pipelines, accidental spills may have
error in combustible gas detector definite odor.
readings.
Oxygen Deficient Deficiency - Acceptable breathing Oxygen detection monitor. Could result in slowing Oxygen (02) deficiency can be
Environment air contains between 19.5%-23.4% down of pulse rate, caused by displacement by other
oxygen Air containing less than disorientation, gases, or by biological or chemical
acceptable amounts of oxygen is a unconsciousness, death. reactions (rusting, burning).
hazardous atmosphere.
Oxygen Enriched Enrichment - An atmosphere that Oxygen detection meter. Creates explosive Enrichment may be caused by
Environment contain more than the acceptable Note: Some equipment atmosphere, increases rate improper blanking of oxygen lines,
amount of oxygen (23.0%). Oxygen incapable of detecting for of chemical reaction. leaking fuel gas, welding equipment,
enrichment can cause an error in oxygen enrichment. ventilation with oxygen instead of air
explosive meter readings.
Toxic Gases, Testing with appropriate detection Monitors - specific testers Can cause euphoria / 1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) -
Vapour equipment shall be undertaken to must be used for specific toxic disorienting effect, colorless, odorless, tasteless and
determine the presence of toxic gases, e.g. H2S monitoring. It drowsiness, headaches, very poisonous. Commonest source
gas(es) to create and maintain a may be necessary to disturb weakness, injury, disability, - internal combustion engines and
safe environment. residue / sludge to allow for death. decomposition of organic matter.

release of toxic gases / 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Odorless.
vapours. It is a heavy gas that can
concentrate at lowest levels. It
displaces oxygen and does not
diffuse or mix readily with air.
3. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - A
pungent acrid odor. Product of
gasoline and diesel engines.
4. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) - deadly
gas commonly found in sewers,
manure pits. Produced by
decomposition of organic matter.
Has a typical rotten egg odor, but
higher amounts can kill the sense of
smell.
Fumes, Dusts, These hazards are usually Monitors - Testers specific for Explosion, disability, injury, 1. Fumes - From asphalt, welding,
Mists, Fogs recognized visually each fume, dust, mist, fog burns, irritation, death acid fumes from washing process
must be used. poisoning 2. Dust - Grain dust, sand, blasting
(silica)
3. Mist - Spray application
Smoke Smoke is a combination of gases, Visual - Use appropriate All effects of gases, dusts, Result of combustion, e.g.. burning
vapours, fumes and dusts detection (monitoring) vapours, mists, fumes materials, smoke from welding
equipment to determine
presence of toxic agent(s)
Biological Agents Biological agents are found in a Testing for presence of Ill health, disease, 1. Bacteria and viral infection.
variety of locations. Extreme care biological agents is very disorders, irritation, death.
should be taken when working near difficult. If type of agent(s) is
health care facilities or industrial known, then specific testing
processes using biological agents. may be done.
Conscientious personal hygiene is
essential.
Asbestos Location of Asbestos at the Visual Inspection by Carcinogen Pipe insulation
University has been mapped. Care Competent person. Where Ceiling spraytex
should be taken to avoid damaging damage detected, Air Test by
asbestos containing surfaces. competent person
When damage apparent air test and
repairs or guarding needed before
work continues.
Polychlorinated PCBs are either oily liquids or solids Test by competent person Carinogen PCBs have been used as coolants
biphenyls (PCBs) that are colorless to light yellow. and lubricants in transformers,
Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in capacitors, and other electrical
air. PCBs have no known smell or equipment because they don't burn

taste. Many commercial PCB easily and are good insulators. The
mixtures are known in the U.S. by manufacture of PCBs was stopped
the trade name Aroclor. in the U.S. in 1977 because of
evidence they build up in the
environment and can cause harmful
health effects. Products made before
1977 that may contain PCBs include
old fluorescent lighting fixtures and
electrical devices containing PCB
capacitors, and old microscope and
hydraulic oils.
B. SAFETY HAZARDS
Check if HAZARD EXPLANATORY NOTES METHOD OF TEST EFFECTS OF HAZARD EXAMPLES
present
3
Entry/Exit (Access Openings that are small, narrow or Visual identification of Delayed rescue 1. Exits at height that could cause
/ Egress) otherwise difficult to negotiate can obstructions that could falls.
be a serious hazard. Where self- interfere with normal Injury, disability, death 2. Constricted openings
contained breathing apparatus is movement or emergency 3. Angled openings
being used, openings must be of a rescue. 4. Exits into traffic and machinery
size to allow worker with equipment 5. Exits at deep depths.
properly worn to pass through.
Access openings less than 700 mm
(28”) are not recommended.
Inadequate Lack of adequate ventilation may Monitoring (anemometer, Explosion, disease, Improper ventilation can result in:
Ventilation cause a build-up of contaminants smoke tubes for air irritation, injury, disability, 1. Oxygen levels variation
etc. Ventilation systems can movement). Toxic monitors death 2. Build up of toxic gases, vapours,
introduce hazards into the work may also be necessary to dusts, mists, fumes (smoke).
area, e.g. carbon monoxide (CO) ensure good quality air. 3. Introduction of biologic agents,
fumes. toxic gases, explosive gases.
Machinery / Make sure equipment is Visual and function testing Injury, disability, death Drive belts, augers, paddles,
Mechanical immobilized (de-energized) so that scrapers, agitators and pumps
Equipment it will not be a hazard to workers
Piping / Contents of pipes and supply lines if Monitoring, visual Chemical poisoning, Steamlines, liquid distribution lines,
Distribution allowed to enter a confined space drowning, burns, injury, feed mills and cement plants
Systems can create a life threatening disability, death
situation for workers.

Residual Corrosive and/or toxic chemicals Monitoring Injury, disability, death, Storage tanks, digesters, liquid
Chemicals / remaining in a confined space. explosion distribution systems, augers.
materials Special attention should be made to
ensure that lines, valves and meters
are totally drained and properly
decontaminated
Engulfing Material that may be adhered to Visual, Monitoring Engulfment, suffocation, 1. Silos, grain hoppers,
materials surfaces / walls of enclosures drowning, injury, fertilizer storage.
may collapse. disability, death 2. Sand, grains (e.g. Flax)
Loose granular material that 3. a) Rust build up in fuel
may engulf worker. storage tank
Material that may encapsulate / b) Sludge prevents release
trap other toxic / explosive of Hydrogen sulphide
materials. (H2S)
Flooding by liquids 4. Flooding in underground
facilities
Trench Trench is an elongated dug-out Visual Crushing/Suffocation Temporary construction for
area of land whose depth from ground collapse installation/repair of underground
exceeds its width at the bottom. lines or equipment.
It is illegal to enter an unshored
trench
Electrical Sources of unguarded electrical Only by qualified personnel Shock, burns, injury, 1. Underground electrical vaults
equipment - extreme caution disability, death and electrical distribution
must be taken when using systems.
conductive material around 2. Motor control centers.
electrical surfaces (e.g.. metal
ladders, lifelines, steel bars,
etc.)
Poor Visibility Caused by poor lighting Visual Injury, disability, death Improper/ inadequate lighting,
obstructions, work process and poor design of confined space,
procedure, fog / mist due to high work process.
humidity.
Physical This would include obstacles Visual Inability to remove Cross bracing, baffle plates,
Obstacles that impede movement and injured worker, piping.
performance of work and rescue contusions, abrasions,
procedures. fractures, disability,
injury, death.

