Graduation Project PDF

Graduation project
(Waste Water Treatment Planet)

Name: IssaQafiti
ID: 120458
Instructor: Prof. Samih Qaqish
Fall 2016
Abstract
This report outlines the structural design of a Waste water
treatment plant located at American university of Madaba
following ACI code and Jordanian building code. The framing
arrangement and column locations of the building were provided
based on architectural and structural requirements. The structure
system of the office building is a reinforced concrete frames
with a one-way and two way slabs beam floor system and a
ribbed slab for its roof containing multi cells water tanks. This
report covers the design process in the following order: the
calculation of the expected loads on the structure, the design of
the slab depth, the estimation of the column sizes, the design of
the slab reinforcement, the design of the beam reinforcement for
both flexural and shear, the design of the column reinforcement
and the design for tanks reinforcement finally the design of
foundation rafts. Additionally, figures displaying the placement
of the steel rebar in the structure are contained in the report. The
details of the design can be found within the report.
1
Contents:
Contents ................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 4
Design of roof slab (1)........................................................................................................... 6
Design of beams of Roof Ribbed Slab (1) ............................................................................ 12
Design of columns(C-1) ...................................................................................................... 15
Design of ground floor slab (1)............................................................................................ 18
Design of Beams of Ground slab (1) .................................................................................... 20
Design of roof slab (2)......................................................................................................... 23
Design of Beam of Ribbed slab (2) ...................................................................................... 27
Design for columns ( C-2) ................................................................................................... 29
Stairs................................................................................................................................... 33
Water tanks design (ground floor tanks) .............................................................................. 35
Design for tank roof slab ..................................................................................................... 48
Design of slab under ground level tanks (SS-G2) ................................................................. 54
Design of beams of (SS-G2 ) Slab ....................................................................................... 57
Design for columns ( C-3) ................................................................................................... 65
Raft foundation ................................................................................................................... 96
Design Requirement of Concrete ....................................................................................... 110
Joins In Liquid Retaining Structures .................................................................................. 112
Reference .......................................................................................................................... 114
2
Table of Figures:
Figure 1: PLAN-ABOVE GROUND LEVEL.................................................................................. 5
Figure 2:PLAN-BELLOW GROUND LEVEL ................................................................................ 5
Figure 3: RIBBED SALB (RS-F01) ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 4:RIBBED SLAB CROSS SECTION (RS-F01) ................................................................... 11
Figure 5: RIBBED SLAB REINFORCMENT (RS-F01) ................................................................. 11
Figure 6: BEAM CROSS SECTION (B-F03 & B-F04) ................................................................. 14
Figure 7: BEAM SHEAR REINFORCMENT (B-F03& B-F04) ...................................................... 14
Figure 8: COLUMN CROSS SECTION (C-1) ............................................................................. 17
Figure 9: GROUND FLOOR SLAB (SG-1) ................................................................................ 18
Figure 10: COLUMN CROSS SECTION (C-2) ........................................................................... 32
Figure 11: STAIRS REINFORCMENT ...................................................................................... 34
Figure 12: TANK (1) TOP VEIW ............................................................................................. 35
Figure 13: TANK (1) CROSS SECTIONS .................................................................................. 41
Figure 14: TANK (1) RENFORCMENT .................................................................................... 51
Figure 15: GROUND SLAB (SS-G02) ...................................................................................... 54
Figure 16: BEAM (1) REINFORCMENT (B-G1) ....................................................................... 61
Figure 17: BEAM (2) REINFORCMENT (B-G2) ........................................................................ 64
Figure 18: COLUMN CROSS SECTION (C-3) ........................................................................... 69
Figure 19: TANK (2) TOP VEIW ............................................................................................. 70
Figure 20: TANK (3) CROSS SECTIONS .................................................................................. 75
Figure 21: RAFT FOUNDATION SITE PLAN AUTOCAD ........................................................... 98
Figure 22: RAFT GRID SYSTEM DATA .................................................................................... 99
Figure 23: RAFT FOUNDATION SAP PLAN .......................................................................... 100
Figure 24: SAP RAFT FOUNDATION MODEL ....................................................................... 101
Figure 25: SAB RAFT FOUNDATION LOADS ........................................................................ 102
Figure 26: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT ......................................... 103
Figure 27: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT ........................................ 103
Figure 28: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM SHEAR VALUE .................................................. 104
3
Introduction:
The Waste water treatment plant is located on Madaba at the

American university of Madaba to provide a process of
removing contaminants from wastewater produced by the
campus and reuse it for grass and plant irrigation.
The plant contains 6 aeration tanks above the ground level and
office buildings underlying by sludge collection tank, irrigation
and balancing tank.
The dimensions of area to be constructed are 15x25 m each

level.
4
Figure 1: PLAN-ABOVE GROUND LEVEL
Figure 2:PLAN-BELLOW GROUND LEVEL
5
Design of roof slab (1):
6
Ribbed slab
Figure 3: RIBBED SALB (RS-F01)
7
Dead load calculation
𝟒.𝟑
Min h = =204.7 mm say 250 mm
𝟐𝟏
Using (Jordanian Loads code)

Total volume= 0.25×0.52× 0.2 = 0.026 𝑚3
Volume of concrete= 0.12×0.2×0.18+0.2×0.52×0.07=
0.0116 𝑚3
Weight of concrete=0.0116× 25 = 0.29 𝑘𝑁
Weight of Hollow block=0.15 𝑘𝑁
Total weight=0.44𝑘𝑁
𝟎.𝟒𝟒
Wu= =4.231𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟓𝟐×𝟎.𝟐
Bituminous dead load=𝛾 × 𝑡=0.22× 0.015 = 0.00335 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Drainageslope dead load=25× 0.125 = 3.125𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Live load =0.6𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
8
Snow load=𝑠° × 𝜇
𝜇 = 0.8 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
For madaba and a height of 800 m above sea level
ℎ − 320 800 − 320
𝑠°= = = 1.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
400 400
Snow load=0.8× 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Wu=1.2D.L+1.6S+1L=11.0512𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Wu/Rib=5.75 kN/m/rib
Maximum positive moment=5.55kN.m

be=520mm d=220mm 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 21𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑀𝑢 5.55×106
Rn= = =0.245Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×520×2202
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.000587
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′
Then minimum Reinforcment at bottom

2∅12
Maximum Negaitive moment=8.4kN.m

B=120mm d=220 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 21𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑀𝑢 8.4×106
Rn= = =1.77Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×120×2202
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.004441
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 117.24𝑚𝑚2 2∅12

9
Shrinkage reinforcement on the direction perpendicular to the
ribs
𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 =0.0018× 70 × 1000 = 126𝑚𝑚2
So ∅8@400𝑚𝑚
And ∅8@520𝑚𝑚 on the direction of ribs
Shear Reinforcement
1
øVc = ∗0.75 √28 * b * d
6
øVc=17.46 kN
Vu=13 kN
øVc > Vu then minimum shear reinforcement
16×𝐴𝑉×𝑓𝑦
S= =1222mm
√𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏𝑤
Use∅8@100 𝑚𝑚
10
Figure 4:RIBBED SLAB CROSS SECTION (RS-F01)
Figure 5: RIBBED SLAB REINFORCMENT (RS-F01)
11
Design of beams of Roof Ribbed Slab (1):
"B-F04 and B-F03"

