Chapter 10 - Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant Biology Flashcards - Quizlet

10/28/2020 Chapter 10 : Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant Biology Flashcards | Quizlet
Chapter 10 : Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant

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Terms in this set (87)
Metabolism Sum of all interrelated biochemical

processes in living organisms
https://quizlet.com/101812965/chapter-10-plant-metabolism-sterns-plant-biology-flash-cards/ 1/21
Enzymes regulate metabolic activities
Anabolism -Forming chemical bonds to build

molecules
-Metabolic pathways that construct
molecules, requiring energy.
Photosynthesis reactions Store energy by constructing

carbohydrates by combining carbon
dioxide and water
Catabolism Breaking chemical bonds
Cellular respiration Release energy held in chemical bonds by

reactions breaking down carbohydrates, producing
carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis- Involves transfer of energy via oxidation-

respiration cycle reduction reactions
Oxidation Loss of electrons from a compound/

hydrogen atom lost
Reduction Gain of electrons to a compound /

hydrogen atom gained
Oxidation of one usually coupled with reduction of another

compound compound, catalyzed by same enzyme or
enzyme complex
Oxygen is usually final acceptor of electron

(usually the oxidizing agent)
Energy for most cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

activity involves
Plants make ATP using Takes place in chloroplasts and other

light as an energy green parts of the organisms
source.
Carbon dioxide reaches chloroplasts in mesophyll cells by

diffusing through stomata into leaf interior
Water is source of electrons in photosynthesis

and oxygen is released as by-product.
If light and temperatures A metabolic pathway that consumes

too high : oxygen, releases carbon dioxide,
Photorespiration generates no ATP, and decreases
photosynthetic output; generally occurs
on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata
close and the oxygen concentration in the
leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
If light intensity too high : destruction of chlorophyll by high light

Photooxidation intensity
If water in short supply stomata close and thus reduce supply of

or light intensities too carbon dioxide available for
high photosynthesis.
chlorophyll a A type of blue-green photosynthetic

pigment that participates directly in the
light reactions.
chlorophyll b An accessory photosynthetic pigment that

transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
photosynthetic unit About 250-400 pigment molecules

grouped in light-harvesting complex
Light-dependent set of reactions in photosynthesis that use

reactions energy from light to produce ATP and
NADPH
1) water molecules are spilt apart,
releasing electrons and hydrogen ions,
and oxygen gas is released.
2) the electrons from the split water
molecules are passed along an electron
transport system
3) energy-storing ATP molecules are
produced
4)some hydrogen from the spilt water
molecules is involved in the reduction of
NADP to form NADPH, which carries
hydrogen and is used in the second phase
of photosynthesis
Light-dependent -In thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

reactions -Water molecules split apart, releasing
electrons and hydrogen ions; oxygen gas
released.
-Electrons pass along electron transport
system.
ATP produced.
-NADP is reduced, forming NADPH (used
in light-independent reactions).
Light-independent -In stroma of chloroplasts

reactions -Utilize ATP and NADPH to form sugars
Absorption -The range of a pigment's ability to absorb

spectrum(Light- various wavelengths of light.
dependent reactions) -When pigments absorb light, energy
levels of electrons are raised
Two types of -Events of photosystem II come before

photosynthetic units: those of photosystem I.
photosystem I and -Both can produce ATP.
photosystem II.(Light- -Only organisms with both photosystem I
dependent reactions) and photosystem II can produce NADPH
and oxygen as a consequence of electron
flow.
Photosystem II -chlorophyll a
- B-carotene
-small amounts of chlorophyll b
-reaction-center
P680 Pheophytin (Pheo) - Primary electron

acceptor
Reaction center chlorophyll in the

photosystem II.
Photolysis In the thylakoid membranes of a

chloroplast during light-dependant
reactions, two molecules of water are split
to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and
electrons.
1)Light photons absorbed by P680, which
boosts electrons to higher energy level.
2)Electrons passed to acceptor molecule,
pheophytin, then to PQ (plastoquinone),
then along electron transport system to
photosystem I.
3)Electrons extracted from water replace
electrons lost by P680.
4)One molecule of oxygen, 4 protons and
4 electrons produced from two water
molecules.
Pheophytin high-E electron acceptor that captures

