Deep Well as an Optional Source of Water in Different Households

in the City: A Qualitative Study

Region X

Gusa Regional Science High School-X

Cagayan de Oro City

Submitted by:

Lawrenge E. Cabahit

Kent Benedict J. Jangao

Dan Louie T. Jubay

Xerxes Lance Laurenz A. Lompon

11- Sincerity

January 2020
 Chapter 1
The Problem

Background of the Study

Humans rely on water thus became a part of their daily lives. Everyday people

drink, cook, wash and do numerous works with the use of water. However, what if the

water we use may be the cause of sickness. According to the Philippine National

Standards for Drinking Water, unwanted contaminants can still be found in drilled wells.

Deep wells are filtered by the layers of soil however, Groundwater contains micro

substance that can surmount the layers of soil. Some contaminants are naturally occurring

and some are human-made substances. Groundwater can contain hydrogen sulfide or

other naturally occurring chemicals and it may also contain unwanted contaminants as a

result of waste from underground storage tanks and effluent from septic leach fields

(Powell, 2003). In today's generation, the massive growth of population causes problems

in terms of supplies and resources. Water shortage becomes a problem in certain nations

and the nations affected by this crisis are also prone to various health problems that could

be acquired by drinking contaminated water with the presence of pathogenic

microorganisms.

According to the Brazilian National Water Agency 86 percent of Brazilian cities

are served by public utilities responsible for providing the city with water. Of that

number, 44% use groundwater as source, and 56% use surface water. Even though there

is a municipal water supply network in these areas, people sometimes use the

groundwater for consumption from individual wells (Rayam & Oliveira, 2016).

Most Households in rural areas in the Philippines are relying on groundwater as

their source of water because of insufficient supply of lined water (Pacala & Lim, 2018).
Water is commonly used for various domestic purposes in rural and urban areas such as

drinking, washing, and in agriculture and industry. Water can be a route for disease,

especially among children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. Diarrhea is a

common disease associated with the intake of water contaminated by pathogens through

the faecal-oral route (Brazilian National Water Agency, 2019).

Groundwater use as consumption and well-drilling without sufficient conditions

increase susceptibility to pollution, either due to anthropogenic or natural activity.

Groundwater depletion and pollution are related to the depth and form of well, the

presence of waste dumps and cemeteries, unsuitable maintenance or abandonment, and

the use of septic tanks. The researcher sees how serious the problem is therefore the

researcher decided to examine the households that uses water wells as consumption in the

selected barangays.

Water contamination in deep wells has been disposed to people living in vast

areas without having access sometimes to potable water. The researchers have observed

that this drinkable water shortage in the barangays of Cagayan de Oro City is giving

negative impact especially to the residence who are using deep wells and it may cause

health problems to the people living in the barangays. Therefore, the researchers from

Gusa Regional Science High School – X were encouraged to conduct a background study

on the residents using deep wells in Barangay Macasandig Barangay Gusa, and Barangay

Cugman. The researchers want to know why the residents of the selected barangays use

deep well as optional source of water consumption and to know their different uses of

deep wells.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is based on the research study published

by Asia Pacific journal of multidisciplinary research, A descriptive designed study about

determining the quality of deep well water on four barangay elementary schools. This is

one of the major problems faced every day in poor and remote barangays particularly in

their own schools. A study conducted must be given priority in all aspects, particularly in

drinking water, and regular monitoring of groundwater quality.

Many people use deep wells as a water resource. Though the water is

contaminated, people have ways to sterilize the water such as boiling and filtering. A

study conducted by De Vera (2015), there are residents who drink water directly from

various groundwater sources and is presumed to be safe. Where some residents use

disinfection methods such as boiling or chlorination of water which comes from wells for

drinking purposes. An estimated of two billion people around the world lack access to

drinking water, because of excessive withdrawal and limited rainfall, low replenishment

resulted in the water table getting lowered. Therefore, water shortages occur alarmingly

depending on the regional water balance, which is largely controlled by climate, altitude,

soil composition, vegetation cover, precipitation and filtration. Conjunctive use of surface

and groundwater in a judicious manner, after due consideration of factors affecting water,

must be planned. Residents use deep wells according to their way of living the factors that

affect their water usage are the qualities and ways on how to sterilized contaminated

water.