6.1
Minimum beam height= =381mm
16
Say h=500mm
And b=300mm
3.75𝑘𝑁
Wb=0.3× 0.5 × 25 =
𝑚
4.3+3.1
Wu=( ) × 11.05 + 3.75 × 1.2 = 45.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
𝑤𝑢×𝐿2
Mu= = 211.1𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑢 211.1×106
Rn= = =3.9Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×300×4502
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.0105
As=0.0105× 300 × 450 = 1415.7𝑚𝑚2

Use 4∅22
12
"B-F05, B-F01"
6.1
16
Say h=500mm
And b=300mm
3.75𝑘𝑁
Wb=0.3× 0.5 × 25 =
𝑚
3.1
Wu=( × 11.05 + 3.75 × 1.2 = 21.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
𝑤𝑢×𝐿2
Mu= = 100.6𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑢 100.6×106
Rn= = =1.84Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×300×4502
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.0046
As=0.0046× 300 × 450 = 625.5𝑚𝑚2

Use 4∅16
Shear reinforcement
𝑊×𝐿
Vmax= =138𝑘𝑁
2
138×2.6
Vu= =117.6𝑘𝑁
3.05
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 85.92𝑘𝑁
6
𝑉𝑢−∅𝑉𝑐
Vs= =42.24𝑘𝑁
∅
𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑆
=
𝑆 𝑓𝑦𝑣 × 𝑑
𝑑
S=298.3mm so use = 250𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑏𝑤
= × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × s=325.9mm use s=250mm
𝑠 16 𝑓𝑦𝑣
13
Yielding of steel
AS=1415.7𝑚𝑚2 d=450mm b=300mm
𝐴𝑠×𝑓𝑦
a= =111mm
0.85×𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏
𝑎
c= =130.6mm
𝛽
Figure 6: BEAM CROSS SECTION (B-F03 & B-F04)
Figure 7: BEAM SHEAR REINFORCMENT (B-F03& B-F04)
14
Design of columns(C-1):
fc=28Mpa
Assume: 300mm× 300mm
Self-weight =1.2×0.3×0.3× 3 × 25=8.1kN
Pu =load from slab and beam + weight of column

45.4 ×6.5
Pu= + 8.1 = 155.56𝑘𝑁
2
𝐴 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑

𝐿𝑐
∑
B= 𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐿𝐵 = 0.436
∑
𝐸𝐼𝑏
K=0.75
15
KLu=0.75× 3 = 2.25m
(300)(300)3
I= = 0.000675m
12
A=0.3× 0.3 = 0.09m
𝐼
r=√ =0.0866m
𝐴
𝐾𝑙𝑢 𝑀1
= 26 < 34 -12
𝑟 𝑀2
thusSHORT column
Pu=∅0.85(0.85𝑓𝑐(𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑆) + 𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑆)

156=0.65 × 0.85(0.85 × 25 × (0.3 × 0.3 − 𝐴𝑠) +As× 420)
As=703.3𝑚𝑚2
Use ρ=0.01
4∅18
Tiles spacing
Assume Ф8
 According to ACI, ties for columns must have a minimum

diameter of 10 mm to enclose longitudinal bars of
diameter of 18mm.
 Spacing in ties shall not exceed the smallest of:
o 48 times the ties diameter =384mm
o 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter=288mm
o The least dimension of the column =300mm
Use S=250mm
16
Figure 8: COLUMN CROSS SECTION (C-1)
17
Design of ground floor slab (1):
Figure 9: GROUND FLOOR SLAB (SG-1)
Load combinations:
Live load=4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 for office
=4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 for store
=4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 for generator
=7.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 for mechanical room
Note: it is preferred to but the machines on the mechanical room
on a high degree of freedom plate to reduce additional force due
to vibrating.
18
3.1 4.3
Min h= = 130𝑚𝑚 or Min h= = 154𝑚𝑚
24 28
Use h= 200mm
Self-weight=0.2× 25 = 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Tile =22× 0.02 = 0.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Mortar=20× 0.03 = 0.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Proofing=0.02𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
DL=6.06𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Mechanical room=1.2DL+1.6LL=19.272𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Others=1.2DL+1.6LL=13.672𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
d=200-50=150mm
b=1000mm
maximum positive moment=20.16kN.m

𝑀𝑢 20.16×106
Rn= = =0.995Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×1502
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.00245 use ρmin
As=0.0033× 150 × 1000 = 500𝑚𝑚2

∅14@300𝑚𝑚
maximum negative moment=25.81kN.m
𝑀𝑢 25.81×106
Rn= = =1.275
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×1502
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.00315 use ρmin
As=0.0033× 150 × 1000 = 500𝑚𝑚2

∅14@300𝑚𝑚at bottom
shrinkage reinforcement
Ash=0.0018× 200 × 1000 = 360𝑚𝑚2 use ∅8@125𝑚𝑚
19
Design of Beams of Ground slab (1)
20
Design of beams (BG01):
6.1
Min h= = 380𝑚𝑚
16
Say h=550mm
B=300mm
Self-weight=0.55× 0.3 × 25 = 3.75𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1.2× 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚
4.3 3.1
Wu=4.5+ × 19.272 + × 13.672 = 67.1𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
𝑤𝑢×𝐿2
Mu= = 312.1𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑢 211.1×106
Rn= = =3.918Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×300×4502
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.0107
As=0.0107× 300 × 550 = 1765.5𝑚𝑚2

Use 4∅25 Bottom
21
Shear reinforcement
𝑊×𝐿
Vmax= =218.1𝑘𝑁
2
At distance d from face of the support
Vu=181.17𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 141.756𝑘𝑁
6
∅𝑉𝑐
= 70.88𝑘𝑁
2
Vs= =39.414𝑘𝑁
∅
=
𝑑
S=298.3mm so use = 250𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑏𝑤
= × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × s=325.9mm use s=250mm
𝑠 16 𝑓𝑦𝑣
Yielding of steel
AS=1963.5𝑚𝑚2 d=550mm b=300mm
𝐴𝑠×𝑓𝑦
a= =129.36mm
0.85×𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏
𝑎
c= =161.7mm
𝛽
𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = ( )× 0.003 = 0.006276 > 0.005 𝑜𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑐
22
Design of roof slab (2):
Figure10 : DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (RS-F02)
1.85
Minimum thickness= =77mm
24
Say 100 mm
Self-weight= 0.1× 2.5 = 2.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Drainage slope slab weight = (0.005× 6.65 + 0.05) × 2.5 =
2.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
D.L=4.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
L.L=0.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
23
Snow load=𝑠° × 𝜇
𝜇 = 0.8 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
ℎ − 320 800 − 320
𝑠°= = = 1.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
400 400
Snow load=0.8× 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Wu=1.2D.L+1.6S+1L=8.1𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Strip (1)
𝑊 𝑙 2 8.1×2.452
Mu= = =6.1kN.m
8 8
d=10-2.5-0.8-0.6=6.1Cm=61mm
𝑀𝑢 6.1×106
Rn= = =1.82Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×100×612
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.0046 >ρmin
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 =281𝑚𝑚2 ∅12@400mm

