The equation

Remark on the stabilization for an

Schrödinger equation with double power
nonlinearity

Octavio Vera
In collaboration with: Veronica Poblete, Mauricio
Sepúlveda, and J. E. Muñoz Rivera

VII SIMPOSIUM INTERNACIONAL DE

MATEMÁTICA
LIMA, DEL 03 AL 07 DE JULIO DE 2017
The equation

The Equation
We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with
double power nonlinearity

i ut + uxx = − a |u|r−1 u − b |u|s−1 u, (x, t) ∈ R × R (1)

u(x, 0) = u0 (x), (2)

where a and b are negative constants, 1 < r < s < +∞, and
u = u(x, t) is a complex unknown function. For instance,
the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation

i ut + uxx = −δ |u|2 u − ε |u|4 u (3)

arise in a number of independent physics field: nuclear

hydrodynamic, the optical pulse propagations in dielectric
media of non-Kerr type. Also, it is used to describe the
boson gas with two and three body interaction.
The equation

Let us now investigate decay rates of the solutions of

(1)-(2) in Lp (R)-norm for 2 < p ≤ ∞. We are going to
establish the following
Theorem
(Main Theorem). Let u be a smooth solution of (1)-(2).
Let x u0 ∈ L2 (R) and u0 ∈ H 1 (R). If r < 5, then for any
t > 0 we have
 1/4
1
kukL∞ (R) ≤ C 1 + (r−1)/2 , (4)
t

and for 2 < p < ∞, using interpolation argument we have

 (p−2)/4 p
1
kukLp (R) ≤ C 1 + (5)
t(r−1)/2
The equation

Lemma
(Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality) Let q, r be any real
numbers satisfying 1 ≤ q, r ≤ ∞ and let j and m be
nonnegative integers such that j ≤ m. Then

kDj ukLp (R) ≤ C kDm ukaLr (R) kuk1−a

Lq (R) ,

where 1/p = j + a ((1/r) − m) + (1 − a)/q for all a in the

interval j/m ≤ a ≤ 1, and C is a positive constant
depending only on m, j, q, r and a. In particular

kukp+1
Lp+1 (R)
≤ C kux k(p−1)/2
L2 (R)
kuk(p+3)/2
L2 (R)
. (6)
The equation

Lemma
Let u be a smooth solution of (1)-(2). Then

d
|u|2 = 2 Im u uxx .


(7)
dt

Lemma
Let u be a smooth solution of (1)-(2). Then

kukL2 (R) = ku0 kL2 (R) (8)

The equation

Lemma
Let u be a smooth solution of (1)-(2). Let u0 ∈ H 1 (R).
Then

 
d 2 2a r+1 2b s+1
kux kL2 (R) − kukLr+1 (R) − kukLs+1 (R) = 0,
dt r+1 s+1
(9)

kux k2L2 (R) ≤ C, (10)

where C = C ku0 kL2 (R) , ku0x kL2 (R) .
The equation

Proof Differentiating (1) with respect to the x-variable and

multiplying the result by ux we have

i ux uxt + ux uxxx = − a |u|r−1 x u ux − a |u|r−1 |ux |2

− b |u|s−1 x u ux − b |u|s−1 |ux |2 ,

applying conjugate

− i ux uxt + ux uxxx = − a |u|r−1 x u ux − a |u|r−1 |ux |2

−b |u|s−1 x u ux − b |u|s−1 |ux |2 .

Subtracting and integrating over x ∈ R we have

Z Z
d
|ux | dx = 2 a Im |u|r−1 u uxx dx
2
dt R
ZR
+ 2 b Im |u|s−1 u uxx dx
R
The equation

using (7) we obtain

Z Z
d 2

(r−1) d
|u|2 2 |u|2 dx


|ux | dx = a
dt R dt
ZR (s−1) d
|u|2 2 |u|2 dx



+b
R dt
Z Z
2a d r+1 2b d
= |u| dx + |u|s+1 dx
r + 1 dt R s + 1 dt R
 Z Z 
d 2a r+1 2b s+1
= |u| dx + |u| dx ,
dt r + 1 R s+1 R

(9) is true.
The equation

Integrating the above equality over t ∈ [0, T ], we obtain

2a 2b
kux k2L2 (R) − kukr+1 − kuks+1
r+1 L r+1 (R)
s+1 Ls+1 (R)

