Azerbaijanis - Wikipedia

8/30/2020 Azerbaijanis - Wikipedia
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Azerbaijani:
Azərbaycanlılar, ‫ )آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎﻧﻠﯿﻼر‬or Azeris (Azerbaijani: Azerbaijanis
Azərilər, ‫)آذرﯾﻠﺮ‬, also known as Azerbaijani Turks Azərbaycanlılar
(Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Türkləri, ‫آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‬ ‫آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎﻧﻠﯿ ر‬
‫)ﺗﻮرﮐﻠﺮی‬,[44][45][46] are a Turkic ethnic group[47][48][49] living
mainly in the Azerbaijan region of Iran and the sovereign
Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most numerous
ethnic group among the Turkic peoples after Turkish
people[50] and are predominantly Shia Muslims.[51] They
comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of
Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in
neighboring Iran and Georgia.[52] The world's largest
number of ethnic Azerbaijanis live in Iran, followed by the
Republic of Azerbaijan.[53] They speak the Azerbaijani
language, belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses
languages. Total population
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the c. 30–35 million[1]
territories of the Qajar Iran in the Caucasus were ceded to Regions with significant populations
the Russian Empire, and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and
Iran 15 million (Encyclopædia
Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia
Britannica)[2]
and Iran.[54][55] After more than 80 years of being under the
Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the Azerbaijan Democratic 10.9–15 million (CIA
Republic was established in 1918 which established the factbook,[3] Knüppel,[4]
territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The name of Ethnologue,[5]
"Azerbaijan" which the leading Musavat party adopted, for Swietochowski)[6]
political reasons,[56][57] was, prior to the establishment of 12–18.5 million (e.g.
the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, exclusively used
Elling,[7] Minahan,[8]
to identify the adjacent region of contemporary
Gheissari)[9]
northwestern Iran.[58][59][60]
10,205,810[10]
The Azerbaijani language is closely related to Turkish, Azerbaijan
Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkmen and Crimean Tatar, sharing
varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those Russia 603,070–1,500,000[11][12]
languages.[61] Certain lexical and grammatical differences Turkey 530,000–800,000[12]
formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the
Georgia 233,178[13]
Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran, after nearly two centuries of
separation between the communities speaking the language; 85,292[14]
mutual intelligibility, however, has been preserved.[62][63] Kazakhstan
Additionally, the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are France 70,000[15]
mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their
Ukraine 45,176[16]
speakers can have simple conversation without prior
knowledge of the other.[64] 44,400[17]
Uzbekistan
33,365[18]
Contents Turkmenistan
United 24,377–400,000[19][20][21]
Etymology of Azerbaijan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis 1/30
Ethnonym of Azerbaijan States

History of Azerbaijan 18,000[22]
Ancient period Netherlands
Medieval period 17,823[23]
Early modern period Kyrgyzstan
Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan Germany 15,219[24]
Modern period in Iran
United 7,000[25]
Origins of the Azerbaijanis Arab
Turkification Emirates
Iranian origin
Canada 6,425[26]
Caucasian origin
United 6,220[27]
Genetics
Kingdom
Demographics and society
Belarus 5,567[28]
In the Republic of Azerbaijan
In Iran Sweden 2,935[29]
Subgroups Latvia 1,657[30]
Diaspora Australia 1,036[31]
Women Austria 1,000[32]
Azerbaijani Culture Estonia 940[33]
Language and literature
Lithuania 648[34]
Religion
Norway 501[35]
Performing arts
Sports Languages
See also Azerbaijani

Russian · Persian · Turkish
References
Religion
External links
Predominantly Shia Islam, minority Sunni
Islam, Judaism,[36][37] Bahá'í
Etymology of Azerbaijan Faith,[38][39][40] Irreligion,[41]
Christianity[42][43]
Azerbaijan is believed to be named after Atropates, a
Persian[65][66][67][68] satrap (governor) who ruled in Atropatene (modern Iranian Azerbaijan) circa
321 BC.[69][70]:2 The name Atropates is the Hellenistic form of Old Persian Aturpat which means
'guardian of fire'[71] itself a compound of ātūr ( ) 'fire' (later garbled into ādur (‫ )آذر‬in (early) New
Persian, and is pronounced āzar today) [72] + -pat ( ) suffix for -guardian, -lord, -master[72] (-pat in
early Middle Persian, -bod (‫ )ﺑُﺪ‬in New Persian).
Present-day name Azerbaijan is the Arabicized from of Āzarpāyegān (Persian: ‫ )آذرﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎن‬meaning 'the
guardians of fire' later becoming corrupted to Azerbaijan (Persian: ‫ )آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‬due to the phonemic shift
from /p/ to /b/ and /g/ to /j/ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the
Arab invasion of Iran, and is due to the lack of the phoneme /p/ and /g/ in the Arabic language.[73]
The word Azarpāyegān itself is ultimately from Old Persian Āturpātakān (Persian: ‫[)آﺗﻮرﭘﺎﺗﮑﺎن‬74][75]
meaning 'the land associated with (satrap) Aturpat' or 'the land of fire guardians' (-an, here garbled
into -kān , is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals;[72] e.g.: Gilan 'land associated
with Gil people').[76]
Ethnonym of Azerbaijan
The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the

Turkic peoples of Iranian Azerbaijan and Republic of
Azerbaijan. They historically called themselves or were
referred to by others as Muslims, Turks, Turkmens,[77]
Persians, Iranians, or Ajams[78] – that is to say that religious
identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When the
Southern Caucasus became part of the Russian Empire in the
nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who
traditionally referred to all Turkic people as Tatars, defined
Painting of Atropates, meeting with Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian or
Alexander the Great. Historical Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars in order to
Azerbaijan (also known as Iranian distinguish them from other Turkic groups.[79] The Russian
Azerbaijan) is believed to be named after Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, written in the
him. 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans
(адербейджаны),[80] but noted that the term had not been
widely adopted.[81] This ethnonym was also used by Joseph
Deniker:
[The purely linguistic] grouping [does not] coincide with the somatological grouping: thus
the Aderbeijani of the Caucasus and Persia, who speak a Turkic language, have the same
physical type as the Hadjemi-Persians, who speak an Iranian tongue.[82]
In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were
known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper Kashkul in 1880.[83]
History of Azerbaijan
Ancient residents of the area spoke Old Azeri from the Iranian branch of the Indo-European
languages.[84] In the 11th century AD with Seljukid conquests, Oghuz Turkic tribes started moving
across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other
Turkmen tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.[85] Here, the Oghuz tribes divided
into various smaller groups, some of whom – mostly Sunni – moved to Anatolia (i.e., the later
Ottomans) and became settled, while others remained in the Caucasus region and later – due to the
influence of the Safaviyya – eventually converted to the Shia branch of Islam. The latter were to keep
the name "Turkmen" or "Turcoman" for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they gradually
Turkified the Iranian-speaking populations of Azerbaijan (historic Azerbaijan, also known as Iranian
Azerbaijan) and Shirvan (Azerbaijan Republic), thus creating a new identity based on Shia and the
use of Oghuz Turkic. Today, this Turkic-speaking population is known as Azerbaijani.[86]
Ancient period
Caucasian-speaking Albanian tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region where the
modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan is located.[87] Early Iranian settlements included the Scythians
(Ishkuza Kingdom) in the ninth century BC.[88] Following the Scythians, the Medes came to
dominate the area to the south of the Aras River.[89] Ancient Iranian people of the Medes forged a
vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which the Achaemenids integrated into their own empire
around 550 BC. During this period, Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and in Atropatene.
Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates
to remain in power. Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BC, an Armenian Kingdom
exercised control over parts of Caucasian Albania.[90] Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in
the first century BC and largely remained independent until the Persian Sassanids made their
kingdom a vassal state in 252 AD.[91]:38 Caucasian Albania's ruler, King Urnayr, went to Armenia and
then officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania
remained a Christian state until the 8th century.[92][93] Sassanid control ended with their defeat by
Muslim Arabs in 642 AD,[94] through the Muslim conquest of Persia.
Medieval period
Muslim Arabs defeated the Sassanids and Byzantines as they marched into the Caucasus region. The
Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir,
surrendered in 667.[91]:71 Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the
region between the Kura and Aras rivers as Arran.[91]:20 During this time, Arabs from Basra and Kufa
came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a
land-owning elite.[95]:48 Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and
resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as Tabriz and Maraghah.
This influx sparked a major rebellion in Iranian Azerbaijan from 816–837, led by an Persian
Zoroastrian commoner named Babak Khorramdin.[96] However, despite pockets of continued
resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and
11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the Kurdish dynasty of Shaddadid and Arab
Radawids.
In the middle of the eleventh century, the Seljuq dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an
empire that encompassed most of Southwest Asia. The Seljuk period marked the influx of Oghuz
nomads into the region. The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic
poems or dastans, the oldest being the Book of Dede Korkut, which relate allegorical tales about the
early Turks in the Caucasus and Asia Minor.[91]:45 Turkic dominion was interrupted by the Mongols
in 1227, but it returned with the Timurids and then Sunni Qara Qoyunlū (Black Sheep Turkmen) and
Aq Qoyunlū (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan, large parts of Iran, eastern
Anatolia, and other minor parts of West Asia, until the Shi'a Safavids took power in
1501.[91]:113[95]:285
Early modern period
The Safavids, who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established
the foundations of the modern Iranian state.[97] The Safavids, alongside their Ottoman archrivals,
dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under Shah Abbas the
Great, it surpassed its political and ideological archrival the Ottoman empire in military strength.
Noted for achievements in state building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled
due to internal decay (mostly royal intrigues), ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from
the Russians, and the eventually opportunistic Afghans, who would mark the end of the dynasty. The
Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah Abbas the Great
created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".[98] He
reformed the government and the military, and responded to the needs of the common people.[98]
After the Safavid state disintegrated, it was followed by the conquest by Nader Shah Afshar, a Shia
chieftain from Khorasan who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi'a and empowered a moderate form
of shi'ism,[95]:300 and, exceptionally noted for his military genius, making Iran reach its greatest
extent since the Sassanid Empire. The brief reign of Karim Khan came next, followed by the Qajars,
who ruled what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779.[91]:106 Russia loomed as a
threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The Russo-Persian Wars,
despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century, officially began in the
eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and
the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the Russian
Empire.[70]:17 While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society,

Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran, were incorporated into the
Russian Empire.
Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan
After the collapse of the Russian

Empire during World War I, the
short-lived Transcaucasian
Democratic Federative Republic was
declared, constituting what are the
present-day republics of Azerbaijan,
Georgia, and Armenia. This was
followed by March Days
[100][101][102] Map of Azerbaijan Democratic
massacres that took
Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azeri). Republic presented by the
place between 30 March and 2 April
Engraving from book of Azerbaijani delegation Paris
1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent
Jean Baptiste Benoît Peace Conference in 1919.
areas of the Baku Governorate of the
Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque
Russian Empire.[103] When the
en Asie et en Afrique:
republic dissolved in May 1918, the
résumé général des
voyages anciens et
leading Musavat party adopted the
modernes... T. I, 1839
name "Azerbaijan" for the newly
established Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic, which was
proclaimed on 27 May
1918,[104] for political First flag of the Azerbaijan
reasons, [56][57] even though Democratic Republic (till 9
the name of "Azerbaijan" had November 1918)[99]
always been used to refer to
the adjacent region of
contemporary northwestern Iran.[58][105][60] The ADR was the
first modern parliamentary republic in the Turkic world and
Muslim world.[100][106][107] Among the important
Soldiers and officers of the army of accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation
1918
to grant women equal political rights with men.[106] Another
important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of
Baku State University, which was the first modern-type
university founded in Muslim East. [106]
By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. Vladimir
Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku's
oil.[108][109] Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army
invaded it, establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed
Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in
Karabakh, Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as
20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.[110]
The brief independence gained by the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 was
followed by over 70 years of Soviet rule.[64]:91 After the restoration of independence in October 1991,
the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-
Karabakh region.[64]:97
Modern period in Iran
In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as Sattar Khan sought constitutional reform.[111] The Persian
Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (Majlis) was founded on
the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the
Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by Reza Khan. In the quest to impose national
homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in
quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious
ceremonies, and books.[112]
Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet

forces took control of Iranian Azerbaijan and helped to set up the
Azerbaijan People's Government, a client state under the leadership
of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari backed by Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet
military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing
the Allied supply route during World War II. Concerned with the
continued Soviet presence after World War II, the United States and
Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by late 1946. Immediately
thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of Iranian
Azerbaijan.
According to Professor Gary R. Hess:
On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the

Sattar Khan (1868–1914) was
Peeshavari government quickly collapsed. Indeed the
a major revolutionary figure in
Iranians were enthusiastically welcomed by the people of the late Qajar period in Iran.
Azerbaijan, who strongly preferred domination by Tehran
rather than Moscow. The Soviet willingness to forego its
influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from
several factors, including the realization that the
sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that
oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term
Soviet Objective.[113]
Origins of the Azerbaijanis

In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a Turkic people, due to their Turkic
language.[114][115] Modern-day Azerbaijanis are believed to be primarily the descendants of the
Caucasian Albanian[116][117] and Iranian peoples[118][119][120][121] who lived in the areas of the
Caucasus and north of Iran, respectively, prior to Turkification. Historian Vladimir Minorsky writes
that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking:
In the beginning of the 11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in
considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan. In consequence, the
Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became
Turkophone while the characteristic features of Azeri Turkic, such as Persian intonations
and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkic origin of the Turkicised
population.[122]
The Azerbaijanis of Iran are believed to be descended from various groups, including Mannaeans, an
ancient people who lived in the territory of present-day northwestern Iran to the south of Lake Urmia
at around the 10th to 7th centuries BC, and spoke a dialect related to Hurrian (a non-Semitic and
non-Indo-European language related to Urartian), and the Medes, an ancient Iranian ethnic group
which, under the rule of King Cyaxares, established the Median Empire and came to dominate the
region.[123] The Median Empire is believed to have conquered and assimilated the Mannaeans by the
6th century BC.[124][125][126] Historical research suggests that the Old Azeri language, belonging to
the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language
of the Medes,[127] gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in the said region for many
centuries.[128][129][130][131][132]
Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of
Caucasian Albania, an ancient country located in the eastern Caucasus region, and various Iranian
peoples which settled the region.[133] They claim there is evidence that, despite repeated invasions
and migrations, the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and
linguistically assimilated, first by Iranian peoples, such as the Persians,[134] and later by the Oghuz
Turks. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians, including their
language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and relations with the Armenians and Georgians,
under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming
centuries.[135][136]
Turkification
Turkification of the Azerbaijanis derives from the Turkic settlements in

the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during
the Seljuk period.[114] In the year 1025, about 40,000 families of Oghuz
Turks migrated to the area of Caucasian Albania (present-day
Azerbaijan), which was predated by the settlement of 12,000 Turkic
Khazars in the 7th–8th centuries.[138] The migration of Oghuz Turks
from present-day Turkmenistan, which is attested by linguistic
similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops
under the Ilkhans were Turkic. By the Safavid period, the Turkic nature
of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the Qizilbash, a Turkic
group that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.
Most academics view the linguistic Turkicisation of predominantly non-

Turkic-speaking indigenous peoples and assimilation of small
populations of Turkic tribes as the most likely origin for the people of Portrait of Muhammad
Azerbaijan.[70]:6–7 Some genetic research on the Azerbaijani people Fuzûlî by Azim Azimzade
supports the view that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native (1914). Fuzûlî is considered
population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language one of the greatest
through a process of "elite dominance", i.e. a limited number of Turkic Azerbaijani poets.[137]
settlers had a substantial cultural impact but left only weak patrilineal
genetic traces.[139][140][141]
Iranian origin
The Iranian origins of the Azerbaijanis likely derive from ancient Iranian tribes, such as the Medes in
Iranian Azerbaijan, and Scythian invaders who arrived during the eighth century BC. It is believed
that the Medes mixed with Mannai.[142] Ancient written accounts, such as one written by Arab
historian Al-Masudi, attest to an Iranian presence in the region:
The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to
Armenia and Arran, and Bayleqan and Darband, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and
Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other
places in land of Khorasan, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz... All these
lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language...although the
language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the
same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages
such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages.[143]
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism was prominent
throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.[144][145][146] It has also been hypothesized
that the population of Iranian Azerbaijan was predominantly Persian-speaking before the Oghuz
arrived. This claim is supported by the many figures of Persian literature who came from regions now
populated by ethnic Azerbaijani and who wrote in Persian prior to and during the Oghuz migration,
such as Qatran Tabrizi, Shams Tabrizi, Nizami Ganjavi, and Khaghani. It is also supported by Nozhat
al-Majales anthology, Strabo, Al-Istakhri, and Al-Masudi, who all describe the language of the region
as Persian. The claim is mentioned by other medieval historians, such as Al-Muqaddasi.[84]
Encyclopædia Iranica says "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the
earlier Iranian speakers".[147] The continued presence of pockets of Iranian speakers; Talysh and
Caucasian Tats are present in Republic of Azerbaijan.
Caucasian origin
According to Encyclopædia Britannica:
The Azerbaijanis (peoples of the Republic of Azerbaijan)

are of mixed ethnic origin, the oldest element deriving from
the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and
possibly from the Medians of northern Persia.[148]
There is evidence that, despite repeated invasions and migrations,

aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by
Ancient Iranian peoples and later by the Oghuz. Considerable
information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including
their language, history, early conversion to Christianity. The Udi
language, still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the
Albanians' language.[149] Azerbaijani girl from Shusha
in silk national garments.
Genetics
Genetic studies demonstrate that northern Azerbaijanis are more closely related to other Caucasian
people like Georgians and Armenians than they are to Iranians or Turks.[140] Research conducted by
Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, et al. of the Department of Genetics at University of Cambridge showed that
Azeris living in Iran are connected to the Persian (Iranian) people of Iran in terms of their FST
(fixation index) value, their MRCA (most recent common ancestor), and their mtDNA genetic types,
and that Azeris are distant from Anatolian Turks and European Turks .[150] No close genetic
relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians.
According to the current results, present-day Kurds and Azeris of Iran seem to belong to a common
genetic pool.[151] Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the
neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.[141]
However, it is also significant that the evidence of

genetic admixture derived from Central Asians
(specifically Haplogroup H12), notably the Turkmen,
is higher for Azerbaijanis than that of their Georgian
and Armenian neighbors.[152] Iranian-speaking
populations from Azerbaijan (the Talysh and Tats) are
genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than
to other Iranian-speaking populations (Persian people
and Kurds from Iran, Ossetians, and Tajiks).[153]
Some genetic studies support the view that the
Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long
resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language
through a process of "elite dominance", i.e. a limited
number of Turkic immigrants had a substantial
cultural impact but left only weak patrilineal genetic
traces.[139][140][154]
Iranian Azerbaijanis have stronger genetic affinity
with their immediate geographic neighbors than
The MtDNA subclade U7a4 peaks among the modern
with populations from Central Asia.[139]
inhabitants of Azerbaijan (26%) and Azerbaijani
inhabitants of northwestern Iran (16–22%), while
occurring in the rest of Iran at frequencies from 2–
16%.
MtDNA analysis indicates that Persians, Anatolians and Caucasians are part of a larger West
Eurasian group that is secondary to that of the Caucasus.[155][156] While genetic analysis of mtDNA
indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-
chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.[140]
Iranians have a relatively diverse range of Y-chromosome haplotypes. A population from central Iran
(Isfahan) shows closer similarity in terms of haplogroup distributions to Caucasians and Azerbaijanis
than to populations from southern or northern Iran.[157] The range of haplogroups across the region
may reflect historical genetic admixture,[158] perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.[140]
In a comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated
that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of Georgia, than they are to other Iranians, as well
as to Armenians. However the same multidimensional scaling plot shows that Azeris from the
Caucasus, despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, cluster closer with other
Iranians (e.g. Persians, etc.) than they do with Iranian Azeris.[159]
Other studies support that present day Iranian main genetic stock comes from the ancient
autochthonous people and a genetic input from eastern people would be a minor one.[160] Thus,
Iranian Azeris have the closest genetic distance to Iranian Kurds[161] and there is no significant
difference between these two populations and other major ethnic groups of Iran.[162]
Demographics and society

The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Between
8 and 18.5 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran, mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 9.1
million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread
throughout the rest of the world. According to Ethnologue, there are over 1 million speakers of the
northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern Dagestan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Russian proper, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[163] No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001
census in Armenia,[164] where the Nagorno-Karabakh

conflict resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as
national censuses, confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis
throughout the other states of the former Soviet Union.
In the Republic of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The

Republic of Azerbaijan (over 90%), holding the second-
largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring
Iran. The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at
99.5%.[165] Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with
institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Azerbaijani-speaking regions
Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state
control over most aspects of society. Since independence,
there is a secular system.
Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high

levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for
the population.[166] Despite these problems, there is a
financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic
predictions and an active political opposition appear
determined to improve the lives of average
Azerbaijanis.[89][167]
Azerbaijanis from Alexandropol (Gyumri)
In Iran
While population estimates in

Azerbaijan are considered
reliable due to regular censuses,
the figures for Iran remain
questionable. Since the early
twentieth century, successive
Iranian governments have
avoided publishing statistics on
ethnic groups.[168] Unofficial
population estimates of
Ashiks performance in Tabriz Azerbaijanis in Iran are around
the 16% area put forth by the CIA
and Library of Congress.[3][169]
An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–
22%.[170] Nevertheless, regardless of the highest or lowest
estimates or publications, Azerbaijanis in Iran comprise by far Supreme leader of Iran (Seyyed Ali
the second-largest ethnic group in the nation as well as by far the Khamenei) is the highest-ranking
largest minority ethnic group.[171] Furthermore, once again official in Iran, and is Iranian Azeri
regardless of any estimate or publication, the number of on his father's side
Azerbaijanis in Iran by far outnumber the amount of Azerbaijanis
in the neighboring Republic of Azerbaijan, and comprise the
largest number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in the world.
Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan,
Ardabil, Zanjan, parts of Hamadan, Qazvin, and Markazi.[169] Azerbaijani minorities live in the
Qorveh[172] and Bijar[173] counties of Kurdistan, in Gilan,[174][175][176][177] as ethnic enclaves in
Galugah in Mazandaran, around Lotfabad and Dargaz in Razavi Khorasan,[178] and in the town of
Gonbad-e Qabus in Golestan.[179] Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran
(Tehran # Alborz) due to internal migration. Azerbaijanis make up 25%[180] of Tehran's population
and 30.3%[181] – 33%[182][183] of the population of the Tehran Province, where Azerbaijanis are found
in every city.[184] They are the largest ethnic groups after Persians in Tehran and the Tehran
Province.[185][186] Many Azerbaijanis have emigrated and resettled in large numbers in Khorasan,
living beside linguistically related Khorasani Turks,[187] especially in Mashhad.[188]
Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics
prior to Iran's Islamic Revolution.[189][190] Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well
represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious
hierarchy".[168]
Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Azerbaijani language in local
government, schools, and the press.[191] However, with the advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979,
emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main
unifying factor. Islamic theocratic institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani
language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.[192][193] There are signs of civil unrest due
to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow
Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have
revived Azerbaijani nationalism.[194] In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over
publication of a cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani[195] that many Azerbaijanis
found offensive.[196][197] The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani, an Azeri, who was fired along
with his editor as a result of the controversy.[198][199] One of the major incidents that happened
recently was Azeris protests in Iran (2015) started in November 2015, after children's television
programme Fitileha aired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and
language of Azeris and included offensive jokes.[200] As a result, hundreds of ethnic Azeris have
protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur. Demonstrations
were held in Tabriz, Urmia, Ardabil, and Zanjan, as well as Tehran and Karaj. Police in Iran have
clashed with protesting people, fired tear gas to disperse crowds, and many demonstrators were
arrested. One of the protesters, Ali Akbar Murtaza, reportedly "died of injuries" in Urmia.[201] There
were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in Istanbul and Baku.[202] The head of the
country's state broadcaster Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Mohammad Sarafraz has
apologized for airing the program, whose broadcast was later discontinued.[203]
Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran, and their style of living closely resemble those of
Persians:
The life styles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is
considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations.
Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from
those of Persian villagers.[169]
Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices
can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances
have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-
Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics, and clerical world.[204]
There is significant cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azerbaijanis from
Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship was tense until
recently.[192] However, relations have significantly improved since the Rouhani administration took
office.
Subgroups
There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups, each of which has particularities in the economy, culture
and everyday life. Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century.
Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:
Ayrums[2]
Afshars [3] [4]
Bayat [5]
Qaradaghis [2] [6]
Qizilbash [7]
Karapapak [8]
Padar tribe [2] [9]
Terekeme [10] [11]
Shahsevan [2] [12] [13] [14]
Tribes of Karadagh
Qajars [15]
Qashqai
Ayrum from Azeri tribe Terekeme Postcard of the Russian Shahsevan girls from
Azerbaijan. Empire a rich family. End of
19th century, Iran
Diaspora
Women
In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1917.[205] Women have attained Western-style
equality in major cities such as Baku, although in rural areas more reactionary views remain.[89]
Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other
parts of the former Soviet Union.[206] In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet
period.[207] Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in
parliament. An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two
others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election,

women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the National
Assembly of Azerbaijan.[208] Abortion is available on demand in the
Republic of Azerbaijan.[209] The human rights ombudsman since 2002,
Elmira Süleymanova, is a woman.
In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender

equality since the 1980s.[169] Protests in defiance of government bans
are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female
demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.[210] Past
Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president Mohammad Khatami
promised women greater rights, but the Guardian Council of Iran
opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In
the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament Azeri female from Baku
(1900 postcard)
(Majlis), eight of whom were conservatives.[211] The social fate of
Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.
Azerbaijani Culture
In many respects, Azerbaijanis are Eurasian and bi-cultural, as Azerbaijanis of Azerbaijan Republic
have absorbed Soviet and Eastern European influences. Whereas Iranian Azeris have retained their
culture which to a large extent is identical to the culture of other Iranian peoples including Persians
and Kurds.[212] Modern Azerbaijani culture includes significant achievements in literature, art,
music, and film.
Language and literature
The Azerbaijanis speak Azerbaijani, a Turkic language descended from the Western Oghuz Turkic
language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th century CE. Early Oghuz was
mainly an oral language, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of Dede Korkut probably
derive from an oral tradition. The first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century. The
first written, classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion.[213] Some of the earliest
Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet Nasimi (died 1417) and then decades later Fuzûlî (1483–
1556). Ismail I, Shah of Safavid Iran wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name Khatâ'i.
Today I have come to the world as a Master. Know truly that I am Haydar's son.
I am Fereydun, Khosrow, Jamshid, and Zahak. I am Zal's son (Rostam) and Alexander.
The mystery of I am the truth is hidden in this my heart. I am the Absolute Truth and
what I say is Truth.
I belong to the religion of the "Adherent of the Ali" and on the Shah's path I am a guide to
every one who says: "I am a Muslim." My sign is the "Crown of Happiness".
I am the signet-ring on Sulayman's finger. Muhammad is made of light, Ali of Mystery.
I am a pearl in the sea of Absolute Reality.
I am Khatai, the Shah's slave full of shortcomings. At thy gate I am the smallest and the
last [servant].
Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon humanism, as conveyed in
the writings of Samad Vurgun, Shahriar, and many others.[214]
Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or Persian (in Iran)
in addition to their native Azerbaijani. As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000
population spoke Russian fluently.[215] An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported
that 20% of respondents could understand Azerbaijani, the most spoken minority language in Iran,
and all respondents could understand Persian.[170]
Religion
The majority of Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shi'a Muslims. Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims
(mainly Shafi'i just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus),[216][217] Christians,[218]
Jews,[37] and Bahá'ís.[219] An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no
religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims.[89] There is a small number of
Naqshbandi Sufis among Muslim Azerbaijanis.[220] Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5,000
people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.[42][43] Some Azerbaijanis
from rural regions retain pre-Islamic animist or Zoroastrian-influenced[221] beliefs, such as the
sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.[222] In Azerbaijan,
traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays, including Norouz
and Christmas. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijanis have increasingly returned to their
Islamic heritage as recent reports indicate that many Azerbaijani youth are being drawn to Islam.[223]
Performing arts
Azerbaijanis express themselves in a variety of artistic ways including

dance, music, and film. Azerbaijani folk dances are ancient and similar
to that of their neighbors in the Caucasus and Iran. The group dance is a
common form found from southeastern Europe to the Caspian Sea. In
the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or
circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special
figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements,
or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or
her hand, in which a kerchief is held."[224] Solitary dances are
performed by both men and women and involve subtle hand motions in
addition to sequenced steps. Lezginka, a dance shared by all Caucasus-
derived or Caucasus-influenced ethnic groups, is also popular amongst
Azerbaijanis. Azerbaijani singers Ell &
Nikki won the 2011
Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing bards called Eurovision Song Contest.
Ashiqs, a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the saz (lute) and
sing dastans (historical ballads).[225] Other musical instruments include
the tar (another type of lute), balaban (a wind instrument), kamancha (fiddle), and the dhol
(drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional singing performance.
Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines
Western classical music with mugham. Other Azerbaijanis, notably Vagif and Aziza Mustafa Zadeh,
mixed jazz with mugham. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including
Rashid Behbudov (who could sing in over eight languages), Muslim Magomayev (a pop star from the
Soviet era), Googoosh, and more recently Sami Yusuf.
After the 1979 revolution in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general, Azerbaijani music
took a different course. According to Iranian singer Hossein Alizadeh, "Historically in Iran, music
faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."[226]
Azerbaijani film and television is largely broadcast in Azerbaijan with limited outlets in Iran. Some
Azerbaijanis have been prolific film-makers, such as Rustam Ibragimbekov, who wrote Burnt by the
Sun, winner of the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign
Language Film in 1994. Many Iranians have been prominent in the cinematic tradition of Iran, which
has received critical praise since the 1980s.
Sports
Sports have historically been an

important part of Azerbaijani
life. Horseback competitions
were praised in the Book of
Dede Korkut and by poets and
writers such as Khaqani.[227]
Other ancient sports include
wrestling, javelin throwing and
fencing.
Ali Daei, the world's all-time leading
Chess player Shakhriyar
The Soviet legacy has in modern
goal scorer in international matches
Mamedyarov.
times propelled some
and the former captain of the Iran
Azerbaijanis to become national football team.
accomplished athletes at the
Olympic level.[227] The Azerbaijani government supports the
country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. Football is popular in both The Republic
of Azerbaijan and Iran. There are many prominent Iranian football players such as Ali Daei, the
world's all-time leading goal scorer in international matches and the former captain of the Iran
national football team. Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting, gymnastics,
shooting, javelin throwing, karate, boxing, and wrestling.[228] Weight lifters, such as Iran's Hossein
Reza Zadeh, world super heavyweight-lifting record holder and two-time Olympic champion in 2000
and 2004, or Hadi Saei is a former Iranian[229] Taekwondo athlete who became the most successful
Iranian athlete in Olympic history and Nizami Pashayev, who won the European heavyweight title in
2006, have excelled at the international level.
Chess is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[230] The country has produced many
notable players, such as Teimour Radjabov, Vugar Gashimov and Shahriyar Mammadyarov, both
highly ranked internationally.
See also
List of Azerbaijanis
Peoples of the Caucasus
Iranian Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijan (Iran)
Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran
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‫ وﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﮫ أﺻﺣﺎب اﻟﻘدم ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﻣن‬،‫ذﻟك ﻣن اﻟﺷرﻋﯾﯾن وﻏﯾرھم ﻣﻣن ﻗﺎل ﺑﺣدوث اﻟﻌﺎﻟم وأﺑﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﯾﺎد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺷراﺋﻊ ﻣن اﻟﺑراھﻣﺔ وﻏﯾرھم‬
‫ ﻓﻠﻧذﻛر اﻵن اﻷﻣم اﻟﺳﺑﻊ ذھب ﻣن ﻋﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﺧﺑﺎر ﺳواﻟف اﻷﻣم‬،‫اﻟﮭﻧد واﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ وأﺻﺣﺎب اﻻﺛﻧﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﻧوﯾﺔ وﻏﯾرھم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺑﺎﯾﻧﮭم ﻓﻲ ذﻟك‬
‫ وأﻟﺳﻧﺗﮭم‬،‫ وﺧﻠﻘﮭم اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺷﯾﻣﮭم اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬:‫وﻣﺳﺎﻛﻧﮭم إﻟﻰ أن أﺟل اﻷﻣم وﻋظﻣﺎءھم ﻛﺎﻧوا ﻓﻲ ﺳواﻟف اﻟدھر ﺳﺑﻌﺎ ً ﯾﺗﻣﯾزون ﺑﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﯾﺎء‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔرس أﻣﺔ ﺣد ﺑﻼدھﺎ اﻟﺟﺑﺎل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎھﺎت وﻏﯾرھﺎ وآذرﺑﯾﺟﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻼد أرﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ وأران واﻟﺑﯾﻠﻘﺎن إﻟﻰ درﺑﻧد وھو اﻟﺑﺎب واﻷﺑواب‬
‫ وھراة وﻣرو وﻏﯾر ذﻟك ﻣن ﺑﻼد ﺧراﺳﺎن وﺳﺟﺳﺗﺎن وﻛرﻣﺎن‬،‫ وھﻲ ﻧﯾﺳﺎﺑور‬،‫واﻟري وطﺑرﺳﺗن واﻟﻣﺳﻘط واﻟﺷﺎﺑران وﺟرﺟﺎن واﺑرﺷﮭر‬
‫ إﻻ‬،‫ وﻣﺎ اﺗﺻل ﺑذﻟك ﻣن أرض اﻷﻋﺎﺟم ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟوﻗت وﻛل ھذه اﻟﺑﻼد ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ واﺣدة ﻣﻠﻛﮭﺎ ﻣﻠك واﺣد وﻟﺳﺎﻧﮭﺎ واﺣد‬،‫وﻓﺎرس واﻷھواز‬
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Ethnonym of Azerbaijan States

See also Azerbaijani

The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the

Early modern period

Empire.[70]:17 While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society,

Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan

After the collapse of the Russian

Modern period in Iran

Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet

According to Professor Gary R. Hess:

On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the

Origins of the Azerbaijanis

Turkification of the Azerbaijanis derives from the Turkic settlements in

Most academics view the linguistic Turkicisation of predominantly non-

According to Encyclopædia Britannica:

The Azerbaijanis (peoples of the Republic of Azerbaijan)

There is evidence that, despite repeated invasions and migrations,

However, it is also significant that the evidence of

Demographics and society

census in Armenia,[164] where the Nagorno-Karabakh

In the Republic of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The

Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high

While population estimates in

Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:

others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election,

In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender

Language and literature

Azerbaijanis express themselves in a variety of artistic ways including

Sports have historically been an

24. "Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics" (https://web.archiv

39. Bəhailik Azerbaidjan Bahai

94. "Sassanid Empire" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120213113547/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied

11. Pistor-Hatam, Anja (20 July 2009). "Sattār Khan" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sattar-khan

29. Frye, R. N. "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/artic

69. "Country Profile: Iran" (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf) (PDF). Federal Research

88. "Mourning Azerbaijanis residing in Mashhad" (http://khabarfarsi.com/ext/3881782). Mehr News

08. "2010 Parliamentary Election Results" (http://news.day.az/politics/237289.html). Day.az. 7

26. "Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar" (http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/m

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijanis&oldid=975471117"

This page was last edited on 28 August 2020, at 18:19 (UTC).

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