Shrinkage reinforcement on the opposite direction
0.0018× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 110.4𝑚𝑚2
∅10@700mm
24
Strip (2):
25
@ section A
Mu=2.051kN.m
RN=0.75
ρ=ρmin=0.0033
AS=200𝑚𝑚2
∅12@500mm bottom
@ section B
Mu= -3.655kN.m
RN=1.333
ρ=ρmin=0.0033
AS=200𝑚𝑚2
∅12@500mm TOP
@ section c
Mu= 2.056kN.m
RN=0.75
ρ=ρmin=0.0033
AS=200𝑚𝑚2
∅12@500mm bottom
26
Design of Beam of roof slab (2):
Beam (BF-22)
4
Minimum thickness = =216 mm
18.5
Say h= 300 mm
d=260mm
b=250mm
Self-weight=0.25× 0.3 × 25 = 1.875𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1.2× self weight =2.25
2.45+2.15
Wu @section A =( ) + 2.25 = 20.9
2
2.45
Wu @ section C=( ) × 8.1 + 2.25 = 12.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
@ section A
Mu=6.06kN.m
RN=.43 MPa , ρmin=0.0033
As =214.5 𝑚𝑚2 , 2 ∅14 Bottom
@ section B
Mu=-7.45 kN.m
RN=0.5 Mpa ,ρ=0.0033
As =214.5.5𝑚𝑚2 , 2∅14 TOP
27
@ section c
Mu=2..42kN.m
ρ=0.0033
As =214.5𝑚𝑚2 , 2 ∅14 Bottom
Design for shear:

Taking Vu at distance d from the face of support
Vu=15.92-20.9× 0.26= 10.49 kN
1
ø𝑉𝑐 = ∗0.75 √28 * b * d =43kN
6
øVc
=21.5kN
2
16×𝐴𝑉×𝑓𝑦
S= =510mm
√𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏𝑤
𝑑
Or s = = 130 mm
2
Use∅8@130𝑚𝑚
28
Design for columns( C-2):

Self-weight =0.3×0.3× 3 × 25=6.75kN
1.2×6.75=8.1kN
Pu =73.3(from shear diagram of Bs-f2)+8.1=81.4kN
Mu =41.8kN.m (from moment diagram for Bs-f2)
K=0.75
KLu=0.75× 3 = 2.25m
(300)(300)3
I= = 0.000675m
12
A=0.3× 0.3 = 0.09m
𝐼
r=√ =0.0866m
𝐴
𝐾𝑙𝑢 𝑚1
= 26 < 34-12 thus SHORT column
𝑟 𝑚2
29
𝑝𝑢 81.4
Pn= = =125.23kN.m
∅ 0.65
𝑃𝑛
KN= =0.0557
𝑓𝑐𝐴𝑔
𝑀𝑛
RN= =0.0953
𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑔 ℎ
From interaction diagram use 𝜌 = 0.006

Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01
As=0.01× 300 × 300 = 900𝑚𝑚2
Use 4∅18
30
Ties spacing:
Assume Ф8

diameter of 8 mm to enclose longitudinal bars of diameter
of 18mm.
o Use S=250mm
31
32
Stairs:
Simply supported stairs
L.L=5.2kN/𝑚2
𝐿 4.5
ts= = =225mm
24 20
Usets=225mm
1
Self-weight = × 0.225 × 25=5.625kN/𝑚2
cos(28.1)
Weight of stair peace =0.5× 0.16 × 0.3 × 25 = 0.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

For 1m 3.3 stairs =2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Tiles =0.44 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Mortar=0.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Additional weight =0.37 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total dead load =10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Wu=1.2D.L+1.6 L.L=20.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑤×𝑙 2 20.32×52
Mu= = =63.5kN.m
2 2
𝑀𝑢 63.5×106
Rn= = =1.65Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×1200×1862
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.0041<ρmax
AS=914𝑚𝑚2
Use ∅14@200𝑚𝑚
And shrinkage reinforcement at opposite side

As=0.0018× 186 × 1200 = 401𝑚𝑚2 /m ,Use∅8@125𝑚𝑚
33
Figure 11: STAIRS REINFORCMENT
34
Water tanks design (ground floor tanks)
Tank 1
Figure 12: TANK (1) TOP VEIW
35
The Moment coefficient on horizontal and vertical directions F
and L are given on tables below
L Factors for b/a = 1.5 c/a = 0 .5 tanks
Mxcoe Short
f side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -3 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -6 -5 -4 -3 -3 -3
0.8 -6 -5 -5 -4 -4 -4
0.5 -5 -5 -4 -3 -3 -3
0.2 -3 -1 1 3 4 4
0.1 -1 1 3 4 4 5
Botto
m 0 2 1 0 -1 -1
short
My side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -13 -26 -24 -23 -22 -22
0.9 -28 -25 -23 -21 -20 -20
0.8 -28 -25 -22 -19 -18 -18
0.5 -27 -20 -15 -11 -9 -8
0.2 -14 -8 -4 -1 1 1
0.1 -5 -2 -1 1 1 1
Botto
m 0 0 0 0 0 0
36
long
Mx direction
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -3 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -6 -1 1 3 3 4
0.8 -6 -1 3 6 7 8
0.5 -5 2 8 13 15 16
0.2 -3 -2 -4 -7 -9 -10
0.1 -1 -8 -18 -27 -32 -34
Botto
m 0 -21 -43 -59 -68 -71
Long
My direction
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -13 -9 6 17 23 25
0.9 -28 -8 7 17 22 24
0.8 -28 -8 7 17 22 23
0.5 -27 -4 8 14 17 18
0.2 -14 -1 2 2 2 2
0.1 -5 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
Botto
m 0 -4 -9 -12 -14 -14
37
F b/a =1.5
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top -7 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -9 -3 0 2 3 3
0.8 -9 -3 1 4 6 7
0.5 -9 0 7 12 14 15
0.2 -4 -1 -1 -2 -4 8
0.1 -1 -4 -12 -20 -25 -27
Botto
m 0 -13 -32 -48 -57 -61
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -34 -21 -2 11 19 21
0.9 -43 -19 -1 11 18 21
0.8 -44 -18 0 11 18 20
0.5 -43 -13 3 12 15 17
0.2 -19 -4 1 3 3 3
0.1 -6 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4
Botto
m 0 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12
38
F b/a = 0.5
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -1 0 0 0 0 0
0.8 -1 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 -2 -1 0 1 1 1
0.2 -2 0 1 2 3 3
0.1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
Botto
m 0 -2 -5 -9 -11 -11
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -1 -1 0 0 1 1
0.9 -3 -1 0 1 1 2
0.8 -4 -2 0 1 2 2
0.5 -10 -5 0 3 5 5
0.2 -11 -4 0 3 4 5
39
0.1 -5 -2 0 1 2 2
Botto
m 0 0 -1 -2 2 -2
L Factors for b/a 1.5 c/a 1.5 tanks

*"F=L"
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -7 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -9 3 0 2 3 3
0.8 -9 -3 1 4 6 7
0.5 -9 0 7 12 14 15
0.2 -4 -1 -1 -2 -4 -5
0.1 -1 -4 -12 -20 -25 -27
Bottom 0 -13 -32 -48 -57 -61
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

40
Top -34 -21 -2 -11 19 21
0.9 -43 -19 -1 11 18 21
0.8 -44 -18 0 11 18 20
0.5 -43 -13 3 11 15 17
0.2 -19 -4 1 3 3 3
0.1 -6 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4
Bottom 0 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12
Figure 13: TANK (1) CROSS SECTIONS
For T Shape sections

Sec1
𝐿−𝐹
Moment coefficient for corners = 𝐿 −
3
Maximum coefficient Mx= -4

Mux = 1.3*1.6*Mcoef*q*𝑎2
41
= -3.085 KN.m
Rn=.1059 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm vertically both sides
Muycoef max = -18