2a 2b
= ku0x k2L2 (R) − ku0 kr+1 − ku0 ks+1 . (11)
r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

Using (6) we have

2a 2b
kux k2L2 (R) − kukr+1 − kuks+1
r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

2aC
≤ ku0x k2L2 (R) − ku0x k(r−1)/2 ku0 k(r+3)/2
r+1 L 2 (R) L2 (R)

2bC
− ku0x k(s−1)/2 ku0 kL(s+3)/2 .
s+1 L2 (R) 2 (R)
The equation

Performing straightforward estimates we obtain

2a 2b
kux k2L2 (R) − kukr+1 − kuks+1 ≤ C,
r+1 L r+1 (R)
s+1 Ls+1 (R)

 
where C = C ku0 kL2 (R) , ku0x kL2 (R) .
From (6) we obtain

2 |a| 2 |b|
kux k2L2 (R) ≤ C + kukr+1 + kuks+1
r+1 L r+1 (R)
s+1 Ls+1 (R)

2 |a| C
≤ C+ kux k(r−1)/2 kukL(r+3)/2
r+1 L2 (R) 2 (R)

2 |b| C
+ kux k(s−1)/2 kukL(s+3)/2 ,
s+1 L 2 (R) 2 (R)
The equation

using Lemma 9 we obtain

2 |a| C
kux k2L2 (R) ≤ C + r+1
ku0x k(r−1)/2
L2 (R)
ku0 k(r+3)/2
L2 (R)

|b| C
+ 2s+1 ku0x k(s−1)/2
L2 (R)
ku0 kL(s+3)/2
2 (R)
,
≤ C.

the result follows.

The equation

Stabilization of solutions
In this section, we use the operator J defined by
2 /4 t 2 /4 t
Ju = ei x (2 i t) ∂x (e− i x u) = (x + 2 i t ∂x )u.
This operator has the remarkable property that it
commutes with the operator L defined by L = (i ∂t + ∂x2 ),
namely, L J − J L ≡ [L, J] = 0. In general,
2 /4 t 2 /4 t
J m u = ei x (2 i t)m ∂xm (e− i x u) = (x + 2 i t ∂x )m u, m∈N
so that J m u = J(J m−1 u) and which allows us to get the
estimates (4)-(5) of the main theorem.
In the proof stated below it is shown that Ju estimates of
solutions lead to obtain a priori estimates for
u ∈ L∞ (R)-norm and Lp (R)-norm, for 2 < p ≤ ∞. We
estimate a Gronwall’s inequality type and we establish
decay of perturbed solutions.
The equation

Theorem
(Main Theorem) Let u be a smooth solution of (1)-(2). Let
x u0 ∈ L2 (R) and u0 ∈ H 1 (R). Then for any t > 0 we have
 1/4
1
kukL∞ (R) ≤C 1+ (12)
t(r−1)/2

and for 2 < p ≤ +∞, using interpolation argument we have

 (p−2)/4 p
1
kukLp (R) ≤ C 1 + . (13)
t(r−1)/2
The equation

Proof. We rewrite the equation (1) as

Lu = − a |u|r−1 u − b |u|s−1 u, where L = i ∂t + ∂x2 . Applying
the J operator we have
L (Ju) = − a J(|u|r−1 u) − b J(|u|s−1 u). Thus,
i (Ju)t + (Ju)xx = − a J(|u|r−1 u) + b J(|u|s−1 u)
Ju(x, 0) = x u0 (x).
Multiplying the above equation by (Ju) we have
i (Ju)t (Ju) + (Ju)xx (Ju)
r−1
= − a J(|u| u) (Ju) − b J(|u|s−1 u) (Ju),
applying conjugate
− i (Ju) (Ju)t + (Ju) (Ju)xx
= − a J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) − b J(|u|s−1 u) (Ju).
The equation

Integrating over x and subtracting we have

Z
d
kJukL2 (R) = − 2 a Im J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) dx
2
(14)
dt
ZR
− 2 b Im J(|u|s−1 u) (Ju) dx. (15)
R

We estimate the two terms of the right hand side of (14)

