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Post-tensioning
Stay Cables
Heavy Lifting
Bridge Erection
Forming systems
Repair and
Strengthening
Bar systems
Ground anchors
VSoL
Ductal
Bearings and Joints
Structural Monitoring
Contents
The VSL culture 3
The company 4
Quality, Safety and Environment 5
Multistrand post-tensioning system 6
Bonded slab post-tensioning system 13
Monostrand unbonded post-tensioning system 17
Slab on grade post-tensioning system 19
External post-tensioning system 20
Stay cables 22
Heavy lifting 24
Bridge erection 26
Forming systems 28
Repair, strengthening and preservation 30
Bar systems 32
Ground anchors 34
VSoL® 36
Ductal® 38
Bearings 40
Expansion joints 41
Structural monitoring 42
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
About VSL
Sydney Airport –
La Unidad Bridge – Mexico Nina Tower – Hong Kong Shenzhen Western Corridor – Hong Kong Australia
The VSL culture learning and annual workshops where always attracted the most talented
we present our new products, and motivated people, all with
VSL is a solution network organised equipment and techniques. We also one goal: to be your most valued
around locally-based subsidiaries stimulate knowledge-sharing through construction partner.
providing modern and cost-effective our intranet which contains reference
construction technologies, which are material, management tools and a
developed and updated by centralised dedicated forum where ideas about
expert R&D and technical teams. best practices are exchanged.
Our aim is always to offer not only the Our ultimate goal is to deliver the best
best post-tensioning solutions but also quality service to our clients, with top
innovative construction techniques, quality construction techniques,
designed to increase site safety, save backed by our experience and well-
time, improve durability, and reduce trained specialists in design, methods
costs. and job site construction.
R&D on CS 2000 system
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 3
About VSL
4 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Industrial Ring Road – Thailand
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 5
Multistrand
post-tensioning
Sines tank – Portugal CS 2000 at Medway Bridge – UK CS 2000 on high speed rail Anoia – Spain Electrically Isolated Tendons (EIT)
Main characteristics
The VSL multistrand system is characterised by the
following features:
• Standardized tendon units using up to fifty-five
13mm (0.5”) or 15mm (0.6”) diameter strands;
• Wide selection of anchorage types;
• Steel or plastic PT-PLUS® ducts;
• VSL HPIR grout or other types of grouting;
• Tendons manufactured on-site or in the factory;
• No need to determine tendon length in advance;
• Simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon, with
individual locking of each strand at the anchorage point;
• Stressing carried out in any number of phases;
• Simple and reliable equipment for installation, stressing
VSL HPI® grout or other types of grouting
and grouting.
6 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Live anchorages Type E
The prestressing force is transferred to the concrete by a
Type CS 2000 bearing plate. If necessary, the spiral can be replaced by
This revolutionary anchorage has a composite bearing plate suitably laid out orthogonal reinforcements.
(metal - high performance concrete) and is lighter, smaller
and easier to handle. It comes in 3 different configurations:
CS 2000 - STANDARD for normal applications, Grout tube
CS 2000 - PLUS using VSL’s PT-PLUS® duct system
Bearing plate (steel)
for enhanced corrosion protection or improved fatigue
Duct
resistance, and CS 2000 - SUPER able to provide an
electrically isolated tendon. Anchor head
Sleeve
Strands
Anchor head
Duct Wedges
Bearing plate
Grout connection
CS trumpet
Type Sc
Strands This is a compact and easy to handle anchorage system.
Wedges If necessary, the spiral can be replaced by suitably laid out
orthogonal reinforcements.
Duct
Wedges
Bearing plate
Plastic trumpet
Duct
Bearing plate
Wedges Anchor head
All VSL stressing anchorages can be used as a dead-end anchorage if access is provided. For dimensions of anchorages see annexes.
Anchorage components are not available in all countries. Please check with your local VSL office for availability.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 7
Multistrand post-tensioning
Duct
Coupling head K
Anchor head ZU
Sleeve
Tension ring
Compression fittings
with retainer plates
8 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Dead-end anchorages VSL Type AF
This type of anchorage is used for vertical tendons
VSL Type P installed once a structure is concreted, where the
This type of anchorage is used where the prestressing force prestressing force has to be transferred to the
has to be transferred to the structure at the far end structure at the lowest end of the tendon and when
of the tendon. It consists of a plate incorporating holes there is no access to the dead-end anchorage. The
for the strands to pass through. The strands are anchored strands are placed in the tendons with compression
using compression fittings bearing onto the plate. fittings at their lower ends, which are then bonded
The compression fittings are locked into position by into the AF anchorage with a special cement AF
a retainer plate. Where the force shall only be transferred grout. Once the AF rout anchorage has achieved
to the concrete using a bearing plate, polyethylene tubes sufficient strength the tendon can be stressed
can be used to sheath the strands between the end of the from the live anchorage and then grouted.
duct and the bearing plate.
VSL Type L
Grout tube This type of anchorage is used for tendons
Seal installed once a structure is concreted and
Duct
where there is no access to the dead-end
anchorage. It is often used for Duct B
P-plate vertical tendons in reservoir walls,
Tension ring
for nailing pier head segments to
Compression fittings piers in segmental bridge Duct A
construction, or for horizontal
Retainer plate tendons in slabs or foundation
rafts. The strands are installed into
the duct after concreting and
Grout tube
simultaneously stressed using jacks
VSL Type H at both stressing anchorage ends.
This type of anchorage is the best solution when strands
need to be pushed through on site. VSL Type LD
The prestressing force is transferred to the concrete partially When loops with a smaller radius are required, special half
by bond and partially by end bearing (bulb). The spiral round ducts are available upon request. VSL type LD Loops
(for 5-7 / 6-7 and larger units) and tension ring prevent are available with a 590mm radius. The tendon sizes
inadmissible stresses due to deviation forces acting on the available are the same as type L, the difference is the duct
concrete. The rebar net at the anchorage end zone acts as a configuration as indicated. A tight radius is good for nailing
spacer for individual strands. of precast segments to piers.
Grout tube
Tension ring
Seal
Duct
Bulbs
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 9
Multistrand post-tensioning
Sheathing and All ducts are manufactured in a variety The PT-PLUS® system is suitable for all
corrosion protection of standard lengths and are coupled applications but, given its specific
on site. characteristics, is best adapted to:
For conventional applications,
corrugated steel ducts with a Main advantages are: • Transverse tendons in bridge deck
minimum wall thickness of 0,25mm • Greatly enhanced tendon corrosion slabs and wherever tendons are close
are used, however, the VSL PT-PLUS® protection; to the concrete surface;
system with its corrugated plastic duct • Improved tendon fatigue resistance; • Railway bridges and other structures
and plastic coupler can provide a • Reduced sensitivity to stray electric with high fatigue loadings or subject
number of important advantages currents; to stray electric currents;
when compared with conventional • Reduced duct friction coefficient; • Structures where severe corrosive
stee ducts. For applications requiring • The PT-PLUS® system, when used environment may be expected;
enhanced corrosion protection and with VSL anchorages, can be adapted • Tendons that need to be electrically
improved fatigue resistance of the to provide electrically isolated monitored throughout the structure’s
tendons, use of the VSL PT-PLUS® tendons (EIT). These tendons may be service life.
System with corrugated plastic duct is electrically monitored at any time
recommended. throughout the life of the structure.
This fully encapsulated, watertight
system offers superb corrosion
protection, and the plastic duct
eliminates fretting fatigue between
the strand and duct.
Steel duct
Plastic duct PT-PLUS®
Plastic duct PT-PLUS® and vent
Tendon profile
PT-PLUS® duct
10 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
k = 0.001 (range: 0.0008 to 0.0012)
Minimum radius of tendon curvatures
and minimum straight length for To calculate losses due to concrete
internal bonded tendons shrinkage and creep, reference should
Minimum radius be made to the technical documents
of tendon curvature Minimum straight lenght
and standards applicable to each
project.