Muy = 1.3*1.6*Mcoef*Q*𝑎2
= -13.88 Kn.m
Rn=.475 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm horizontally both sides
Sec2 and sec 3

𝐿−𝐹
3

Mux = 1.3*1.6*Mcoef*Q*𝑎2
42
= -1.54 Kn.m
Rn=.053 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -11

= -8.48 Kn.m
Rn=.29 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm horizontally both side
Sec4, sec 5 sec 6

Moment coefficient = 𝐿
= -47.1 Kn.m
Rn= 1.61 Mpa
43

As = *b*d= 714.87 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -11

= -8.48 Kn.m
Rn=.29 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Sec7
44
= -3.08 Kn.m
Rn=.105 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Sec 7
Mycoef max = -11
= -8.48 KN.m
Rn=0.29 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Sec 8 and sec9

Moment coefficient for corners = 𝐿
= -47.04 Kn.m
45
Rn=1.613 Mpa

As = *b*d= 702 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -11

= -8.84Kn.m
Rn=.29 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
46
47
Design for tank roof slab
Assume simply supported b/a = 5.75/4.5 = 1.2777
Use coefficient for b/a = 1.25 as given below
Dl= 0.25*25= 1.25 KN/𝑚2
Sl= 1 KN/𝑚2
Wu= 1.2 Dl+1.6Ll= 3.1 KN/𝑚2
Mx
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.7 0 20 35 46 52 55
0.5 0 22 40 52 60 63
0.3 0 20 35 46 52 55
bottom 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mxy
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top 45 40 31 21 11 0
0.7 23 22 18 12 6 0
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.3 23 22 18 12 6 0
bottom 45 40 31 21 11 0
48
Positive Moment
Mxcoef
= Mx+ |Mxy| > 0
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top 45 40 31 21 11 0
0.7 23 42 53 58 58 55
0.5 0 22 40 52 60 63
0.3 23 42 53 58 58 55
Bottom 45 40 31 21 11 0
Negative Moment Mxcoef = Mx- |Mxy|< 0

End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top -45 -40 -31 -21 -11 0
0.7 -23 -2 0 0 0 0
0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.3 -23 -2 0 0 0 0
bottom -45 -40 -31 -21 -11 0
Max Mx+ = 63*1.3 ∗ 𝑊𝑢 ∗ 𝑎2 /1000= 5.141 KN.m

Rn = 0.1763 Mpa
So use  min = 0.00333

AS = 600𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm @ bottom along short direction
49
Max Mx- = -45
So use  min = 0.00333

AS = 600𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm @ top along short direction
My
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.7 0 20 30 34 36 37
0.5 0 23 35 41 44 45
0.3 0 20 30 34 36 37
bottom 0 0 0 0 0 0
Positive Moment My
coef = My+ |Mxy| > 0
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top 45 40 31 21 11 0
0.7 23 42 48 46 42 37
0.5 0 23 35 41 44 45
0.3 23 42 48 46 42 37
Bottom 45 40 31 21 11 0
Negative Moment My
coef = My- |Mxy| > 0
End 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -45 -40 -31 -21 -11 0
0.7 -23 -2 12 22 30 37
0.5 0 23 35 41 44 45
0.3 -23 -2 12 22 30 37
Bottom -45 -40 -31 -21 -11 0
50
Max My+ = 48*1.3 ∗ 𝑊𝑢 ∗ 𝑎2 /1000= 2.8 KN.m
Rn = 0.095Mpa
So use  min = 0.00333

AS = 600𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm @ bottom along long direction

Max My- = -45
So use  min = 0.00333

AS = 600𝑚𝑚2
14@250 mm @ top along long direction
Figure 14: TANK (1) RENFORCMENT
51
Check for shear:
For b/a=4.5/3=1.5 (long wall)
Shear coefficient at
Bottom edge-mid Point=0.4
Side edge-maximum=0.26
Side edge-mid Point=0.26
Weight of waste water =1400kg/𝑚3
Waste water pressure q=ka× 𝑤 × 𝑎=1× 1400 × 9.81 × 3 =
41.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
V=Cs× 𝑞 × 𝑎 = 0.4 × 41.2 × 3 = 49.44𝑘𝑁
Vu=1.7×V=1.7× 49.44 = 84.048𝑘𝑁
1 1
Vc= × √𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = × √30 × 1000 × 180 =
6 6
164.316𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐=0.85× 164.316 = 139.66𝑘𝑁>184.048kN ok
For b/a=1.5/3=0.5 (short wall)
Bottom edge-midpoint=0.19
Side edge-midpoint=0.13
V=Cs× 𝑞 × 𝑎 = 0.19 × 41.2 × 3 = 23.484𝑘𝑁
Vu=1.7×V=1.7× 23.484 = 39.922𝑘𝑁
1 1
Vc= × √𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = × √30 × 1000 × 180 =
6 6
164.316𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐=0.85× 164.316 = 139.66𝑘𝑁>39.922kN ok
52
Check for deflection:
Deflection coefficient
For c/a=0.5 and b/a=1.5
Cd coefficient maximum =3.1 at 0.5b for long wall
Cd coefficient maximum=-0.4 at 0.5 for short wall
q= 41.2kN/𝑚2
t=250mm
a=3m
Ec=4700√𝑓′𝑐 =4700√30=24870.1Mpa
𝐸𝑐×𝑡 3 2.48701×107 ×0.253
D= = =40478.67kN.m
12(1−𝜇) 12(1−0.2)
𝐶𝑑×𝑞×𝑎4 3.1×41.2×34
Deflection= = =0.255mm
1000×𝐷 1000×𝐷
The deflection seems to be well within the allowable limits

𝑙 4500
( = = 25𝑚𝑚 For immediate deflection due to live
180 180
load only; see Table 9-5(b) of ACI318-95).
53
Design of slab under ground level tanks (SS-G2)
Figure 15: GROUND SLAB (SS-G02)
𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑛(0.8 + )
200000
ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 100𝑚𝑚
36 + 9𝛽
say h=300mm
𝑤𝑢 = 1.6𝛾ℎ + 1.2 × 0.3 × 25 = 75 𝐾𝑛/𝑚2
Using coefficient method
𝑡𝑎 3.55
𝑚= = = 0.85
𝑡𝑏 4.25
54
Case 4
Positive coefficient s
𝛼𝐴 = 0.036
𝛼𝐵 = 0.019
Positive moment in short direction
Mu=𝛼𝐴 × 𝑎2 × 𝑤𝑢 =0.036× 3.552 × 75 = 33.5 𝑘𝑛. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
Rn= =0.844 mpa
Фbd^2
Useρmin
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 693
∅14@200𝑚𝑚 (bottom) along short direction
Positive moment in long direction
Mu=𝛼𝐵 × 𝑎2 × 𝑤𝑢 =0.019× 4.252 × 75 = 25.5 𝑘𝑛. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
Rn= =.642 Mpa
Фbd^2
Useρmin
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 =693
∅14@200𝑚𝑚 (Bottom) along long direction
Negative coefficients
𝛼𝐴 = 0.066
𝛼𝐵 = 0.034
55
Negative moment in short direction
Mu=𝛼𝐴 × 𝑎2 × 𝑤𝑢 =0.066× 3.552 × 55.44 = 61.7 𝑘𝑛. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
Rn= =1.55 Mpa
Фbd^2
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.00383
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 =804.4
∅14@150𝑚𝑚 (TOP) along short direction
Negative moment in long direction