Walking/ Surfaces may be irregular in Visual Injury, disability, death 1. Lift stations, aqua ducts, dams
Working shape, sloped, angled, elevated, 2. Work areas that require toe
Surfaces slippery, obstructed, etc., all of boards to prevent objects from
which are slip and fall hazards. falling on workers below.
Work areas may require toe
boards to prevent objects from
falling on workers below.
Temperature Temperature extremes, hot or Thermometer, Heat Stress 1. Cold - Frost bite, loss 1. Working in freezers, extreme
Extremes cold, have definite health and - Wet Bulb Globe of coordination, cold climate conditions.
safety hazards, as well as Thermometer (WBGT) hypothermia, disability, 2. Working in boilers, super-
having a limiting effect on the death. heated areas (cooling towers),
ability of a worker to adequately 2. Heat - heat areas that have steam/ heat
perform tasks. exhaustion, heat stress, distribution pipes running
disorientation, death. through work areas.
Humidity High humidity can aggravate Hygrometer Can cause slips, falls, 1. Boiler rooms
several conditions: physical discomfort, heat 2. Digesters
1. Visibility exhaustion, affect 3. Freezers
2. Can cause all types of performance of tasks.
surfaces to become slippery.
3. Accelerate Heat loss.
4. Increase chill effect.
Noise If sound levels exceed 80 DBA Sound level meters Distraction, stress, Sources include operating
then work practices shall disorientation, equipment, such as jack
conform to requirements of communication hammers, pumps, grinders, other
current regulations respecting problems, hearing loss. work procedures.
Hearing Conservation and
Noise Control in Workplaces.
Height Fixed Ladders more than 6 Measurement Fall from heights
metres high must be equipped
with platforms or fall arrest Falling objects from or
devices into work area.
Vibration Whole body vibration is a Vibration meter White finger disease, Jack hammers, impact hammers/
"general stressor" affecting disorientation, vertigo, drills, shakers.
multiple body parts/ organs. circulation and nervous
system disorders.

Radiation Non-ionizing Non-ionizing - specific light Non-ionizing topical Ultra-violet and infra-red light
radiation - ultra violet light, infra meters burns. sources.
red light - components or
sunlight.
Ionizing radiation Ionizing - Geiger counters, Ionizing - Deep body X-ray equipment
Radio-active materials passive dosimeters burns, radiation Level or density gauges in
Radiation
(uranium) sickness, sterility, death manufacturing processes.
Types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Hazardous Rats, pigeons, and other vermin Visual Disease, injury Rats, pigeons, bats, deer mice.
Animals and their by-products
(excrement).

Appendix 5
COMMON CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS
Summary of Appendix Contents:

• Oxygen (deficiency & enrichment)
• Flammable, Combustible and Explosive Mixtures
• Toxic Substances/Gasses
• Asbestos
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• Trenches and other Loose or Unstable Material
• Slips, Trips and Fall Hazards
• Falling Objects
• Moving Parts of Equipment and Machinery
• Electrical Shock
• Substances entering through piping
• Poor Visibility
• Temperature Extremes
• Noise
• Risk of Drowning
• Biological Agents
• Psychological
Confined spaces vary widely, both in their physical characteristics and in the reasons for which
they are entered. Since the type and magnitude of the hazards posed to entrants varies from
space to space it is essential that individual differences be thoroughly evaluated to assure that
the unique hazard posed by each space is adequately controlled.
It is also important to remember that conditions can change quite rapidly in a confined space
and that activities which seem safe when conducted in an open space can become quite
hazardous when performed in a confined space.
The following are the general categories of hazards which may be encountered in confined
spaces.
• Atmospheric Hazards
• Mechanical and Electrical Hazards
• General Safety (means of access/egress, trips, falls, hot, cold, etc.)
• Engulfment hazard
Oxygen
Oxygen can become a hazard when its concentration in the air is too low to support normal
human breathing or when it is so high that it becomes explosive.
The following Table describes the effects of Oxygen at various levels

The Oxygen Scale
Percent by Volume Effect

25 Risk of combustion or explosion
23 Enrichment
21 Normal acceptable level
18 Deficiency
16 Impaired Judgment and breathing
15 “Woozy” feeling
14 Rapid fatigue
12 Potential to Lose Consciousness
10 Unconsciousness
6 Death in minutes
5 Instant Death
Oxygen deficiency
Oxygen deficiency is probably the most common type of confined space hazard.
When the concentration of oxygen falls below 19.5 per cent by volume, it begins to affect human
health. At first, this may result in impaired judgment. When the concentration falls below 16
percent, the health hazards become more serious. Death can occur when the oxygen content
of the air falls to 6 percent or less. The symptoms of oxygen deficiency may be aggravated if the
person is engaged in strenuous physical activity.
In confined spaces oxygen deficiency may result from either consumption or displacement of
the oxygen present. Activities or processes which can “consume” oxygen include combustion
(welding and cutting torches), decomposition of organic matter (rotting food or plant life) or
oxidation of metals (rusting). Oxygen can be displaced when inert gases such as nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, helium or steam are used to purge a space of residual chemicals, gases or
vapours.
Oxygen deficiency usually develops over time but may occur very rapidly.
Oxygen Enrichment
Oxygen enrichment is the term used to describe a situation where the oxygen concentration is
greater than 22%. It represents a serious fire hazard. An oxygen enriched atmosphere can
cause hair, clothing and other flammable materials to ignite from their own friction and to burn
violently. In addition oxygen enriched atmospheres also permit flammable gases and vapours
to ignite over a much wider range of concentrations.
Oxygen enrichment can result from improper blanking of lines or leaking fuel/gas, or where pure
oxygen has been improperly used instead of air for ventilation, or to power pneumatic hand
tools under the mistaken belief that oxygen and air are the same thing. The leakage of pure
oxygen from oxy-acetylene welding hoses is a common cause of oxygen enrichment.
Flammable, Combustible and Explosive Mixtures

Flammable and combustible materials within a confined space can result in fires and explosions
within a confined space, when the following elements are present in the proper proportion:
1. Fuel (such as flammable vapour)
2. Oxygen (from the air) and
3. A source of Ignition (such as a spark or flame)

