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1. SET
A set is a collection of well-defined objects that contains no duplicates. The objects in the set
are called the elements of the set. To describe a set, we use braces { }, and use capital letters
to represent it.
Basic Concepts
The three dots used in enumerating the elements of the set are called ellipsis and
indicate a continuing pattern.
A finite set contains elements that can be counted and terminates at certain natural
number, otherwise, it is infinite set.
An empty set {}, or null set is the only set with no members at all.
A set with only one member is called a singleton set.
Equal Sets
Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements.
Examples
a * + * +
b * + * +
Set Representation
Examples:
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Mathematics in the Modern World: Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
Equivalent Sets
Two sets are equivalent if they contain the same number of elements.
Example
* +, * +, * +, * +
The given sets are all equivalent since they have the same number of elements. Note
that equivalents sets need not be equal.
Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements considered in a particular situation and denoted by U
Subset
A proper subset is a subset that is not equal to the original set, otherwise improper
subset.
Example Given the set * + the proper subsets are * + * + * + * + * + * + * +
The improper subset is * +
Power Set
( ) * * +* +* +* +* +* + +
Note that the cardinality of the power set, that is the number of all possible subsets of a
set is given by , where is the number of elements of a set.
Set Operations
3. Complement: The set of elements (in the universal set) that do not belong to a given
set:
A’ = {x U | x A}
4. Difference or Relative Complement: The set of elements that belong to a set but not to
another:
A − B = {x | (x A) ˄ (x B)} = A B’
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Mathematics in the Modern World: Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
Venn diagrams are graphic representations of sets as enclosed areas in the plane. A rectangle is
used to represent the universal set and circle/ellipse is used to represent the ordinary sets.
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Mathematics in the Modern World: Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Use both the roster method and set-builder form to describe the following sets.
a A = the set of whole numbers less than 10 ___________________________________
b B = the set of counting numbers less than 8 __________________________________
c C = the set of even counting numbers ______________________________________
d D = the set of counting numbers between 5 and 12 ___________________________
e E = the set of positive divisors of 32 ________________________________________
f F = the set of all odd numbers ____________________________________________
4. For the listed sets below, tell which are equal and which are equivalent.
A = the set of counting numbers less than 6
B = the set of all positive divisors of 6
C = {x| x is a counting number from 1 to 5}
D = the set of all counting numbers less than 7 and can divide 6
E = the set of all factors of 6
5. Tell which of the following are true and which are false given that A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
B = {0, 1, 2}; C = {3, 4} and D = {3, 4, 5}. Write the word TRUE or FALSE.
_______ a. _______ f. * +
_______ b. _______ g. * +
_______ c. _______ h. { }
_______ d.3 _______ i. 0
_______ e. _______ j. {0,1}
6. Consider the subset P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Construct a subset P in which every element
is
a. even ______________________________
b. divisble by 3 ______________________________
c. a multiple of 4 ______________________________
d. a divisor of 10 ______________________________
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Mathematics in the Modern World: Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
7. True or False.
a. If two sets are equal, then they are equivalent. _________________
b. If two sets are equivalent, then they are equal. _________________
11.
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