5-7 30 E
Friction losses along the tendon 5-12 50
can be determined using the following 5-19 50
12.7mm 5-27 80
formula: 5-42 80
Px = Po.e-(μα + kx), in which: Strand
5-55 80
10mm
x = distance from stressing end TYPE 6-7 50 nominal
(in meters); 6-12 50
6-19 80
Px = prestressing force at x; 15.2mm 6-27 80
Po = prestressing force at stressing end; 6-42 100 E
6-55 100
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 11
Multistrand post-tensioning
Positioning of jack
Stressing
Stressing
The unique feature of the VSL post-
tensioning system lies in its special
wedge locking procedure. The wedges
Seating of wedges
always remain in contact with the
strands during the stressing operation.
As the pressure in the jack is released,
the wedges automatically lock in the
conical holes of the anchor head.
Positioning of jack
Grouting
The objectives in grouting a tendon are two
fold:
1. To provide an effective corrosion protection
system, by filling the free space in the tendon
with the grout which provides an alkaline
encapsulation of the tendon, and
2. To achieve an effective bond between the
tendon and the surrounding concrete.
It is therefore essential that grouting be carried
Stressing, measuring, seating of wedges out in a carefully monitored and controlled
manner. Through extensive R&D VSL has
developed a detailed understanding of both the
chemical and practical aspects that affect grout
quality and has produced specific grouting
procedures and grout mixes which are tailored
to suit local conditions and material properties
– VSL’s HPI® high performance cimentitions
grouts. VSL uses combined mixer and pump
units to ensure control over the grout quality
and delivery on-site and can also provide
vacuum assisted grouting procedures for certain
special applications such as long cables, external
Grouting of tendon
tendons or electrically isolated tendons.
12 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Bonded slab
post-tensioning
Dubai Festival – Saudi Arabia Kens – Australia Nina Tower – Hong Kong
resulting in larger column-free areas. to five strands 13mm (0,5”) or 15mm (0,6”)
As a result, internal layouts are not contained in flat-shaped ducting,
dictated by tight column grids. Positive and anchored in a single anchorage.
deflection and crack control and,
if necessary, joint-free water-tight slabs, Strands are individually stressed
free designers from the limitations and gripped by wedge action. After
of traditional reinforced concrete stressing, the duct is filled with
structures. VSL post-tensioning is more a cement grout that fully bonds the
economical than other systems, strands to the surrounding concrete.
especially when fast construction
cycles are envisaged. There is less
material handling on site and
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 13
Bonded slab post-tensioning
Live anchorages
VSL Type SO VSL Type S
Grout tube
Wedges
Recess former
Cast in
anchorage
Grout tube
Grout tube
Duct Grout tube
Duct Wedges
Cast in
Wedges anchorage
Barrels& Strands
Anchorage
Wedges grips Plastic
Strands
Recess former
Recess former
Strands Styrene
Recess former
14 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Vincom Towers – Vietnam Magarpatta – India
Couplers
VSL Type SK VSL Type S
Anchor head
Steel band
Strands
Cast coupling block
Dead anchorages
VSL Type H VSL Type P
Grout tube
Grout tube Flat duct
Flat duct
Tension ring Tension ring
Seal
Spacer
P-plate
Compression fittings
VSL Type N
Grout tube
Individual anchorages
For dimensions of couplers and dead anchorages see annexes.
Anchorage components are not available in all countries. Please check with your local VSL office for availability.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 15
Bonded slab post-tensioning
Height saving
Free height
Free height
16 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Monostrand unbonded
post-tensioning
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 17
Monostrand slab post-tensioning
Anchorages
Installation piece
Cap
Sleeve Anchorage body (casting)
Wedge
Recess former
Installation nut
VSL Type ST System
Monostrand
Transition cone
Wedge
Anchorage
Couplers
Coupler type SK
Monostrand 1
Sleeve
Wedge
Coupling head and
threaded coupling
Sleeve
Monostrand 2
For dimensions of anchorages, stressing jacks, reinforcement of the anchorage zone and design values see annexes.
Anchorage components are not available in all countries. Please check with your local VSL office for availability.
18 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Slab on grade
post-tensioning
Characteristics would otherwise cause cracking under internal jointing and the cost saving
the worst combinations of available from the construction
The VSL post-tensioning system is temperature and applied loads. The program time saved by casting large
widely used in the construction of prestress applied can even control the areas, all contribute to a competitive
slabs on grade. Warehouses, initial concrete shrinkage sufficiently initial cost.
distribution centres, container to prevent initial shrinkage cracking.
terminals, airports, pavements, Future maintenance
residential slabs and recreational slabs Thinner slab During the life of the slab, the joint
for tennis courts and skating rings are The VSL slab is much thinner than its maintenance costs which the owner
common applications. equivalent in reinforced concrete, and no longer needs to provide, will reap
generally contains no reinforcement great improvements in the efficiency
Eliminate joints except at the perimeter and of the facility.