Mu=𝛼𝐴 × 𝑎2 × 𝑤𝑢 =0.034× 4.252 × 75 = 45.6𝑘𝑛. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢
Rn= =1.1455
Фbd^2
Useρmin
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 =693
∅14@200𝑚𝑚(TOP) along long direction
56
Design of beams of (SS-G2 ) Slab:
57
Beam (1)
4.25
18.5
Say h=500 mm
And b=350mm
5.25𝑘𝑁
Wb=0.35 × 0.5 × 25 =
𝑚
Wu1= weight from slab + own weight +weight of wall above
75 × 0.6 + 1.2 × 0.25 × 25 × 3 + 1.2 × 0.35 × 0.5 × 25
= 70.125 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Wu2=weight from slab + own weight +weight of wall above
(75 × 0.5 × (3.55 + 1.2) + 1.2 × 0.25 × 25 × 3 + 1.2 ×
0.35 × 0.5 × 25 = 203.25𝑘𝑁/𝑚
58
Positive Mu=330Kn.m
𝑀𝑢 330×106
Rn= = =4.95
Фbd^2 0.9×350×4602
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.01336
As=0.013636× 350 × 460 = 2152𝑚𝑚2

Use 4∅ 25 at bottom
Negative Mu=-164 Kn.m
𝑀𝑢 164×106
Rn= = =2.46
Фbd^2 0.9×350×4602
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.0062
As=0.0062× 350 × 460 = 997.5𝑚𝑚2

Use 4 ∅ 18 at top
59
Shear reinforcement
Vmax=198.8𝑘𝑁
198.8×3.84
Vu= =183.94𝑘𝑁
4.15
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 46.3𝑘𝑁
6
Vs= =183.52𝑘𝑁
∅
Spacing for shear >∅𝑉𝑐
=
S=66.5mm so for 3.1054m from the support
Spacing for shear<∅𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
= × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × s=528.3mm use s=125mm
𝑠 16 𝑓𝑦𝑣 2
1.0446m from∅𝑉𝑐
Yielding of steel
AS=1472.5𝑚𝑚2 d=310mm b=250mm 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠×𝑓𝑦
a= =97mm
0.85×𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏
𝑎
c= =114mm
𝛽
𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = ( )× 0.003 = 0.0052 > 0.005 𝑜𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑐
60
Figure 16: BEAM (1) REINFORCMENT (B-G1)
61
Beam (2)
4.25
18.5
Say h=500mm
And b=350mm
5.25𝑘𝑁
Wb=0.35 × 0.5 × 25 =
𝑚
Positive Mu=330 Kn.m

𝑀𝑢 330×106
Rn= = =4.95
Фbd^2 0.9×350×4602
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.01336
As=0.013636× 350 × 460 = 2152𝑚𝑚2

Use 4 ∅ 25 at bottom
Negative Mu=-164 Kn.m
𝑀𝑢 164×106
Rn= = =2.46
Фbd^2 0.9×350×4602
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.0062
As=0.0062× 350 × 460 = 997.5𝑚𝑚2

Use 4 ∅ 18 at top
62
Shear reinforcement
Vmax=350𝑘𝑁
350×4.54
Vu= =328𝑘𝑁
4.85
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 110𝑘𝑁
6
Vs= =290𝑘𝑁
∅
Spacing for shear >∅𝑉𝑐
=
S=133mm ∅ 16use @125 mm
Spacing for shear<∅𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
= × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × s=364.56mm use s=175mm ∅ 8
𝑠 16 𝑓𝑦𝑣 2
Yielding of steel
AS=1624.5 𝑚𝑚2 d=460mm b=350mm 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠×𝑓𝑦
a= =76.45mm
0.85×𝑓𝑐 ′ ×𝑏
𝑎
c= =89.94mm
𝛽
𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = ( )× 0.003 = 0.01234 > 0.005 𝑜𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑐
63
Figure 17: BEAM (2) REINFORCMENT (B-G2)
64
Design for columns( C-3):
fc=28Mpa
Self-weight =1.2×0.3×0.6× 3 × 25=16.2kN
Pu =16.2+430 (from beam (1))+430(from beam (2))=876kN

MuT =Muy+Mux=301+303=604Kn.m*
K=0.75
KLu=0.75× 3 = 2.25m
(600)(300)3
I= = 0.00135m
12
A=0.3× 0.6 = 0.18m
65
𝐼
r=√ =0.0866m
𝐴
𝐾𝑙𝑢
= 26 < 34 thus SHORT column
𝑟
𝑝𝑢 604
Pn= = =930kN.m
∅ 0.65
𝑃𝑛
KN= =0.2067
𝑓𝑐𝐴𝑔
𝑀𝑛
RN= =0.12374
𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑔 ℎ
300 − 50 − 16 − 24
𝛾= = 0.7
300
66
For interaction diagram use 𝜌 = 0.008
use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01
As=0.01× 300 × 600 = 1800𝑚𝑚2
Use 8∅18
67
Ties spacing
Assume Ф10

diameter of 10 mm to enclose longitudinal bars of
diameter of 18mm.
Use Ф10 @250mm
68
69
Tank 2
Figure 19: TANK (2) TOP VEIW
(basement level)
d=250-50-12=180mm
a=3m
b/a=4
c/a=3
Weight of waste water =1400kg/𝑚3
Waste water pressure q=ka× 𝑤 × 𝑎=1× 1400 × 9.81 × 3 =
41.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
70
a) Design for shear forces:
Shear forces must be considered at various locations along
the edges of tanks walls
For b/a=4 (long wall)
For b/a=3(short wall)

1) Check shear at bottom of the wall

Based on the above, the long wall should be designed
for a maximum shear coefficient (Cs) of 0.5 while the
short wall should be designed for a maximum shear
coefficient (Cs) of 0.5.
Since the same thickness will be used for the long and
short walls, the shear force will be determined based on
the maximum shear coefficient of 0.5 as follows:
V=Cs× 𝑞 × 𝑎 = 0.5 × 41.2 × 3 = 61.80𝑘𝑁
Vu=1.6×V=1.6× 61.80 = 98.89𝑘𝑁
1 1
Vc= × √𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = × √30 × 1000 × 180 =
6 6
164.31𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐=0.75× 164.31 = 123.23𝑘𝑁>98.89kN ok
71
2) Check shear at edge side of long wall
V=Cs× 𝑞 × 𝑎 = 0.38 × 41.202 × 3 = 46.97𝑘𝑁
Vu=1.6×V=1.6× 46.97 = 75.152𝑘𝑁

Since the long wall is subjected to simultaneous tensile
force due to shear in the short side wall, the allowable
shear is given by 11.3.2.3 of ACI 318-95:
1
Vc = (1+(0.29×Nu/Ag)√𝑓𝑐 × 𝑏 × 𝑑
6
V=Cs× 𝑞 × 𝑎 = 0.37 × 41.202 × 3 = 45.73𝑘𝑁
Nu=-1.6 ×V=-73.17 kN
Ag=250× 1000 = 250000𝑚𝑚2
1
Vc = (1+-0.07317× 0.29/.25)√30 × 1000 ×
6
180=150.37kN
∅𝑉𝑐=0.75× 150.37 = 112.77𝑘𝑁>75.15kN ok
72
b) Design for vertical bending moments (determine vertical
steel)
b/a=3&c/a=3 0.1b&0.9b 0.3b&0.7b 0.5b