Combustion and explosion are rapid chemical reactions. Combustion reactions are
characterized by the emission of heat and light. Explosive reactions cause violent increases in
pressure. A substance may be both combustible and explosive under different conditions.
Fuel
Liquids and solids become combustible when they vaporize to provide fuel and then mix with
the air which provides oxygen for combustion. Substances which vaporize easily are called
volatile. The higher the temperature, the greater the propensity of a volatile substance to emit
vapours. However some liquids can be volatile at low temperature.
The degree of volatility of a liquid is measured by its flash point. The flash point of a flammable
liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air. At this
temperature the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. A slightly
higher temperature, the fire point, is defined at which the vapor continues to burn after being
ignited. Neither of these parameters is related to the temperatures of the ignition source or of
the burning liquid, which are much higher.
Some vapours have flash points as low as -45°Celsius, while others are as high as +40°
Celsius. This information is available from material safety data sheets. However, MSDS figures
were obtained under controlled laboratory conditions. Flash points may differ in actual confined
space environments. Therefore, the flash point number of a substance can be used only as a
guide.
Here are some other common substances that can cause explosions or fires in confined
spaces:
• Acetylene gas from leaking welding equipment
• Methane gas and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas produced by rotting organic wastes in
sewers or tanks
• Hydrogen gas produced by contact between aluminum or galvanized metals and
corrosive liquids
• Wood, grain or coal dusts
• Solvents such as acetone, ethanol, toluene, turpentine, and xylene, which may have
been introduced into the space through spills or by improper use or disposal
Other sources of fuel could include carbon monoxide, natural gas, propane, gasoline, alcohol,
paint, varnish, lacquer, grease or wood products.
Oxygen
Approximately 16 per cent oxygen by volume is sufficient to support combustion, Since normal
air contains 21 per cent oxygen it is more than sufficient to support combustion. In addition as
noted above, oxygen enrichment can dramatically increase the likelihood of combustion. Some
gases have enough oxygen within their make up to support combustion.
Ignition/Heat
Heat is the third part of the fire triangle. Potential sources of ignition or heat that could be found
in a confined space include open flames, arcs from electrical equipment, hot surfaces, static
electricity and frictional sparks, chemical reactions, compressed gases and lights.
Explosive Limit
The explosive limits refers to the vapour concentration range of a combustible or flammable
material mixed with air that will ignite in the presence of an ignition source. When the vapour
concentration level in the air is too low, ignition will not take place because the mixture is too

lean. The concentration point just below the level needed for an explosion is called the Lower
Explosive Limit (LEL). When the concentration of the vapour is too high or too rich, ignition will
also not occur. The point at which a mixture becomes too concentrated to ignite is called the
Upper Explosive Limit. When a substance is above the UEL it can readily move into the
flammable range with the addition of dilution air.
The explosive range for Methane as an example is shown below.
METHANE CONTENT
0 – 5 % (LEL) Too Lean
5 – 15 % (UEL) Explosive Range
15% - 100 % Too Rich
Section 369 of The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996 prohibits workers from
being present in any space where the presence of a flammable or explosive substance is at a
level that is more than 20 % of its LEL. In the case of Methane for example, entrance would be
prohibited if the volume of Methane in the atmosphere was measured above 1%
Toxic Substances/Gases
Toxic substances are found in a wide variety of workplaces, but a confined space is particularly
susceptible to their accumulation in the air. Toxins include vapours and gases as well as
airborne particles and biological material. These toxins may enter the air from substances used
in the workplace, or from outside. Work processes within the confined space such as painting
or welding may also generate toxic substances.
Toxic substances on their own can pose serous hazards. But in a confined space, they become
particularly dangerous because of restricted air circulation. This can lead to dangerous
concentrations of individual toxins. And it can contribute to the mixing of substances that are
even more dangerous in combination than on its own. The problem is compounded by the fact
that the worker may not know what substances are present or in what combination.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

Exposure to toxic substances can be assessed relative to the threshold limit value (TLV). This
is the level of exposure at which persons are likely to suffer adverse health effects. At the
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Level (IDHL), life and safety are threatened even by
short exposures. Levels are usually measured in milligrams per meters cubed (mg/m³). Table
21 of the OHS regulations sets the contamination limits for an eight hour day as well as the
short term exposure limit (STEL) for 15 minutes. When a substance is measured in the
atmosphere at the levels listed in Table 21, no persons should enter the confined space without
appropriate respiratory protection.
Asphyxiates
Asphyxiates are gases which can cause asphyxiation by either displacing the oxygen in the
atmosphere or interfering with the body’s ability to use oxygen. Those gases that are
physiologically inert (i.e. produce no effect on the body) and are present in sufficient quantity to
displace the air and therefore an adequate oxygen supply are called simple asphyxiates. Some
examples of simple asphyxiates and their characteristics are:
• Nitrogen: Nitrogen is often used to purge vessels or confined spaces of other harmful
substances. It is odorless and is as heavy as air. Any space purged with nitrogen is
unsafe until it is fully ventilated with fresh air.
• Methane: Methane is highly flammable/explosive gas that is lighter than air. It can be
created by decomposition of organic material.

• Carbon Dioxide: Carbon Dioxide is an odorless gas that is heavier than air. It is widely
used in refrigerated trucks as a preservative. It is also a product of fermentation and
respiration. Because it is heavier than air it accumulates in low-lying areas and create
pockets at the bottom of confined spaces.
Substances which incapacitate the body’s ability to utilize an adequate oxygen supply are called
chemical asphyxiates. They are deadly poisons. Some examples of common chemical
asphyxiates and their characteristics are:
• Carbon Monoxide: Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colourless gas that is as heavy as
air. It is the most common chemical asphyxiant encountered. It is formed by incomplete
combustion wherever fuel containing carbon is burned, such as from fires or internal
combustion engines. Carbon monoxide combines chemically with the haemoglobin in
the red blood cells and is absorbed into the blood stream much more readily than
oxygen. This greatly reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Carbon Monoxide
accumulates in the body. This means that short but frequent exposures can be harmful
or even fatal.
• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): H2S is a very toxic, colourless and combustible gas commonly
found in confined spaces such as sewers, oil and gas refineries and anywhere where
organic matter containing sulphur is decomposing. It is heavier than air and at low
concentrations has a very strong foul odor similar to rotten eggs. This odor cannot be
used as an early warning sign however since hydrogen sulfide can quickly desensitize
the sense of smell. After prolonged exposure, even at low concentrations, an individual
may fail to smell the presence of H2S, even if the concentration suddenly increases.
Hydrogen sulfide enters the blood stream and paralyzes the nerve centre in the brain
causing the lungs to cease to function.
The concentration level at which each gas becomes IDHL varies from gas to gas.
Irritants
Some gases found in confined spaces are irritating to the skin, nervous system and respiratory
system even in low concentrations, while at higher levels they cause death. Hydrogen sulfide is
also an irritant because even at low levels it can inflame the mucous membranes and cause a
condition called pulmonary oedema or chemical pneumonia. These are some toxic gases may
also be irritants at lower levels
Asbestos
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral which has commonly been used in a variety of
materials due to its strength and unique fire and chemical resistant properties.
Intact and undisturbed asbestos presents no direct health hazard but does present a potential
exposure hazard should asbestos be released and taken into the body. Asbestos fibres have
been proven to cause disease when inhaled or ingested.
Asbestos at the University has been identified by a map. When work is to take place in a
confined space where asbestos is known or suspected to be present, a visual inspection of the
asbestos material should take place to ensure that the surface is encapsulated or otherwise
secured against the release of dust or fibres.
When the asbestos containing surface is in good repair, work in the confined space may take
place provided the asbestos containing surface is guarded or otherwise secured against
damage.

Where it is determined that the condition of the asbestos surface is not secure, no work may
take place in the confined space until such time:
• as the asbestos surface is repaired or removed in accordance with the University’s
Asbestos Management Program (see:
http://www.uregina.ca/hr/OH&S/Asbestos%20Management%20Program%20draft%200
8-06.doc) or
• air tests by a competent person confirm that asbestos in the atmosphere are below
acceptable limits, and the asbestos containing surface is guarded.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Polychlorinated biphenyls are mixtures of up to 209 individual chlorinated compounds (known
as congeners). There are no known natural sources of PCBs. PCBs are either oily liquids or
solids that are colorless to light yellow. Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in air. PCBs have no
known smell or taste. Many commercial PCB mixtures are known in the U.S. by the trade name
Aroclor.
PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other
electrical equipment because they don't burn easily and are good insulators. The manufacture
of PCBs was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence they build up in the environment
and can cause harmful health effects. Products made before 1977 that may contain PCBs
include old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices containing PCB capacitors, and
old microscope and hydraulic oils.
Where it is suspected that PCPs may be present in a confined space, entry should not take
place until testing and safe work procedures are developed by a competent person. Contact
Health and Safety, HR for assistance.
Trenches and Other Loose or Unstable Material

Trenches are a type of hazardous confined space to which specific regulatory requirements
apply. A trench is defined as “an elongated dug-out area of land whose depth exceeds its width
at the bottom.” The regulations prohibit any person from entering a trench unless it is properly
shored or cut back in accordance with regulatory standards.
In addition, wherever there are loose, unstable materials that could trap or bury you, a qualified
person must inspect the space and assess the hazards. Do not enter until the hazard has been
eliminated or controlled. Specific training and safety precautions must be in place before you
enter.
Slips, Trips and Fall Hazards

The space you are about to enter may have a hatchway that is difficult to squeeze through, and
ladders for ascending or descending. You are therefore at risk of falling while getting into the
space as well as while you are inside. In addition, the flooring of tanks or other wet
environments or the rungs of a ladder may be very slippery.
If the hazard cannot be eliminated and there is a danger of falling from a height, a fall protection
system (such as guardrails or a harness and lifeline) may be needed.
Falling Objects
In a confined space there may be the danger of being struck by falling objects such as tools or
equipment, particularly if access ports or workstations are located above workers.

If workers might be exposed to the hazard of falling objects, safe work procedures must be put
in place to prevent this. For example, schedule work activity so that no worker is working above
another, and lower equipment and tools into the space before workers enter and remove them
after workers leave the space.
Moving Parts Of Equipment And Machinery

Mechanical equipment such as augers, mixers, or rotating tanks can be dangerous if activated
or not secured. Residual energy, such as gravity or accumulated pressure, may also pose a risk
unless the equipment is locked out and de-energized. This must be done by following a written
lockout procedure that is specific for each piece of equipment and that states each place where
a lock must be applied. Even when the power is shut off and the equipment is locked out at
control points, unsecured equipment can move, especially if it is out of balance.
Before doing any work in confined spaces:
• Shut the power off
• Ensure that the equipment is locked out at control points
• Test the lockout
• Secure any equipment that can move, even when it has been locked out
Electric Shock
Electrical shock can result from defective extension cords, welding cables, or other electrical
equipment. Work done in metal enclosures or in wet conditions can be particularly dangerous.
Install ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) or use assured grounding where there may be a
danger of electrical shock. All electrical sources that pose a hazard to workers inside the space
must be locked out following the written lockout procedure for the particular confined space.
Substances Entering Through Piping

Piping adjacent to a confined space could contain liquids or gases or other harmful substances.
If these substances enter the confined space, the hazards may include:
• Toxic gases
• Drowning
• Being trapped, crushed or buried.
• Burns from hot substances
Substances must be prevented from entering the confined space through piping. This is done by
“isolating” the piping from the confined space. The method often involves disconnecting the
piping or putting solid plates to block off the piping from the confined space. If valves are used
to isolate the piping, a special double-block system must be used so that nothing can leak into
the confined space.
Poor Visibility
Poor visibility increases the risk of accidents and makes it harder for a standby person to see a
worker who may be in distress. If poor visibility results from inadequate lighting, the light levels
should be increased (although area lighting is not always required). If activities such as
sandblasting or welding result in poor visibility, appropriate ventilation may be needed to reduce
harmful substances in the air.
If portable lighting is used where there may be an explosive atmosphere, the lighting must be
“explosion-proof.” (The Canadian Electrical Code has a description of lighting that is approved
for use in explosive atmospheres.)

Emergency lighting such as flashlights or battery-operated area units must be provided where
necessary, so that workers can locate exits and escape
Temperature Extremes
Confined spaces may be turned into virtual freezers or saunas if the insie and surrounding
atmospheres are not carefully controlled. There are many confined spaces in winter where
frostbite or life-threatening hypothermia could result from cold conditions.
Extreme heat and high humidity are the hazards frequently experienced in confined spaces.
The space can quickly become overheated by the surrounding environment, heat generated by
the work process or a worker’s body. A worker can experience heat exhaustion or other
symptoms within a relative short time. Other symptoms of cold, heat and humidity –
such as impaired movement, reduced alertness and obscured vision – may cause incidents.
Special precautions are needed before workers enter equipment such as boilers, reaction
vessels, and low-temperature systems. A qualified person must provide these procedures. Allow
enough time for cooling of confined spaces that have been steam-cleaned.
Noise
Noise produced in confined spaces can be particularly harmful because of reflection off walls.
Noise levels from a source inside a small confined space can be up to 10 times greater than the
same source placed outdoors. If the noise levels cannot be reduced, proper hearing protection
must be worn where necessary.
Risk Of Drowning
Confined spaces should be fully drained or dry when entered. Spaces that are not fully drained
or dry may pose a risk of drowning. The risk of drowning in a vat or tank with a large amount of
liquid is easily recognized. However, workers have drowned in small pools of liquid. For
example, insufficient oxygen, the presence of a toxic gas, or a blow to the head can make
workers unconscious. Workers who have fallen face-down into a small pool of water have
drowned.
Biological Agents
Bacteria or viruses may be found in confined spaces where animals have potential access. The
urine and feces of rats, squirrels and pigeons for example, are often deposited in confined
spaces. All such agents are potentially hazardous.
Psychological
Confined spaces typically isolate workers from their normal working environment. Some
individuals find this discomforting. The extent of discomfort can range from mild nervousness to
a serious claustrophobic reaction. Training in confined space entry can deal with these
concerns as well as other elements of confined space safety.

Appendix 6
REQUIRED AND RECOMMENDED CONFINED SPACE HAZARD CONTROLS
Summary of Appendix contents:

Area Control
Air Testing and Monitoring
Purging and Ventilating
Respirators
Other Personal Protective Equipment
Attendant and Communication
Pre-Job Meeting
MSDS
Equipment and Tools
Lock Out
Hot Work
Combustible and Flammable Substances
Area Control
Warning signs and barriers should be erected to limit access to the area, especially around
maintenance holes, excavations or trenches.
Before entering a confined space the area surrounding the entrance must be cleared of debris
or objects that could fall into the space. Special attention should be given to anything that might
ignite a combustible gas. Equipment should be brought in only when needed and removed from
the site as soon as work is completed.
Air Testing And Monitoring

Prior to entry into any
• moderate to high risk confined spaced,
• high risk restricted space, or
• any area where there is a risk that an unsafe atmosphere may exist
air tests for oxygen, flammables and toxics must be done by a qualified person
Gas Monitor bump test

Prior to each day’s use of Industrial Scientific Corporations multi-gas monitor a functional bump
test must be performed to verify the sensor and alarm operation.
The bump test procedures are described in Appendix V
Gas Monitor calibration

The multi gas monitor is calibrated every six months. In addition, the gas monitor must be
calibrated after any one of the following events:
• whenever the monitor fails a bump test (e.g., is not accurate with +/- 20% of the actual
concentration, or fails to alarm)
• after any incident where the combustible gas content has caused the instrument to
display an “OVER-RANGE” condition
• after any incident where the monitor has been exposed to silicon compound vapors.
Pre-entry and Re-entry tests

The initial pre-entry tests must be conducted from outside the space using remote probes and
sampling lines. Try to avoid disturbing the air in the space initially. For example for electrical or
mechanical service chambers (manholes) try to sample through a pick hole or through a slightly

opened cover on the downwind side of the space. One reason for this practice is that if
flammable vapour are present, a spark generated by the removal of the cover could provide a
source of ignition and cause an explosion.
Test all vertical levels of the space – the top, middle and bottom. Some contaminants will
stratify, particularly if there is no air movement. If only the top level is tested for example, an
individual may be overcome by a heavier-than-air contaminant (such as hydrogen sulfide) near
the bottom of the space. Also, check as much of the space’s horizontal area as possible. If
any test shows the air to be unsafe, the hazard must be controlled before anyone enters the
space.
All air monitoring results must be recorded on the confined space entry permit.
In addition the temperature inside the space must also be measured and recorded. The multi
gas monitor is only certified for use within an ambient temperature range of -20°C to 40°C.
Safe Atmosphere
No entry may take place without respiratory protection unless the following atmosphere ranges
are recorded:
Oxygen (02): 19.5% - 22%
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 35ppm or less
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) 10 ppm or less
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 20% LEL or less
No entry may take place in an explosive atmosphere under any circumstances. When the
atmosphere is oxygen deficient, the monitor’s LEL reading may be lower than the actual
concentration.
If there is reason to believe that other toxic gases or airborne contaminants may be present in a
quantity that exceeds the TLV, than testing for these contaminants must also be taken. No
entry may take place without respiratory protection if the test show a contaminant present in
excess of the TLV for that contaminant.
After all persons have left the space for any reason (breaks, lunch, to get tools etc.) the space
must be re-tested prior re-entry into the space and the results recorded on the confined space
entry permit.
Air Monitoring

Periodic or continuous air monitoring is necessary to make sure that the air stays safe for the
occupants of the space. Another important consideration is that work performed inside the
space may generate potentially hazardous contaminants. For example, scraping, scaling, use
of solvents or hot work can compromise air quality in a confined space.
If air in a confined space becomes unsafe after entry – for example, an equipment alarm goes
off, an occupant feels sick or is acting in a strange manner – stop all work immediately, get out
of the space and evaluate the situation from outside of the space. After evacuation, the hazard
must be controlled possibly through additional ventilation. After control measures are taken, the
air must be re-tested prior to re-entry.
Purging and Ventilation

Atmospheric hazards in confined spaces are often controlled by purging and ventilating the
space.
Purging means the initial displacement of hazardous gases and vapours by air, steam or an
inert gas forced deep into the space. Inert gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon
are frequently used to purge spaces of flammable atmospheres, while steam and air are used to
remove toxic air contaminants.
Ventilating is the process of continuously moving fresh air through the space. Ventilating helps
maintain an adequate level of oxygen in the space, it dilutes or removes toxic air contaminants
that may be found or generated in the space and it also improves comfort levels by controlling
temperature, humidity and nuisance odours.
There are two types of general ventilation systems. Exhaust ventilation draws contaminated
air out of an area. Supply ventilation blows fresh air in. Supply ventilation is best used to
provide fresh air for the occupants and to control low concentrations of materials that are not
highly toxic. Generally, drawing air out of the space (i.e. exhaust ventilation) is better when the
atmosphere could be flammable or toxic.
Some additional tips for ventilating a space safely:

1. With either general or local ventilation, always ventilate with fresh air -- never with pure
oxygen.
2. All electrical equipment should be grounded.
3. Ventilation equipment should be electrically bonded to the confined space.
4. Ensure that the intake for the air supply is located far away from any flammable or toxic
materials.
5. Locate the exhaust outlet so that contaminants won't be drawn back into the confined
space.
6. Place the outlet where air currents will disperse the exhaust quickly, without endangering
nearby people.
7. If the exhaust could be flammable, remove all ignition sources from the area.
It is also important to ensure that the space is being ventilated effectively. The ventilation must
provide constant circulation of fresh air through all areas of the confined space. Two problems
to be aware of and to avoid are 1) the recirculation of contaminated exhaust back into the space
and 2) short-circuiting of the air flow (i.e. when the fresh air moves directly from the inlet to the
exhaust outlet, without reaching the other areas of the space).

