 PYROCLASTIC (FRAGMENTED)  formed from consolidation of indegeneous

LESSON ONE: IGNEOUS ROCKS rock fragments ejected during a violent eruption

B. TEXTURE OR CRYSTAL SIZE

PART ONE: IGNEOUS PROCESSES
 GLASSY TEXTURE  formed by very rapid cooling of rock (ex. pumice and
IGNEOUS ROCKS  formed from solidification of magma (intrusive rocks; slow obsidian)
cooling) or lava which flowed out on the Earth’s surface (extrusive; fast cooling)
 PYROCLASTIC TEXTURE  formed from debris of explosive eruption
 APHANETIC (EXTRUSIVE)  > 2 mm; smaller crystals; formed when lava
TYPES OF
ULTRAMAFIC MAFIC INTERMEDIATE FELSIC cooled quickly on the surface
MAGMA
APHANETIC  PHANERITIC (INTRUSIVE)  < 5 mm; formed from slow cooling of magma
(extrusive; KOMATIITE BASALT ANDESITE RHYOSITE  PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE  large crystals (phenocrysts) are set in a finer-
fine-grained) grained or glassy groundmass; formed first by slow cooling (forming
PHANERITIC phenocrysts) then rapid cooling (forming the groundmass)
(intrusive; PERIDOTITE GABBRO DIORITE GRANITE
 PEGMATITIC  > 3 cm diameter of crystals
large crystals)
 VESICULAR  tiny holes are formed due to escaping gas bubbles in the lava
SILICA
CONTENT or magma
POTASSIUM  AMYGDALOIDAL  vesicles may be filled by low temperature minerals
AND SODIUM deposited in the cavities after the lava solidification (vesicular muna bago
CONTENT amygdoloidal)
IRON,
MAGNESIUM,
CALCIUM
Crystallization  the solidification of atoms or molecules into a highly
CONTENT structured form. Usually, this refers to the slow precipitation of crystals from a
TEMPERATURE solution of a substance.
COLOR OF THE
ROCKS  NUCLEATION – the process in which a small number of ions, atoms, or
molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline
solid
 GROWTH - the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state
Classification of Igneous Rocks
as more ions, atoms, or molecules accumulate that increases the size of
the crystal
A. MODE OF EMPLACEMENT
 HIGH GROWTH CRYSTALLIZATION RATE FORM PHANERITIC ROCKS
 EXTRUSIVE (VOLCANIC)  rocks that solidified at the surface of the Earth  HIGH NUCLEATION CRYSTALLIZATION RATE FORM APHENITIC ROCKS
 INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)  igneous rocks that formed at the depth or inside the
Earth
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PART TWO: IGNEOUS BODY
PLUTONS  Where intrusive rocks are formed

 SHAPE
o TABULAR – elongated
o MASSIVE – malalaking shape
 ORIENTATION
o DISCORDANT – di parallel ang layering
o CONCORDANT – follows the layering
 MASSIVE SHAPE
o BATHOLITHS - > 100 sq.km. in outercrop area; granitic rocks are formed
o STOCK – smaller than batholiths (ex. diorite)
 TABULAR SHAPE
o DIKE – discordant, cuts across bedding surface
o SILL – parallel, nearly horizontal and concordant
 LACOLITH – concordant plutton with dome or mushroom shaped root and planar
base; single body only (opposite: lopolith)

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 RATES OF WEATHERING:
LESSON TWO: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 ARID AND HIGH RELIEF – less chemical weathering (mas mataas na relief,
high chances of mechanical weathering occurs)
PART ONE: SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES  HUMID AND LOW RELIEF – enhances chemical weathering (mas mababang
SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES  processes involved in forming sediments and relief, low chances of mechanical weathering pero high chances of
sedimentary rocks from pre-existing rocks chemical weathering occurs)

SOIL AND SOIL HORIZONS

Processes Involved in Forming Sedimentary Rocks:
SOIL  combination of decomposed and disintegrated rocks and organic matters
1. WEATHERING  disintegration (physical breakdown) and decomposition which are affected by: (1) CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY and (2) PARENT MATERIAL
(chemical alteration) of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface. Weathering can AND BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
increase the surface area of rocks. (AGENTS OF WEATHERING: WIND, WATER, ICE,
SOIL HORIZONS:
PLANTS, ANIMALS CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE)
1. O HORIZON – loose
TYPES OF WEATHERING:
and partly decayed
 MECHANICAL WEATHERING – physical breaking down of rocks into smaller organic matter
(contains high content
sizes.
of organic matter)
o FROST WEDGING – breaking through freezing and thawing of ice (once it
melts, it will form cracks that would possibly break the rock) 2. A HORIZON –
o SALT CRYSTAL GROWTH – evaporation of saline water leaving salt on the containes minerals
ground mixed with humus
o DESSICATION CRACKS – thermal expansion or contraction of water
normally due to alternating dry or wet season 3. E HORIZON – zone of
o SHEETING OR UNLOADING – rocks deformed from upward force that leeching/eluviation
exfoliates rocks forming SHEET JOINTS  linear rocks or surface-parallel
fracture systems in rock indicating the movement of rocks 4. B HORIZON – zone of
o BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY - the process in which plants, accumulation
animals, and bacteria break down rocks into smaller pieces. (Ex. Tree
5. C HORIZON – rock
roots growing in cracks in rocks and eventually breaking the rock apart.)
fragments or parent
material
 CHEMICAL WEATHERING – breaking down of rocks and internal structures of
minerals caused by chemical reactions producing more stable constituents 6. REGOLITH – bedrock
(EX. DISSOLUTION, HYDRATION, OXIDATION, REDUCTION)

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2. EROSION  incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent (by PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DIAGENESIS:
gravity, wind, water, and animals)
 COMPETENCE – maximum size of sediments that an agent can transport  COMPACTION – compacting sediments together
 CAPACITY – maximum load or amount of sediments an agent can  CEMENTATION – precipitation of sediments (sediments are “glued” together)
transport around clasts (pinagdidikit ang sediments to form sedimentary rocks)
 RECRYSTALLIZATION – unstable crystals forming more stable counterparts
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN EROSION:  REPLACEMENT – dissolution of unstable minerals to be replaced by more
stable minerals
 BIOTURBATION – post-diagenesis; disturbance of the soil or sediment by living
things (ex. displacing soil by plant roots, digging by burrowing animals,
Dissolution
eating and excreting sediment)

PART TWO: SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT

SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT  a geographic setting where sediments are
accumulating and/or erosion occurs and these are physically, chemically, and
biologically distinct from adjacent terrane (THREE TYPES: MARINE, TRANSISTIONAL,
TERRESTIAL)

Marine Sedimentary Environment

1. SHALLOW MARINE

3. DEPOSITION  process where sediments, soil and rocks are added to a land
mass. (the opposite of erosion)
 When wind and water currents slows down and as glacial ice melts
 When chemical composition or temperature changes causes
precipitation
 When undecayed organic material pile up
4. DIAGENESIS  sum of physical and chemical processes by which sediments
are lithified into sedimentary rocks (PRE-EXISTING ROCK  SEDIMENTS 
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS)
 CONTINENTAL SHELF  reef environment that contains carbonate-rich
sedimentary rocks (REEF – composed of carbonate structures that builds up
on continental shelf)
TYPES OF REEFS
o FRINGING REEF – directly attached or borders the shore of an island or
continent (connected sa island/continent)
o BARRIER REEF – long narrow coral reef parallel to the shore and
separated by the lagoon
o ATOLL – broken or continuous circle of coral reefs and low coral islands
surrounding a lagoon

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 Transistional Sedimentary Environment

MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENTS ON TRANSISTIONAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT:

 PROGRADATION  sediments advance towards the sea (seaward); more lands

(with sediments) are formed
 REGRESSION – seaward migration of sediments (low sea level, deeper
environment, maluwag ang space)
 RETROGRADATION  sediments retreats away from the sea (nababawasan ang
lupa)
 TRANSGRESSION – landward migration of sediments (high sea level,
 CONTINENTAL SLOPE – slope between continental shelf and the ocean floor shallow environment, mababa ang space)
(sedimentation is low kase high relief sya)
1. DELTA  prograding depostion bodies that forms where a river deposits in a lake
 CONTINENTAL RISE - underwater feature found between
or sea; similar morphology to alluvial fans but depostion results from velocity as a
the continental slope and the abyssal plain. It may be cut by submarine
stream enters standing water or ocean
canyons having turbiditic deposition  rocks formed by turbidity (magulo
ang sedimentation process kaya magulo din ang formation ng rocks) CLASSIFICATION OF DELTA:
o BOUMA SEQUENCE – sequence of turbiditic deposition of
sedimentary rocks 1. RIVER DOMINATED – large sediment
volume, lobate shape where moderate
2. DEEP MARINE sediments supply and elongated when
sediment supply is large
 ABYSSAL PLAIN – ocean floor; forms chertz  fine-grained sedimentary
rocks that are rich in silica (formed under the calcite compensation depth 2. TIDE DOMINATED – linear feature
or CCD threshold) parallel to tidal flow and perpendicular to
shore (sand bars)
CONTINENTAL SHELF - REEF
(high precipitation, high calcite, low silicate) 3. WAVE DOMINATED – smoothly arcuate
(bow or curved shaped); much sandier
CCD
ABYSSAL PLAIN - CHERTZ
(low precipitation, high silica, low calcite)

TEMP.
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2. BEACH  accumulation of sediments found along the landward margin of the
ocean
 WAVE-CUT PLATFORM – no sedimentation; the rocky surface interacting with
waves
o WAVE EROSION – wave refraction (causes great erosion and kapag
naga-approach sa land, mas gentle na ang waves)
 LONGSHORE TRANSPORT OR CURRENT – movement of current at an angle
towards the land
o SWASH – erosion of sand particles (papuntang land)
o BACKSWASH – deposition of sand particles (papuntang sea)
SWASH LAND
BACKSWASH SEA
 SPIT – long-ridge of sand deposited by longshore current and drift, attached
to land and upstream end
 TOMBOLO – a sand or gravel bar that connects an island with mainland or
another land
Terrestial Sedimentary Environment
1. ALLUVIAL FAN  fan-shaped deposits that accumulate along steep mountain
fronts; as mountain stream emerge onto a relatively flat low-land, a large portion of
sediment load is deposited
 BAJADA – coalesce alluvial fans (magkakatabing alluvial fans)
2. LACUSTRINE/LAKE  landlocked body of standing, non-marine water
3. FLUVIAL/RIVER  environment with running water in the stream
PARTS OF THE RIVER:
 RIVER HEAD – where river or running water starts
 TRIBUTARY – small creeks that runs into a larger one
 RIVER MOUTH – endpoint of the river
 CONFLUENCE – where two streams meet
 OXBOW LAKE – body of water formed after two streams in the inner bend
meet tapos magcucut and it will form another stream while yung isa will
isolate forming another body of water
TYPES OF RIVER:
 MEANDERING STREAM – move in sweeping bends on a deep and smooth
channels while carrying most of their loads as suspension (snake-like river)
o POINT BAR – caused by deposition of sediments
o MEANDER SCAR – caused by erosion of sediments
 BRAIDED STREAM – flow on complexely networked diverging or converging
channels; stream’s road coarse material (sand and gravel) with a highly
variable discharge
o DRAINAGE PATTERN – drainage system of braided stream
 DENDRITIC PATTERN – tree-like pattern
 RADIAL PATTERN – developed on isolated volcanic cones
 RECTANGULAR PATTERN – developed on bedrock
 TRELLIS PATTERN – developed on areas of alternating weak
and resistant bedrock
4. AEOLIAN/DESERT  arid environment (dry and humid environment)
 RAINSHADOW EFFECT – effect where the mountain blocks the moisture of
rain kaya nagiging dry sa isand side ng mountain
 BLOWOUT – aeolian erosion where sediments are transported
 DESERT PAVEMENT – formed thru deflation (tinaggal ang fine sediments para
maaccumulate ang large, coarse sediments thru wind)
 VENTIFACTS – polished rocks by aeolian abrasion or wind erosion
 YARDANG – aeolian abrasion wherein yung natitirang portion ng rock is
parallel to the wind direction
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 DUNES – mound and ridges where sand is deposited as wind slows down (a
product of aeolian abrasion) (NOTE: the shape of the dunes depends on the
wind direction and shape of the lee side)
o LEEWARD SIDE – nagaganap ang deposition
o STOSS SIDE – nagaganap ang erosion
o CROSS BED – migrating towards the direction of the wind

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