Land-use was found to impact groundwater quality. The polluted groundwater

resource can cause waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, cholera, typhoid fever and

giardiasis. However, a good source of drinkable water could be if groundwater is

adequately protected and well managed (Towolawi, 2016). This investigation theory

relates to the research questions selected for this study. The assurance of the residents on

the selected barangays, that the water from the deep wells are clean enough to use, despite

of negative factors being mentioned above.

Research Questions

This study aims to examine the deep wells as an optional source of water

consumption of different households in selected barangays in Cagayan de Oro namely;

Barangay Cugman, Barangay Gusa and Barangay Macasandig.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the different uses of the deep wells in the households?

2. Why do the residents use the deep wells as an optional source of consumption?

3. How can the residents assure that the water from the deep wells are clean enough

to use?

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study is to discover and explore the different uses of water

from the deep wells in the selected barangays in Cagayan de Oro. The results of this study

are highly significant and beneficial to many individuals especially to the following:

Families. The households can benefit from this study to increase their awareness

on the uses of water from the deep wells.

Community. The society can benefit from this study to give awareness and make

early precautions on the risk of using deep wells as a source of water consumption.
 Researchers. Future investigators can benefit from this study for references

recommendations to further improve the study with the help of new data.

Students. Learners can benefit from this study as an aid or references for future

research studies related to deep wells in various barangays. Students can also refer to the

recommendation of the study as a way of further improvement of the study.

Scope and Limitation

The study focuses on the use of deep wells. It is limited to the selected households

near the deep wells in selected barangays in Cagayan de Oro city, namely: Barangay

Cugman, Barangay Gusa, and Barangay Macasandig.

This research considers a basic interpretative qualitative research design to know

the different uses of deep wells in different households in the selected barangays.

Definition of terms

Coliforms. Coliforms are a broad class of bacteria found in our environment. The

presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water may indicate a possible presence of

harmful, disease-causing organisms.

Deep well. Deep well is an excavation or structure created to access groundwater

in underground aquifers.

Household. A house and its occupants regarded as a unit.

 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

The Contamination Potential of Deep wells

Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing countries.

Samples were analysed for their physical-chemical and microbiological quality in order to

identify the contamination problems and suggest appropriate solutions. Many

groundwater sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as

turbidity, iron and manganese (Sieliechi, 2013). Even though they do not affect human

health, elevated levels of these parameters cause consumers to abandon improved water

supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are microbiologically

contaminated. Inadequate water supply is still one of the major challenges in developing

countries.

The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation,

implemented by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s

Fund (UNICEF), reports that 783 million people in the world (11% of the total

population) have no access to safe water, 84% of whom live in rural areas. About 187

million people use surface water for drinking purposes; 94% of them are rural inhabitants

and they are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Regarding the quality of drinking water,

microbiological contamination is a primary concern of developing countries. In addition,

inorganic contaminants, concerning both health and aesthetic aspects, can be present in

the water (Goel, 2006).

 Drinking water must be free of disease-causing organisms called pathogens

(Pandey, 2014). Pathogens can be in the form of viruses, protozoa, or bacteria.

Waterborne pathogens cause diseases such as Hepatitis, Giardiasis, and Dysentery. To

actually test water for specific harmful viruses, protozoa and bacteria is very time

consuming and expensive. In addition, not all water laboratories are equipped and

approved to do the testing required. Therefore, testing water for specific organisms is

limited to investigating specific waterborne disease outbreaks. According to Palley

(2013), ground water could be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms because of

nearby waste disposals and Septic. In addition, deep wells could also be contaminated by

Pathogens. There are underground aquifers to protect deep and shallow wells from

pathogens but time to time these pathogens could pass through the eroded walls.

Therefore, deep wells could also be contaminated undetected.

Emerging pathogens in drinking water have become increasingly important during

the decade (Schleifer, 2015). These include newly-recognized pathogens from fecal

sources such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter spp., and rotavirus, as well as

pathogens that are able to grow in water distribution systems, like Legionella spp.,

mycobacteria, and aeromonads. He stated that to perform a risk analysis for the pathogens

in drinking water, it is necessary to understand the ecology of these organisms. The

interactions between water bacteria and (potential) pathogens in such diverse habitats as

free water and biofilms are essential for the survival or growth of hygienically relevant

organisms in drinking water. The results of his study concluded that emerging pathogens

in drinking water have been increasing and is continuously doing risk to individuals who

intake water.

