TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 502
Reinforced Concrete Design

PROPOSED (4) STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

PREPARED BY:
LERUM, ARJAY S.

CE52FC5

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Mico P. Cruzado
Instructor
 CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project

The analysis of structures is considered to be a key part in design. Structural analysis, by definition, is the
process of predicting the performance of a given structure under a prescribed loading condition. Its analysis
typically involves the determination of stresses, deflections, and support reactions as caused by the given
loads and other external effects, such as support displacements and temperature changes (Kassimali,
2012).
This project involves the analyzation of a (4) four-storey residential building that covers a total floor area of
440 square meters, while having a total lot area of 3,200 square meters. It is located in Angeles,
Pampanga. The project aims to analyze the structure by making use of Singly and Doubly Reinforcement
Design. In addition, the factors used in the determination of live loads and dead loads are aligned with the
standards as indicated in the National Structural Code of the Philippines Vol. 1 (NSCP-2015.)

1.2 Project Location

The project is located in Lot 18 Block 7, Barrio of Malabanas, Municipality of Angeles, Province of
Pampanga. Angeles, Pampanga is a first class highly urbanized city in the region of Central Luzon.
According to the 2015 census of the Philippine Statistics Authority, it has a population of 411,634. The city
occupies an area of 60.27 square kilometers. Angeles is 83 kilometers from Manila and 17 kilometers from
the provincial capital, San Fernando.
1.3 Project Objectives

1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objectives for the project is to analyze a (4) four-storey apartment building located in Angeles,
Pampanga and to apply all the knowledge, skills and techniques learned in the Reinforced Concrete Design
course.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To provide all the necessary architectural plans and structural plans of the building.
 To analyze and design a reinforced concrete structure residential building that is in compliance with
the NSCP 2015 standards, codes, provisions and Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines 2014.
 To design a structure that will comply the needs and expectations of the client.
 To give the best possible solution of the said problem with the use of a different trade-offs.

1.4 The Client

The project for the proposed project is Ms. Maylene Enriquez who resides in Malabanias Angeles,
Pampanga. This project will help her identify the strength of the structural frames to be used for the
construction of apartment building in the projected location.

1.5 Project Scope and Limitation

1.5.1 Project Scope

The following are the scope of the design project:

 To design a basic architectural plan.

 Design of Reinforced Concrete Residential Building for desired location in accordance to the codes
and standards both local and foreign codes.
 Evaluation or analysis of the structure by the use of the software program, STAAD and MS Excel.
 Estimated cost and quantity of the materials utilized in the design of the structural works.

The following are the limitations of the design project:

 The designers shall not assess other constraints with no relation on water distribution system
design.
 Comprehensive computation of the project’s cost estimates including mechanical and plumbing.
 Design and detailed activities in Construction Management.

1.6 Project Development Plan

The project is a (4) four – storey Residential Building located at Angeles, Pampanga
1. Identify the problem – Identifying the existing problem that the designer intends to address to share
opinions and formulate solutions to the resulting problems.
2. Data gathering – After identifying the problem, the designer gather data on the said project and a
review of related concepts takes place to begin the project with its problems and possible solutions.
3. Design of architectural and structural configuration – The minimum architectural requirement and
standards are selected under the National Building Code of the Philippines
4. Constraints – The designer identifies and select constraints that affect the design of the structures.
5. Trade-offs – The designer evaluates options used for the project and approach best meets the goal
of the project.
6. Estimation of trade-offs – The designer estimates the possible expenses of trade-offs used in the
structure.
7. Structural analysis and design – The minimum design loads used in the project was selected under
the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015) and Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines 2014 (ASEP 2014)

Identify Gather Structural

START Problem Data Analysis

Final
Constraints Tradeoffs Evaluation
Design
 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Loads

2.1.1 Dead Loads

Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the
structure such as: floor fill, finish floor, and plastered ceiling for buildings and wearing surface, sidewalks,
and curbing for bridges. Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those predominantly
associated with the weight of the structure itself, and as such remain stationary and relatively constant over
time. Dead loads can be calculated by assessing the weights of materials specified and their volume as
shown on drawings. This means that in theory, it should be possible to calculate dead loads with a good
degree of accuracy.
The minimum design loads contained in this document were selected under National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) 2010. These values are used in computing structural loads needed in this project.

Loads for all Floors

Component Description Load (kPa)
Ceiling Plaster on tile or Concrete 0.24
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.72
Frame Walls Windows, glass, frame and 0.38
sash
Clay brick wythes ( 200 mm ) 3.74
Floor Fill Lightweight concrete per 0.015
mm
Floor and Floor Finishes Subflooring, 19 mm 0.14
Terrazo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91
Frame Partitions Movable Partitions (Steel) 0.19
Total Load: 6.335

Loads for Roof Deck

Component Description Load (kPa)
Slab Reinforced Concrete (Slab 3.54
depth 150mm)
Water proofing Bituminous smooth 0.07
membrane surface
Total Load: 3.61

Total Dead Loads

Description Load (kPa)
Total Load for all 6.335
Floors
Total Load for 3.61
Roof Deck
Total Dead Load: 9.945

2.1.2 Live Loads

Live loads are those that are either fully or partially in place or not present at all, may also change in
location; the minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building should be designed are usually
specified in building code that governs at the site of construction. Also known as imposed loads, are usually
temporary, changeable and dynamic. These include loads such as vehicle traffic, occupants, furniture and
other equipment. Live loads may be concentrated or distributed and may involve impact, vibration or
acceleration.
Live loads can be prescribed to any structural element (floors, columns, beams, even roofs) and will
ultimately be factored into a calculation of gravity loads.

Live Loads
Component Description Load (kPa)
First Floor Residential (Basic 1.9
floor area)
Second Floor Residential (Basic 1.9
floor area)
Third Floor Residential (Basic 1.9
floor area)
Fourth Floor Residential (Basic 1.9
floor area)
Fifth Floor Roof Deck 1.9

2.1.3 Earthquake Loads

The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were created by
ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following factors: mass of the
building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and frequency content of the ground
motion, and soil-structure interaction.

Seismic Load Parameters

Occupancy Category Standard Occupancy
Importance Factor 1.0
Seismic Zone 0.4
Soil Type Sd
Seismic Source Type A
Na 1.0
Nv 1.0
Ca 0.44Na
Cv 0.64Nv
R 8.5 (Special reinforced concrete
moment frames)
Ct 0.0731(reinforced concrete
moment-resisting frames and
eccentrically braced frames)

Importance Factor
The Table 208 – 1 of National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015) shows the Seismic
Importance Factor for each occupancy category. The structure used is under Standard Occupancy
Structures which leads to having a value of 1.0.
Occupancy Seismic Seismic
Category Importance Importance
Factor, I Factor, Ip
I. Essential 1.50 1.50
Facilities
II. Hazardous 1.25 1.50
Facilities
III. Special 1.00 1.00
Occupancy
Structures
IV. Standard 1.00 1.00
 Occupancy
Structures
V. 1.00 1.00
Miscellaneous
Structures

Seismic Zone Factor Z

The location of the project is located in the zone 4 based from the Referenced Seismic Map of the
Philippines from NSCP 2015. From Table 208 – 3, the value of Z to be used is 0.40.
ZONE 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40

Soil Profile Type

Average Soil Properties for Top 30 m of Soil Profile
Soil Profile Soil Profile Name/
Shear Wave Velocity, SPT, N (blows/ Undrained Shear
Type Generic Description
Vs (m/s) 300 mm) Strength, Sv (kPa)
SA Hard Rock >1500
SB Rock 760 to 1500
Very Dense Soil and
SC 360 to 760 >50 >100
Soft Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE Soft Soil Profile <180 <15 <50
Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation.
SF
See Section 208.4.3.1

208.4.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics: Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on
properly substantiated geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Section
208.4.3.1.1 and Table 208 – 2.
Exception: When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type. Type
SD shall be used. Soil Profile Type S E or SF need not be assumed unless the building official determines
that Type SE or SF may be present at the site or in the event that Type S E or SF is established by
geotechnical data.
With this provision, the soil profile type that will be used for the project is S D.

2.2 Design Plans

2.2.1 Floor Plans

2.2.1.1 Ground Floor Plan

2.2.1.2 Second & Third Floor Plan

2.2.1.3 Fourth Floor Plan

2.2.1.4 Roof Deck Plan

2.2.2 Elevation Plans

2.2.2.1 Front Elevation

2.2.2.2 Right Side Elevation

2.2.2.3 Left Side Elevation

2.2.2.4 Rear Elevation

2.2.3 Site Development Plan

2.3 Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related studies both in local and foreign authors that provided discussions and
conceptual facts to which the present study is related. Reviewed literature and studies served as an
underlying basis of the present study to which shepherded the researcher in pursuing their research and
may clarify the vague points about the problem of the study.

2.3.1 Foreign Literature

According to the study of A. Puskas & L.M. Moga of International Journal of Sustainable Development and
Planning and Department of Structures, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2015, their case
study entitled “Sustainability of Reinforced Frame Structures” , the study states that when thinking about
sustainability of structures, traditional mentality has to be set aside, as comparing different structural
systems is becoming a complex task. Even if reinforced concrete structures are not generally known as the
most sustainable solutions for several structural queries, reinforced concrete structural solutions are
preferred for most of the situations due to the other advantages presented by these structures. Hence,
considering that specific building indispensable for the society, the aim of obtaining sustainable buildings
becomes equivalent to decrease their negative impact on the environment while still taking full advantage
of their strength. This target can be achieved by judicious choose of the built-in materials. For a given multi-
storey reinforced concrete frame building, the scope is to establish the concrete and the reinforcing steel
classes in such a way that the impact of these materials on the environment to be kept at the lowest
possible level.

According to the literature of Case Studies in Construction Material, Editor-in-Chief: M. Grantham, the case
study of Abrahao B. Rohden and Monica R. Garcez of Civil Engineering Department, Regional University of
Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil and Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Tramandaí, Brazil, February 2018, Revised 7 May 2018, with their case study entitled “Increasing the
sustainability potential of a reinforced concrete building through design strategies: Case study” , the study
aims to investigate the influence of design strategies on the economic and environmental performance of
30-storey residential reinforced concrete (RC) building located in the Southern Brazil. According to their
study, the results show reduction of environmental impacts, embodied energy and construction costs when
a decrease in the amount of steel is combined with the increase in the concrete compressive strength of
columns, which is more representative for the building designed as hinged frame system. The production of
materials phase showed to be the major contributor to environmental impacts with steel and concrete being
the most relevant impact producers. Results highlight the importance of design strategies to increase the
sustainability potential of a RC structure and contribute to consolidate contemporary approaches that
suggest the need to incorporate the degree of environmental impacts in design methods.

According to the literature of Journal of Cleaner Production, Co-Editors-in-Chief: JiříJaromírKlemeš, Cecília

Maria Villas Bôas de Almeida, Yutao Wang, the study of Pierluca Vitale, Antonio Spagnuolo, Carmine
Lubritto and Umberto Arena of Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy, September
2017, Revised 6 April 2018, with their study entitled “Environmental performances of residential building
swith a structure in cold formed steel or reinforced concrete” , the study aims to designed following two
different approaches for its structural components: by using Cold Formed Steel (CFS), with sheathing and
insulating panels, or a more conventional reinforced concrete, with brick walls. The analysis has been
carried out along the whole building life cycle, broken down into three main phases: pre-use, use and end-
of-life. The study quantifies the environmental impacts related to each of these phases, based on high
quality data, which have been in large part collected on the field. The results show that the contributions of
pre-use and use phases to the overall environmental performances are significant for both the design
solutions. The outcomes of the life cycle impact assessment indicate that the house made of CFS has a
better performance for the more important environmental impact categories.
2.3.2 Local Literature
According to the thesis of TEMPLONUEVO, Julinel, YOUNG, Channel James, ZOTOMAYOR, Rafael Louis
of De La Salle State University, 2013, with their thesis title “Effects of SusScrofaDomestica’s hair to the
properties of fresh and hardened concrete”, their study aims to find a cheaper alternative as reinforcements
proved to be expensive. Specifically, the researchers explored the possibility of using pig-hair fibers, a
natural fiber, as reinforcement for concrete, because generally, natural products tend to be cheaper than
manufactured products. With these stated, this study aimed to find the effects of pig-hair fibers to the
properties of fresh and hardened concrete; specifically its effect to the slump, workability, air content, and
finish ability for the fresh state of concrete and its effect to the compressive and tensile strengths for the
hardened state of concrete. The researchers conducted two phases in their experiment. Based on the
results of the air content and slump tests from the first phase of the experiment, the addition of pig-hair
fibers made the fresh concrete mix less workable. Furthermore, they noticed that as the fiber content
increases, the slump decreases while the air content increases. Also, results indicated that dry mixing,
unsorted length of fiber, and less than 1% fiber content by volume of concrete made the greatest
improvement on the hardened properties of concrete. In this study, the compressive and tensile tests
showed that 0.80% fiber content generated the highest compressive and tensile strengths of 15.27 MPa
and 1.69 MPa with a percent increase of 35.49% and 10.46% respectively with reference to the control
specimens.

According to the thesis of OROPEL, Joseph Christopher, PANALIGAN, Gian Carlo, SY, Jerome Caldrich of
De La Salle State University, 2013, with their thesis title “A study on the confinement effects of fiber
reinforced mortar (FRM) on reinforced concrete columns”, their study aims The study shows the potential of
two fibers namely synthetic and cellulose fibers in retrofitting RC columns when using them as a jacketing
material. The fibers were used as the reinforcing agent for the mortar which will in turn be the jacket for the
RC column specimen. The aim of this research is to quantify the effectiveness of the retrofit. Evaluating
how effective the retrofitting done on the specimen would be determining the confinement effect of each
specimen. The research conducted a compression test using the Universal Testing Machine with a capacity
of 1000 kN on a total of twenty one (21) reinforced concrete column specimens with fiber reinforced mortar
as jacket. These specimens were divided into four (4) different cases in order to investigate the
compressive strengths and confinement effects of Fiber A and Fiber B in combination with no and thirty
percent (30%) fly ash. The confinement effect was quantified by obtaining the individual contribution of
each material that comprised the RC column specimen and subtracting them from the actual load being
resisted. The percentage of the confinement effect was also obtained in order to determine the percentage
contribution of the mortar jacket.

According to the article of Bing Kimpo of The Manila Times, February, 2018, with his article entitled
“Precast reinforced concrete box system’ pushed to address housing backlog”, it said there that while the
housing backlog issue is multi-faceted and complex, one aspect may be addressed, according to
developers Woodendragon. The firm has been building mass housing units using their own version of
precast reinforced concrete modular housing. Woodendragon calls what they do “precast reinforced
concrete box system for modular houses.” The method, certified by the Accreditation of Innovative
Technologies for Housing (AITECH) Committee of the government’s Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council, is a precast construction system that literally raises modular housing from the ground
up on-site – minimizing build time, reducing the number of deliveries required, and managing the
manpower needed, all while being responsive to the conditions there. All required utility installations are
embedded in the reinforced concrete panels. Moreover, Woodendragon’s “pre-cast concrete box system for
modular row houses,” is cost-efficient—Agbulos says it can even cost one-third of what other players can
budget for construction—even as it is solid and safe. The “precast reinforced concrete box system”
complies with all relevant codes, including the American Concrete Institute (ACI)’s building code
requirements, the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)’s standard code for steel buildings and
bridges, the country’s National Building Code, the National Structural Code of the Philippines, and the
standard specifications for highways and bridges adopted by the Department of Public Works and
Highways and the Department of Transportation.