Top 0 0 0
0.9 -2 3 3
0.8 -1 6 5
0.7 0 7 5
0.6 2 5 1
0.5 2 -1 -7
0.4 1 -12 -20
0.3 -3 -29 -40
0.2 12 -53 -67
0.1 -27 -87 -103
Bottom -51 -131 -149*
Wu = 𝑞𝑎2 =41.202 *32 =370.82

Mux=1.3× 1.6 × 𝑞𝑎2 × 𝑀𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓.
149
Mux=1.3× 1.6 × 370.82× = 114.9kN.M
1000
𝑀𝑢 114.9×106
Rn= = =3.94 Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×1802
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.01025 >ρmin
As min=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 0.0125× 1000 × 180 = 1845𝑚𝑚2

Use ∅14@75mm vertical for outer and inner face
73
C) Design for horizontal bending moment (determine the
horizontal steel)
Corner 0.1b&0.9b 0.2b&0.8b 0.3&0.7b 0.4b&0.6b 0.5b
0.9a -76* -13 13 17 16 14
0.5a -55 -2 8 7 5 4
Bottom 0 -10 -20 -26 -29 -30
Muy=1.3× 1.6 × 370.82 × 𝑀𝑢𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓.

Muy=58.62 kN.M
𝑀𝑢 58.62×106
Rn= = =2.01 Mpa
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×1802
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.00499
As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 0.00499× 1000 × 180 = 898𝑚𝑚2
Steel required for direct tension in long wall:

Factored tension Nu= 98.9 𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑢 98.9
As= = =261.64 𝑚𝑚2
0.9𝑓𝑦 0.9×420
261.64
Total steel required on inside face =898 + = 1028.82 𝑚𝑚2
2
Use ∅14@ 150 mm horizontal inner and outer face
74
Tank 3
The Moment coefficient on horizontal and vertical directions F
and L are given on tables below
L Factors for b/a 2 c/a 1 tanks
Figure 20: TANK (3) CROSS SECTIONS
75
Short
Mx side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -4 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -8 -5 -3 -2 -1 -1
0.8 -8 -6 -3 -2 -1 0
0.5 -8 -3 2 5 7 8
0.2 -4 1 5 7 8 8
0.1 -1 1 1 -1 -2 -2
bottom 0 -2 -10 -17 -22 -23
short
My side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -22 -29 -18 -9 -4 -2
0.9 -42 -27 -16 -7 -2 0
0.8 -41 -26 -14 -5 0 2
0.5 -39 -19 -6 2 7 8
0.2 -18 -6 0 3 5 5
0.1 -6 -2 0 1 1 1
bottom 0 0 -2 -3 -4 -5
76
long
Mx direction
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -4 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -8 -2 1 3 5 5
0.8 -8 -1 4 7 9 10
0.5 -8 1 8 12 13 14
0.2 -4 -5 -11 -18 -23 -24
0.1 -1 -13 -29 -43 -51 -54
bottom 0 -27 -57 -79 -91 -95
Long
My direction
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -22 -13 8 20 27 29
0.9 -42 -12 8 19 25 27
0.8 -41 -11 8 19 24 25
0.5 -39 -6 8 14 16 16
0.2 -18 -2 0 0 -1 -2
0.1 -6 -3 -5 -8 -9 -10
bottom 0 -5 -11 -16 -18 -19
77
F 1
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
top -2 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -4 -2 0 0 0 1
0.8 -4 -2 0 1 2 2
0.5 -6 -1 3 6 9 9
0.2 -3 0 2 3 3 3
0.1 -1 -2 -4 -7 -9 -10
bottom 0 -6 -18 -27 -33 -35
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -10 -9 -2 4 8 9
0.9 -18 -9 -1 5 9 10
0.8 -21 -10 -1 6 10 11
0.5 -30 -11 1 8 11 12
0.2 -17 -4 1 4 5 5
0.1 -6 -2 0 0 0 0
bottom 0 -1 -4 -5 -7 -7
78
F 2
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
top -12 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -13 -4 0 3 4 5
0.8 -12 -4 2 6 9 10
0.5 -10 0 8 13 15 15
0.2 -4 -2 -6 -12 -17 -19
0.1 -1 -8 -22 -35 -44 -47
bottom 0 -20 -48 -69 -82 -86
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

top -61 -27 0 17 25 28
0.9 -66 -25 1 16 24 26
0.8 -62 -23 2 16 22 24
0.5 -50 -13 5 12 16 16
0.2 -19 -3 1 0 0 -1
0.1 -6 -2 -4 -6 -8 -8
bottom 0 -4 -10 -14 -16 -17
79
L Factors for b/a 4 c/a 2 tanks
Long
L Mx side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -12 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -16 -1 2 3 3 3
0.8 -15 -1 5 6 5 5
0.5 -10 2 3 -2 -6 -7
0.2 -4 -14 -37 -55 -65 -68
0.1 -1 -30 -65 -89 -100 -104
Bottom 0 -54 -104 -133 -146 -150
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -61 -9 14 17 15 14
0.9 -81 -8 -13 16 14 13
0.8 -73 -6 13 14 12 11
0.5 -52 -1 8 7 4 3
0.2 -18 -2 -5 -9 -12 -13
0.1 -6 -6 -13 -17 -20 -21
Bottom 0 -11 -21 -27 -29 -30
80
Short
Mx side
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -12 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -16 -5 0 3 4 5
0.8 -15 -5 2 6 9 10
0.5 -10 0 9 13 16 16
0.2 -4 0 -4 -10 -14 -10
0.1 -1 -6 -19 -31 -40 -43
Bottom 0 -17 -43 -64 -77 -81
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -61 -35 -4 15 24 27
0.9 -81 -32 -3 14 23 26
0.8 -73 -29 -1 14 22 24
0.5 -52 -15 3 12 16 17
0.2 -10 -3 1 1 0 0
0.1 -6 -2 -3 -5 -7 -8
Bottom 0 -3 -9 -13 -15 -16
81
F 2
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top -12 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -13 -4 0 3 4 5
0.8 -12 -4 2 6 9 10
0.5 -10 0 8 13 15 15
0.2 -4 -2 -6 -12 -17 -19
0.1 -1 -8 -22 -35 -44 -47
bottom 0 -20 -48 -69 -82 -86
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -61 -27 0 17 25 28
0.9 -66 -25 1 16 24 26
0.8 -62 -23 2 16 22 24
0.5 -50 -13 5 12 16 16
0.2 -19 -3 1 0 0 -1
0.1 -6 -2 -4 -6 -8 -8
bottom 0 -4 -10 -14 -16 -17
82
F 4
Mx
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Top -20 0 0 0 0 0
0.9 -20 -2 2 3 3 3
0.8 -17 -1 5 6 5 5
0.5 -11 2 4 -1 -5 -6
0.2 -4 -12 -35 -53 -64 -67
0.1 -1 -27 -63 -87 -99 -103
bottom 0 -50 -101 -130 -145 -149
My
C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Top -99 -14 13 17 16 15
0.9 -98 -12 13 16 14 13
0.8 -85 -10 12 15 13 12
0.5 -56 -3 8 7 5 4
0.2 -18 -2 -5 -9 -12 -12
0.1 -5 -5 -12 -17 -20 -20
bottom 0 -10 -20 -26 -29 -30
83
For T Shape sections
Sec1
𝐿−𝐹
3