Joints in reinforced concrete slabs on for trimming at penetrations.
grade have long been a cause of cost A life cycle analysis can be readily
and delay to owners because of the Initial cost undertaken to demonstrate that future
constant maintenance they require. The thinner slab, absence of savings to the ownermore than justify
Owners and operators of facilities with reinforcement, absence of costly the selection of a VSL slab on grade.
slabs on grade can eliminate these
costs by eliminating the joints
themselves. The VSL post-tensioned
concrete slab on grade is cast in very
large areas, often exceeding 2 500m2,
in which there are no joints. In certain
applications, slabs in the order of
10 000m2 have been constructed
without movement joints.
Crack-free performance
The VSL post-tensioning axially
compresses the concrete slab
Nestlé plant – Chile Austrack – Australia
to counteract tensile stresses which
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 19
External
post-tensioning
Boulonnais Viaducts – France Carrière Viaduct – France Bras de la Plaine – Reunion Island
System description
External post-tensioning is well VSL external tendons comprise: A wide selection of VSL anchorage
adapted to bridges due to the resulting • Strand bundle; types is available to meet the
reduction of congestion inside the • Polyethylene ducts; full range of practical requirements.
concrete and the high degree of • Standard multistrand anchorages, In addition to the anchorages
corrosion resistance provided by the and special anchorages permitting illustrated here, intermediate
system. External tendons are easy to complete tendon replacement; anchorages are also available.
inspect and, if necessary, replace. • Grouting compound. The strand bundle can be assembled
They are ideal for strengthening from uncoated or individually greased
existing structures and, apart from and sheathed strands. The anchorages
their uses in bridges, can be used for these two types of tendon differ
for a wide range of other applications, only in detail, the principle remains
including buildings, silos and reservoirs. the same.
20 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Selected design
considerations
Saddles at points of deviation
A saddle at a point of deviation
consists of:
• A structural element capable of
carrying the loads exerted by
the tendon in the deviation zone;
• A part ensuring the geometry of
the deviation.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 21
Stay cables SSI 2000 Stay cable system
22 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Increased stay anchorage protection
Deviator placed in the guide pipe
povides an additional level of
protection by filtering cable bending
stresses before they reach the
anchorage. Replaceable
strands
Economical Ability to remove
Faster installation Versatile and to replace
and erection cycles. Designed to receive individual strands
Reduced maintenance. in the future vibration damping on demand.
systems (friction dampers)
if necessary.
STAY FREE LENGTH
GUIDE DEVIATOR WITH DECK CONNECTION La Unidad Bridge – Mexico
Neva Bridge – Russia VSL stays with architectural bars Friction damper on Uddevalla Bridge – Sweden
VSL architectural bars are particularly
suitable and economical for shorter
road bridges, pedestrian bridges and
stays for suspended roofs.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 23
Heavy lifting
Waldstadion – Germany
24 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Burj Al Arab - Dubai Herradura - Spain
VSL service package downward movement, the strands VSL has a wide range of pumps with
Our approach is flexible, and the range are immediately gripped by the either single or multiple outlets. The
of our services is tailored to the specific lower anchorage. In this way, the characteristics of these pumps ensure
project requirements. They include: load is raised using a step-by-step the synchronised movement of the
• feasibility studies and preliminary process. jacks. Pressure control devices allow
consultation; For lowering operations, VSL’ s motive forces to be monitored at all times.
• project design and planning; units are equipped with an auxiliary The movement speed varies according
• design, manufacture, and supply device which automatically controls to the project and, if required, can be in
of special equipment; the opening and closing of the excess of 20 m / hour.
• leasing of VSL equipment and anchorages.
execution of work. Control and monitoring systems
Tensile member The lifting of hangar roofs or of
The tensile member consist of 15 mm similar statically overdetermined
Proven equipment for (0,6”) strands. The tensile member is structures usually requires that
handling heavy loads anchored to the load by a specially lifting movements be precisely
designed end anchorage. co-ordinated.