These problems can be avoided by:
1. Use a ventilator with sufficient power to throw air deep enough to ventilate the whole
space.
2. In some instances, it may be necessary to use a series of fans to move air long
distances or to ventilate a large area.
3. Locate the fresh air inlets and exhaust air outlets properly -- try to have the in-coming air
and the exhaust air move through separate openings, located far apart.
4. Make effective use of ducts:
o duct work lets you direct the air flow to all areas of the space
o place the ducts where they won't be damaged by the work
o keep the ducts as short and straight as possible but still reach the required areas
o avoid sharp bends in the ducts
o ensure that all connections are tight
Some sample scenarios and Confined Space Ventilation Methods are contained in Diagram 9.3
on the next page.
Diagram 9.3 – Ventilation Scenarios

Respirators
Whenever possible, atmospheric hazards are best controlled by providing adequate ventilation.
However there are some situations where ventilation may not be feasible, practical or effective.
For example, mechanical ventilation may be successful in keeping spray paint vapours below
10% of the lower explosive level. This is acceptable in terms of fire and explosion prevention but
the atmosphere still represents a serious inhalation hazard and entrants would require
respiratory protection.
University staff do not perform confined space entry in environments that are IDHL or when
failure of a respirator may prevent an emergency exit. This type of confined space entry is
performed by competent contractors.
The equipment necessary to protect the respiratory system from hazards can be divided into
three general categories based upon intended use and hazard type. These categories are:
1. Personal Air Purifying Respirators (i.e. cartridge-type respirators) (PAPR)

Air purifying respirators are acceptable respiratory protection only when the concentrations
of the atmospheric contaminants are low and only when the correct filter is used for the
correct contaminant. These respirators cannot be used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
2. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a respirator system where a supply or a
means of respirable air, oxygen or oxygen-generating material is carried by the wearer.
Normally, SCBAs are equipped with a full facepiece.
3. Air Line Respirators

Air line respirators are open circuit systems that utilize a larger capacity of breathing air
located outside of the confined space. The worker is connected to the air line. Care must be
taken to avoid snags or pinching off the air supply. Also, the mask could be pulled away
from the worker's face.
The principal advantage of air line respirators is that they provide wearers with a virtually
unlimited supply of breathing air. However, if the primary air supply fails, the user must be able
to escape from the area. This is usually accomplished by providing an escape SCBA. In the
event of an emergency, the user can disconnect from the air line and breath air supplied from
the escape SCBA. As the name suggests, these devices are intended for escape only.
Employees or other entrants who use respiratory protective devices must be trained in the
proper selection, use, limitations, fit testing, care and maintenance of the respirators.
Other Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provides an extra degree of protection for the worker, but
it does not reduce the need for other elements of the entry program. Proper PPE that is
appropriate to the work being performed should be worn. PPE includes head, eye and foot
protection, hearing protection, fire resistant and/or high visibility clothing, body harness and
lifelines.
Attendant and Communications

An attendant is required to observe the workers inside any high to moderate risk confined space
and any high risk restricted space. When an attendant is required, the attendant must remain in
constant contact with the entrants by sight or speech or electronic means, during the entire
entry.

Attendants must be trained to:
• Know the hazards that may be faced during the entry. (e.g., the effects of accidental
exposure or contact with any of the identified hazards)
• Know the behavioral effects of exposure
• Maintain accurate entrant identification (i.e., know who is in the space at all times)
• Remain outside the confined space at all times and never leave the entrance while
anyone is present in the space.
• Be in constant communication with the entrants
• Monitor activity both inside and outside the confined space that may alter the confined
space environment (e.g., vehicle near space, work process)
• Prevent unauthorized entry including by persons not wearing appropriate PPE
• Not perform conflicting duties while acting as the Attendant and avoid distractions
• Know when and how to initiate on-site rescue procedures.
• Not enter to perform emergency rescue, but await the emergency rescue team and
assist the rescue from the outside.
Pre-Job Meeting
Prior to entry into any moderate to high hazard confined space, the site Supervisor must hold a
pre-job meeting. All persons who participate in the entry procedure in any capacity must be
present at the meeting to review the following:
• Each participant’s roles and responsibilities
• Hazards present or potentially present in the space
• Air test and procedures for monitoring and maintaining a safe atmosphere
• Safe work procedures
• Required PPE
• Method of communication between attendants and entrant
• Process for summoning emergency rescue
• Emergency rescue procedures.
• Other conditions or requirements set out in the confined space entry permit
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be readily available for any controlled product that is
or may be present in the space.
Equipment And Tools

All equipment must be inspected before it is used. Hand tools, portable power tools and all
other equipment must be in good condition and should be cleaned and sanitized as necessary.
Equipment and frayed electrical cords must never be used. Electrical tools must be double
insulated and grounded. Ground fault interrupter circuits provide extra protection. Depending
on the work involved, mats, gloves and other insulating equipment may be required. All
equipment should be spark proof and explosion proof. Potential fire hazards such as lighters
and matches must not be allowed into a confined space.
Ladders need to be properly secured and checked before use. Ladders can corrode or become
encrusted with slime causing a safety hazard.
Gas cylinders should not be taken into a confined space unless authorization is given in the
permit. In such cases the shut off valves for the cylinders should be within reach of the
entrants.

Lock Out
When a lock out is required it must meet the standards of the University’s Lock out/Tag out
Program which can be found at:
http://www.uregina.ca/hr/OH&S/U%20of%20R%20Lockout%20Policy%20-%20July%2006.doc
In addition, in the case of piping systems requiring lock out the closing of a valve is not an
acceptable lock out. In such cases the pipe must be disconnected, blanked or blinded off. This
means a solid barrier is inserted across the open end of a pipe leading into or out of the
confined space. The barrier must be of sufficient strength and secured in such a way to prevent
leakage of the material into the confined space. When required, a gasket shall be installed on
the pressure side of blanks or blinds and flanges shall be tightened to make the blanks or blinds
effective. Where threaded lines are used, threaded plugs or caps shall be used to blank the
lines.
Hot Work
No hot work is permitted unless a Hot Work Permit has been issued in accordance with the
University’s Hot Work Program.
No hot work or any other spark or flame producing operation is permitted on the interior, exterior
or near the opening of a confined space which may contain toxic, flammable or explosive
gases/vapors or materials until the confined space has been properly ventilated and the source
of the gases/vapors or materials has been removed.
Whenever hot work is being performed in a confined space, adequate ventilation shall be
provided.
Whenever hot work is being performed in a confined space, an appropriate fire extinguisher
shall be located nearby.
All gas welding and cutting equipment used in a confined space shall be pre-tested for leaks
prior to entry in the space.
Welding equipment and cutting torches should not be taken into a confined space until needed
and should be removed immediately after use.
Aerosol containers shall not be used in a confined space when hot work or any other spark-
producing work is being performed. If aerosol material must be used, all hot work and any other
spark producing work must be stopped and the confined space adequately ventilated.
Combustible And Flammable Substances

When working with flammable or combustible substances or when an explosive atmosphere
may develop, then:
• the atmosphere must be continuously monitored to ensure combustible gases do not
exceed 20% of the LEL; and
• all sources of ignition must be identified and controlled.

Appendix 7
CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Confined space emergencies can arise from:

• Physical injury or medical emergency
• Toxic or combustible gas accumulation
• Oxygen deficiency
• Equipment malfunction or failure
In any of these cases the workers in the confined space are in danger and those outside may
have to perform a rescue. The worker to be rescued may be injured or unconscious,
complicating the rescue procedure.
During an emergency, human nature instinctively insists that we try to help; however, rushing
into a confined space unprotected and unprepared is extremely dangerous and will only
complicate the eventual rescue. Failed rescue attempts account for 60% of confined space
fatalities. It is imperative that only workers who are properly trained and equipped for the task
attempt a rescue. Training for others involved is important in order to prevent panic in
emergency situations.
The rescue plans need to be tailored to the particular space being entered.
When University staff are not prepared, equipped or trained to perform a rescue, such as in
Category III confined spaces then a competent contractor will be engaged to perform the
confined space entry. Rescue from these types of spaces typically require self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), safety harness and rope, mechanical hoists, suitable reviving
apparatus outside the space and a trained rescue team who have performed regular drills in the
emergency rescue procedures.
In Category I or II confined spaces where rescue does not require a SCBA or other equipment
not available at the University, then University staff can be trained and designated to participate
in the rescue. The rescue procedures for such spaces should address:
• the means by which the entrant can call for assistance.
• identification of the rescue team.
• the means by which the attendant can alert the rescue team and call for assistance. At
minimum if rescue team members are not present outside the confined space they
should be notified when an entry is about to commence and remain on call and readily
available during the entry procedure.
• the rescue equipment required. Rescue equipment could include, full body harness,
retrieval lines, sleds and/or stretchers, winches and mechanical lifting devices, flashing
beacons, and blankets.
• the location of the rescue equipment. Generally, it should be readily available outside
the confined space.
• a description of how incapacitated persons will be removed.
• the role of the attendant. As noted above the attendant should not attempt to perform
an emergency rescue unless it is part of the rescue plan and they are adequately trained
and equipped.
• the means of providing emergency first aid. (e.g., location of emergency showers or
eyewash, first aid attendant)

Appendix 8
LEGISLATION
Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Regulations/Regulations/O1-1R1.pdf
PART XVIII
Confined Space Entry
Interpretation
266 In this Part:
(a) “confined space” means an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
(i) is not primarily designed or intended for human occupancy, except
for the purpose of performing work; and
(ii) has restricted means of entrance and exit;
(b) “hazardous confined space” means a confined space that is or may become hazardous
to a worker entering the confined space due to:
(i) the design, construction or atmosphere of the confined space;
(ii) the materials or substances in the confined space;
(iii) the work activities or processes used in the confined space; or
(iv) any other conditions relating to the confined space;
(c) “isolate” means to physically interrupt or disconnect pipes, lines and sources of energy
from a confined space.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s266.
Identification of confined spaces, hazards, etc.

267 Where a worker may be required or permitted to work in a confined space, an employer,
in consultation with the committee, shall identify:
(a) types of confined spaces at the place of employment that a worker may be required or
permitted to enter;
(b) types of hazards that are or may be present at each confined space;
(c) alternative means to perform the work to be performed in a confined space that will not
require the worker to enter the confined space; and
(d) alterations to the physical characteristics of the confined spaces that may be necessary
to ensure safe entrance to and exit from all accessible parts of each confined space.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s267.
Avoidance of entry into hazardous confined space

268(1) Where reasonably practicable, an employer shall use an alternative means to perform
work that will not require a worker to enter a hazardous confined space.
(2) An employer shall take all reasonably practicable steps to prevent any unauthorized
entry into the confined space.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s268.
Requirements before confined space is entered

269(1) Where a worker will be required or permitted to work in a confined space, an employer,
contractor or owner shall, before requiring or permitting the worker to enter the confined
space:
(a) ensure that there is a safe entrance to and exit from all accessible parts of the confined
space; and

(b) make all practicable alterations to the physical characteristics of the confined space
necessary to ensure a safe entrance to and exit from all accessible parts of the confined
space.
(2) In making alterations pursuant to clause (1)(b), an employer shall ensure that the
structural integrity of the confined space is maintained.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s269.
Requirements before hazardous confined space is entered

270(1) Before a worker is required or permitted to enter a confined space, an employer shall
appoint a competent person:
(a) to assess the hazards;
(b) where a hazardous atmosphere has been identified, to test the atmosphere of the
confined space for:
(i) oxygen enrichment or deficiency;
(ii) the presence of flammable or explosive substances; and
(iii) the presence and hazardous concentration of airborne chemical substances; and
(c) to determine whether:
(i) work activities or processes will result in the release of toxic, flammable or explosive
concentrations of any substances during the worker’s occupation of the confined space;
(ii) measures have been taken to ensure that a worker will not drown or become
entrapped in any liquid or free-flowing solid present in the confined space;
(iii) the entry of any liquid, free-flowing solid or hazardous substance into the confined
space in a quantity that could endanger the health or safety of the worker has been
prevented;
(iv) all energy sources that present a hazard to a worker entering into, exiting from or
occupying the confined space have been locked out, with the energy sources being put
in a zero energy state;
(v) any hazards from biological substances are present in the confined space; and
(vi) the opening for entry into and exit from the confined space is sufficient to allow safe
passage of a worker who is using personal protective equipment required by these
regulations.
(2) When testing the atmosphere of a confined space pursuant to clause (1)(b), a competent
person shall use appropriate and properly calibrated instruments that have been tested
to ensure that the instruments are capable of operating safely and effectively.
(3) A competent person who carries out the activities described in clauses (1)(a) to (c) shall
prepare a report in writing that sets out:
(a) the results of the assessment, tests and determinations;
(b) recommended special precautions and procedures to reduce the risk to a worker that
are to be followed by a worker entering into, exiting from or occupying the confined
space; and
(c) recommended personal protective equipment to be used by a worker entering the
confined space.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s270.

Notice where no hazard found
271 Where a confined space is not identified as a hazardous confined space, an employer
shall:
(a) notify a worker who is required to enter the confined space verifying that the confined
space is not hazardous;
(b) arrange for a method of communication with a worker on entry to and exit from the
confined space and at appropriate intervals while a worker is in the confined space;
(c) prepare a procedure for the removal of a worker who has become injured or
incapacitated while in the confined space; and
(d) ensure that the ventilation in the confined space is adequate to maintain safe
atmospheric conditions.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s271.
Entry plan
272(1) Where a worker will be required or permitted to enter a hazardous confined space, an
employer, in consultation with the committee, shall develop a hazardous confined space
entry plan to ensure the health and safety of workers who enter or work in the hazardous
confined space.
(2) A hazardous confined space entry plan must be in writing and must include:
(a) the tests or measurements necessary to monitor any oxygen deficiency or enrichment or
the presence and hazardous concentration of flammable or explosive substances;
(b) the identification of any other hazards that may be present in the hazardous confined
space and may put the health or safety of workers at risk;
(e) the procedures to enter, work in and exit from the hazardous confined space safely;
(g) the rescue procedures to be followed, including the number and duties of personnel and
the availability, location and proper use of equipment;
(h) the means to maintain effective communication with a worker who has entered the
hazardous confined space; and
(i) the availability, location and proper use of any other equipment that a worker may need
to work safely in the hazardous confined space.
(3) An employer shall ensure that the following workers are trained in and implement a
hazardous confined space entry plan:
(a) a worker who is required or permitted to enter the hazardous confined space;
(b) a worker who attends a worker in the hazardous confined space pursuant to subsection
274(4) or (5);
(c) a worker who may be required or permitted to implement the rescue procedures
mentioned in clause (2)(g).
(4) An employer shall make a copy of a hazardous confined space entry plan readily
available at the entrance to the hazardous confined space.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s272.

