Mansoura Dept.

of Electrical Engineering Faculty of

University Engineering
Total Marks: 55 Marks

Course Title: Electrical Power (1) Course Code: EE 2224 Year : 2nd
Date: May, 2016 (Second Term) Allowed Time: 3 hrs for the two parts No. of Pages: (2)

Fourth Question (Total 15 marks)

4) Answer the following Questions (5 Marks for each question)
4-1) An industrial load consists of: a lighting load aggregating 30 kW, an induction motors
aggregating 200 metric HP., 0.707 p.f. lagging and 82% efficiency, and a synchronous motor of
100 metric HP and 93% efficiency.
The tariff is LE 100 per annum per kVA maximum demand plus 6 paise per kWh.
i) Find the annual bill if the synchronous motor operates at 0.8 p.f. lagging,
ii) If the synchronous motor power factor is changed to 0.8 leading, find the annual bill in
this case
iii) Compute the annual saving in cost (Take 1HP = 746 Watt)
Prob. 4-1
4-2) A single-core 66 kV cable working on 3-phase system has a conductor diameter of
2 cm and a sheath of inside diameter 5.3 cm. If two intersheaths are introduced in
such a way that the stress varies between the same maximum and minimum in the
three layers, find: (i) positions of intersheaths (ii) voltage on the intersheaths
(iii) maximum and minimum stress
Prob. 4-2
4-3) The towers of height 30 m and 90 m respectively support a transmission line
conductor at water crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is 500 m.
If the tension in the conductor is 1600 kg, find the minimum clearance of the
conductor and water and clearance mid-way between the supports. Weight of
conductor is 1·5 kg/m. Bases of the towers can be considered to be at water level.
 Fifth Question (Total 12 marks)
5) Give Short Answers for Only Four questions (3 Marks for each one)
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻛﺘﺐ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻰ ورﻗﺔ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
a) Describe various methods for reducing corona effect in an overhead transmission line.
The corona effects can be reduced by the following methods:
 By increasing conductor size. By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which corona occurs is
raised and hence corona effects are considerably reduced. This is one of the reasons that ACSR
conductors which have a larger cross-sectional area are used in transmission lines.
 By increasing conductor spacing. By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at
which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects can be eliminated. However, spacing cannot
be increased too much otherwise the cost of supporting structure (e.g., bigger cross arms and
supports) may increase to a considerable extent.
b) Define: Guard ring, diversity factor, plant use factor.
A guard ring is a metal ring electrically connected to the conductor and surrounding the bottom insulator.
It is used for equalized the potential across each unit in an insulator string.
Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power
station is known as diversity factor. i.e.

Plant use factor: is the ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for
which the plant was in operation i.e.

c) Write short notes on power factor improvement by synchronous condenser

A synchronous condenser is an over-excited synchronous motor running on no load which takes a leading
current and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the
supply, it takes a leading current which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive component of the load. Thus
the power factor is improved. Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply substations
for power factor improvement.
d) Draw a schematic diagram to show the different components of an underground cable
e) List the main properties required for insulators in overhead lines.
Properties of Insulating Material
1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High Voltage system.
3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. It should not be porous, free from unwanted impurities.
5. There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that the moisture or gases can
enter in it.
6. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing temperature.

f) Compare between underground cables and overhead lines.

Underground cables have the following advantages over O.H.T Lines:
 less liable to damage through storms or lightning,
 low maintenance cost,
 less chance of faults,
 smaller voltage drop as the Inductive reactance of O.H.T. Lines is more
 better general appearance.

Underground cables have the following disadvantages compared to O.H.T Lines:

 they have greater installation cost
 They introduce insulation problems at high voltages compared with the equivalent overhead system.
 Capacitance and charging current is high in case of underground cables, so that for long distance power
transmission, the charging current is very high results in over voltages problems.

Underground cables are employed where it is impracticable to use overhead lines, such as:
 populated areas (cities)where municipal authorities prohibit overhead lines for reasons of safety,
 around plants and substations
 where maintenance conditions do not permit the use of overhead construction.
 Submarine crossing.
 Airports.

Sixth Question (Total 10 marks)

6) Answers Only Two the following questions (5 Marks for each question)
1. Explain how does the capacitance grading affect the size of the underground cable?
In capacitance grading, the homogeneous dielectric is replaced by a composite dielectric. The
composite dielectric consists of various layers of different dielectrics in such a manner that
relative permittivity ε r of any layer is inversely proportional to its distance from the centre.
Under such conditions, the value of potential gradient at any point in the dielectric is constant
and is independent of its distance from the centre. In practice, two or three dielectrics are used
in the decreasing order of permittivity; the dielectric of highest permittivity being used nears
the core.
Assume there are three dielectrics of outer diameter d 1 , d 2 and D and of relative permittivity
ε 1 , ε 2 and ε 3 respectively.
If the permittivities are such that ε 1 > ε 2 > ε 3 and the three dielectrics are worked at the same
maximum stress, then,
Since g 1ma x = Q/πε o ε 1 d 1 g 2ma x = Q/πε o ε 2 d 2 .... then
 Or ε1 d = ε1 d1 = ε3 d 2
Potential difference across the inner layer is

Similarly, potential across second layer (V 2 ) and third layer (V 3 ) is given by;

Total p.d. between core and earthed sheath is

V =V 1 +V 2 +V 3

If the cable had homogeneous dielectric, then, for the same values of d, D and g m a x , the
permissible potential difference between core and earthed sheath would have been:

Obviously, V > V′ i.e., for given dimensions of the cable, a graded cable can be worked at a
greater potential than non-graded cable. Alternatively, for the same safe potential, the size of
graded cable will be less than that of non-graded cable.

2. Prove mathematically that in a string of suspension insulators, the disc nearest to the
conductor has the highest voltage across it.

Mathematical expression: The following figure shows the equivalent circuit for a 3-disc string. Let
us suppose that self capacitance of each disc is C. Let us further assume that shunt capacitance C1 is
some fraction K of self capacitance i.e., C1 = K C. Starting from the cross-arm or tower, the voltage
across each unit is V1,V2 and V3 respectively as shown.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to node A, we get,
I2=I1+ i1
or V2 ω C* = V1ω C + V1ω C1 [*current through capacitor = Voltage/Capacitive reactance]
or V2 ω C = V1ω C + V1 K ω C

∴ V2 = V1 (1 + K) ...(i)

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to node B, we get,

I3=I2+ i2
or V3 ω C = V2 ω C + (V1 + V2 ) ω C1
or V3 ω C = V2 ω C + (V1 + V2 ) ω K C
or V3 = V2 + (V1 + V2 ) K = K V1 + V2 (1+ K )
= K V1 + V1 (1+ K )2 = V1 [K + V1 (1+ K )2]
∴ V3 = V1 [1 + 3K+ K2] ...(ii)
Voltage between conductor and earth (i.e., tower) is
V = V1+ V2+ V3 = V1+ V1 (1 + K) + V1 (1 + 3K+ K2)
= (3 + 4K+ K2)
∴ V = V1(1 + K) (3 + K) ...(iii)
From expressions (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,

...(iv)
It is shown from the last equation that the highest voltage is across the disc nearest to the
conductor.

3. Derive an expression for the most economical value of power factor which may be
attained by a consumer.
Consider a consumer taking a peak load of P kW at a power factor of cos φ1 and
charged at a rate of LE x per kVA of maximum demand per annum. Suppose the
consumer improves the power factor to cos φ2 by installing p.f. correction equipment.
Let expenditure incurred on the p.f. correction equipment be LE y per kVAR per
annum. The power triangle at the original p.f. cos φ1 is OAB and for the improved p.f.
cos φ2, it is OAC [See Figure].
kVA max. demand at cos φ1, kVA1= P / cos φ1= P sec φ1
kVA max. demand at cos φ2, kVA2= P / cos φ2= P sec φ2
Annual saving in maximum demand charges
= LE x (kVA1 kVA2)
= LE x P (sec φ1 sec φ2) ... (i)
Reactive power at cos φ1, kVAR1= P tan φ1
Reactive power at cos φ2, kVAR2= P tan φ2
Leading kVAR taken by p.f. correction equipment
=P (tan φ1 tan φ2)
Annual cost of p.f. correction equipment
= LE P y (tan φ1 tan φ2) ... (ii)

Net annual saving, S = exp. (i) exp. (ii)

= x P (sec φ1 sec φ2) y P (tan φ1 tan φ2)

In this expression, only φ2 is variable while all other quantities are fixed. Therefore, the
net annual saving will be maximum if differentiation of above expression w.r.t. φ2 is
zero i.e.

∴ Most economical power factor is:

Seventh Question (Total 18 marks)

7-1) Give reasons for the following: (6 Marks)
(a) A.C.S.R. conductors are preferred for transmission and distribution lines.
(i) The reinforcement with steel increases the tensile strength but at the same time keeps the composite
conductor light. Therefore, A.C.S.R. conductors produce smaller sag and hence longer spans can be used.
(ii) Due to smaller sag with A.C.S.R. conductors, towers of smaller heights can be used.
(b) Conductors are not fully stretched between supports.
In order to permit safe tension in the conductors, they are not fully stretched but are allowed to have a dip
or sag. Excessive tension may cause mechanical failure of the conductor itself because conductors’ tension
contributes to the mechanical load on structures at angles in the line and at dead ends.
(c) The power factor value cannot be more than unity.
The power factor is the cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit and the cosine cannot
be more than 1.
7-2) Choose the Correct Answer: (6 Marks)
‫اﻧﻘﻞ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺆال ورﻗﻢ اﺟﺎﺑﺘﮫ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻰ ﻛﺮاﺳﺔ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ وﻟﻦ ﯾﻠﺘﻔﺖ إﻟﻰ أى إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‬
1. In aluminium conductors steel reinforced, the insulation between aluminium and steel
conductors is
(A) rubber (B) impregnated paper (C) no insulation is required.
2. Transmission efficiency increases as
(A) voltage and power factor both increase (C) voltage increases but power factor decreases
(B) voltage and power factor both decrease (D) voltage decreases but power factor increases
3. Corona effect can be detected by
(A) hissing sound (B) faint luminous flow of bluish color
(C) presence of ozone detected by odor (D) all of the above.
4. The effect of ice deposition on conductor is
(A) increased skin effect (B) reduced corona losses
(C) increased weight (D) reduced sag.
5. A 66 kV system has string insulator having five discs and the earth to disc capacitance ratio
of 0.10. The string efficiency will be
(A) 67% (B) 75%
(C) 89% (D) 55%.
6. A system having connected load of 100 kW, peak load of 80 kW. base load of 20 kW and
average load of 40 kW, will have a load factor of
(A) 40% (B) 50%
(C) 60% (D) 80%.

7-3) Fill in the blanks by inserting minimum appropriate words: (6 Marks)

‫اﻛﺘﺐ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺆال واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ أو اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻰ ﻛﺮاﺳﺔ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ وﻟﻦ ﯾﻠﺘﻔﺖ إﻟﻰ أى إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‬
1. A larger string has ..less....... string efficiency than a shorter one.
2. If the conductor size is increased, the corona effect is ...... increased..........
3. If the length of a cable increases, its conductor resistance will ........ increase .........
4. If shunt capacitance is increased, then string efficiency is .....decreased......... ....
5. The lesser the diversity factor, the ..... greater...... is the cost of generation of power..
6. More efficient plants are used as ... base load.... stations.....

Prof. Magdi El-Saadawi