102MAE

Mechanical Science
Lecture - 5

Essam Abo-Serie
aa3426@coventry.ac.uk
 Learning Outcome
- Mechanisms of Transferring Heat
- One-Dimensional Heat Transfer by
Conduction
- Heat Transfer by Convection
- Applications of Heat Transfer and solved
problmes
 Modes of Heat transfer
Conduction
Heat flow through a solid, liquid or gas where molecules do not move

Convection
Heat transfer by mixing of fluid elements

Radiation
Electro-magnetic radiation from solid bodies or fluids
Video
Desirable heat exchange – car radiator
Undesirable heat exchange – heat loss from a compressor
Applications
 Factors affecting on heat
transfer?
Surface Area Material

Temperature difference Other factors

 Basic Conduction- 1-D
• Fourier's Law - Empirical

t (t 2  t1 )  (t1  t2 )
Q cond  kA  kA Qcond  kA
x L L
(Note Sign change)

• Q is the rate of heat conduction (W)

• k is the thermal conductivity (W/mK)
• A is the area normal to the direction of heat transfer (m2)
• t1 is the hot side temperature (K or oC)
• t2 is the cold side temperature (K or oC)
• L is the thickness of the material (m)
Thermal Conductivity

Material k (W/mK)
Pure copper 386
Pure aluminium 229
Cast iron 52
Mild Steel 48.5
Cork board 0.043 (air pockets)
Thermal Conductivity

8
Thermal Resistance
• Thermal resistance can
be thought of in a
similar way to electrical
resistance
 (t1  t2 )
Qcond  kA
L
L
• Resistance, R 
kA
R : Thermal resistance
 (t1  t 2 )
• So Qcond 
R I=DV/R
Composite Materials
• Total Resistance of material,
RT=R1+ R2+R3……+Rn
Worked Example

Consider a 3m high by 6m and 0.3m thick brick wall whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8
W/mK. The temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the wall are measured to be
14 C and 2C, respectively.

Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall.

Assumptions
- Heat transfer through the wall is steady since the surface temperatures remain constant
at the specified values.
- Heat transfer is one-dimensional since any significant temperature gradients will exist
in the direction from the indoors to the outdoors.
- Thermal conductivity is constant.
A  (3 m)  (6 m)  18 m 2 Wall

L  0.3 m L= 0.3 m

k  0.8 W/mK
t1  273  14  287 K Q

t 2  273  2  275 K 14C 2C

T  T2 (287  275)
Q  kA 1  (0.8)(18 )  576 W
L 0.3
Composite Materials - Worked Example
Calculate the heat loss from conduction per unit area and
temperature t3
L1=4.5mm, L2=95mm, L3=1.5mm
k1 =4.05 W/mK, k2 =0.02 W/mK, k3 =47 W/mK
t1=288K, t4=250K
 (t1  t 4 )
Qcond 
RT
RT  R1  R2  R3
 L  L  L
      
 kA 1  kA  2  kA 3
 0.0045   0.095   0.0015 
   
 4.05 1   0.02 1   47 1 
RT  4.75 K/W

(t  t ) (288  250) t t 288  t 3  t 3  249.99 K

Q cond  1 4   8 W/m 2  1 3 
RT 4.75 R1  R2 0.001  4.75
Conduction in a cylindrical wall
Heat Energy Transfer by
Convection
 Natural Convection
• Natural convection occurs when there is no
forced flow on the fluid
 Forced Convection
Forced Convection is similar to natural convection except the
motion of the fluid is forced by a fan or pump
Convection
From solid to fluid - Q conv  hA(t w  t )

hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

Q is the rate of heat transfer by convection (W)
A is the surface area of the body (m2)
tw is the wall temperature (K)
t is the bulk fluid temperature (K)
h is dependant on fluid properties and velocities. Usually found experimentally
 Convection
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Q = h A (tw – t) Watt

temp, T Tw = wall
temp

fluid properties
and velocities

T= bulk fluid Experimentally

Where:
A = wall area (m2)
temp. determined
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
18
Convection heat transfer coefficient

19
Convection heat transfer coefficient
h= f ( V, T, m, L, k…etc)
Convection
- Fluid to solid to fluid
Fluid A to Wall : q AW  k A t A  t1   hA t A  t1 
(per unit area) A
Wall to Fluid B : q WB 
kB
t2  t B   hB t2  t B 
(per unit area) B
Through Wall : k
t1  t2 
q W  q
L
(per unit area) L
(per unit
For steady state : q W  q AW  q WB  q area)

So q  t A - t B   U t A - t B 
 1 L 1 
   
 hA k hB  Where U is overall heat
Stagnant films where
transfer
temperature changes
and rapidly and heat
1 1 x 1 transfer is by
 RT      k 
U hA k hB k   hB  B 
conduction
 hA  A 
 A   B 
Electrical Analogy

Overall heat transfer coefficient

Q  UADT
1
I  V where, R  1 / UA
R

I is analogous to Q
V is analagous to DT
 Electrical Analogy

L
Thermal Resistance R  for solids (K/W)
kA
1
 for interfaces (K/W)
hA
ADD THERMAL RESISTANCES TO GET TOTAL THERMAL RESISTANCE

RT  RA  R1  R2  R3  RB

For the case shown on the right hand side of the slide -

1 L1 L2 L3 1
RT     
hA A k1 A k2 A k3 A hB A
Conduction-convection in cylindrical pipes
Break Time
Worked Example
A 1.0m x 1.5m double-pane window consists of two 4 mm thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/mK)
that are separated by a 5mm air gap (kair = 0.025 W/mK). The heat flow through the air gap is
assumed to be by conduction. The inside and outside air temperatures are 20C and -20C,
respectively, and the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 40 and 20 W/m2K.
Determine –
a) The daily rate of heat loss through the window in steady operation.
b)The temperature difference across the largest thermal resistance.
Assumption
- Steady operating conditions exist & heat transfer coefficients are constant.
(a) The rate of heat transfer
DT ADT
Q  
1 L L L 1 1 Lg La Lg 1
 g  a  g     
hi A k g A k a A k g A ho A hi k g k a k g ho
(11.5 )293 - 253

1 0.004 0.005 0.004 1
   
40 0.78 0.025 0.78 20
(11.5 )293 - 253
  210 W
0.025  0.000513  0.2  0.000513  0.05
(b) Noting that the largest resistance is through the air gap,
the temperature difference across the air gap is -

L 0.005
DTa  Q Ra  Q a  (210 )  28C
ka A (0.025)(1  1.5)
Worked Example
A furnace wall consists of 250mm firebrick, 125mm insulating brick and 250mm building brick. The
inside wall is at a temperature of 600C and the atmospheric temperature is 20C. The heat transfer
coefficient from the outside surface is 10 W/m2K, and the thermal conductivities of the firebrick,
insulating brick and building brick are 1.4, 0.2 and 0.7 W/mK respectively. Neglecting radiation,
a) calculate the rate of heat loss per unit wall surface
b) calculate the temperature of the outside surface wall of the furnace.
L1 = 0.25m L2 = 0.125m L3 = 0. 25m T4 = 600 + 273 = 873K
k1 = 1.4 W/mK k2 = 0.2W/mK k3 = 0.7W/mK TA = 20 + 273 = 293 K
hA = W/m2K
At outside wall, the temperature is t1 = tw.
L L L 1
a) RT  R1  R2  R3  RA         
 kA1  kA 2  kA 3 H A A
0.25 0.125 0.25 1
RT      1.26 K/W
1.4 1 0.2 1 0.7 1 10 1
t t
Q  4 A
RT
b)

t t
Q  4 w
RT
 
So tw  t4  Q .RT  873  0.46 103 1.16  339K  66C
Applications: Heat transfer in pipelines

A fluid of constant temperature 350 oC is passing inside a steel pipe of 120

mm diameter and 10 mm wall thickness. The pipe is insulated with 50 mm
thickness material. The heat transfer coefficients of the inside and outside
surfaces are 550 and 20 W/m2K respectively, and the thermal conductivities
of steel and insulation material are 60 & 0.1 W/mK respectively. Assume the
pipe outside temperature is 15oC . Calculate the rate of heat loss by the fluid
per unit length of pipe.
Applications: Heat transfer in furnaces
A furnace of L x W x H= 50 x 70 x 20 cm is used to melt Aluminium Alloy.
The temperature inside the furnace is assumed to be uniform at a
temperature of 550oC. The walls of the furnace consist of 200mm
building brick and 125mm insulating brick. The convection heat
transfer coefficient inside and outside the room are similar of a value 10
W/m2K. The thermal conductivities of the building brick and insulating brick
are 0.7 and 0.15 W/mK respectively. The melted aluminium alloy has a heat
capacity 0.9 kJ/kg/K and exits the furnace at 550oC at a rate of 0.2 kg/min.
The aluminium enters the furnace at the same rate and a temperature of
15oC which is the same as the atmospheric air temperature outside the
furnace. Assume the heat transfer occurs all around the six walls of the
furnace and for a steady state conditions. Calculate:

- The rate of heat transferred from the furnace to the Aluminium

- The rate of heat supplied to the furnace.
- The temperature of the outside wall of the furnace assuming uniform
temperature.