Coliform bacteria are used as water quality indicators for two main reasons:

Coliforms may be associated with the sources of pathogens contaminating water and the
analysis of drinking water for coliforms is relatively simple, economical and efficient

(Pandey, Kass, Soupir, Biswas, & Singh, 2014). According to the study of Wright (2012),

in low- and middle-income countries, public perceptions of drinking water safety are

relevant to promotion of household water treatment and to household choices over

drinking water sources. However, most studies of this topic have been cross-sectional and

not considered temporal variation in drinking water safety perceptions. The objective of

her study is to explore trends in perceived drinking water safety in South Africa and its

association with disease outbreaks, water supply and household characteristics. Her study

consisted of a series of annual nationally representative surveys of South African

households, which include a question about perceived drinking water safety. Trends in

responses to this question were examined from 2002–2009 in relation to reported cholera

cases. The results of her study concluded that household perceptions of drinking water

safety in South Africa follow similar patterns to those observed in studies in developed

countries.

Water is one of the most important commodities, which man has exploited than

any other resource for sustenance of his life. Most of our demand for water is fulfilled by

rain water which gets deposited in surface and ground water resources (Adu-Wusu,

2012). Though, the water is continuously purified by evaporation and precipitation, yet

pollution of water has emerged as one of the most significant environmental problems of

the recent times. Not only there is an increasing concern for rapidly deteriorating supply

of water but the quantity of utilized water is also fast diminishing. The causes of such a

situation may be many, but pollution of water has its origin mainly in urbanization,

industrialization, agriculture and increase in human population observed in past one and a

half century. Kumar (2009) stated that no water is pure or clean owing to the presence of

some quantities of gases, minerals and life. Such a high quality of water may be required
only for the drinking purposes, while for other uses like agriculture and industry, the

quality of water can be flexible and water polluted up to certain extent, in general sense,

and can be regarded as pure.

There is a high contamination potential of deep well water that refers to the non-

intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, fungi, protozoa or

toxins. As what has Palley (2013) stated, the quality of deep well water depends on the

surrounding land. There are some cases where deep wells drilled near a septic or waste

disposal which might cause contamination if leakage would occur. Also, pathogens can

get into water because of fecal matter which causes disease outbreaks and is continuously

doing harm for those who intake water. In short no water is pure or clean or at very least

it's not really possible on Earth.

Effects of Human Activities on the Interaction of Groundwater

According to Cortes, Herrera, Rioflorido, Bunye, Evangelista, and Lim (2017),

well water has a lot of advantages. One of the biggest advantages of well water is that it is

probably the cheapest way to deliver water to your home or structure. Once a hole is dug,

it can be used endlessly to meet your needs. In normal conditions, the ground water that is

tapped into a well is safe for consumption and pure, which makes well water a great

option for some. The main drawback of well water is the setting in which it is dug.

Ground water is far from the surface of the soil, but this does not mean that it is not

contaminated by pollutants in the climate. If there is a high level of contamination in any

local area, it is likely that the ground water will be affected. This may make the purity of

well water less than desirable. The participants take this precautions by doing shock

chlorination in the deep wells to assure the sterility.

 Philippines has low per capita freshwater quality and suffers water-related

problems and this will redound to institutional and government management failures

(Lapong, 2018). In addition, the issue of water shortage would lead people to use

alternative sources which could worsen their situations. People without enough water

supply could use water wells as alternative source and these water wells could be a

passageway of pathogens and could cause serious health problems to the people using it.

Human activities affect the distribution, quantity, and chemical quality of

groundwater. The range of human activities affecting groundwater and surface water

interaction is broad. In addition, point sources of pollution of ground water may include

septic tanks, fluid storage tanks, landfills and industrial lagoons. Usually If any local area

has a high level of contamination, the groundwater is likely to be affected, which can

make the purity of the well water less than desirable.

Impact of Industrialization on Groundwater Quality

According to the study of Lago (2013), industrialization and the unhealthy

environmental life of people along river communities have threatened the water quality of

coastal waters. Her research study assesses the water quality of selected areas of

Macajalar Bay measured using these following parameters: 1) physical water quality in

terms of temperature, salinity and color; 2) chemical water quality in terms of pH,

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended

solids (TSS); and 3) biological water quality in terms of the total coliform. According to

her there was comparative aspect when the fragmental characteristic.

The State Wide Rural Well-Water (SWRL) survey provided a statistically valid

assessment of the proportion of private rural wells and rural residents of Iowa affected by

various environmental contaminants (Hallberg, Woida, Libra, Rex, Sesker, Kross,

Seigley, Nations, Quade, Bruner, Nicholson, Johnson, and Cherryholmes, 2014). Previous

reports analyzed the nature of the SWRL, the effects of water quality and the relationship

between the characteristics of the site and the quality of the water. Research have also

shown that the sterility of dug well water depends on the depth in which the water on

deeper wells are filtered by thicker layer of soil. Few site variables exist in isolation;

therefore, this study focuses on the analysis of combinations and interactions of site

characteristics, well-being and well-construction elements, and their relationship to water

quality, in order to refine potential causal associations. The research also uses "gradient"

methods to test the interactions of different factors in different situations.

Water pollution is a serious concern when it involves the poisoning of drinking

water. With the increase in population and an increase in industrial practices, no natural

resource has given rise to more serious concerns than good clean water. In addition, with

the advent of industrialization, not only surface water but also ground water has been

degraded to a level that has become unfit for human consumption. Due to

industrialization, the quality of groundwater has been a concern because of the presence

of heavy metal contamination (Jarup, 2002). The contamination of water by trace metals

is a serious health problem. Research have shown that heavy metal toxicity causes

cardiovascular, neurological and renal disorders. The main health hazards caused by

chemical water pollution are due to the presence of nitrate fluoride, arsenic, cadmium,

lead and other toxic metals There are several known catastrophic episodes of poisoning

due to some toxic trace elements in drinking water. Therefore, the prevention of health

risks from heavy metals requires regular water quality and identification of trace metal

contamination sources.
 Chapter 3
Research Methods

Research Design

This study will engage and utilize a Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study; seeks

to discover and understand a phenomenon, process, the perspective and worldviews of the

people involved, or a combination of these (Merriam, 2018). The researches would

simply interpret the participants’ response regarding on their perception of using the

water from the deep well on their daily necessities.

Research Setting

The researchers will conduct the interview within the vicinity of the deep wells

from the selected barangay in Cagayan de Oro namely Cugman, Gusa and Macasandig.

The city of Cagayan de Oro a first class highly urbanized city in Northern Midanao,

Philippines. Cagayan de Oro is situated along the focal bank of Northern Mindanao. Its

aggregate area region is 488.86 km speaking 13.9 percent of the whole Misamis Oriental

region. Cagayan de Oro as the monetary focus of Northern Mindanao (Region 10).

Respondents of the Study

 The respondents of this study are the people who live near in the vicinity of the

deep wells of the selected barangays in Cagayan de Oro city who are willing to delineate

their perceptions of using the water from the deep well on their daily necessities. The

researchers will interview them with the structured guide questions prepared.

Sampling Procedure

The study will use purposive sampling in determining the respondents in the

study. This was done to select respondents based on characteristics of the population and

the objective of the study.

In this study, the researchers will select respondents who are near the deep well

and have used the water in it. Within a qualitative research the sample size is usually

small primarily because phenomena only need to appear once to be part of the analytical

map (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). The researchers would gather 30 participants of which

would be consented and would be informed accordingly. With their particular experience

and knowledge, they can provide additional insights that might be relevant in examining

the data.

Ethical Issues

Given the importance of ethics in conducting research and the challenges around

conducting research, universities go to great lengths to protect the dignity and safety of

research participants (Silverman,2005). Respondents participated on the basis on

informed consent. The researchers asked for the permission of the respondents verbally.
 Voluntary participation of respondents ais respected by the researchers that is why

freedom to withdraw of the respondents from the research will be also allowed. Interview

questions will not contain any kind of offensive, discriminatory, or other unacceptable

language. Privacy and anonymity of respondents will also be observed in analyzing the

data since the researchers will remove respondents’ name and replace it with

pseudonyms. All in all, this study will be able to address ethical consideration aspect of

dissertation in an effective manner.

Data Collection Procedure

The data gathering will be conducted at the households of the selected

barangays in Cagayan de Oro. First the researchers will ask permission if we they conduct

an interview. Then the researchers will interview the people who are living near the deep

wells one by one with the use of the structured guide questions. Lastly the researchers

will analyze and evaluate their answers for the discussion in the next chapter.

Research Instrument

In order to obtain the derived data, the researchers decided to use key

information interview to be implemented in this paper. Key information interview is very

helpful in terms of generating information.