J(|u|r−1 u) = x |u|r−1 u + 2 i t (|u|r−1 u)x

and

Ju = x u − 2 i t ux .
The equation

Hence, using straightforward calculations we have that

J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) = x2 |u|r+1 + 4 t2 |u|r−1 |ux |2

+ 4 t x |u|r−1 Im u ux
(r − 1)
i t x |u|r+1 x


+2
r+1

+ 4 t2 |u|r−1 x u ux ,

then
(r − 1)
Im J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) = 2 t x |u|r+1 x
 

r + 1
+ 4 t Im (|u|r−1 )x u ux .
2

The equation

Using (7) we obtain

Z
2 Im J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) dx
R
(r − 1)
Z Z
= 4 t x (|u| )x dx + 8 t Im (|u|r−1 )x u ux dx
r+1 2
r+1 R
Z R
(r − 1)
Z
= −4 t |u|r+1 dx − 8 t2 Im |u|r−1 u uxx dx
r+1
ZR R
(r − 1)
Z
d
= −4 t |u|r+1 dx − 4 t2 |u|r−1 |u|2 dx
r+1 dt
ZR 2
R
(r − 1)
Z
8t d
= −4 t |u|r+1 dx − |u|r+1 dx.
r+1 R r + 1 dt R
The equation

On the other hand,

Z Z  Z 
2 d r+1 r+1 d 2 r+1
−t |u| dx = 2 t |u| dx − t |u| dx .
dt R R dt R

Replacing above we obtain

Z
2 Im J(|u|r−1 u) (Ju) dx
R  Z
(r − 1) 16
= −4 + t |u|r+1 dx
r+1 r+1 R
 Z 
d 8 2 r+1
− t |u| dx
dt r + 1 R
(r − 5)
Z
= −4 t |u|r+1 dx
r+1 R
 Z 
d 8 2 r+1
− t |u| dx . (16)
dt r + 1 R
The equation

Similarly,
Z
2 Im J(|u|s−1 u) (Ju) dx (17)
R
 
(s − 5)
Z Z
s+1 d 8 2 s+1
= −4 t |u| dx − t |u| dx .
s+1 R dt s + 1 R

Replacing (16) and (18) into (14) we have

(r − 5)
Z
d 2
kJukL2 (R) = 4 a t |u|r+1 dx
dt r+1 R
 Z 
d 8a 2 r+1
+ t |u| dx
dt r + 1 R
(s − 5)
Z
+ 4b t |u|s+1 dx
s+1
 ZR 
d 8b 2 s+1
+ t |u| dx .
dt s + 1 R
The equation

Therefore
 
d 2 8 (−a) 2 r+1 8 (−b) 2 s+1
kJukL2 (R) + t kukLr+1 (R) + t kukLs+1 (R)
dt r+1 s+1
(5 − r) (5 − s)
= 4 (−a) t kukr+1 + 4 (−b) t kuks+1 (. 18)
r+1 L r+1 (R)
s+1 Ls+1 (R)

Taking ea = − a > 0 (a < 0) and eb = − b > 0 (b < 0) we

have
" #
d 8 a 8 eb
kJuk2L2 (R) + t2 kukr+1 t2 kuks+1
e
Lr+1 (R) + Ls+1 (R)
dt r+1 s+1
(5 − r) e (5 − s) t kuks+1
= 4e
a t kukr+1
Lr+1 (R) + 4 b Ls+1 (R) . (19)
r+1 s+1
The equation

The pseudo conformal identity (18) was firstly observed by

Ginibre and Velo and is found to be useful to obtain a
priori estimates of Ju.
We have that 1 < r ≤ s < +∞ imply 5 − s ≤ 5 − r. Thus,
" #
d 8 a 8 eb
kJuk2L2 (R) + t2 kukr+1 t2 kuks+1
e
+
dt r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

" #
4eat 4 eb t
≤ (5 − r) kukr+1 + kuks+1 ,
r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

for 1 < r < 5. Let

8e
a 8 eb
f (t) = t kukr+1 + t kuks+1 .
r+1 L r+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)
The equation

Then
d h i (5 − r)
kJuk2L2 (R) + t f (t) ≤ f (t).
dt 2
Integrating over t ∈ [0, T ] we have
t
(5 − r)
Z
2 2
kJukL2 (R) + t f (t) ≤ kx u0 kL2 (R) + f (s) ds,
2 0

which we can rewrite as

(5 − r) 1
Z
2 2
kJukL2 (R) + t f (t) ≤ kx u0 kL2 (R) + f (s) ds
2 0
(5 − r) t
Z
+ f (s) ds.
2 1
The equation