VSL strand system This is achieved by specially designed,
The main components of the VSL Hydraulic pumps computer-based multi-point
strand system are the motive unit, VSL electro-hydraulic pumps can be monitoring systems, which allow the
the tensile member with the manually controlled or operated in operation to be centrally controlled
anchorage for the load, and the pump groups from a central control board. and monitored up to the final,
with its controls. precise height.
Motive unit Airbus 380 hangar roof lif – France Special hydraulic equipment
The motive unit consists of a Our range of equipment also includes
hydraulic centre hole jack with upper a large number of different hydraulic
and lower anchorages. During lifting jacks. VSL can also design and supply
the jack is extended, causing the custom-built hydraulic systems for
individual strands of the tensile special applications.
member to be gripped by the upper
anchorage and thus to be moved For more information, please refer
upwards. At the start of the pistons to the VSL Heavy Lifting brochure.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 25
Bridge erection
26 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Santiago Metro Linea 4 – Chile Lai Chi Kok – Hong Kong
VSL solutions
• Precast segmental erection balanced
cantilever construction with
launching gantry method
• Span by span construction with
launching gantry
• Balanced cantilever construction with
lifting frames
• Balanced cantilever construction with
cranes
• Precast beam construction
• Full span precast construction
• Span by span erection on falsework
• Insitu construction by incremental
lauching method
• Form traveller method
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 27
Forming systems
VSL slipform and the formwork panels hanging frames and blockouts as well as
from the external frame and internal reinforcement and reinforcing fabric
The VSL Slipform System has been used platforms permit pours over a height fixing, including prefabricated
in the construction of silos, storage of 4.2 m. The internal steel platforms, reinforcement
tanks, containment structures, incorporating the formpanel hooks and • truss members of fixed height
chimneys, cooling stacks and bridge rollers, are specifically designed and assembled in "Meccano like fashion"
piers and pylons for over 20 years. manufactured for each project, to form a platform of any plan shape
Slipforming is advantageous when guaranteeing accurate and economic or size
rapid construction between 2 and 6 m assembly operations. • easy levelling and plumbing of the
per 24 hours is required which results external platform, which is typically
from continuous working it forms VSL Climbform permits an excellent supported on four, six or eight
a monolithic structure free from production ratio with accurate placing seatings
construction joints. The system is raised of door frames, openings, blockouts, • minimum adjustment of individual
by hydraulic jacks with upper working cast-in components and direct placing forms after the initial set-up
platforms for reinforcement fixing and of prefabricated reinforcement cages. • an achievable vertical tolerance range
concrete placement and a suspended Another advantage lies in the safety of of 10mm per 4.2 metre height
scaffolding for finishing works. the Climbform. The VSL service package • variation of wall thickness by moving
includes: feasibility studies and the internal or external forms
preliminary consultation and pricing; • parking the internal platforms at
VSL climbform tender design and planning; design, mid-lift to facilitate blockout and
manufacture and supply of equipment; reinforcement fixing, eliminating the
VSL has also been active in leasing, training of site-staff, requirement for temporary scaffolds
Climbforming for over 20 years. supervision of the works for the first • cycle times as low as three days
The VSL Climbform System is a self few levels, followed by dismantling • access to external walls for curing
climbing heavy duty construction operation. • hanging access stairway.
platform used primarily to lift static
panel vertical wall formwork. Standard features include: Optional features include:
The system provides the wall designer • Custom designed formwork panels • steel formwork to enable pouring
with complete flexibility in both the which may be ganged in any shape within 50mm of boundaries
structural design and selection of or size to lift as one unit • support of concrete placing booms on
finishes. The system is particularly • form heights ranging from 2.5 to 4.2 the platform
adapted to the construction of high- metres • access hatches and/or temporary
rise building cores. The 6-m high VSL • unobstructed access to the forms for removal of platforms to install
Climbform has three platform levels, cleaning and oiling, fixing of door precast stairs
28 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
• external trailing platforms system design can accommodate wide
• internal trailing platforms to allow variations in segment length, height,
early installation web thickness and deck width and Kaoshiling Mass rapid transit system – Taiwan
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 29
Repair, strengthening and
preservation
Upgrading deficient -but in service
structures is a challenging and
growing segment of the construction
industry. VSL strengthening systems
are providing economical solutions
for structures requiring load capacity
upgrade or improvement due to
change of use, deterioration or
construction defects.
30 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Figueira da Foz Bridge – Portugal
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 31
Bar system
32 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Rock bolts
• Stabilising galleries during excavations
• Stabilising unstable rock/soil
• Flexible attachment thanks to the high level of steel elongation/ductility
• A range of different anchoring systems
• Grouted, resin anchors, expansion shells
• A large number of special accessories
Soil nails
• Slope stabilisation
• Retaining wall strengthening
• Flexible attachment thanks to the high level of steel elongation/ductility,
permitting soil movement
• Permanent and temporary use
Micropiles
• Foundations (compressive load)
• Tensile piles (tensile load)
• Ideal for alternating tensile and compressive loadings
• Securing of building foundation walls, embankments, compacted soil areas,
high-rise buildings, structures in seismic areas
Ground anchors
• Tie-backs
• Retaining walls
• Stabilising deep excavations, anchoring tower cranes
• Permanent and temporary use
Tie rods
• Tie-backs
• Retaining walls
• Sea walls
• Permanent and temporary use
Reinforcements
• DIN 488 accreditation for B500 steel quality
• Convenient for coupling through the use of continuous threading
• Efficient coupling solution in areas where there are too many steel components
• Alternative to shear studs
Stress bars
• High performance for forces ranging from 270 to 1,320 kN
• Prestressed/post-tensioned concrete structures
• Strengthening of buildings
• Temporary prestressing and bracing
Form ties
• Same production quality level as high grade stress bars
• Additional steel qualities, e.g. St 1,000/1,100 (weldable, high ductility,
suitable for low temperatures), S850/900 steel with cold-rolled thread
• Accessories to suit all assembly situations
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 33
Ground anchors
VSL Anchors can be divided into two releasable or be used as a monitoring electrically non-conductive anchorage
main categories — strand and bar anchor. VSL's range of anchors extends isolation. The integrity of the anchor
anchors. The type of anchors used from permanent anchors that can be checked throughout its service
depends on whether it is for rock or Allow electrical resistance life using electrical resistance
soil, for temporary or permanent use, measurements to be taken to check measurements.
whether or not it is to be tensioned, the integrity of the encapsulation
and whether or not permanent during the entire service life, to Force measurements
corrosion protection is required. temporary anchors that can be easily VSL is able to provide specially
extracted after use. VSL also offers load developed load cells for temporary and
VSL offers all of these alternatives can cells that allow the anchor permanent control anchors, as well as
support a full anchor material supply performance to be monitored. for permanent surveillance anchors.
service (anchors and accessories) with The anchor shown on this page The following three types are available:
back-up including design services, represents a typical permanent strand • type G hydraulic load cell,
advice, consultancy, testing, anchor with a thick walled permanently installed for control
installation, tensioning, site polyethylene encapsulation acting as anchors;
supervision and monitoring. The a protective barrier against corrosion. • type GW hydraulic load cell, used as
construction of the VSL strand anchor Temporary anchors are similarly a removable load cell allowing several
depends on the type of application constructed except that, being permanent anchors to be measured
(rock or soil), designed for a shorter service life, from time to time by moving the cell
the design, the corrosiveness of the corrosion protection requirements are from one anchor head to the other;
environment, the presence of stray usually less demanding. The anchor • type D electrical load cell, providing
electrical currents and the intended is not normally encapsulated and can supervision of permanent and
service life. While temporary ground take the form of a bundle of bare temporary anchors and allowing
anchors require limited or no corrosion strands in contact with grout over the continuous load measuring using
protection, permanent ground anchors bond length of the anchor. either a direct or remote reading
(with a service life exceeding two or system.
three years) need to provide a Both types of anchor systems comprise All load cell types are fully compatible
comprehensive permanent corrosion the anchor with a bearing plate, anchor with the VSL Anchor system.