Another tool used in determining data that the researchers will use is a

structured guide question. It will be constructed by the researchers to gather information

pertaining to the respondent’s perception. The main welfare of this type of interview is

that it will provide resilience during the flow of the interview giving the researchers

additional insights that may be significant in examining the data.

Data Analysis

The interviews will be audio-recorded, with the permission of the respondents.

Some data of the interview will be noted by the researchers to have higher probability in

the accuracy in transcriptions of data. After gathering the data, the researchers will

categorize the gathered data. Thematic analysis will be used in identifying the patterns

and themes of the data. Thematic analysis is a process of analyzing the data by grouping

them according to themes.

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e_Well_Water_in_Erbil_City_by_Quality_index_Kurdistan_Region-Iraq

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What are the different uses of the deep wells in the households?

 How do you use deep well in the household?

 What is your opinion in using deep well in your household?

 How do you find water from the deep well efficient enough to use in the

household?

 What are your opinions on using water from the deep well for bathing?

 What are your opinions on using water from the deep well for toilet purposes?

2. Why do the residents use the deep wells as an optional source of consumption?

 What are the complications that pushes you to engage in deep well usage?

 How do you find deep well as a clean water source?

 How do you find the smell of the deep well?

 When do you consider deep well as an alternative source of water?

 What activities do you usually do that triggers you to use the deep well?

3. How can the residents assure that the water from the deep wells are clean enough to

use?

 What are the factors you consider before you use the deep well?
  What is your basis on using the deep well?

 What is your opinion on the safety of your family in using the water from the deep

well?

 How do you make sure that the water from the deep well are clean enough to use?

 What are your methods on how to sterilize the water from the deep well?

Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis, and Discussion of Data

This chapter presents, analyses and discusses the obtained data from the interview.

The various results in succeeding problems with corresponding discussions and

explanations. The themes were also presented in each problem

Problem 1. What are the different uses of deep well in the household?

Using deep well water for laundry

Based on the interview, one of the common uses of deep well water was laundry.

According to the participants, they have effectively conserve their lined water by using

deep well water as an alternative source of water. Participants uses deep well when doing

laundry since doing laundry does need huge amount of water. By using deep well water

the participants can also lessen their monthly water bill. "Ginagamit gyud namo kini ang

tabay labi na sa paglaba since wala may tubig dani usahay ug aron sad maka tipid mi sa

among bayronon sa tubig kada bulan" (We use deep well water when doing laundry since

there are times that we don't have the access of lined water and we also use deep well to

conserve our lined water). The respondents also said that they use deep well water for

laundry since they don't have lined water and it cost 5 pesos per gallon of tap water.

"Kaning tabay dako jud kaayo ni ug tabang labi na sa paglaba kay kailanganon kaayo ug
daghan tubig ang panglaba and wala man mi choice kay tag 5 pesos man ang isa ka

galon sa tubig gripo dani" (This deep well is very useful especially when doing laundry

since it needs huge amount of water, we have no choice but to use deep well because it

cost 5 pesos per gallon of tap water and we don't have any lined water here). They have

conserve their lined/tap water by using deep well water.

This usage of deep well water in the household appears to be the most common

activity by the participants. This statement is aligned to the study of Cortes et.al (2017),

where they discussed the advantages of having a dug well in which they can use deep

well water when doing laundry and other household chores that needs huge volume of

water.

Using deep well water for bathing

Based on the participants' statements, another common use of deep well water is

bathing. According to the participants, deep well water can be used in bathing since they

clean the deep well every week by straining the waste. "Gakaligo man mi dani sa tabay

ug limpyo mani kay gina limasan na kada semana sa pagamit anang net para makuha

ang mga hugaw susama sa wrapper sa shampoo ug mga sabon" (We use deep well for

bathing and we can assure that the water is clean because we clean it every week). The

participants find the deep well water reliable for bathing. The participants did not

experience any skin disease or any health problems when using the deep well water for

bathing. "Sa sukad pag gamit namo anang tabay maski pa sa pagligo, wala jud mi

gakabati na mga impeksyon or unsa na sakit sakiit ug dako kaayo na ug tabang sa amo

pang adlaw adlaw na gasto" (Since we used this deep well for bathing, we did not

experience any health issues and it also helps to lessen our daily expenses). According to

the participants, they use deep well for bathing whenever there is shortage of lined water.
 The participants also used deep well water for bathing to lessen the lined water

bill. "Dani jud mi gakaligo pag walay agas ug para sad maka tipid mi sa bayronon sa

water district" (We used deep well for bathing when there is no access of lined water and

also to lessen our water bill). This statement is associated to the study of Cortes et.al

(2017), where they discussed the advantages of having a dug well in which they shared

about the advantages when having deep well water to be utilized when experiencing

water shortage. The respondents have stated that they use deep well water for bathing

when experiencing water shortage since they ensure the sterility of the deep well by

straining and chlorination.

