Chapter

HUMAN EYE AND

3 COLOURFUL WORLD
Notes :
Least distance of distinct vision :
The minimum distance upto which a healthy and young human being can see printed
letters without any strain in eye is called least distance of distinct vision. The least
distance for distinct vision is about 25cm.
Angle of vision :
The maximum angle, (which the rays coming from the extreme ends of an object form
an angle at the eye) at which we are able to see the whole object is called angle of
vision. The angle of vision for a healthy human being is about 600.

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Accommodation of eye lens :

HUMAN EYE AND

The ability of eye lens to change its focal length is called accommodation of eye.
Myopia :
The defect in which people cannot see object beyond far point is called ‘myopia or near
sightedness’.
Hypermetropia :
The defect in which people cannot see objects situated before near point is called
hypermetropia or far sightedness.
Far point :
The point of maximum distance at which eye lens can form an image on the retina is
called ‘far point’.
Near point :
The point of minimum distance at which eye lens can form an image on the retina is
called near point.
Presbyopia :
Presbyopia is a vision defect indicating that the power of accommodation of eye
usually decrease with ageing.
Power of lens :
The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays that can be achieved by a lens
is expressed in terms of its power.
or
The reciprocal of focal length (f)) of a lens is called power (P) of the lens.

1
∴ Power (P) = f (f is in m)

BHASHYAM’S 59 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 100
∴ Power (P) = f (f is in cm )

The unit of power is diopter.

Prism :
A prism is a transparent medium separated from the surrounding medium by at least
two plane surfaces which are inclined at certain angle in such a way that, light
incident on one of the plane surface and emerges from the other plane surface.
Angle of prism :
The angle between the planes or refracting surfaces is called the angle of prism or
refracting angle of prism (A).
Angle of deviation :
The angle between the incident ray and emergent ray is called angle of deviation (d).
Angle of minimum deviation :
SSC – PHYSICS

The angle of deviation for which angle of incidence (i 1 ) is equal to the angle of
emergence (i2) is known as angle of minimum deviation (D).
Refractive index of prism :

 A + D 
Sin  
 2 
Refractive index of prism (n) = A
Sin
2

Dispersion :
The splitting of white light into different colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion.
Intensity of light :
The intensity of light is the energy of light passing through unit area of plane, taken
normal to the direction of propagation of light in one second.
Scattering of light :
The process of re-emission of absorbed light in all directions with different intensities
by atoms or molecules is called scattering of light.
Summary of the chapter :
1. The human eye functions on the principle of sensation of vision.
2. The least distance of vision and angle of vision change from person to person and with
age of person.
3. The least distance of distinct vision at the age less than 10 years is as close as 7 to
8cm.
4. In old age the muscles cannot sustain more strain hence the least distance of distinct
vision shifts to larger value, say about 1 to 2m or even more.

BHASHYAM’S 60 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 5. The human eye is most important sense organ, which enables us to see the objects and
colours around us.
6. Human eye consists mainly cornea, aqueous humour, lens, iris, pupil, ciliary muscles
and retina.
7. The distance between eye lens and retina is about 2.5cm.
8. The ciliary muscles of eye adjust the focal length of eye lens in such away that the
image is formed on retina and we see the object clearly.
9. Retina contains nearly 125 million receptors called rods and cones. Cones identify the
colours and rods identify the intensity of light.
10. The maximum and minimum focal length of eye lens are 2.5cm and 2.27cm.
11. Defects in vision are myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia.
12. Myopia : The defect in which people cannot see objects beyond far point is called
myopia (or) near sightedness. This defect can be corrected by using bi–concave lens

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of suitable focal length.

HUMAN EYE AND

13. Hypermetropia : The defect in which people cannot see objects situated before near
point is called ‘hypermetropia’ or far sightedness. This defect can be corrected by using
‘bi–convex’ lens of suitable focal length.
14. Presbyopia is a vision defect indicating that the power of accommodation of the eye
usually decreases with ageing.
15. The point of maximum distance at which the eye lens can form an image on the retina
is called ‘far point’.
16. Focal length of the concave lens, used to correct myopia is f = –D, where ‘D’ is the
distance of far point.
17. The point of minimum distances at which the eye lens can form an image on the retina
is called near point (d).

25 d
18. Focal length of biconvex lens used to correct hypermetropia is f =
(d − 25 )
19. The splitting of white light into different colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion.

20. In the VIBGYOR, violet colour has shortest wave length and red has longest wave
length.

21. Rainbow is a good example of dispersion of white light.

22. When a coloured light passes through a prism, it retains its colour.

23. When white light passes through a medium, each colour selects its least time path and
we have refraction of different colours to different extents. This result in separation
of colours, producing a spectrum.

24. The frequency of light is the property of source and it is equal to number of waves
leaving the source per second. This cannot be changed by any medium.

BHASHYAM’S 61 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 I. Reflection on concepts :
1. How do you correct the eye defect, Myopia ?
(OR)
Suresh has a vision defect, he consulted the doctor and doctor advised him to
use a concave lens. Which type of vision defect it is ? Draw the diagram to
correct that defect by using concave lens ?
(OR)
What is meant by short sightedness ? How do you correct it ?
(OR)
What is meant by defect of long sightedness ? How is it corrected ?
(OR)
Rani is unable to see the letters on the blackboard. Her friend observed that
she is suffering from an eye defect. Which type of defect is it. Which lens do
SSC – PHYSICS

you suggest her ? Explain in.

Ans. Myopia :
1) Some people cannot see object at long distances but can see nearby objects clearly.
2) This type of vision defect is called myopia (near sightedness)
Cause of myopia :
1) For the people of myopia, maximum focal length is less than 2.5 cm so that the
rays coming from distant object after refraction through the eye lens form an
image before the retina as shown in the figure.

2) The point of maximum distance at which the eye lens can form an image on the
retina is called far point (M).
3) The eye lens can form clear image on the retina when an object is placed between
far point (M) and point of least distance of distinct vision (L).
4) If we are able to bring the image of the object kept beyond far point, between far
point and the point of least distance of distinct vision using a lens.
5) This image acts as an object for the eye lens. This can be possible only when a bi-
concave lens is used.

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 Correction of myopia :

1) To correct one’s myopia, we need to select a lens which forms an image at the far
point for an object at infinity.
2) We need to select bi-concave lens to achieve this.
2. Explain the correction of the eye defect, Hypermetropia ?
(OR)
Mahesh uses a spectacle. From this his eyes observed to be bigger in size. What

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is the vision defect he is suffering from ? Draw the diagram of the defect?

HUMAN EYE AND

(OR)
What is 'Hyper-metropia' ? How it is corrected ?
(OR)
What is meant by long sightedness or defect of short sightedness ? How do you
correct it ?
(OR)
What is meant by defect of short sightedness ? How is it corrected ?
(OR)
Venu is unable to see the letters properly when he is reading a book. His
friend noticed that he is suffering from an eye defect. Which type of defect is
it ? Which lens do you suggest him ? Explain it.
Ans. Hypermetropia :
1) Some people can see the distant objects clearly but cannot see objects at near
distances.
2) This type of vision defect is called hypermetropia (far sightedness)
Cause of hypermetropia :

1) The minimum focal length of eye for the person of hypermetropia is greater than
2.27cm.

BHASHYAM’S 63 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 2) In such cases the rays coming from a nearby object, after refraction at eye lens,
forms an image beyond the retina as shown in figure.
3) The point of minimum distance at which the eye lens can form an image on the
retina is called near point.
4) The people with defect of hypermetropia cannot see objects placed between near
point (H) and point of least distance of distinct vision. (L)
5) Eye lens can form a clear image on the retina when any object is placed beyond
near point.
Correction of hypermetropia :
1) To correct the vision defect hypermetropia, we need to use a lens which forms an
image of an object beyond near point (H), when the object is between near point
(H) and least distance of distinct vision (L).
2) This is possible only when a double convex lens is used.
SSC – PHYSICS

3. How do you find experimentally the refractive index of material of a prism?

(OR)
Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a material of a
prism.
(OR)
Determine the refractive index of a prism experimentally.
(OR)
Write the procedure to determine the refractive index of a prism.
Ans. Aim : To find the refractive index of the prism.
Material required : Prism, Piece of white chart, pencil, pens, scale and protractor.
Procedure :
1) Take a prism and place it on the white chart and draw the boundary lines by using
a pencil.
2) Remove the prism and name the vertices as P, Q and R.
3) Calculate the angle of the prism (A = 60O) and noted in your book.
4) Draw a normal to PQ at M and draw a line with 30O to the normal.
5) This is incident ray AB. Fix two ball pins on this ray at A and B.
6) Place the prism in its exact position and fix another two pins at C and D such that
all four pins appear to lie along the same line by seeing the images of pins through
the prism from the other side PR.
7) Draw line joining C and D and extend it to meet PR at N this is emerging ray.
8) Draw normal at PR at N and measure the angle between normal at N and
emergent ray.
BHASHYAM’S 64 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 9) If we extent the incident ray AB and emergent ray CD, they meet at O.

10) Measure angle between these two rays and note as angle of deviation (d).
11) The same experiment repeated for different angles of incidence and measure
corresponding angle of deviation and noted down in the following table.
Observation table:
S.No Angle of incidence (i2) Angle of emergence (i2) Angle od deviation (d)

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1. 30O

HUMAN EYE AND

2. 40O
3. 50O
4. 60O
5. 70O
Graph
12) We draw a graph by taking angles of incident on X–axis and angles of deviation
(d) on y–axis.
13) The graph is a curved line as shown in the figure. Find angle of minimum
deviation (D).

Calculation
14) Now we can calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism by using

 A+ D
sin  
the formula. n =  2 
 A
sin  
2

A+ D
sin  
Conclusion: The refractive index of prism n =  2 
A
sin  
2
BHASHYAM’S 65 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 4. Explain the formation of rainbow.
(OR)
Write a short note on the formation of rainbow.
(OR)
How the rainbow is formed ? Explain.
(OR)
Give the reason for the formation of rainbow.
(OR)
'Rainbow is one of the beauty of the nature'. How do you appreciate it in the
scientific manner ?
Ans. i. The beautiful colours of the rainbow are due to dispersion of the sun light by
millions of tiny water droplets. Let us consider the case of an individual water
drop.
ii. Observe the figure. The rays of sun light enter the drop near its top surface. At
this first refraction, the white light is dispersed into its spectrum of colours, violet
SSC – PHYSICS

being deviated the most and red the least.

iii. Reaching the opposite side of the drop, each
colour is reflected back into the drop because of
total internal reflection.
iv. Arriving at the surface of the drop, each colour
is again refracted into air.
v. At the second refraction, the angle between red
and violet rays further increases when compared
to the angle between those at first refraction.
vi. We observe bright rainbow when the angle
between incoming and outgoing rays is near the
maximum angle of 420.
5. Explain briefly the reason for blue of the sky ?
(OR)
Why the sky appears blue in colour ? Explain.
(OR)
Give the reason for the blue colour of the sky.
(OR)
Which phenomenon involved in appearance of blue colour in the sky ?
Explain briefly.
(OR)
How do you appreciate the scattering of light in the case of blue colour of the
sky ?
(OR)
What is the important role of the phenomenon of 'scattering of light' for the
apperance of blue colour in the sky ?

BHASHYAM’S 66 REFERENCE MATERIAL

Ans. i. Sky appears blue due to a phenomenon known as scattering of light, which may
be defined as re-emission of light of atoms or molecules in all directions with
different frequencies when compared to incident frequency.
ii. An atom will respond to incoming light only when the wavelength is comparable
to size of the atom. Majority of earths atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and
oxygen molecules.
iii. The atomic size of these molecules matches with wavelength of violet and blue
colour light. So, these colours are scattered more giving a beautiful blue colour
to sky.
iv. Eventhough violet colour undergoes maximum scattering, we see the sky to be
blue because human eye is more sensitive to blue colour than violet colour light.
6. Explain two activities for the formation of artificial rainbow ?
(OR)
Describe the formation of artificial rainbow with the help of two activities.
(OR)

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How do you demonstrate the formation of artificial rainbow with simple

HUMAN EYE AND

activities ?
Ans. Aim : To produce artificial rainbow.
Apparatus : Water, tube through which water can flow.
Precaution: Do this activity where the sun rays can fall, where white coloured wall
is present
Procedure :
i. Select a white coloured wall on which sun rays fall.
ii. Stand infront of the wall in such a way that the sun rays fall on your back.
iii. Hold a tube through which water is flowing.
iv. Place your finger in the tube to obstruct the flow of water.
Observation :
v. Water comes out through the pipe like a fountain.
vi. We can see the colours on the wall.
Conclusion : This is nothing but artificial rainbow.
Activity - 2 :
i. Take a CD. Wipe it to make sure it is not dustry so it will look better.
ii. Place it on a flat surface, label side down under a light or infront of a window.
iii. Look at the CD, and the rainbow.
iv. Hold the CD in between your fingers and move to see how the colours move.
7. Derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of a prism ?
(OR)

 A+ D
sin  
 2 
Prove that refractive index (n) = A
sin
2
(OR)
BHASHYAM’S 67 REFERENCE MATERIAL
  A+ D
sin  
Show that n =
 2 
A
sin
2
(OR)
Deduce the expression for the refractive index of material of a prism.
Ans. PQR – Glass triangular shaped prism
PQ, PR – refracting surfaces of prism
QR – Base of prism
A – Angle of prism
AB – Incident ray
CD – Emergent ray
MN – Refracted ray
SSC – PHYSICS

d– Angle of deviation.
1) Consider the following ray diagram, from triangle OMN, we get d = i 1–r 1 +
i2–r2, d = (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2) ......... (1)
2) From triangle PMN, A = r1 + r2 ............ (2)
3) From (1) and (2), we have A+d = r1 + r2 + (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2)
= r1 + r2 + i1 + i2 – r1 – r2
A + d = i1 + i2 ...... (3)
4) Using Snell's law at M, n1=1, I=i1, n2=n and r=r1 gives, sin i1=n sin r1.... (4)
5) At N with n1=n, I=r2, n2=1 and r = i2 gives n sin r2= sin i2 ....... (5)
6) When i1 = i2, angle of deviation (d) becomes angle of minimum deviation (D).

( A + D)
7) Then equation (3) becomes A+D=i1+i1=2i1 ⇒ i1 =
2
A
8) If i1 = i2, then r1 = r2. Some from equation (2), we get 2r1 = A (or) r1 = .
2

 A+ D  A
9) Substitute i1 and r1 in equation (4), we get sin   =n. sin   .
 2  2

 A+ D
sin  
 2 .
∴ n=
 A
sin  
2

10) From the above formula we calculate the refractive index of the prism.
8. λ 1 ’ enters a medium with refractive index n 2 from a
Light of wavelength ‘λ
medium with refractive index n1. What is the wavelength of light in second
medium.
BHASHYAM’S 68 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 (OR)

n1 λ2
Deduce the expression n = λ
2 1
Ans. Wave length in first medium = λ1.
Wave length in second medium = λ2.
Refractive index of the first medium = n1.
Refractive index of the second medium = n2.
The relation among velocity (v), wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) is v = νλ

v1 = λ1
......... (1)
v2 λ2
C
n=
v

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1
n ∝

HUMAN EYE AND

v
n1 v 1 = n 2 v 2 ......... (2)

v1 n2
= n
v2 1

From (1) and (2)

λ1 n2
λ2 = n
1

λ1 n1
λ2 = n2
9. Why does the sky some times appear white ?
(OR)
Give the reason for the sky appear sometimes white.
(OR)
The sky sometimes appeas white . Justify it with your answer.
(OR)
Do you agree that sometimes the sky appeares white ? Explain it.
Ans. i. Our atmosphere contains atoms and molecules of different sizes. According to their
sizes, they are able to scatter different wave lengths of light.
ii. For example, the size of the water – molecule is greater than the size of the N2
or O2. It acts as a scattering centre for other frequencies which are lower than the
frequency of blue light.
iii. In a hot day due to rise in the temperature, water vapour enters into atmosphere
which leads to abundant presence of water molecules in atmpsohere. These water

BHASHYAM’S 69 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 molecules scatter the colours of those frequencies (other than blue).
iv. All such colours of other frequencies reach your eye and white colour is appeared
to you.
10. A person is viewing an extended object. If a converging lens is placed in front
of his eye, will he feel that the size of object has increased ? Why ?
(OR)
Give the reason that a person is viewing an extended object if a convex lens
is placed infront of his eye, he will feel that the size of object has increased.
(OR)
A person is viewing an extended object. If a convex lens is placed infront of
his eye, he will feel that size of object has increased. Explain it briefly.
Ans. The image formed by convex lens depends on the position of object.
i. Here the nature of the object is extended object.
SSC – PHYSICS

ii. The nature of lens is converging lens i.e., convex lens.

iii. If extended object is viewed through a converging lens he feels that the size of object
has increased.
iv. It acts like a magnifying glass (or) simple microscope.
Applications of concepts:
1. Incident ray on one of the face (AB) of a prism and emergent
ray from the face AC are given in figure, complete the ray
diagram.
Ans.

2. How do you appreciate the role of molecules in the atmosphere for the blue
colour of the sky ?
Ans. i. The colour of the sky is the result of scattering of light.
ii. Scattering is the phenomenon of a beam of light being scattered in all directions
due to molecules in the atmosphere.
iii. We know that our atmosphere contains different types of molecules and atoms.
The reason to blue sky is due to molecules N2 and O2.
BHASHYAM’S 70 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 iv. The sizes of these molecules are comparable to the wavelength of blue light. These
molecules act as scattering centres for scattering of blue light.
3. How do you appreciate the working of ciliary muscles in the eye ?
(OR)
Explain the function of cilliary muscles in the eye.
(OR)
Describe briefly the working of ciliary muscles in the eye.
Ans. i. The ciliary muscle to which lens is attached helps the eye lens to change its focal
length by changing radii of curvature of eye lens.
ii. When the eye is focussed on a distant object, the ciliary muscles are relaxed so
that the focal length of eye lens has it’s maximum value which is equal to distance
from the retina.
iii. The parallel rays coming into eye are then focussed on the retina and we see the

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object clearly.

HUMAN EYE AND

iv. When the eye is focussed on a closer-object the ciliary muscles are strained and
focal length of eye lens decreases.
v. The ciliary muscles adjust the focal length in such a way that the image is formed
on retina and we see the object clearly.
vi. This process of adjusting focal length is called ‘accommodation’.
4. Glass is known to be transparent material. But ground glass is opaque and
white in colour why ?
(OR)
What are the characteristics of glass and ground glass with respect to light?
(OR)
Give the reason for (i) glass is a transparent material but (ii) ground glass
is an opaque material.
Ans. i. Glass is generally a transparent material because it transmits most of the light
incident on it.
ii. Ground glass surface is rough due to microscopic unevenness.
iii. When light is incident on such a rough surface, it is reflected in many directions.
iv. This type of reflection is known as diffuse reflection. Due to this ground glass is
opaque and white in colour.
5. A light ray falls on one of the faces of prism at an angle 40o so that it suffers
angle of minimum deviation of 30o. Find the angle of prism and angle of
refraction at the given surface.
Sol. Given data
i1 = 40o, Dmin = 30o

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 We know that
At minimum deviation
i1 = i2 = i; and r1 = r2 = r
Dmin = i1 + i2 – A
Dmin = 2i – A

30 = 2× 40o – A

A = 50o
r1 + r2 = A
2r = 50

50
r= = r = 25o
2
o
∴ Angle or prism is = 50
SSC – PHYSICS

Angle or refraction is = 25o

6. The focal length of a lens suggested to a person with hypermetropia is 100 cm.
Find the distance of near point and power of the lens.
Sol. i) The focal length of lens f = 100 cm.
Image distance (V) = distance of near point = –d
Object distance u = –25cm.

1 1 1
Using lens formula = −
f v u

1 1  1 
⇒ = − 
100 − d  − 25 

−1 1 1
⇒ = −
d 100 25

1 1 1
⇒ = −
d 25 100

1 4 −1 3
⇒ = =
d 100 100

1 3
⇒ =
d 100

100
⇒ d=
3
⇒ d = 33.33 cm

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 100
ii) P =
f ( cm )

100
P= =1
100
P = 1 dioptre.
III. Higher order thinking questions :
1. Eye is the only organ to visualise the colourful world around us. This is
possible due to accommodation of eye lens. Prepare a six line stanza
expressing your wonderful feelings.
Ans. Oh ! Wonderful eyes
You helps us see behind skies
You show us the world bright
The depth of the oceans
And the mountains height

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Thank you nature for gifting me sight.

HUMAN EYE AND

IV. Suggested Experiments :
1. Conduct an experiment to produce a rainbow in your classroom and explain
the procedure.
(OR)
How venu demonstrated the formation of artificial rainbow to his friend in
the simple manner ?
Ans. Aim : To produce artificial rainbow.
Apparatus : Water, tube through which water can flow.
Precaution: Do this activity where the sun rays can fall, where white coloured wall
is present
Procedure :
i. Select a white coloured wall on which sun rays fall.
ii. Stand infront of the wall in such a way that the sun rays fall on your back.
iii. Hold a tube through which water is flowing.
iv. Place your finger in the tube to obstruct the flow of water.
Observation :
v. Water comes out through the pipe like a fountain.
vi. We can see the colours on the wall.
Conclusion : This is nothing but artificial rainbow.
2. Conduct an experiment to find the refractive index of prism.
Ans. Aim : To find the refractive index of the prism.
Material required : Prism, Piece of white chart, pencil, pens, scale and protractor.
Precaution :Observe the pins without parallax error.
Procedure :
1) Take a prism and place it on the white chart and draw the boundary lines by
using a pencil.
2) Remove the prism and name the vertices as P, Q and R.
BHASHYAM’S 73 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 3) Calculate the angle of the prism (A = 60O) and noted in your book.
4) Draw a normal to PQ at M and draw a line with 30O to the normal.
5) This is incident ray AB. Fix two ball pins on this ray at A and B.
6) Place the prism in its exact position and fix another two pins at C and D such that
all four pins appear to lie along the same line by seeing the images of pins through
the prism from the other side PR.
7) Draw line joining C and D and extend it to meet PR at N this is emerging ray.
8) Draw normal at PR at N and measure the angle between normal at N and
emergent ray.
9) If we extent the incident ray AB and emergent ray CD, they meet at O.
SSC – PHYSICS

10) Measure angle between these two rays and note as angle of deviation (d).
11) The same experiment repeated for different angles of incidence and measure
corresponding angle of deviation and noted down in the following table.
Observation table:
S.No Angle of incidence (i2) Angle of emergence (i2) Angle od deviation (d)
1. 30O
2. 40O
3. 50O
4. 60O
5. 70O
Graph :
12) We draw a graph by taking angles of incident on X–axis and angles of deviation
(d) on y–axis.
13) The graph is a curved line as shown in the figure. Find angle of minimum
deviation (D).

Calculation:
14) Now we can calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism by using
BHASHYAM’S 74 REFERENCE MATERIAL
  A+ D
sin  
the formula. n =  2 
 A
sin  
2

A+ D
sin  
Conclusion: The refractive index of prism n =  2 
A
sin  
2

3. Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the scattering of the light.

Ans. Aim: To demonstrate the scattering of light.
Materials: Hyposolution, Sulphuric Acid, glass beaker.
Precaution : Handle the Sulphuric Acid carefully, do not touch with bare hands and
not to fall on skin.
Procedure:

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i) Take a solution of sodium thio–sulphate (hypo) and sulphuric acid in a glass beaker.

HUMAN EYE AND

ii) Place the beaker in an open place where abundant sunlight is available.
iii) Watch the formation of grains of sulphur and observe changes in the beaker.
Observations:
iv) Sulphur precipitates as the reaction is in progress.
v) At the begining the grains of sulphur are smaller in size and appear blue in colour.
As the reaction progresses, the size of grains increases and slowly their colour
become white.
vi) At the begining the size of the grains is small and all most comparable to the
wavelength of blue light. Hence they appear blue.
vii) As the size of grains increases, their size becomes comparable to the wavelengths
of other colours and these grains act as scattering centres for other colours.
viii) The combination of all these colours appears as white.
Conclusion: The scattering of light is demonstrated.
V. Subject Evaluation Stream:
Questions given inside the text book :
1. What is the function of lens in human eye ?
Ans. Lens forms a real image on retina.
2. How does it help to see objects at long distances and short distances ?
Ans. Eye lens can adjust itself in shape, so that it helps to see the objects at long and short
distances.
3. How is it possible to get the image at the same distance on the retina ?

Ans. When the eye is focussed on a distinct object, the ciliary muscles are relaxed. The focal
length of eye lens is adjusted itself thus, we can see the object clearly. When the eye
is focussed on a closer object the ciliary muscles adjust the focal length in such away
that the image is formed on retina and we see the object clearly.

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 4. Are we able to see all objects in front of our eye clearly ?
Ans. Yes, the ciliary muscles adjust the focal length in such away the image is formed on
retina and we see the object clearly.
5. How does the lenses used in spectacles correct defects of vision ?
Ans. Forming images on retina always.
To correct myopia – Concave lens is used.
To correct Hypermetropia – Convex lens is used.
6. Are you able to see both ends of the sticks in all these cases ? If not why ?
Ans. No, the light ray coming from the extreme ends of an object form an angle at eye. If
this angle is below 60O, we can see the whole object. If this angle is above 60O, then
we can see only the part of the object.
7. Why do the values of least distance of distinct vision and angle of vision
change with person and age ?
SSC – PHYSICS

Ans. Because the working of ciliary muscle in eye change with person and age.
8. How can we get this same image distance for various positions of objects ?
Ans. For different positions of object, the image distance remains constant only when there
is a change in focal length of lens.
9. Can you answer this question using concepts of refraction through lenses ?
Ans. The focal length of lens depends on the material by which it has been made and radii
of curvature of lens and the surrounding medium in which it is kept.
10. How does eye lens change its focal length ?
Ans. By the help of cilliary muscles, eye lens can chang its focal length. This is called
accommadation of eye lens.
11. How does this change take place in the eye ball ?
Ans. When the eye is focussed on a closer object, the ciliary muscles are strained and focal
length of eye lens decreases.
When the eye is focussed on a distant object, the ciliary muscles are relaxed so that
the focal length of eye lens has its maximum value.
12. Does eye lens form a real image or virtual image ?
Ans. The lens forms a real and inverted image of object on retina.
13. How does the image formed on retina help is to perceive the object with out
change in its shape, size and colour ?
Ans. The retina is a delicate membrane, which contains about 125 million receptors called
‘rods’ and ‘cones’. Which receive the light signal. These signals are transmitted to the
brain through about 1– million optic nerve fibers. The brain interprets these signals
and finally processes the information. So that we perceive the object in terms of its
shape size and colour.

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14. Is there any limit to the change of focal length of the eye lens ? What are the
maximum and minimum focal lengths of the eye lens ?

Ans. Yes, maximum focal length is 2.5cm and minimum focal length is 2.27cm.

i) When the object is at infinity,

u = – ∞ , v=2.5 cm

1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = +
fmax 2.5 − ∞ fmax 2.5 ∞

1 1

COLOURFUL WORLD
⇒ = ⇒ f = 2.5 cm.
fmax 2.5 max

HUMAN EYE AND

ii) When the object is at a distance of 25cm from eye.

u = –25cm v = 2.5cm

1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ⇒ = −
fmin 2.5 25 f v u

1 10 1 1 10 + 1 1 11
⇒ = − ⇒ = ⇒ =
fmin 25 − 25 fmin 25 f min 25

25
fmin = = 2.27cm .
11
15. What are the maximum and minimum focal length of the eye lens ? How can
you find them ?
Ans. i) When the object is at infinity,
u = – ∞ , v=2.5 cm

1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = +
fmax 2.5 − ∞ fmax 2.5 ∞

1 1
⇒ = ⇒ f = 2.5 cm.
fmax 2.5 max

ii) When the object is at a distance of 25cm from eye.

u = –25cm v = 2.5cm

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 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ⇒ = −
fmin 2.5 25 f v u

1 10 1 1 10 + 1 1 11
⇒ = − ⇒ = ⇒ =
fmin 25 − 25 fmin 25 f min 25
25
fmin = = 2.27cm .
11
16. What happens if the eye lens is not able to adjust its focal length ?
Ans. The person cannot see an object clearly and comfortably.
17. What happens if the focal length of eye lens is beyond the range of 2.5cm to
2.27cm?
Ans. The vision becomes blurred due to defects of the eye lens.
18. What can we do to correct myopia ?
Ans. By using concave lens we can correct myopia.
SSC – PHYSICS

19. How can you decide the focal length of the lens to be used to correct myopia?
Ans. Let u = – ∞ , v = distance of far point = – D.
Let the focal length of lens = f

1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1
⇒ = ⇒ f = –D ; Here ‘f’ is negative for a concave lens.
f −D
20. What happens when eye has a minimum focal length greater than 2.27cm?
Ans. In this case, the rays coming from the near by object after refraction at eye lens, forms
image beyond the retina.
21. How can you correct hypermetropia?
Ans. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using convex lens.
22. How can you decide the focal length of convex lens to be used ?
Ans. u = –25cm, v = –d (distance of near point)
focal length of lens = f

1 1 1
using the formula; = −
f v u

1 −1 1 1 (d − 25 )
⇒ = + ⇒ =
f d 25 f 25(d )

25 d
⇒f =
d − 25
If d > 25cm, then f is positive, then we use biconvex lens to correct hypermetropia.

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23. Have you ever observed details in the prescription ? What does it mean ?
Ans. Yes; Doctors after testing the defects of vision, prescribe corrective lenses indicating
their power which determines the type of lens to be used and its focal length.
24. What do you mean by power of lens ?

1
Ans. The reciprocal of focal length in metres is called power of lens. P= (in meters)
f
25. How could the white light of the sun give us various colours of the rainbow?
Ans. Due to refraction and dispersion of sunlight.
26. What happens to a light ray when it passes through a transparent medium
bounded by a plane surfaces which are inclined to each other ?
Ans. Light ray incident on one of the plane surface passes through the transparent medium
and emerges from the other plane surface which are inclined to each other.
27. What is prism ?

COLOURFUL WORLD
HUMAN EYE AND
Ans. A prism is a transparent medium separated from the surrounding medium by at least
two plane surfaces which are inclined at certain angle.
28. How do you find the angle of deviation ?
Ans. Extend both incident and emergent rays till they meet a point ‘O’. Measure the angle
between these two rays. This is the angle of deviation.
29. What do you notice from the angle of deviation ?
Ans. The angle of deviation decreases first and then increases with increases of the angle
of incidence.
30. Can you draw a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation ?
Ans. Yes.
31. From the graph, can you find the minimum angle of deviation ?
Ans. Yes.
32. Is there any relation between the angle of incidence and angle of emergence
and angle of deviation ?
Ans. Yes, i1+ i2 = A + D (or) D = i1 + i2 – A
33. Can you find refractive index of a prism ? If yes how ?
Ans. Yes.PQR – Glass triangular shaped prism
PQ, PR – refracting surfaces of prism
QR – Base of prism
A – Angle of prism
AB – Incident ray
CD – Emergent ray
MN – Refracted ray
d– Angle of deviation.

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 1) Consider the following ray diagram, from triangle OMN, we get d = i 1–r 1 +
i2–r2, d = (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2) ......... (1)
2) From triangle PMN, A = r1 + r2 ............ (2)
3) From (1) and (2), we have A+d = r1 + r2 + (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2)
= r1 + r2 + i1 + i2 – r1 – r2
A + d = i1 + i2 ...... (3)
4) Using Snell's law at M, n1=1, I=i1, n2=n
and r=r1 gives, sin i1=n sin r1.... (4)
5) At N with n1=n, I=r2, n2=1 and r = i2
gives n sin r2= sin i2 ....... (5)
6) When i 1 = i 2 , angle of deviation (d)
becomes angle of minimum deviation (D).
7) Then equation (3) becomes
( A + D)
SSC – PHYSICS

A+D=i1+i1=2i1 ⇒ i1 =
2
A
8) If i1 = i2, then r1 = r2. Some from equation (2), we get 2r1 = A (or) r1 = .
2

 A+ D  A
9) Substitute i1 and r1 in equation (4), we get sin   =n. sin   .
 2  2

 A+ D
sin  
 2 .
∴ n=
 A
sin  
2

10) From the above formula we calculate the refractive index of the prism.
34. What do you observe on the wall ?
Ans. We can observe spectrum on the wall.
35. Could you get a coloured image on the wall ?
Ans. Yes.
36. Why does white light split into colours ?
Ans. White light is a collection of waves with different wave lengths. When white light
passes through a prism, each colour selects its least time path and we have refraction
of different colours to different extents. This results in separation of colours,
producing a spectrum on the wall.
37. What colours do you see ?
Ans. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red.
38. Can you notice any change in the angle of deviation ?
Ans. Yes, different colours have different angle of deviation.

BHASHYAM’S 80 REFERENCE MATERIAL

39. Which colour has minimum deviation ?
Ans. Red.
40. Is this splitting of white light into colours explained by using ray theory ?
Why is this so ?
Ans. No, It is not possible to explain the splitting of white light into different colours using
ray theory. It depends on refractive indices.
41. Does this mean that the refractive index of the prism varies from colour to
colour ?
Ans. Yes, refractive index of the prism varies from colour to colour.
42. Is the speed of light of each colour different ?
Ans. In vacuum – the speed of light of each colour is same.
In a medium – the speed is different for different colours.
43. Can you guess now, why light splits into different colours when it passes

COLOURFUL WORLD
through prism ?

HUMAN EYE AND

Ans. Due to dispersion of light by refraction for different wave length of colours in medium.
44. Does it split into more colours ? Why ?
Ans. We know that the frequency of light is the property of the source and it is equal to
number of waves leaving the source. Hence frequency doesn’t change due to refraction.
Thus coloured light passing through any transparent medium retains its colour.
45. Can you give an example in nature, where you observe colours as seen in
activity 3 ?
Ans. Yes, in a rainbow.
46. When do you see a rainbow in the sky ?
Ans. When the sunlight passes through the rain drops, it undergoes refraction, dispertion
and total internal reflection then we can see the rainbow in the sky.
47. Can we create a rainbow artificially ?
Ans. Yes.

48. How is that you are able to see colours on the wall ?

Ans. The beautiful colours of the rainbow are due to dispersion of the sunlight by millions
of tiny water droplets.

49. Why does the light dispersed by the raindrops appear as a bow ?

Ans. A rainbow is not the flat two dimensional arc as it appears to us. The rainbow we see
is actually a three dimensional cone with the tip at your eye. All the drops that
disperse the light, towards us lie in the shape of the cone of different layers.

50. Why is the sky blue ?

Ans. A clear cloudless day time sky is blue because molecules N2 and O2 in air. The size

BHASHYAM’S 81 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 of these molecules are comparable to the wave length of blue light. These molecules
act as scattering centres for scattering of blue light.

51. What is scattering?

Ans. The process of re-emission of abosorbed light in all directions with different intensities
by atoms or molecules, is called “Scattering of light”.

52. Do you know what happens to the free atom or molecule when it is exposed
to certain frequency of light ?

Ans. The effect light on molecule or an atom depends on the size of atom or molecule. If
the size of the molecule is small, it will be effected by higher frequency and vice versa.

53. Why is that the sky appears white some times when you view it in certain
direction on hot days ?

Ans. On hot day, due to rise in temperature water vapour enters into atmosphere. These
water molecules scatter the colours of other frequencies. All such colours of other
SSC – PHYSICS

frequencies reach your eye and the sky appears white.

54. Can we demonstrate scattering of light by an experiment ?

Ans. Yes.

55. Do you know the reason for appearance of sun in red colour during sunrise
and at sunset ?

Ans. The light rays from the sun travel more distance in atmosphere to reach our eye in
morning and evening times during sunrise and sunset except red colour all colours
scatter more and vanishes before reach us. As a result sun appears reddish during
sunrise and at sunset.

56. Can you guess the reason why sun does not appear red during noon hours ?
Ans. During noon hours, the distance to be travelled by the sun rays in the atmosphere is
less than that compared to morning and evening hours. Therefore all colours reach
your eye without much scattering. Hence sun appears white during noon hours.
57. What changes do you notice ? (Activity –1)
Ans. The printed letters on the page of the text book appeared blurred may feel strain the
eye.
58. What value do you get for average distance ? (Activity –1)
Ans. For below 10 years it will be 7 to 8 cm, for old age people it will be about 1 to 2m even
more.
59. Are you able to see the top and bottom of an object placed at a distance of
about 25cm from your eye irrespective of its shape ? (Activity –1)
Ans. Yes, if the angle of vision is 60o and less than 60o.
No, if the angle of vision is more than 60o.

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60. Are you able to see the both ends of the stick simultaneously without any
movement (shaking) in your eyes ? (Activity –2)
Ans. Yes, if the angle of vision is 60o and less than 60o.
No, if the angle of vision is more than 60o.
61. Will you be able to see the whole object now ? (Activity–2)
Ans. We will be able to see only the part (EF) of the object A1B1 because the rays coming
from E and F enter your eye. The rays coming A1 and B1 cannot enter our eye.
VI. Think and discuss:
1. Can you imagine the shape of rainbow when observed during travel in an
aeroplane ?
Ans. Shape of rainbow is circular, when observed during travel in an aeroplane.

VII. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. Assertion (A) : The refractive index of a prism depends only on the kind of

COLOURFUL WORLD
glass of which it is made of and the colour of light.

HUMAN EYE AND

Reason (R) : The refractive index of a prism depends on the refracting angle
of the prism and the angle of minimum deviation.
Ans. (A) is true but (R) is false.
2. Assertion (A) : Blue colour of sky appears due to scattering of light.
Reason (R) : Blue colour has shortest wavelength among all colours of white
light.
Ans. (A) is true but (R) is flase.
3. Prisms are used in binoculars. Collect information why prisms are used in
binoculars.
(OR)
What is the role of prisms in binoculars ?
(OR)
How do you appreciate the prisms that they play key role in binoculars ?
Explain it with a neat diagram.
Ans. 1) Binocular consists of a pair of identical mirror symmetrical telescopes mounted
side by side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the
viewer to use both eyes when viewing distant objects.
2) The size of binoculars is reduced by prisms.
3) We get good image with more brightness.
4) Objective size and optical quality should be increased by using prisms in
binoculars.
4. When the paper is stained with oil it’s refractive index change. Due to change
in refractive index it behaves as transparent material, then it allows the light
to pass through them. If sheet of paper stained with oil it behaves like a
transparent medium. Why ?

BHASHYAM’S 83 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 Ans. i. Paper, a white solid material is could absorbant. It will absorb water becomes
transparent until it dries.
ii. When paper is stained with oil paper absorbs oil and, becomes transparent.
5. How can we get this same image for various positions of objects ?
Ans. For different positions of object, the image distance remain constant, only the focal
length of the lens changes.
6. What is the shape of the out line drawn ?
Ans. It is a triangle.
7. Siva observed that sky is beautiful with blue colour. How did he appreciate
the role of molecules in the atmosphere for the blue colour ?
Ans. i) Atmosphere consists of many atoms / molecules.
ii) Mainly the N2 and O2 molecules are responsible for blue colour of sky.
iii) The size of these molecules are comparable to the wavelength of the blue. These
molecules acts as scattering centers for scattering of blue light.
SSC – PHYSICS

iv) If, these molecules are not present in atmosphere, hence we can not see a beautiful
blue sky.
So, the role of these molecules in the sky would be appreciated.
8. What are hypermetropia and myopia ? What is their cause ? How are they
rectified ?
Ans. These two are the defects of the eye.
Hypermetropia :
A person suffering from this defect can see distant objects but cannot see near by
objects clearly. In this defect, the near point lies farther away than 25cm.
This defect is due to the following reasons :
i. Either the hyperopic eye ball is too short or
ii. The ciliary muscles is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly
focus the Image i.e., the focal length of the eye lens increases. the condition can
be corrected with a converging or convex lens.
Myopia :
A person suffering from myopia or shortsightedness can see nearby objects clearly but
cannot see the far away objects clearly.
This defect occurs due to the following reasons:
i. When the eyeball is longer than normal.
ii. When the maximum focal length of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly
formed image on the retina.
Myopia can be corrected with a diverging or concave lens.
9. Explain the following terms connected with the eye :
i) Ciliary muscles. (ii) Accommodation (iii) Blind spot.
Ans. i) Ciliary muscles :
These are the muscles which hold the eye lens.

BHASHYAM’S 84 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 ii) Accommodation :
The ability of the eye lens to change its focal length is called accommodation.
iii) Blind spot :
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. An image formed at this point
is not sent to the brain.
10. Why do we have two eyes for vision and not just one ?
Ans. i. We need two eyes because a human being has a horizontal field of view of about
150o with one eye and of about 180O with two eyes. Thus, two eyes provide us wider
horizontal field of view.
ii. With one eye, the world looks flat, i.e. two dimensional only. With two eyes, the
view is three dimensional, i.e. dimension of depth is added to our view.
11. Why does the sun appears bigger and seems to possess an oval shape during
sunrise and sunset ?

COLOURFUL WORLD
Ans. i. During sunrise and sunset, the sun is at horizontal and refractive index of the

HUMAN EYE AND

atmosphere of the earth decreases with height.
ii. Due to this, light reaching the earth’s atmosphere from different parts of the
vertical diameter of the sun enters at different heights in earth’s atmosphere and
so travels in media of different refractive indices at the same instant and hence
bend unequally.
iii. Due to this unequal bending of light from the vertical diameter, the image of the
sun gets distorted and it appears oval and larger.
iv. How ever, at noon when the sun is over head, then due to normal incidence of light
there is no bending of light and hence the sun appears circular.
12. What is meant by persistence of vision ?
Ans. The time for which the impresion of an object remains present on the retina even after
th
 1 
the object works removed is called persistance of vision its value is   s.
 16 
13. a) What will be colour of the sky in the absense of atmosphere ?
b) Why are the traffic light signals (or danger signals) of red colour ?
Ans. a) In the absence of any atmosphere, there will be no scattering of sunlight and the
sky will appear dark.
b) In the visible spectrum, the red colour has the largest wave length. The red colour
is least scattered by fog or dust particles. Therefore, we can observe red colour
easily even in foggy and dusty conditions.
14. Explain why, when the sun is over head at noon, it appears white ?
Ans. i. When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to
travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us.

BHASHYAM’S 85 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 ii. As a result, only a little of the blue colour of the white light is scattered (Most
of the blue light remains in it).
iii. Since the light coming from the overhead. Sun has almost all its components
colours in the right proportion, therefore, the sun appears white.
15. Why does it take sometime to see the objects in a dim room when we enter the
room from bright sunlight outside ?
Ans. In bright light, the size of the pupil is small to control the amount of light entering
the eye. When we enter a dimroom, it takes sometime so that the pupil expands and
allows more light to enter and help to see things clearly.
16. a) What is power of accommodation of the eye ?
b) What happens to the image distance when the object being viewed is
moved away from the eye ?
Ans. a) Power of accommodation of the eye is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal
length to see nearby and distant objects clearly.
SSC – PHYSICS

b) Image distance in the eye is fixed, being equal to distance of retina from the eye lens.
17. What is dispersion of white light ? What is the cause of such dispersion ?
Ans. Dispersion :
The spliting of white light into its constituent seven colours is called dispersion of
light.
Cause :
i. Ordinary white light is a superposition of waves of wave lengths extending
throughout the visible spectrum.
ii. The speed of light in vaccum is same for all wave lengths, but the speed in a
material substance is different for different wavelengths.
iii. As a result different colours are deviated by different angles when they pass
through a prisms.
iv. This is called dispersion of light.
18. The sun near the horizon appears flattened at sunset and sunrise. Explain
why?
Ans. i. This is due to atmospheric refraction.
ii. The density and the refractive index of the atmosphere decreases with attitude, so
the rays from the top and bottom portion of the sun on the horizon are refracted
by different degrees.
iii. This causes the apparent flattening of the sun.
iv. But the rays from the sides of the sun on a horizontal plane are generally
refracted by the same amount, so the sun still appears circular along its sides.
19. Why is the colour of the clear sky blue ?
Ans. i. The blue colour of the sky is due to scattering of the sunlight by the molecules
of the atmosphere.

BHASHYAM’S 86 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 ii. The molecules of air, such as N2 and O2, have sizes smaller than the wavelength
of visible light.
iii. As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, these molecules absorb some amount
of sunlight and re-emit it.
iv. They scatter blue light of shorter wavelength more strongly than red light of
longer wavelength.
v. When we look at the sky, the scattered light enters our eyes and this light contains
blue light in a larger proportion. That is why, the sky appears blue.
Activity based questions:
20. Describe an activity to find the least distance of distinct vision.
Ans. i) Take a text book and hold it with your hands in front of you at a certain distance.
ii) Now try to read the contents of the page.
iii) It is very close to your eyes.

COLOURFUL WORLD
iv) You may see that printed letters on the page of the text book appear blurred or you
feel strain in the eye.

HUMAN EYE AND

v) Now slowly move the book backwards to a position where you can see clear printed
letters without straining your eye.
vi) Ask your friend to measure the distance between your eye and text book at this
position.
vii) This distance is about 25 cm from your eyes. This distance is called least distance
of distinct vision.
21. How do you measure the angle of vision ?
Ans. i) Collect a few wooden sticks or PVC pipes and make pieces of 20 cm, 30 cm, 35 cm,
40 cm, 50 cm from them.
ii) Place a retort stand on a table and stand near the table such your head is beside
the vertical stand.
iii) Adjust the clamp on the
horizontal rod and fix it at a
distance of 25 cm from your
eyes.
iv) Ask one of your friends to fix a
wooden stick of 30 cm height
to the clamp in a vertical
position.
v) Now keeping your vision
parallel to horizontal rod of
the stand, try to see the top and bottom of wooden stick kept in vertical position.
vi) Adjust the vertical stick on the horizontal rod till you are able to see both ends
of the stick, smallest possible distance from your eye.
vii) Fix the vertical stick at this position with the help of the clamp.

BHASHYAM’S 87 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 viii) Without changing the position of the clamp on the horizontal rod, replace this
stick of 30 cm length with other sticks of various lengths one by one.
ix) Try to see the top and bottom of the stick simultaneously without any change in
the position of eye either upwards, down wards or side ways.
x) From the given figure, you notice that you will be able to see only part EF of the
object A1 and B1 because the rays coming from E and F enter your eye.
xi) These rays forms angle at the eye. If this angle is below 60o, we can see the whole.
If this angle is above 60o, then we can see only the part of the object.
xii) The maximum angle at which we are able to see the whole object is called angle
of vision.
22. Describle an activity for dispersion of light ?
Ans. i) Do this experiment in the dark room.
ii) Take a prism and place it on table near a vertical white wall.
iii) Take a thin wooden plank.
SSC – PHYSICS

iv) Make a small hole in it and fix it vertically on the table.

v) Place the prism between the wooden plank and wall
vi) Switch on the light.
vii) The rays coming out of the hole of the plank become a narrow beam of light.
viii) The height of the prism such that the light falls on one of the lateral surface.
ix) Adjust the prism by slightly rotating it till you get an image on the wall.
x) We observe a coloured image on the wall.
xi) The white light is spliting into colours because of dispersion.
xii) We see seven different colours, i.e, Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and
Red (VIBGYOR)
xiii) The angle of deviation is minimum for Red and maximum for Violet.
23. Draw the daigram of prism to find angle of prism ?

24. A person with a defective eye vision is unable to see the objects nearer than
1.5m. He wants to read books at a distance of 30cm. Find the nature, focal
length and power of the lens he needs in his spectacles.

BHASHYAM’S 88 REFERENCE MATERIAL

Sol. This person suffers from the defect of hypermetropia.
For him u = –30cm,
v = –1.5m
= –150cm.

∴ Focal length of corrective lens to be used by him is

1 1 1 1 1
= − = −
f v u − 150 − 30

4
=
150
f = 37.5 cm
The +ve sign shows that the lens needed is a convex lens of focal length 37.5 cm.
Hence, power of lens needed

COLOURFUL WORLD
1 100
=

HUMAN EYE AND

P = = 2.67D
f 37.5
25. The far point of a myopia person is 80cm infront of the eyes. What is the
nature and power of the lens required to enable him to see very distant objects
distinctly ?
Sol. For a myopic eye, the correcting lens is concave.

Distance of far point x = 80 cm P = ?

For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens.

F = –x

= –80 cm

Using the relation

1 100 100
P= = = = –1.25 diopters.
f f − 80
26. The far point of a myopic person is 150cm infront of the eye. Calculate the
focal length and the power of a lens required to enable him to see distant
objects clearly.
Sol. Given u = (infinity), v = –150 cm, f = ?
Using the lens formula, we have
f = –150 cm
= 1.5 m.
Hence, power of lens to be used is

1
P=
− 1.5
= –0.67 diopters.
BHASHYAM’S 89 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 27. A person needs a lens of power –0.5 D for correcting his distant vision. For
correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5D. What is the focal
length of the lens required for correcting his (i) distinct vision, (ii) near
vision?
Sol. For distinct vision,

1 1
f= = = –2 m
P − 0.5
For near vision,
1 1
f= = = 0.67 m.
P + 1.5
VIII. Fill in the blanks :

1. The value of least distance of distinct vision is about ..................................

2. The distance between the eye lens and retina is about ...................................
SSC – PHYSICS

3. The maximum focal length of the eye lens is about ................................

4. The eye lens can change its focal length due to working of ................ muscles.

5. The power of lens is 1 D then focal length is ............................

6. Myopia can be corrected by using ............................... lens.

7. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using ............................ lens.

8. In minimum deviation position of prism, the angle of incidence is equal to angle of

.................................
9. The splitting of white light into different colours (VIBGYOR) is called ............

10. During refraction of light, the character of light which does not change is
..............................

IX. Multiple choice questions:

1. The size of an object as perceived by an eye depends primarily on .... [ ]

A) actual size of the object B) distance of the object from the eye

C) aperture of the pupil D) size if the image formed on the retina

2. When objects at different distances are seen by the eye which of the following remain
constant ? [ ]

A) focal length of eye-lens B) object distance from eye-lens

C) the radii of curvature of eye-lens D) image distance from eye-lens

3. During refraciton...... will not change [ ]

A) wavelength B) frequency C) speed of light D) all the above

BHASHYAM’S 90 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 4. A ray of light falls on one of the lateral surface on
equilateral glass prism placed on horizontal surface of
the table as shown figure. For the minimum deviation Q
R
of ray which of the following is true ? [ ] P
S
A) PQ is horizontal
B) QR is horizontal
C) RS is horizontal D) either PQ or RS is horizontal
5. Far point of a person is 5m. In order that he has normal vision what kind of spectcles
should he use ... [ ]
A) concave lens with focal length 5 m B) concave lens with focal length, 10 m
C) convex lens with focal length 5m D) convex lens with focal length 2.5 m
6. The process of re-emission of absorbed light in all directions with different intensities
by the atom or molecule is called ........ [ ]
A) scattering of light B) dispersion of light

COLOURFUL WORLD
C) reflection of light D) refraction of light

HUMAN EYE AND

7. Light of wavelength ‘λ1’, enters a medium with refractive index ‘n2’ from a medium with
refractive index ‘n1’. The wave length of the second medium ‘λ2’. [ ]

n1 n1 n2
A) λ n2 B) n λ1 C) n λ1 D) λ1
1 2 1
8. Which of the following wavelength of a light undergo less deviation ............... [ ]
A) 400 nm – 440 nmB) 440 nm – 460 nm C) 590 nm – 620 nm D) 620 nm – 720 nm
9. The power of normal human eye is ..................... [ ]
i) 4D ii) 40D iii) 44D iv) 400D
A) i and ii B) i and iv C) only ii D) ii and iii
10. The minimum deviation angle of an equilateral glass prism whose refractive index is
1.414 is ........................ [ ]
A) 600 B) 450 C) 300 D) None of these
11. If angle of prism is ‘A’ and minimum deviation is ‘Dm’, then refractive index (n) of material
of prism calculated by ........................ [ ]

A   A + Dm 
sin − Dm  sin( A + Dm) sin 
i) 2  ii) sin(A 2) iii)  2  iv) D = A(m)
sin( A 2) sin( A 2)
12. Name the defect of vision which cannot be corrected by any type of spectacle lenses
........................ [ ]
A) Astigmatism B) Myopia C) Cataract D) Hypermetropia
13. When we entered into a cinema hall, we cannot see properly for a short time. This is
because of ................... [ ]
A) pupil does not open B) pupil does not close
C) Adjustment of size of pupil takes some time D) None of these

BHASHYAM’S 91 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 14. Assertion (A) : The sky appears dark for an astronaut.
Reason (R) : There are no dust particles in the upper atmosphere of the earth.
Choose the correct one: [ ]
A) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is correct explanation of ‘A’
B) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is not a correct explanation of ‘A’
C) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are false D) ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ is false
15. The photographic film equivalent of our eye is ................... [ ]
A) iris B) pupil C) retina D) ciliary muscles
16. If angle of prism A = 450, then the value of angle of refraction at minimum deviation
position is ........................
A) 450 B) 22.50 C) 900 D) 00
1 7 . from the adjacent graph, find angle of refraction if A = 600 .... [ ]
SSC – PHYSICS

A) 300 B) 600 C) 450 D) 900

18. While doing an experiment with prism, Ramakrishna, a X th class student got the
following values . [ ]
incident angle = 350, angle of prism = 300 and angle of emergence = 400; then the angle
of deviation of the ray travelled through the prism .................... [ ]
A) 300 B) 400 C) 350 D) 450
19. Statement ‘I’ : A white light incident on a prism and divided into 7 colours. Angle of
deviation is reduced from violet to red.
Statement ‘II’ : Wavelength reduced from Red to violet in air.
Choose the correct one: [ ]
A) I, II are both correct B) ‘I’ correct, ‘II’ incorrect
C) ‘I’ incorrect, ‘II’ correct D) I, II both are incorrect
20. Doctor identified the maximum focal length of Ramesh’s eye is 2.499 cm. What type of
lens need for his problem. [ ]
A) Bi–convex B) Bi–Concave C) Bi–focal lens D) Multi–focal lens
21. If a red colour light incident on one face of a prism. Then .................. is correct diagram
with respect to it. [ ]
A) B) C) D) both A and C

BHASHYAM’S 92 REFERENCE MATERIAL

22. SET – A SET – B [ ]
i) Rainbow ( ) a) scattering of light
ii) blue colour of sky ( ) b) lack of receptors
iii) colour blindness ( ) c) dispersion of light
a) i – c, ii – a, iii – b B) i – c, iii – a, ii – b C) i – b, ii – c, iii – a D) i – a, ii – b, iii – c
23. A person is viewing an extended object. If a converging lens is placed in front of his eye,
then he feels that size of the object has .................... [ ]
A) increased B) decreased C) same size D) We can’t say
24. Age Below For Old age
10 years healthy person people
LEAST DISTANCE 7 – 8 cm 25 cm 1 to 2 m or even more
DISTINCT VISION
From the above table, the LDDV is very high in old age people when compare with other.

COLOURFUL WORLD
The reason may be ........................... [ ]

HUMAN EYE AND

A) the muscles around the eye are strong and flexible
B) the muscles are strong but they are not flexible
C) the muscles cannot sustain more strain D) both B and C
25. Which one of the following acts as ‘variable aperture’ in the eye ................ [ ]
A) iris B) pupil C) cornea D) eye lens
26. Assertion (A) : A healthy person cannot see the objects less than 25 cm without strain.
Reason (R): Eye muscles cannot strain beyond a limit.
Choose the correct one: [ ]
A) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is correct explanation of ‘A’
B) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is not a correct explanation of ‘A’
C) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are false D) ‘A’ is false and ‘R’ is true
27. The unit to measure the degree of convergence or divergence of a lens is .....................
[ ]
i) metre (m) ii) m–1 iii) dioptre iv) no unit
A) only i B) only ii C) both ii and iii D) both i and iii
28. Assertion (A) : Twinkling of stars because of atmospheric refraction.
Reason (R) : The starlight, on entering the atmosphere, undergo refraction continuously
before it reaches the earth.
Choose the correct one: [ ]
A) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is correct explanation of ‘A’
B) both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true; ‘R’ is not a correct explanation of ‘A’
C) ‘A’ is true; ‘R’ are false D) both are false

BHASHYAM’S 93 REFERENCE MATERIAL

 29. Doctor advised to use 2D lens. What is the focal length of the lens ..................... [ ]
A) +50 cm B) +100 cm C) –50 cm D) –100 cm
30. The range of vision of normal eye ................... [ ]
A) infinity of 25 cm B) 25 cm to ∞ C) less than 25 cm D) both A and B
31. The power of a given lens is + 3.3D. Then ‘f’ is .................
A) 0.3 m B) 0.03 cm C) 3.3 m D) none of these
32. Due to atmospheric refraction, the day time exceeded by .................. [ ]
A) 24 hours B) 2 minutes C) 4 minutes D) 150 seconds
33. Which of the following involves scattering phenomenon ............. [ ]
A) Raman effect B) twinkling of starsC) tyndall effect D) All
34. The shape of a rainbow when viewing from an aeroplane .................. [ ]
A) circular B) bow shape C) oval shape D) can’t say
35. For an austronant, the sky appears ....................... [ ]
SSC – PHYSICS

A) blue B) white C) dark D) brown

36. The value of persistence of vision is ................ sec. [ ]

1 1
A) B) C) 16 D) None of these
32 16
37. The relation between C, υ and λ is ..................... [ ]

c c
A) C = υλ B) λ = C) υ = D) All
υ λ
38. The myopic eye can see if the object only placed at .................... [ ]
A) least distance of distinct vision B) far point only
C) beyond far point only
D) between least distance of distinct vision and far point
39. The hypermetropic eye can see if the object is placed at ................ [ ]
A) LDDV only B) Near point C) less than near point D) beyond near point
40. The change in focal length of an eye lens to focus the image of objects at varying
distance is done by the action of ...................... [ ]
A) pupil B) ciliary muscles C) retina D) blind spot
41. Hypermetropia is rectified by using................ [ ]
A) convex lens B) concave lens C) cylindrical lens D) progressive lens
42. The fluid between the retina and the lens is called [ ]
A) aqueous humor B) vitreous humor C) aqua D) humus
43. Two thin lenses of power +5D and –2D are put in contact with each other. Focal length
of the combination is ................ [ ]
A) +3m B) –3m C) 0.33m D) –0.33m

BHASHYAM’S 94 REFERENCE MATERIAL

44. By which optical phenomenon, the splitting of white light into seven constituent
colours occurs ? [ ]
A) refraction B) reflection C) dispersion D) interference
45. A human eye can focus on objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length
of the eye lens. This phenomenon is due to ............. [ ]
A) near sightedness B) long sightedness
C) accommodation D) persistence of vision
46. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about
[ ]
A) 25m B) 2.5cm C) 25cm D) 2.5m
47. Which phenomenon is responsible for the twinkling of stars ? [ ]
A) atmosphere reflection B) atmosphere refraction

COLOURFUL WORLD
HUMAN EYE AND
C) reflection D) total internal reflection
48. When light passes through a prism, the colour which deviates the least is : [ ]
A) red B) blue C) violet D) green
49. Near point of an eye suffering from long sightedness is ......... [ ]
A) 25mm B) less than 25cm
C) greather than 25cm D) at infinity
50. The human eye forms the image of an object at its ............. [ ]
A) cornea B) iris C) retina D) pupil
51. Which of the following colours has the least wavelength ? [ ]
A) violet B) orange C) green D) blue
52. Blue colour of sky is due to .......... [ ]
A) dispersion of light B) scattering of light
C) reflection of light D) refraction of light
53. While picking up a pair of eye glasses dropped by a friend, you notice that they form
an inverted image of the background and that the image is stretched horizontally as
well, your friend suffers from, [NSEJS-08-09] [ ]
A) Only myopia B) Only hypermetropia
C) Only astigmatism D) Hypermetropia as well as astigmation
54. In additive primary colour processes, which of the following is not possible [ ]
[NSEJS-08-09]
A) (red + green + blue) gives white B) (blue + green) gives cyan
C) (red + cyan) gives white D) (green + cyan) gives white
BHASHYAM’S 95 REFERENCE MATERIAL
 55. Dispersion of white light into its constituent colours occurs during [NSEJS-12-13]
[ ]
A) Reflection at a plane surface
B) Reflection at a concave mirror
C) Internal reflection inside a transparent medium
D) Refraction at the boundary of a transparent medium

KEY

VIII. Fill in the blanks :

1. 25 cm 2. 2.5 cm 3. 2.5 cm 4. Ciliary

5. 100 cm 6. concave 7. convex 8. emergence

9. dispersion 10. frequency

SSC – PHYSICS

IX. Multiple choice questions :

1. B 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A

6. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. C

11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. C

16. B 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. B

21. B 22. A 23. A 24. C 25. B

26. A 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B

31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. C

36. B 37. D 38. D 39. D 40. B

41. A 42. A 43. C 44. C 45. C

46. C 47. B 48. A 49. C 50. C

51. A 52. B 53. B 54. B 55. D

***

BHASHYAM’S 96 REFERENCE MATERIAL