P680*'s excited electrons and passes them
on
PQ (plastoquinone) Transports the protons to the lumen of the

thylakoid discs ,while the electrons
continue through the chain into the
cytochrome bf6 protein complex
Cytochromes An iron-containing protein that is a

component of electron transport chains in
the mitochondria and chloroplasts of
eukaryotic cells and the plasma
membranes of prokaryotic cells
Electron flow and -Electron transport system consists of

photophosphorylation cytochromes, other electron transfer
molecules and plastocyanin.
-Photons move across thylakoid
membrane by chemiosmosis.
-Phosphorylation - ATP is formed from
ADP.
Noncyclic Photosystem II performs photolysis to

photophosphorylation provide electrons for the electron
transport chain that drives a chemiosmotic
gradient that produces ATP. IN one
direction.
Cyclic The generation of ATP by cyclic electron

photophosphorylation flow.
Photosystem I -chlorophyll a
-small amount of chlorophyll b
-carotenoid pigment
-P700
P700 reaction-center molecule - Only one that

actually can use light energy
Reaction center cholophyll in the

photosystem I.
antenna pigments -Chlorophyll b

-carotenoids
-phyocobillins.
Capture light in wave lengths other than
those captured by chlorophyll a.
Iron-sulfur proteins Primary electron acceptors, first to receive

electrons from P700
chemiosmosis Process by which a Hydrogen pump

pumps protons into the thylakoid
membrane. H+ passively flows through the
ATP synthase which leads to the creation
of ATP.
Phosphorylation ATP is formed from ADP.
Light-Independent The second stage of photosynthesis,

Reactions taking place in photosystem I (700), in
which ATP and hydrogen are used as form
of chemical energy to convert carbon
dioxide and water into useful organic
molecules.
Calvin cycle -Carbon dioxide combines with RuBP

(ribulose bisphosphate) and then
combined molecules are converted to
sugars (glucose).
-Energy furnished from ATP and NADPH
produced during light-dependent
reactions.
Calvin cycle 1) Six molecules of CO2 combine with six

molecules of RuBP (ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate) with aid of rubisco.
2) Eventually results in twelve 3-carbon

molecules of 3PGA (3-phosphoglyceric
acid).
3) NADPH and ATP supply energy and
electrons that reduce 3PGA to GA3P
(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).
4) Ten of the twelve GA3P molecules are
restructured, using 6 ATP, into six 5-
carbon RuBP molecules.
5) Net gain of 2 GA3P, which can be
converted to carbohydrates or used to
make lipids and amino acids
Rubisco Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that

catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle
(the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose
bisphosphate).
PGA phosphoglycerate; a three-carbon

molecule formed in the first step of the
Calvin cycle
RuBP ribulose biphosphate; a five-carbon

carbohydrate that combines with CO2 to
form two molecules of PGA in the first
step of the Calvin Cylce
GA3P gylceraldehyde 3-phosphate; results

when twelve NADPH molecules and
twelve ATP molecules supply energy and
electrons to reduce the twelve 3PGA
Photorespiration A metabolic pathway that consumes

oxygen, releases carbon dioxide,
generates no ATP, and decreases
photosynthetic output; generally occurs
on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata
close and the oxygen concentration in the
leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
products include:
-2-carbon phosphoglycolic acid:
processed in peroxisomes, released as
carbon in mitochondria
-3-carbon phosphoglyceric acid: can
reenter Calvin cycle
C3 plants a plant that uses the calvin cycle for the

initial steps incorporates CO2 into organic
material, forming a 3 carbon compound as
the first stable intermediate.
C4 plants A plant in which the Calvin cycle is

preceded by reactions that incorporate
CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the
end product of which supplies CO2 for the
Calvin cycle.
4-Carbon pathway Produces 4-carbon compound instead of

3-carbon PGA during initial steps of light-
independent reactions
Kranz anatomy Refers to the structure of C-4 leaves and

differs from C-3 leaves. In C-4 leaves, the
bundle sheath cells lie under the
mesophyll cells, tightly wrapping the vein
deep within the leaf, where CO2 is
sequestered
-in bundle sheaths=large chloroplasts/few
to no grana/numerous starche grains
-cholorplast of mesophyll cells= much
smaller/lack starch grains/ well-developed

grana
Oxaloacetic acid produced when a 3-carbon compund,

PEP, and carbon dioxide are combined in
the mesophyll cells with the aid of
different carbon fixing enzyme, PEP
carboxylase
PEP Enzyme that breaks down proteins into

smaller polypeptide fragments
PEP carboxylase An enzyme that adds CO2 to

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form
oxaloacetate in C4 plants. It acts prior to
photosynthesis.
CAM photosynthesis The photosynthetic pathway in which

carbon fixation takes place at night, and
the resulting carbon acids are stored until
daylight when they are broken down into
pyruvate and CO2.
Respiration is release of energy from glucose
molecules that are broken down to

individual carbon dioxide molecules.
-Initiated in cytoplasm and completed in
mitochondria
-Catabolic process
Aerobic respiration Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This

produces lactic acid.
-Release less energy than that released
during aerobic respiration
Fermentation A catabolic process that makes a limited

amount of ATP from glucose without an
electron transport chain and that
produces a characteristic end product,
such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. (no
oxygen required)
1st stage in Respiration: -In cytoplasm

Glycolysis -No O2 required.
-Glucose converted to GA3P
(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).
-2 ATP molecules gained
2 phosphates are added to 6-carbon
sugar molecule-molecule split into two 3-
carbon sugars(GA3P), hydrogen,energy,
and water removed from GA3P-pyruvic
acid - gains 2 ATP-hydrogen ions and
electrons released and picked up by
NAD- becomes NADH
Phosphorylation Glucose becomes fructose carrying two

phosphates.
Sugar cleavage Fructose split into two 3-carbon

fragments: GA3P (glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate).
Pyruvic acid formation Hydrogen, energy and water removed,

leaving pyruvic acid.
Acetyl CoA *Prior to entering citric acid cycle, pyruvic

acid loses CO2 and is converted to Acetyl

CoA
-Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound
for the citric acid cycle in cellular
respiration, formed from a fragment of
pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
2nd stage in Respiration: -In fluid matrix of cristae in mitochondria

Citric acid (Krebs) cycle -High energy electrons and hydrogen
removed as cycle proceeds.
-NADH, FADH2 , and small amount of ATP
produced.
-CO2 produced as by-product.
Acetyl CoA -first combined with oxaloacetic acid,

producing citric acid.
-Each cycle uses 2 acetyl CoA, releases 3
CO2 and regenerates oxaloacetic acid.
oxaloacetic acid a four-carbon compound of Krebs cycle

that combines with Acetyl CoA to form
citric acid
The third stage in -In inner membrane of mitochondria

Respiration: Electron -NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to
transport
electron transport system.

-Produces ATP, CO2 and water
oxidative Part of the electron transport chain. A

phosphorylation process occurring in the mitochondria that
results in the formation of ATP from the
flow of electrons across the inner
membrane to bind with oxygen.
Factors Affecting the -Temperature- Increase from 20o C to 30o

Rate of Respiration C, respiration rates double.
-Water- Medium in which enzymatic
reactions take place Low water content -
Respiration rate reduced.
-Oxygen-Reduction in oxygen -
Respiration and growth rates decline.
Photosynthesis uses True

carbon dioxide to form
carbohydrates whereas
respiration uses oxygen
in breaking down
carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis is a type anabolic, catabolic
of _______ reaction,
whereas respiration is a
type of _______ reaction.
C6H12O6 is the Glucose

structural formula for
________.
Increases in global False

temperature may be the
result of steady
increases in atmospheric
ozone.
Which of the following is -It occurs in high light intensity.

true about -It may cause bleaching of chlorophyll.
photorespiration?
Which of the following RUBP is formed.

does not occur during
the light dependent
reaction?
The numbers 700 and False

680 in the reaction
center molecules of
chlorophyll a refers to
the number of ATP
molecules produced at
each photosystem.
Which of the following photophosphorylation

terms describes the
process whereby ATP
molecules are formed as

electrons pass along the
electron transport
system?
Kranz anatomy leaves True

are found in C4 plants,
such as tropical grasses,
and are characterized by
having bundle sheath
cells surrounding their
vascular bundles.
The end product of pyruvic acid

glycolysis is _______.
Anaerobic respiration True

occurs without oxygen
and produces two ATP
molecules and alcohol,
while aerobic respiration
occurs with oxygen and
produces 36 ATP
molecules.
In which of the following between Glycolysis and the Citric Acid

reactions or cycles is Cycle
coenzyme A necessary?
Phenolic compounds, False

such as lignin and salicin,
are secondary
metabolites produced
by the mevalonic acid

pathway.
The process of -requires enzymes.

hydrolysis -requires water.
Less-industrialized False
nations, such as China
and Egypt, produce
greater amounts of
carbon dioxide than
industrialized nations
because of outdated
technology.
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Chapter 10 - Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant Biology Flashcards - Quizlet

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10/28/2020 Chapter 10 : Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant Biology Flashcards | Quizlet

Chapter 10 : Plant Metabolism Stern's Plant

Terms in this set (87)

Metabolism Sum of all interrelated biochemical

Enzymes regulate metabolic activities

Anabolism -Forming chemical bonds to build

Photosynthesis reactions Store energy by constructing

Catabolism Breaking chemical bonds

Cellular respiration Release energy held in chemical bonds by

Photosynthesis- Involves transfer of energy via oxidation-

Oxidation Loss of electrons from a compound/

Reduction Gain of electrons to a compound /

Oxidation of one usually coupled with reduction of another

Oxygen is usually final acceptor of electron

Energy for most cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Plants make ATP using Takes place in chloroplasts and other

Carbon dioxide reaches chloroplasts in mesophyll cells by

Water is source of electrons in photosynthesis

If light and temperatures A metabolic pathway that consumes

If light intensity too high : destruction of chlorophyll by high light

If water in short supply stomata close and thus reduce supply of

chlorophyll a A type of blue-green photosynthetic

chlorophyll b An accessory photosynthetic pigment that

photosynthetic unit About 250-400 pigment molecules

Light-dependent set of reactions in photosynthesis that use

Light-dependent -In thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Light-independent -In stroma of chloroplasts

Absorption -The range of a pigment's ability to absorb

Two types of -Events of photosystem II come before

P680 Pheophytin (Pheo) - Primary electron

Reaction center chlorophyll in the

Photolysis In the thylakoid membranes of a

Pheophytin high-E electron acceptor that captures

PQ (plastoquinone) Transports the protons to the lumen of the

Cytochromes An iron-containing protein that is a

Electron flow and -Electron transport system consists of

Noncyclic Photosystem II performs photolysis to

Cyclic The generation of ATP by cyclic electron

P700 reaction-center molecule - Only one that

Reaction center cholophyll in the

antenna pigments -Chlorophyll b

Iron-sulfur proteins Primary electron acceptors, first to receive

chemiosmosis Process by which a Hydrogen pump

Phosphorylation ATP is formed from ADP.

Light-Independent The second stage of photosynthesis,

Calvin cycle -Carbon dioxide combines with RuBP

Calvin cycle 1) Six molecules of CO2 combine with six

2) Eventually results in twelve 3-carbon

Rubisco Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that

PGA phosphoglycerate; a three-carbon

RuBP ribulose biphosphate; a five-carbon

GA3P gylceraldehyde 3-phosphate; results

Photorespiration A metabolic pathway that consumes

C3 plants a plant that uses the calvin cycle for the

C4 plants A plant in which the Calvin cycle is

4-Carbon pathway Produces 4-carbon compound instead of

Kranz anatomy Refers to the structure of C-4 leaves and

smaller/lack starch grains/ well-developed

Oxaloacetic acid produced when a 3-carbon compund,

PEP Enzyme that breaks down proteins into

PEP carboxylase An enzyme that adds CO2 to

CAM photosynthesis The photosynthetic pathway in which