protection system. head and wedges. Our scope of services includes
consultancy, supply and installation of
Specific requirements Electrically isolated anchors load cells, as well as control anchor
Anchorages can be designed to allow These anchors use tight PE readings.
the anchor force to be adjustable, encapsulation combined with an
34 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Typical permanent strand anchor
protective cap
gth
en
dl
Bo
n spacer Temporary VSL stressbar anchor
spreader polyethylene t
coated and gh
e Len Spherical nut
bare strand greased Fre
strand with
transition from tensile / yield Heat shrink Spherical washer
free length strength acc. t Bearing plate
to local gh & sleeve
(smooth Len
polyethylene requirements nd
Bo Grout tube
corrugated poly- sheath)
ethylene sheath Grout Greased bar
to bond length over free length
in bond length (corrugated H.D.P.E. smooth shea-
tightly sea- polyethylene thing over free length
led, strong sheath)
protective CT Stressbar epoxy
cap coated if required Grout tube
Spacers at 1500 max.
Bo
centres
re
Spacers
Ho
Protective grease
Spherical washer
O-ring
H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated bore
sheathing over free length
load checks in situations that, in the
External spacers at 1500 max. centres past, had been particularly difficult.
Corrugated sheathing
(Polyethylene)
CT Stressbar Anchor extraction
Internal spacersat 1500 max. centres It is often undesirable to leave
Bo
re
Grout tube outer thing (Polyethylene) particularly in urban areas where they
le
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 35
VSoL®
The VSoL® retained earth system is a development of passive resistance on backfill is achieved by the frictional
composite soil reinforcing system that the projected area of the mesh interaction of the soil particles
uses welded wire mesh or polymeric crossbars, which in turn transfers load with the polymeric reinforcing strip.
strips to resist the horizontal forces into the longitudinal bars. In addition to its high performance
generated within an earth backfill. In the case of polymeric strip level, the VSoL® system ensures
A retained earth structure is a stable, reinforcement, load transfer from the economical design and construction.
unified gravity mass that can be The system requires only three
designed for use in a wide range of civil components: reinforcing elements,
engineering applications. The VSoL® precast facing panels and backfill
system is widely used and accepted as material. This simplicity results in easy
a major construction method in and rapid construction. Cost savings
projects ranging from retaining walls of up to 50% below those of traditional
to highway bridge abutments. retaining wall systems are regularly
The basic retained earth principle achieved.
involves transferring stresses from
the soil to the reinforcing elements. Fast, easy and economical
In the case of welded wire mesh soil The construction of a VSoL® structure
Penny’s Bay – Hong Kong
reinforcement, this is achieved by the is particularly straightforward.
36 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Castel Peak Site – Hong Kong La Polvora – Chile
Complete flexibility
Typical Section
VSoL® system concrete facing panels VSoL® retained earth Wall
are available in a wide range of shapes, at a Bridge Abutment
textures and colours. Because local
materials are used in the production
of these precast panels, the visible
exposed surface can easily be coloured
to match the natural surroundings.
Raised relief, sandblasted finish,
exposed aggregate, and conventional
smooth face concrete represent just
Ultrera – Spain
a few of the available standard
retained earth panel finishes.
A five-man crew using standard Other facing systems, such as modular
construction equipment can place blocks, and mesh are also available
an average of 75 m2 - and as much as for both permanent and temporary
140 m2 - of wall per shift. structures.
Complete services
VSL advises customers and their Perspective View
consulting engineers during the For more information, please refer VSoL® retained earth
Retaining Wall
feasibility stages of projects, and to the VSoL® Brochure
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 37
Ductal®
Seonyu – Korea
Ductal® is a material with a unique In non-structural applications, Ductal® quality surface appearance together
combination of superior is used with non-metalic fibres. Passive with high strength and durability.
characteristics. steel reinforcement and prestressing
are not required. Ductal® has the The durability properties are those
The material was developed by ability to replicate the micro and of an impermeable material. There
Bouygues in partnership with Lafarge nano-texture of the mould. When is almost no risk of carbonation or
and Rhodia under the generic name combined with the fluidity and the
of Reactive Powder Concrete and is ability to have a range of colours, the
marketed under the brand name of result is a material that provides a high
Ductal®. Composed of fine particles
with a maximum size less than 0.8mm,
Ductal reaches compressive strengths
of 170 to 230 MPa.