Household cleaning, toilet washbasin and watering the plants

Based on the response of the respondents, another common use of deep well water

is household cleaning, toilet washbasin and watering the plants, since it is needed to

maintain the cleanliness of the households. According to the participants deep well water

is also used in household cleaning, toilet basin and watering the plants to lessen lined

water bill. The participants uses deep well water in household cleaning, toilet washbasin

and for watering the plants only since, they are not assured on the sterility of the deep

well water. "Kanang tabay dana ginagamit ra na namo pang limpyo, pang flush ug

pamisbis aron maka tipid mi, ug dana ra namo ginagamit kay di man mi sure na limpyo

siya kay usahay mulubog usahay dili ug wa sad mi nasayod sa mga hugaw na

mupadulong dana" (We only use the deep well for cleaning, toilet basin and for watering

the plants since we are not sure of its sterility). This statement is associated to the study of

Pacala et.al (2018), where it was shown that there are pathogenic microorganisms found

in deep well water thus they cannot assure the sterility of the deep well water. The study

of Pacala et.al (2018), stated that they cannot assure the sterility of the water from deep
well Thus the participants only use deep well water for secondary purposes like cleaning,

toilet washbasin and for watering the plants.

Washing the dishes

The last usage and least common use of deep well water is washing dishes. The

participants said that the water in the deep well is essential enough to be used in the

household specifically in dishwashing. The respondents experience water shortage every

week hence they have no choice but to buy tap water which is 5 pesos per gallon. "Dako

jud kaayo ni ug tabang ang tabay sa amo kay kung walay agas kada semana di mi maka

hugas ug plato or unsa pa dana so mapugos mi ug palit ug 5 Php per gallon na tubig

gripo" (The deep well is very useful for us, whenever there is no access to lined water

every week we can't wash the dishes or do any household chores then we will be forced to

buy tap water, which is 5 pesos per gallon). The respondents have said that they use deep

well water for dish washing but it should be rinse off after with tap water.

It essential to assure the cleanliness of the dishes because it is always used for

eating. Hence when asked on why do you use deep well water in washing the dishes, the

respondent have said that they use deep well water when there is shortage and to lessen

their water bill. "Gagamit man japun mi ug tubig sa tabay panghugas ug plato pero gina

banlawan namo ug tubig gripo paghuman gagamit lang mi ana para maka tipid" (We

also use deep well water when washing the dishes but it should be rinsed of after with tap

water, we use deep well to lessen our billing). This statement is in accordance to the study

of Lapong, (2018), where it was shown that in low-income communities the public rely

on deep well water when doing households chores specifically in dishwashing, because of

inability to access lined water.

 The respondents have stated that this uses of deep well water has been done in

order to conserve lined water and to lessen the water bill. Deep well is also an alternative

for the respondents that does not have lined water. Deep well water is used many

household chores but not for drinking since deep wells contain pathogenic

microorganisms.

Problem 2. Why do the residents use the deep wells as an optional source of water

consumption?

Lined water is not always available

Based on the interview, most responses of the respondents tells that whenever the

lined water is not available they chose the water from the deep well as an optional source.

The respondents experience water shortage every once in a while. “Naa man gyuy

panalagsa na walay agas sa amo muo nang mag gamit mi og tubig gikan sa tabay”

(There are times when lined water is not available so we use the water from the deep

well). This statement is in accordance to the study of Hallberg et.al (2014), people who

are in the vicinity of a private deep well use it when lined water is not available.

They have a more reliable and efficient source of water consumption.

Based on the interview, respondents have a more reliable source that makes the

deep well as an optional source of water consumption. Respondents have lined water

which in terms of drinking they are more likely to trust the water from the line than the
water from the deep well. Since it is a lined water, they don't have to exert more effort in

getting water. ” Naa ma gyud mi linya sa tubig muo nang dli name gagamit sa tabay”

(We have lined water so we do not have to use the deep well anymore). This statement is

in lined to the study that was conducted by Cortes et.al (2017), deep wells is prone to

contamination depending on its area. This may make the purity of well water less than

desirable thus it makes it less reliable.

The respondents stated that lined water has the whole package while the water

from the deep well is not reliable enough to use in drinking and cooking it is also a hassle

in getting the water from the deep well.

Problem 3. How can the residents assure that the water from the deep well is clean

enough to use?

By its depth

Based on the interview that was conducted, the researchers found out that the

sterility of the deep well is based on the depth. Deeper well normally contain a larger

supply of water and deeper well water are much strained by rocks and thicker layer of

soil. The respondents stated that they can ensure the cleanliness of the deep well but not

advisable for drinking because it only has a depth of 18 meters.  "Sigurado jud mi sa

kalimpyo anang tabay kay lalom man na, naa siguro na sa 18 to 20 meters" (We are very

sure that our deep well is clean enough to be used since it has a depth of 18 to 20 meters).

This statement is associated to the study that was conducted by Hallberg et.al (2014), they

have stated that a 60 feet well is clean enough to be used in bathing and household chores

but not clean enough for drinking. Furthermore, a 60 feet deep well is considered as

shallow well and it is dependent to surface water table in which it is still prone to septic

contamination.
Does not have a foul smell

Based on the Interview that was conducted, the researchers found out that the

participants based the deep well water cleanliness on the smell. Based on the study of

Jarup, (2002), if the water smells like a rotten egg odour, it has sulphide gas, if water

smells like oil, it maybe has manganese, and if the water smells like sewage this is usually

a result of iron or sulphur bacteria. The participants stated that whenever the water from

deep well has a foul smell but has a clear water they would use it in secondary purposes

like cleaning the households and using it as toilet basin. "Naa may usahay na mas baho

ang tubig, kung inana amo nalang gamiton ang tubig panlimpyo sa balay, pang flush ug

pamisbis" (Sometimes when the water from the deep well has foul odour, we would only

use it for household cleaning, toilet basin and watering the plants). This statement is in

lined to the study that was conducted by Jarup, (2002), where it was stated that water

contaminants such as iron and manganese, could cause a change of odour of the deep well

water thus only using it for cleaning.

Straining the deep well every week

Based on the gathered data of the participants, the researchers found out that the

participants uses straining to clean the deep well water. The participants stated that by

straining the waste in the deep well every week they can assure that the water in the deep

well is clean enough to use. "Kanang tabay gina limasan man namo na every week gamit

nang net mao maka ingon jud mi na limpyo siya gamiton" (The deep well is cleaned and

strained every week, that's why we can assure the cleanliness of the deep well water).

This statement is supported by the study of Johnson, (2018), where the study stated that

deep well straining is an effective way of cleaning deep wells, however the deep well

water cannot be used in ingesting.

Chlorination

Based on the response of the Respondents in the interview, the researchers found

out that there are less participants that uses colouring to sterilize the water from deep

well. The participants stated that adding chlorine in the deep well water can assure the

cleanliness of the water. Furthermore microorganisms found in the deep well that cannot

be eradicated by adding chlorine. "Ga butangan mana namo ug chlorine ang tabay,

parehas sa swimming pool pwede na dayon siya magamit pangligo" (We put chlorine in

the deep well similarly in a swimming pool, iut can also be used for bathing). This

statement is in lined with the study of Cortes et.al (2017), where the study stated that

Shock chlorination is used by the participants to remove bacterial contaminants from well

water, well casings, holding tanks and the whole water supply system however

chlorinated deep well is not advisable to be used for ingestion.

The respondents have stated that they can assure the cleanliness of the water from

deep well by the depth of the deep well, odour, straining the deep well every week and by

chlorination. The cleanliness of the deep well is always observed because the respondents

utilizes the deep well water as part of their daily activities and if the respondents does not

observe cleanliness in the deep well, diseases could spread through it.
 Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of results that were gathered and analyse in the

previous chapter. It discusses the conclusion made by the researchers and the

recommendations set by them for the use of future researchers

Summary

The research study aimed to determine the factors that affects the people forcing

them to have the water from the deep well as an optional source of water. The researcher

chose three selected areas in Cagayan de Oro as the research setting. The researchers use

recording devices such as phones, notebooks and pens to conduct an interview as our

main instrument in gathering datas.

The researchers used qualitative coding in order to determine the frequency and

what the datas are all about. The following answers arrived as the data interpretation

progressed. People residing on the selected areas in Cagayan de Oro use deep wells as
water source for doing laundry, bathing, household cleaning and washing the dishes. The

main reason as to why do people use deep well as an optional source for water

consumption is because lined water is either not fully available or sometimes interrupt.

The sub-reason is to save as much money because water from the deep well is free. The

people assurance is what engage in still using the water from the deep well. Based from

the data interpretation people are assured that the water from the deep well is clean

enough to use externally because of its depth. Because of the volume of water together

with the quantity of rocks and multiple layers of soil the water tends to be filtered.

Another reason is that the deep well is strained every week with a net and that process is

called by the locals as limasan resulting in a not so foul smell. Chlorination is also used to

sterilize the water from the deep well. The locals refer to the result like in the pool so they

could bath with the water from the deep well although microorganisms found in the deep

well cannot be eradicated.

Conclusion

Based from the gathered results, residents inhabiting in the selected areas in

Cagayan de Oro. Use the water from the deep well as an optional source of water due to

their lack of proper water source for such reasons. Certain areas in Gusa are elevated

given that it is at the hillside making the source of their water which is the lined water

from the National Water and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA). Also people residing in

the squatter area of baranggay Macasandig has a different approach on why they consider

the water from the deep well as an optional source of water. Being in the squatter area

they don’t have a proper lined water so the only water source for most of them is the

water from the deep well.

 People’s assurance in making deep wells as an optional source of water comes

from their belief that it is clean from these reasons. One is that from the long period of

usage in the water from the deep well there are no complaints so far. The second and

main reason that they are assured of the to be clean enough to use in cleaning is every

month they have this deep well cleaning called “ limasan or palina” in order to clean the

deep well.

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the researchers have drawn the following

recommendations to further enhancement of the study:

1. The researchers recommend to the future researchers to test the water from the deep

well in order to determine its sterility.

2. To extend more about the topic and know how the dirt accumulates underground.
 1. What are the different uses of the deep wells in the households?

 How do you use deep well in the household

Respondents Preliminary Emergent

1. “Gakuha lang mi para pang hugas ug plato,
pangligo mao lang”.
We only use deep well water for washing the
dishes and for bathing, that’s it.
2. “Igo ra mana ipang laba ug limpyo sa amo”.
We only use the water when doing laundry
and cleaning.
3. “Ipanglaba lang nako, Iligo ana lang”.
I only use it for laundry and bathing.
4. “Kanang tubig pamisbis sa bulak or pang
flush”.
We only use the water from deep well for
watering the plants and for flushing the
toilet.
5. “Pede siya ikaligo, panglaba, pangflush, ug
pamisbis”.
The water can be used for bathing, flushing
the toilet and watering the plants.
6. “Pangligo ra namo na hugas plato, para cr ug
laba ana lang”
We only use it for bathing, washing the
dishes, for toilet basin and laundry, that’s all.
7. “Sa pamilya namo gagamit mi ana panglaba,
pangflush, pangligo ug kung no choice,
panghugas plato”.
In our family we only use the water for
laundry, flushing the toilet, bathing and if we
have no choice, we use the water for washing
the dishes
8. “Kanang tabay ginagamit namo na panglaba,
pangkaligo ug para flush sa cr ug kung wa
juy lain ipanghugas namo nag plato”
We use deep well for laundry, bathing and
flushing the toilet and if there is no lined
water, we use deep well for dishwashing.
9. “Pamisbis ug laba, kung ting ulan tin.aw siya
so ayha namo gamiton pang ligo ug kung
way lain ipang inom namo”
 We use it for watering the plants and
laundry, if its rainy day, the water is clear so
that is the we use it for bathing and drinking.
10. “Panglaba namo, pamisbis, pangflush ug
panghugas plato kung tin aw”.
We use it for laundry, watering the plants,
for flushing the toilet and dishwashing when
the water is clear.
11. “Panglaba, panghugas sa plato ug
panglimpyo sa cr”
12. “Ginagamit namo na pang cr ug laba ug
hugas plato”
13. “Panglaba lang namo na ug hugas sa plato”
14. “Gamit sa laba ug hugas plato, pero dili sa
lung.ag”
15. “
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.