Mux = 1.3*1.6*Mcoef*Q*𝑎2 /1000
= -5.39 Kn.m
Rn=0.18515 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -34

= -26.22 Kn.m
Rn=0.899 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
84
Sec2
𝐿−𝐹
3
Maximum coefficient Mx= -17.5

= -13.49 Kn.m
Rn=.463 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -87

= -67.12Kn.m
Rn=2.301 Mpa

As = *b*d= 1035.26 𝑚𝑚2
85
Sec3
𝐿−𝐹
3

= -7.71 Kn.m
Rn=.2645 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -50

= -38.56Kn.m
Rn=1.32 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
86
14@250 mm horizontally both sides
Sec4 and sec 6

= -17.73 Kn.m
Rn= 0.608 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -29

= -22.36 Kn.m
Rn=.767 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

87
Sec7 and Sec5 are same
= -73.27 Kn.m
Rn=2.51 Mpa

As = *b*d= 1135.95 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = 29
= 22.36 Kn.m
Rn=.767 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

88
Sec 8and sec 10

Moment coefficient for corners = 𝐿
= -115.7 Kn.m
Rn=3.96 Mpa

As = *b*d= 1858 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -30

= -23.13 Kn.m
Rn=.794Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

89
Sec9
= -62.47 Kn.m
Rn=2.142 Mpa

As = *b*d= 960.4 𝑚𝑚2
Muycoef max = -35

= 26.99 Kn.m
Rn=.925 Mpa

So usemin = .00333
As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2
90
91
92
93
94
95
Raft foundation:
Introduction:
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation
system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow
foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base
to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to individual spread footings, a
mat foundation may encompass all or part of the building’s footprint.
Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much
thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building. A mat
foundation is often used where soil and load conditions could cause
substantial differential settlement between individual spread footings but
where conditions are not so poor as to require a deep foundation system.
For buildings with significant overturning moments, which can occur in
regions of high seismicity or because of irregularities of the superstructure,
a mat foundation is commonly used to distribute the bearing pressure over
a large footprint and/or to resist significant uplift forces that can develop.
Another frequent application for a mat foundation is where individual
spread footings would be large and close together. Similarly, where many
grade beam ties between footings are required, it may not be economical
to excavate and form individual spread footings as compared to building a
single mat foundation.
The design of mat foundations has long been recognized as a problem in

Soil-Structure Interaction that designers have strived to simplify by
designing mats that can be classified as rigid bodies. More recent
requirements for earthquake-resistant design have made that approach less
appealing and have increased the need for detailed considerations of soil-
structure interaction effects for mats. The increasing use of finite element
analyses in the mid-1980s and subsequent increases in available computing
power have made such detailed considerations more realistic and reliable.
Hence, it is convenient to confine this historical perspective on mat
foundation design to the body of knowledge developed prior to the mid-
1980s and to have the remainder of this document address knowledge
developed since then as a result of detailed finite element analyses.
96
At approximately the same time as computational capabilities evolved
significantly, structural engineers adopted ultimate strength design. Thus,
the division of knowledge into that existing prior to the mid-1980s and that
developed since is also consistent with the timeline of two ACI 336
committee reports (ACI Committee 336 1966, 1988) on foundation design.
The procedures of the 1966 report were repeatedly reaffirmed until the
publication of the second report in 1988. The 1988 report has continued to
be reapproved by ACI pending completion of work on an updated
document.
Load Combinations:
Selecting the appropriate load combinations for the design of mat
foundations is critical. More than one set of load combinations may be
necessary to complete a mat foundation design. The divide between a
geotechnical engineer working in allowable strength design (ASD) and
structural engineer working in ultimate strength design (USD) adds another
layer of complexity to load combinations. The typical procedure is to
proportion the foundation using allowable strength design load
combinations and then design the concrete foundation element using
ultimate strength design load combinations. Proportioning in this case
refers to sizing the soil-to-foundation interface in terms of bearing
pressure. Design refers to the strength design of concrete, including the
determination of required flexural or shear reinforcement.
97
Site Plan AUTOCAD:
Figure 21: RAFT FOUNDATION SITE PLAN AUTOCAD
98
Define Grid System Data:
Figure 22: RAFT GRID SYSTEM DATA
99
Sap Plan:
Figure 23: RAFT FOUNDATION SAP PLAN
100
Sap raft foundation model
Figure 24: SAP RAFT FOUNDATION MODEL
101
Sab Raft foundation loads:
Figure 25: SAB RAFT FOUNDATION LOADS
102
Maximum Positive moment:
Figure 26: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT
Maximum Negative moment:
Figure 27: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT
103
Maximum shear value:
Figure 28: RAFT FOUNDATION MAXIMUM SHEAR VALUE
104
Raft foundation reinforcement:
Part (1) section under column (3) reinforcement
d=440mmfc ′ = 28Mpa
Maximum Positive Mu=600Kn.m

𝑀𝑢 600×106
Rn= = =2.714
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×4402
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.00687
As=0.00687× 1000 × 440 = 3508.4𝑚𝑚2

Use 8∅ 25 at bottom @120mm both directions
Maximum Negative Mu=-220Kn.m
𝑀𝑢 220×106
Rn= = =1.2626
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×4402
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.00309<ρmin
Use ρmin
As=0.0033× 1000 × 440 = 1452𝑚2
Use 6 ∅18 at top150mm both directions
105
Part (2) section for the residual raft foundation reinforcement
d=290mmfc ′ = 28Mpa
Maximum Positive Mu=350Kn.m

𝑀𝑢 600×106
Rn= = =2.642
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×4402
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=.00668
As=0.00687× 1000 × 290 = 1938.86𝑚𝑚2

Use 7∅ 20 at bottom @150mmboth directions
Maximum Negative Mu=-145Kn.m
𝑀𝑢 220×106
Rn= = =1.915
Фbd^2 0.9×1000×4402
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 2 𝑅𝑛
ρ= (1 −√1 − )=0.00476
As=0.0033× 1000 × 440 = 1380.75𝑚2

Use 6 ∅18 at top150mm both directions
106
Check for Shear resistance in raft foundation:
Vu max=980𝑘𝑁
Check For punching shear at distance 𝐝⁄𝟐for column
Punching shear design for a mat foundation is nearly identical to punching
shear design for a slab per ACI 318 §11.11. The punching critical
perimeter, 𝑏° , is calculated at d/2 away from edges, corners, walls, or
locations of concentrated loads. Then, Vc is calculated in accordance with
ACI 318 §11.11.2.1. Shear stress on the punching interface is calculated as
a combination of the shear caused by the axial load from the supported
element plus the shear stress because of any unbalanced moment
transferred via eccentricity of shear in accordance with ACI 318
§11.11.7.2.
𝑏° = 2(600 + 510) + 2(300 + 510) = 308220𝑚𝑚
d=290mm
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏° × 𝑑
3
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × √28 × 308220 × 440 × 10−3
3
= 179404.16𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 >Vu max OK
107
Check For punching shear at distance 𝒅⁄𝟐For tank wall:
Vu=232𝑘𝑁/m max under the
𝑏° = 2000𝑚𝑚
𝑑=290mm
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑
3
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × √28 × 2000 × 290 × 10−3 = 767.26𝑘𝑁
3
∅𝑉𝑐 >Vu OK
Check For one way shear :
Vu Max=980kN
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ × × √𝑓𝑐 ′ × 𝑏 × 𝑑
6
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × √28 × 89500 × 290 × 10−3
6
= 17167.62𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉𝑐 >Vu Max OK
2
108
Detailing for raft foundation:
The detailing of a mat foundation should consider the ACI 318
requirements for reinforcement development, anchorage, and curtailment.
In addition, constructability issues should also be kept in mind, Flexural
reinforcement should first be detailed to meet the minimum shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement requirements of ACI 318 §7.12. Assuming
Grade 60 deformed bar reinforcement, the ratio of reinforcement area to
gross concrete area of 0.0018 is to be provided in each direction. This re
inforcement requirement may be met by providing the required area in the

top or bottom layer or in a combination of the two layers. Many designers
will split this reinforcement equally between the top and bottom
reinforcement mats. In addition to the minimum reinforcement mat,
reinforcement should be added as necessary to meet flexural strength
requirements. For a mat subject to uplift demands because of earthquake
effects, additional top reinforcement should be provided to meet the
requirements of ACI 318 §21.12.2.4. When bar spacing in a single layer
becomes too congested, reinforcement should be placed in multiple layers.
For this case, reinforcement layering and direction should be clearly
identified in the design drawings.
109
Design Requirement of Concrete:
In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is

required therefore, proportion of fine and course aggregates to
cement should be such as to give high quality concrete. Concrete
mix weaker than M20 is not used. The minimum quantity of
cement in the concrete mix shall be not less than 30 kN/𝑚3 . The
design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete
is sufficiently impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by
vibration is essential. The permeability of the thoroughly
compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio. Increase
in water cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with
low water cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of
leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey
combing. All joints should be made water-tight as these are
potential sources of leakage. Design of liquid retaining structure
is different from ordinary R.C.C, structures as it requires that
concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete
should be within permissible limits. A reinforced concrete
member of liquid retaining structure is designed on the usual
principles ignoring tensile resistance of concrete in bending.
Additionally it should be ensured that tensile stress on the liquid
retaining face of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed
the permissible tensile strength of concrete. For calculation
purposes the cover is also taken into concrete area. Cracking may
be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and contraction
of concrete due to temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to
moisture effects.
110
Such restraint may be caused by
(i) The interaction between reinforcement and concrete
during shrinkage due to drying.
(ii) The boundary conditions.
(iii) The differential conditions prevailing through the large
thickness of massive concrete.
Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer

cracks but of smaller width. The risk of cracking due to
temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized
by limiting the changes in moisture content and
temperature to which the structure as a whole is
subjected. The risk of cracking can also be minimized
by reducing the restraint on the free expansion of the
structure with long walls or slab founded at or below
ground level, restraint can be minimized by the
provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by
founding the structure on a flat layer of concrete with
interposition of some material to break the bond and
facilitate movement. In case length of structure is large
it should be subdivided into suitable lengths separated
by movement joints, especially where sections are
changed the movement joints should be provided.
Where structures have to store hot liquids, stresses
caused by difference in temperature between inside and
outside of the reservoir should be taken into account.
111
Joins In Liquid Retaining Structures:
A) MOVEMENT JOINTS: There are three types of

movement joints.
(i) Contraction Joint: It is a movement joint with
deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the
concrete on either side of the joint. The purpose of this
joint is to accommodate contraction of the concrete.
(ii) Expansion Joint: It is a joint with complete

discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete and
it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of
the structure.
This type of joint requires the provision of an initial
gap between the adjoining parts of a structure which by
closing or opening accommodates the expansion or
contraction of the structure.
(iii) Sliding Joint: It is a joint with complete

discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete and
with special provision to facilitate movement in plane
of the joint.
112
B) CONTRACTION JOINTS: This type of joint is
provided for convenience in construction. Arrangement
is made to achieve subsequent continuity without
relative movement. One application of these joints is
between successive lifts in a reservoir wall.
C) TEMPORARY JOINTS:A gap is sometimes left

temporarily between the concrete of adjoining parts of
a structure which after a suitable interval and before the
structure is put to use, is filled with mortar or concrete
completely. In the first case width of the gap should be
sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before
filling.
113
Reference:
Jordanian Building code
Rectangular concrete Tanks Forth Edition by Javeed A. Munshi.
Design of Water Tank by Nibedita Sahoo.
Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition by Jack C. McCormac,

Russell H. Brown.
ACI Committee 35, Environmental Engineering Concrete structures (ACI

350R-89), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1995.
ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete (ACI 318-95), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, 1995.
114

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Graduation Project PDF

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Graduation project

(Waste Water Treatment Planet)

Instructor: Prof. Samih Qaqish

The Waste water treatment plant is located on Madaba at the

The dimensions of area to be constructed are 15x25 m each

Figure 2:PLAN-BELLOW GROUND LEVEL

Figure 3: RIBBED SALB (RS-F01)

Using (Jordanian Loads code)

Bituminous dead load=𝛾 × 𝑡=0.22× 0.015 = 0.00335 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Live load =0.6𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Maximum positive moment=5.55kN.m

Then minimum Reinforcment at bottom

Maximum Negaitive moment=8.4kN.m

As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 117.24𝑚𝑚2 2∅12

Figure 5: RIBBED SLAB REINFORCMENT (RS-F01)

"B-F04 and B-F03"

As=0.0105× 300 × 450 = 1415.7𝑚𝑚2

As=0.0046× 300 × 450 = 625.5𝑚𝑚2

Figure 6: BEAM CROSS SECTION (B-F03 & B-F04)

Figure 7: BEAM SHEAR REINFORCMENT (B-F03& B-F04)

Pu =load from slab and beam + weight of column

𝐴 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑

A=0.3× 0.3 = 0.09m

Pu=∅0.85(0.85𝑓𝑐(𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑆) + 𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑆)

 According to ACI, ties for columns must have a minimum

Figure 9: GROUND FLOOR SLAB (SG-1)

maximum positive moment=20.16kN.m

As=0.0033× 150 × 1000 = 500𝑚𝑚2

As=0.0033× 150 × 1000 = 500𝑚𝑚2

As=0.0107× 300 × 550 = 1765.5𝑚𝑚2

Figure10 : DESIGN OF ROOF SLAB (RS-F02)

As=ρ× 𝑏 × 𝑑 =281𝑚𝑚2 ∅12@400mm

Design for shear:

Assume: 300mm× 300mm

A=0.3× 0.3 = 0.09m

From interaction diagram use 𝜌 = 0.006

 According to ACI, ties for columns must have a minimum

Weight of stair peace =0.5× 0.16 × 0.3 × 25 = 0.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

And shrinkage reinforcement at opposite side

Figure 12: TANK (1) TOP VEIW

L Factors for b/a = 1.5 c/a = 0 .5 tanks

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

L Factors for b/a 1.5 c/a 1.5 tanks

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Figure 13: TANK (1) CROSS SECTIONS

For T Shape sections

Maximum coefficient Mx= -4

As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

14@250 mm vertically both sides

Muycoef max = -18

As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

14@250 mm horizontally both sides

Sec2 and sec 3

Maximum coefficient Mx= -2

As = *b*d= 600 𝑚𝑚2

14@250 mm vertically both sides

Muycoef max = -11

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 714.87 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 702 𝑚𝑚2

As = bd= 600 𝑚𝑚2