38 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
penetration of chlorides and sulfides, Typical applications
and the resistance to acids is improved.
Bridges
Main advantages • Beams
• Eliminates completely the need for • Truss type structures
conventional reinforcement • Decks of steel bridges
• Greatly improves durability, with a
resistance to permeability 50 times Buildings
better than normal high strength • Beams
concrete • Slabs
• Permits the use of much thinner • Permanent floor formwork
sections • Curtain wall panels
• Provides complete freedom on the • Facade panels
shape of the section • Columns
• Reduces the concrete volume of a • False floor panels
structural member to only one third • Grandstand seating plats
to one half of its conventional volume
• Dramatically reduces the structural Railways
weight to be supported by a structure • Sleepers
• Provides both direct and indirect cost • Sound absorbing panels
Reina Sofia – Spain
savings. • Noise walls
Durability Other
• Chloride ion diffusion (CI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 m2/s • Blast protection
•Carbonation penetration depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <0.5mm • Vaults
•Freeze/thaw (after 300 cycles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%
•Salt-scaling (loss of residue). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <10g/m
•Abrasion (relative volume loss index) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
Other properties
• Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2450-2550 kg/m3
• Entrapped air content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4%
• Freeze/thaw (after 300 cycles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%
• Total porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6%
• Shrinkage after heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
• Creep coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2-0.5
Ductal® blast – Australia
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 39
Bearings
Top plate
Stainless steel
Piston
Elastomer Pad
Bearing on pier
Anchor Sockets
design requirements
VSL offers fixed pot-bearings The sliding plate is equipped with an
which permit movement in one upper stainless steel panel.
or any direction. This is followed by the insertion of
Pot bearings for incrementally neoprene-teflon pads during the
launched bridges have a dual function. launching operation to be carried out.
First, they provide low friction sliding The pads, upper stainless steel panel
surfaces over piers as the deck is and fixing device are removed after
pushed during construction. Thereafter, launching. Finally, the sliding plate is
they become permanent bearings. A connected
pot bearing serving these functions is to a previously embedded steel plate
shown in the picture above. During in the deck.
construction, a fixing device avoids
relative movement between the sliding For more information, please refer to VSL Pot
Pot bearing Type PU
plate and the pot cylinder. bearings and Elastomeric bearings brochures
40 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
Expansion joints
Joints – Chile
Single element steel expansion joints Elastomeric expansion joints and long-lasting. These joints allow
Used in building, pedestrian and Elastomeric expansion joints have horizontal, vertical and oblique
vehicular structures to seal the gap been designed to work as a single movements, remaining tight.
between two structures so that they element, to be absolutely tight The elastomeric material properties
can move independently without are such that the bearings are not
adversely affecting each other. The affected by low temperatures.
joints are of either aluminium or steel Capability of impact absorption is kept
with a flexible seal spanning between during winter. The characteristics
them and can accommodate movement of this materialal also allows resistance
ranges between 15 mm to 40 mm. to wearing and abrasion and
resistance against bad weather
Multi element steel expansion joints conditions, chemical products and fire
Used in highway and bridge structures Typical movement ranges from 40 mm
with large movements due to the up to 330 mm.
effects of concrete shrinkage, thermal
and seismic effects or differential
settlement and ground movements.
Typical movement ranges from 65 mm
per single seal upto 1 m when
connected together. VSL services using
multiple elements include design,
supply, 1st installation and long term
Multi element Single element
maintenance.
C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S 41
Structural monitoring
Wind speed
measured in 3 directions
expressed in m/s
Rain intensity
VSL expressed in mm
° ° Sun intensity
expressed in W/m2
Remote server
Traffic
expressed in km/h, veh./h, t, type...
Air quality
expressed in CO, NOX, O3, SO2...
Cable force
expressed in kN
m
co
g.
to rin Structural vibration
m oni acceleration expressed in g
.vsl- vibration modes expressed in Hz
www
° °
Angular movement
two directions expressed in °
Material ageing
expressed in Cl-, mV…
42 C O N S T R U C T I O N S Y S T E M S
HEADQUARTERS www.vsl-intl.com