Hence
(5 − r) t
Z
2
kJukL2 (R) + t f (t) ≤ α + f (s) ds, (20)
2 1
R1
so that α = kx u0 k2L2 (R) + (5−r)
2 0
f (s) ds.
Now, integrating (9) over t ∈ [0, T ] we have
8e a 8 eb
4 kux k2L2 (R) + kukr+1 + kuks+1
r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

8ea 8 eb
= 4 ku0x k2L2 (R) + ku0 kr+1 + ku0 ks+1 .
r+1 Lr+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

Thus
8e
a 8 eb
kukr+1 + kuks+1
r+1 L r+1 (R) s+1 Ls+1 (R)

8ea 8 eb
≤ 4 ku0x k2L2 (R) + ku0 kr+1 + ku0 ks+1 ,
r+1 L r+1 (R)
s+1 Ls+1 (R)
The equation

which we have
8ea 8 eb
kukr+1
L r+1 (R) + kuks+1
Ls+1 (R) ≤ C,
e (21)
r+1 s+1


where C
e=C e ku0 kLr+1 (R) , ku0 kLs+1 (R) , ku0x kL2 (R) . Hence
α≤C e which is finite by hypothesis. From (20) we have

Z t
F (t) ≤ C
e+ G(s) F (s) ds,
1

with F (t) = t f (t) and G(t) = (5−r)2t

. Since F and G are
continuous on [1, +∞[, using the Gronwall inequality we
have that F (t) ≤ C e t(5−r)/2 , for all t ≥ 1. The hypothesis on
the initial data u0 imply that f (t) is uniformly bounded for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Therefore there exist a constant

C = C ku0 kLr+1 (R) , ku0 kLs+1 (R) , ku0x kL2 (R) such that
f (t) ≤ C, for any 0 < t ≤ 1.
The equation

Hence kJuk2L2 (R) + t f (t) ≤ C t(5−r)/2 for any t > 0, which

we can written as

8ea 2 8 eb
kJuk2L2 (R) + t kukr+1
Lr+1 (R) + t2 kuks+1
Ls+1 (R)
(r + 1) (s + 1)
≤ C t(5−r)/2 , for any t > 0.
2 /4 t 2 /4 t
Now using that Ju = ei x (2 i t) ∂x (e− i x u) we obtain

2 /4 t 8ea 2
4 t2 k∂x (e− i x u)k2L2 (R) + t kukr+1
Lr+1 (R)
(r + 1)
8 eb
+ t2 kuks+1
Ls+1 (R) ≤ C t
(5−r)/2
,
(s + 1)

for any t > 0, namely

The equation

2 /4 t 2 |e
a|
k∂x (e− i x u)k2L2 (R) ≤ C t(1−r)/2 + kukr+1
Lr+1 (R)
(r + 1)
2 |eb|
+ kuks+1
Ls+1 (R)
(s + 1)

Using similar calculations as Lemma 5 we obtain

 
− i x2 /4 t 1
k∂x (e u)k2L2 (R) ≤Ct (1−r)/2
+ C1 ≤ C +1 ,
t(r−1)/2

for any t > 0.

The equation

On the other hand, using the Gagliardo-Nirenberg

inequality
2 /4 t 2 /4 t 1/2 1/2
k e− i x u kL∞ (R) ≤ C k∂x (e− i x u)kL2 (R) kukL2 (R) ,

so that
 
− i x2 /4 t 1
ke uk4L∞ (R) ≤C 1+ ,
t(r−1)/2
for any t > 0. Therefore, we obtain
 1/4
1
kukL∞ (R) ≤ C 1 + (r−1)/2 . (22)
t
Moreover, using the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality we have
2/p (p−2)/p
kukLp (R) ≤ C kukLp (R) kukL∞ (R) . (23)
The equation

Thus, using (8) and (22) we deduce the following Lp

estimate
 (p−2)/4 p
1
kukLp (R) ≤ C 1 + (r−1)/2 , (24)
t

for 2 < p ≤ +∞. The theorem follows.