Purging and ventilating of unsafe atmosphere
273(1) In addition to the requirements of section 369, where a concentration of a toxic,
flammable or explosive substance is present or an oxygen enrichment or deficiency
exists in a hazardous confined space, an employer shall ensure that the hazardous
confined space is:
(a) purged and ventilated before a worker is allowed to enter the space, so that:
(i) any hazard associated with a toxic, flammable or explosive substance
is reduced to the extent that is possible or eliminated; and
(ii) an oxygen content of not less than 19.5% and not more than 23% is
ensured; and
(b) continuously ventilated at all times during which the worker occupies the hazardous
confined space, to maintain a safe atmosphere.
(2) Where ventilation is used to reduce or eliminate a hazard pursuant to subsection (1), an
employer shall ensure that a competent person tests the atmosphere to determine that
the confined space is safe for entry by a worker:
(a) before a worker enters the confined space;
(b) where all workers have vacated the confined space, before any worker re-enters the
confined space;
(c) on the request of a worker who is required or permitted to enter the confined space; and
(d) continuously where any condition in the confined space may change and put the
worker’s health or safety at risk.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s273.
Precautions where safe atmosphere not possible

274(1) Where a hazardous confined space cannot be purged and ventilated to provide a safe
atmosphere or a safe atmosphere cannot be maintained pursuant to section 273, an
employer shall ensure that no work is carried on in the confined space except in
accordance with the requirements of this section and section 369.
(2) An employer shall ensure that a competent person continuously monitors the
atmosphere in a hazardous confined space.
(3) An employer shall ensure that a worker is provided with and required to use a respiratory
protective device that meets the requirements of Part VII if:
(a) the airborne concentration for any substance meets or exceeds the permissible
contamination limit mentioned in clause 307(1)(a);
(b) oxygen deficiency or enrichment is detected; or
(c) the airborne concentration of any other substance may be harmful to the worker.
(4) An employer shall ensure that a worker in a hazardous confined space is attended by
and in communication with another worker who:
(a) has been adequately trained in the rescue procedures mentioned in clause 272(2)(g);
(b) is stationed and remains at the entrance to the confined space unless replaced by
another adequately trained worker; and
(c) is equipped with a suitable alarm to summon assistance.
(5) If entrance to a hazardous confined space is from the top:

(a) an employer shall ensure that:
(i) a worker uses a full-body harness and, where appropriate, is attached to a lifeline;
(ii) if a lifeline is used, the lifeline is attended by another worker who is adequately
trained in the rescue procedures mentioned in clause 272(2)(g); and

(iii) where reasonably practicable, a mechanical lifting device is available to assist with a
rescue and is located at the entry to the confined space while a worker is in the confined
space; or
(b) an employer shall ensure that an alternate method of rescue is developed and
implemented where the use of a full-body harness or lifeline would create an additional
hazard.
(6) If any flammable or explosive dusts, gases, vapours or liquids are or may be present in a
hazardous confined space, an employer shall ensure that all sources of ignition are
eliminated or controlled.
(7) An employer shall ensure that:

(a) equipment necessary to rescue workers is readily available at the entrance to the
hazardous confined space and used in accordance with the rescue procedures
developed pursuant to clause 272(2)(g);
(b) the holder of a class A qualification in first aid is available to provide immediate first aid;
and
(c) personnel who are trained in the rescue procedures developed pursuant to clause
272(2)(g) and who are fully informed of the hazards in the confined space are readily
available to assist in a rescue procedure.
4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s274.

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Health & Safety, Human Resources

CONFINED SPACE PROCEDURES

Categorization of Confined Spaces .............................................................................................. 5

Entry Requirements and Safe Work Procedures .......................................................................... 6

Written Entry Plan ......................................................................................................................... 8

Education and Training ................................................................................................................. 8

Hazard Assessment and Controls ................................................................................................ 9

Confined Space Procedures 1 of 49

Confined Space Procedures 2 of 49

Confined Space Procedures 3 of 49

Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 and

1. Associate Vice-President (Facilities and Planning) will ensure that:

2. Facilities Management Managers will ensure that:

3. Supervisors will ensure that:

Confined Space Procedures 4 of 49

7. Health and Safety, Human Resources will:

CATEGORIZATION OF CONFINED SPACES

1. Category I - Restricted Space

2. Category II – Non- Hazardous Confined Space

ALL Category II – Non-Hazardous Confined Spaces have the potential to become a

3. Category III - Hazardous Confined Space

Confined Space Procedures 5 of 49

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS AND SAFE WORK PROCEDURES

A summary of the Entry Requirements for each Category of Space is contained in

1. CATEGORY I – Restricted Space

2. CATEGORY II – Non-Hazardous Confined Space

Confined Space Procedures 6 of 49

3. CATEGORY III – Hazardous Confined Space with Safe Atmosphere

In order to issue a Hazardous Confined Space Entry Permit:

Confined Space Procedures 7 of 49

Where a permit cannot be issued to University staff to perform Work in a Hazardous

WRITTEN ENTRY PLAN

Confined Space Procedures 8 of 49

1. Responsibilities under the Confined Space Program

HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS

Appendix 5 contains a description of common hazards found in confined spaces

If during the performance of assigned duties anyone becomes injured or suspects an

Confined Space Procedures 9 of 49

Space type Activity Minimum Written Entry Plan* Potential Hazards

Category I Travel None No Minimal, particularly if cell or

Category I Work Notify Co- No Task Generated Hazards.

Category III Any Notify Supervisor on Yes - As above

Confined Space Procedures 10 of 49

This form must be filled out:

1. Prior to the entry into a confined space.

Section A: To be competed for all Category II

Date: _________________________________ day shift night shift

Emergency Phone Numbers First Aid Designate

Basic Scope of Work

Confined Space Procedures 11 of 49

Confined Space Procedures 12 of 49

Hazard Measures Taken

Confined Space Procedures 13 of 49

Personal Protective Equipment

Hard hat Eye protection

Tools and Equipment:

Confined Space Procedures 14 of 49

Configuration of Confined Space:

Use of Confined Space:

Location of Safe Area:

Safety Watch Attendant(s):

Emergency Communication Signal:

Emergency Rescue Equipment Required: