Seminar On

X – Ray Diffraction Technique

and
Diffraction Methods

Presented by

Melwin D’mello

M.E (Welding Engineering)

Centre for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR),
Department of Manufacturing Engineering,
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Generation of X-ray
• X- ray region
• X- ray diffraction
• XRD Principle
• XRD Equipment
• Diffraction Methods
• Applications of XRD Methods
• References
 INTRODUCTION

• X- rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen who called

them “X-rays” and it is also called as “Roentgen Rays”.

• X- ray diffraction was discovered by Max Von Laue in 1912.

• X- rays are electro magnetic radiation with wavelengths in

the range 0.1 to 100 A o .

• X- rays used in diffraction experiments have typical

wavelengths of 0.5 to 1.8 A o.
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
X - RAY REGION
 X-RAY DIFFRACTION ( XRD )
• These methods are based on the scattering of X-ray
crystals.

• When x-rays interact with a solid material, the scattered

beams causes diffraction.
 XRD PRINCIPLE
• Different Planes in a crystal give different signals
equal to positive interface of waves.
XRD EQIPMENT
 EXPERIMENTAL
DIFFRACTION METHODS
X-Ray
Diffraction
Method

1. Laue’s 2. Rotating
3. Powder
Crystal
Method Method
Method
 1. LAUE’S METHOD
• In this method a single crystal is held stationary in the path
of radiation of continuous wavelength. While  is kept
constant, the wavelength ,  is varied.

• A plane film receives the diffracted beams. A developed

film after its exposure shows a diffraction pattern that
consists of series of spots.
Laue’s method is divided
Into two types

a) Transmission Method

b) Back Reflection Method

a) Transmission Method
A beam of x-ray is passed through the crystal,
after passing through the crystal, x-rays are diffracted
and recorded on a photographic plate.
a) Transmission Method
b) Back Reflection Method

This method provides similar information as the

transmission method.
2. ROTATING CRYSTAL
METHOD
 Rotating Crystal Method cont…

• In this method , a single crystal is rotated about the fixed

axis in a beam of monochromatic. The angle  is variable
while the wavelength is kept constant.

• The variation of angle  due to rotation of the crystal brings

different atomic planes in the crystal into position.

• To record such reflections a film is mounted on a cylindrical

holder that is concentric with a rotating spindle.
 3. POWDER METHOD
• This method is useful for samples that are difficult to
obtain in single crystal form.

• The powder method is used to determine the value of the

lattice parameters accurately.
The powder method cont…

• A sample of hundreds of powdered crystals show that the

diffracted beams form continuous cones.

• A circle of film is used to record the diffraction pattern.

• Each cone intersects the film giving diffraction lines.

• The lines are seen as arcs on the film.

 APPLICATIONS OF XRD
METHODS
• Determination of crystal size and shape.

• Particle size determination by spot counting methods.

• Crystallographic structural analysis.

• Unit cell calculations for crystalline materials.

• Identification of single and multi phase materials

 REFERENCES

1. “Instrumental Methods Of Chemical Analysis” by

Gurudeep R Chatwal.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography